THE CONCEPT OF LIFE BASED ON

EMERGING PIECES OF EVIDENCE

for Earth and Life Science Grade 11
Quarter 2 / Week 1

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 FOREWORD

The diversity of life on Earth today is the result of evolution.

Life began on Earth at least 3.5 to 4 billion years ago, and it has
been evolving ever since. Theories and studies have been
established and conducted to better understand the origin of life.

This Self Learning Kit will serve as guide to students as they

explore the various theories of origin that seeks to explain the
evolution of life based on emerging pieces of evidence

This will be an exciting lesson as learners try to relate their

prior knowledge and experiences to various claims, theories and
laws that governs the very existence of life in this planet.

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 OBJECTIVE:
This self-learning kit aims to:
K- Explain the evolving concept of life based on
emerging pieces of evidence
S- Describe the conditions on early Earth that made the
origin of life possible and the first life forms
A- Cite ways on how to preserve and conserve various life
forms.

LEARNING COMPETENCY

Explain the evolving concept of life based on emerging pieces of

evidence (S11/12LT-IIa-1)

I. WHAT HAPPENED

PRE-ACTIVITY

Directions: Answer the following question in your own idea and

write in on your activity notebook. Be able to support your claim
by citing evidence

1. How did life begin and evolve on Earth?

Rubrics:
Content------------------------5
Cohesiveness----------------3
Organization ---------------2
______________________________________
Total 10 pts.

3
II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION

What was the first form of life?

Life is believed to have existed on earth for billions of years

now. Scientists do not know exactly when life began on Earth.
However, they can trace how life developed and evolved
using some pieces of evidence. Earth is much older than life.
Based on radioactive decay studies of rocks, it was revealed
that Earth is around 4.5 billion years old – 1 billion years older
than the oldest fossils. So how did life begin? Where did it
come from?

https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/59487b1ca8a9ff7fe3000007/curriculum#curriculum

Theories on how life could have begun:

1. Extraterrestrial origin- The hypothesis explains that life originated

on another planet outside our Solar System. Life was then
carried to Earth on a meteorite or an asteroid and colonized
Earth. However, this hypothesis has not been proven.

4
http://micetimes.asia/scientists-have-proved-the-possibility-of-an-extraterrestrial-origin-of-life/

2. Panspermia- The theory presumes that the “seed” of life exists all
over the universe and can be propagated through space, and
that life on Earth originated from those seeds.

https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/in-search-of-panspermia/

3. Divine creation- Many people believe that life was put on Earth
by divine forces. Creation theories are common to many of the
world’s religions and cultures.

5
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism

4. Origin from nonliving matter- Scientist believed that life arose on

Earth from inanimate matter after Earth had cooled. They stated
that random events probably produced stable molecule that
could self-replicate. Then, natural selection favored changes in
the rate of reproduction which eventually led to the first cell.

https://futurism.com/abiogenesis-life-may-have-evolved-from-non-living-matter-with-relative-ease

There are many theories about the origin of life. Some

believed that living organisms were put to Earth by some divine
forces. Others say that life did not originate from Earth but from
other planets. But among scientists, the most accepted theory is
that life came from inanimate matter.

According to the primordial soup theory proposed by

Alexander Oparin and John Haldane, life started in a primordial
soup of organic molecules. Some form of energy from lightning
combined with the chemicals in the atmosphere to make the
building blocks of protein known as the amino acids.
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Evidence on the first forms of life:

A. Experiment

American chemist Stanley Miller performed an experiment

replicated early Earth conditions. Together with Harold Urey, he
provided proof that amino acids and other organic molecules
could be formed.

STANLEY MILLER HAROLD UREY

Miller-Urey experiment:

 The atmosphere that

Miller and Urey
introduced into the flasks
contained simple
molecules that were
probably present in the
early Earth’s atmosphere:
hydrogen, CO2,
methane, water vapor,
nitrogen, ammonia, and
carbon monoxide.

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey_experiment

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 They heated the mixture and zapped it with electrical sparks to
stimulate lightning. Within days, a dark, smelly mixture
developed.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller%E2%80%93Urey_experiment

 When this mixture was analyzed, they found that many complex
molecules had formed, including some amino acids, which are
the building blocks of proteins.

 Using slightly different combinations of starting molecules, Miller

and other scientist where able to generate many amino acids,
RNA and DNA nucleotides, lipids, carbohydrates, and
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

B. FOSSILS
 One of the strongest pieces of evidence that show many life
forms existed in the Earth in the past 3.5 billion years.
1. Bone Fossil

https://www.slideshare.net/RuwyneAkkeanObedient/the-historical-development-of-the-concept-of-life

2. Shell Fossil

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https://www.slideshare.net/RuwyneAkkeanObedient/the-historical-development-of-the-concept-of-life
3. Plant Fossil

https://www.slideshare.net/RuwyneAkkeanObedient/the-historical-development-of-the-concept-of-life

How do fossil forms:

 Over long periods of time, particles piled up on the remains of

organisms and eventually became sedimentary rocks,
preserving the original body patterns of organism.

 Microfossils
 Fossil fragments that can only be
seen by microscope
 Existed in mats and formed layered
structures called stromatolites.

https://www.slideshare.net/Ru
wyneAkkeanObedient/the-
historical development-of-the-
concept-of-life
 Stromatolites
 a calcareous mound built up of
layers of lime- secreting
prokaryotes, or single-celled
organisms, called cyanobacteria
(the blue-green algae) and trapped
sediment, found in Precambrian
rocks as the earliest known fossils,
https://www.slideshare.net/Ruwy
and still being formed neAkkeanObedient/the-
9 historical-development-of-the-
concept-of-life
 in lagoons in Australasia.

 Cyanobacteria
 Believed by scientists to be the
first oxygen- producing
organisms that helped evolve
the Earth’s early atmosphere

into one that can support early https://www.microscopemaster.

life forms com/cyanobacteria.html

 As these microorganisms continued generating oxygen,

other photosynthetic organisms evolved and increased
the level of oxygen in the atmosphere.
 This increased the chance of more and more oxygen
reaction ammonia, a reaction that results in the release
of nitrogen into atmosphere
 This resulted in the formation of the ozone layer!
 A rapid evolution of life occurred after oxygen became
abundant.

Early Forms of Life

The first form of life is believed to have appeared some 3.5

billion years ago. The first evidence of life is found in microfossils.

Microfossils are fossils that contain the remains of tiny plants

and animals. They are very small and can be measured in
millimeters, and some could only be identified under a
microscope. Some of the remains of organisms do not have a
nucleus so they were called prokaryotes. They are known to be
the earliest forms of life. They have survived the extreme
conditions of the early environment. They started to make their
own food by utilizing the energy from the sun and the carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere. These are the photosynthetic
organisms.

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 The process of photosynthesis produced more oxygen that
changed the Earth’s early atmosphere. This change in the
atmosphere allowed oxygen-breathing organisms to exist.

The cyanobacteria are the first photosynthetic organisms to

form. Their microfossils are among the easiest to recognize. Their
morphology remained the same and they left chemical fossils in
the form of broken products from pigments. The first microfossil
that showed remains of organisms with differences in structure
from the simple form of life was seen in rocks about 1.5 billion
years old. They are larger than bacteria and have internal
membranes and thicker wall. These findings marked the
beginning of eukaryotic organisms on Earth.

How did multicellular organisms evolve?

Multicellular organisms are believed to have evolved from

unicellular eukaryotes. Some single eukaryotic cells, like unicellular
algae, formed multicellular aggregates through association with
another cell producing colonies. From colonial aggregates, the
organisms evolved to form multicellular organisms through cell
specialization.

Protozoans, sponges, and fungi came to being. The first

fossilized animals which were discovered 580 million years ago
were soft-bodied. The continuous process of cell specialization
brought the emergence of complex and diverse plants and
animals, including human beings. Evidence from fossil layers
proved that different forms of life were present and have evolved
through time. According to Charles Darwin, organisms change
over time because of adaptation to their environment to survive.

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REFERENCES

Quipper “Introduction to Life Science, Earth and Life Science”.

The Evolving Concept of Life.
https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/59487b1ca8a9ff7fe30
00007/curriculum#curriculum

Teaching Guide for Senior High School. EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE
CORE SUBJECT. “Introduction to Life Science” pg.167-172

Slideshare. “The Historical Development of the Concept of Life”

https://www.slideshare.net/RuwyneAkkeanObedient/the-
historical-development-of-the-concept-of-life

Teresita F. Religioso and Lilia G. Vengco. YOU AND THE NATURAL

WORLD SERIES EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE” The Concept of Life”
pg.161-164

15
 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, EdD, PhD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

NILITA L. RAGAY, EdD

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
Education Program Supervisor – (SCIENCE & MATH)

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

CRAYDON T. ABENDAN
Writer

MELISA PRECYFEL B. QUIÑANOLA

Lay-out Artist
_________________________________

ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO

BETA QA TEAM
JUSTIN PAUL ARSENIO C. KINAMOT
PETER PAUL A. PATRON
LIEZEL A. AGOR
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO
MARY JOYCEN A. ALAM-ALAM

DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide
accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The
contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set
learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to
information and illustrations used to substantiate16this material. All content is subject to copyright
and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.
 THE CONNECTIONS AND
INTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING
THINGS
for Earth and Life Science Grade 11
Quarter 2 / Week 2
 FOREWORD

We live in one environment were humans and

animals are interrelated. The unifying themes of life give us
an idea of how each of these themes contributes to the
connection and interaction of living organisms and their
environment.

This Self Learning Kit will serve as guide in

understanding how living organism interact with other life
forms and the physical factors of the environment.

This will be an interesting lesson as we study the

connection and interaction of all living organism in the
ecosystem.

2
OBJECTIVES:
This self-learning kit aims to:
K- Describe how unifying themes in the study of life show the
connections among living things.
S- Identify how the living things interact with each other and with
their environment.
A- Appreciate all living things by understanding there functions in the
environment

LEARNING COMPTENCY:
Describe how unifying themes (e.g., structure and function,
evolution, and ecosystems) in the study of life show the
connections among living things and how they interact with
each other and with their environment (S11/12LT-IIa-3)

I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE- ACTIVITY

Directions: Read and understand the following

statement and give your thoughts about it by writing it
in your activity notebook. Use the rubric provided
below:
Rubrics:
Application of the lesson---------------- 3
Clarity of answer ---------------- 2
______________________________________
Total 5 pts.

3
Activity Title: Are they meant for each other?

Directions: Describe the beneficial interaction of

organism in the environment.
1. Describe the interaction between the butterfly and the
flower?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khoPUnkjilk

Guide questions:

A. What is the importance of the butterflies to the

flowers? How do you describe their relationship?

B. Do they benefit from each other?

2. Describe the interaction between the plants and

the groups of fish inside the aquarium?

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/350436414752777406/

4
Guide questions:
A. What do plants provide to the fishes in the aquarium?
How do you describe their relationship?
B. What do the fishes give to the plants in the aquarium?
C. Describe the interaction between the orchid and a tree?

https://gardenclinic-secure.worldsecuresystems.com/blog/how-to-
create-an-orchid-tree

Guide questions:
A. What help does a tree give to the orchids?
B. Is the tree affected by the presence of the orchid?
How do you describe their relationship?

II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

DISCUSSION

How are these units connected to each other?

Ecology
Ecology is the branch of biology that deals with
the study of living organisms and their relationships
with each other and their environment. Let’s take
the diagram as an example.

5
 https://www.dreamstime.com/illustration/cartoon-farmland.html

The diagram depicts that everything is

connected and interrelated with one another. They
are different from each other, but they co-exist with
one another in one community. The unifying themes
of life give us an idea of how each of these themes
contributes to the connection and interaction of living
organisms and their environment.

Biological Systems

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/563018673611695/

A system consists of related parts that interact with

each other to form a whole. It has different parts, but
each plays a significant role for the whole

6
to function as one. Without the help from each other,
it cannot fully perform its function.

Levels of Organization

The cells are considered as the basic unit of life.

All living organisms are made up of cells. When
cells come together, they form the tissues. A
group of tissues that perform the same functions
form the organs. A group of organs that works
together form the different organ systems. An
organism consists of many organ systems but
functions as one individual.

Forms and Functions

https://m.facebook.com/pages/category/Community/Zoologians/ph
otos/

The function of an organism or a part of an

organism greatly depends on its form and structure. It
is related to how it works. An example of this is the
webbed foot of a duck which helps the duck swim
and search for their food under water. Other birds
have different structures of feet used for perching and
grasping food.
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 Reproduction and Inheritance

Reproduction ensures the survival of species. All

living organisms reproduce either through asexual or
sexual reproduction. In asexual reproduction, the
offspring inherits the genes from a single parent.
However, in sexual reproduction, the offspring inherit
the genes from two individual parents. Some
examples of animals that undergo asexual
reproduction include earthworms, hydra, planaria,
and bacteria.

https://quizlet.com/277442499/smchs-practicum-earthworm
https://www.bioscience.com.pk/topics/zoology/item/282

Animals that undergo sexual reproduction include

some reptiles, fishes, insects, and mammals.

https://nl.pinterest.com/pin/680958406142693443/

8
 https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-mature-female-african-
bonobo-or-pygmy-chimpanzee-pan-paniscus-with-75608943.html

Energy and Life

Living organisms obtain energy from the food they
eat. Plants undergo photosynthesis where they convert
the energy from the sun into sugar. Since most of the
animals cannot produce their own energy, they get
the energy from the consumption and assimilation of
the biomass of plants and other animals.

Thermal Regulation
The ability of an organism to regulate their internal
conditions is called homeostasis.

https://scrsanglia.co.uk/author/admin/

9
 Humans must maintain a body temperature of 37 ∘ C.
When the temperature outside our bodies becomes hot, the skin
cools down by perspiration, maintaining the normal body
temperature.

Adaptation and Evolution

In a world that is continuously changing, life itself

evolves. Evolution is the change in the physical and heritable traits
of organisms over successive generations. Organisms change over
time to acclimate to their environment to survive. If they fail to
adapt to the changes, they usually become extinct. The Baiji
white dolphin, for example, became extinct due to diminished
food supply and in addition to that, the pollution caused by
human activities. One contemporary example of adaptation is
the Aedes aegypti or the mosquito famous for carrying dengue
that caused major outbreaks nationwide.

https://www.courierpostonline.com/errors/404/(left)
https://science.sciencemag.org/content/325/5936/80.abstract (right)

Their eggs were able to survive with scarce or no

rainwater which is essential to their life cycle. Evolution takes time,
usually decades. However, there are times when change
happens very rapidly. One example is the blue moon butterfly

10
that managed to undergo a mutation which allows the males to
survive an infection of a parasite.

III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED

Directions: Write your answer in your activity notebook.

Do not write anything in this module.

I. Identification

1. It is the study of living organisms and their

relationships with each other and their environment?
2. Consists of many organ systems but functions as one
individual.
3. The ability of an organism to regulate their internal
conditions is called?
4. Allows the organism to adopt in a certain
environment to survive.
5. Give one example of animals that undergo asexual
reproduction.

II. Essay
Write not less than 10 sentences.

6-10. which of the unifying themes does you consider

the most important of all? Why did you say so?

Rubrics:
Application of the lesson---------------- 3
Clarity of answer ---------------- 2
______________________________________
Total 5 pts.

11
 REFERENCES

Ayla Ortiz, “SCIENCE IV | Lesson 40: Beneficial Interactions

among Living Things in Their Environment”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyqG-cgABaE

WARLITO ZAMORA CANOY” 4.3 The Connections and

Interactions Among Living Things
“https://www.facebook.com/notes/earth-and-life-science/43-
the-connections-and-interactions-among-living-
things/1837669823136332/

Quipper; Introduction to Life Science, Earth and Life Science:

“The Connections and Interactions Among Living Thing”

https://link.quipper.com/en/organizations/59487b1ca8a9ff7fe3
000007/curriculum#curriculum

15
 Division of Negros Oriental

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, PHD, EDD, TM

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

NILITA L. RAGAY, EDD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
EPS - SCIENCE/ MATH

ROSELA R. ABIERA
LR Manager

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO

MARICEL S. RACID
Librarian

CRAYDON T. ABENDAN
Writer

KOREN O. BALBUENA
Lay-out Artist
___________________________________

ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
JOAN Y. BUBULI
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO

BETA QA TEAM
JUSTIN PAUL ARSENIO C. KINAMOT
PETER PAUL A. PATRON
LIEZEL A. AGOR
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO
MARY JOYCEN A. ALAM-ALAM

16