CHEM LAB REVIEWER FINALS out to be hard spheres.

One layer of spheres

arranged, followed by further levels, is the simplest
Experiment 6
method to visualize such an array. The base's
Post Lab Questions: spheres are stacked side by side for the most
simple arrangement. The spheres from the
1. How is the type crystal structure (FCC, BCC etc.) subsequent layers are then put on top of those from
related to the mechanical properties of a metal? the one underneath. Simple cubic packing is the
⁃ Some metal characteristics are determined by term given to this kind of array. In this structure,
unit cell structures. For instance, FCC structures each atom is touched by one atom above and one
have a higher likelihood of being ductile than BCC below in addition to four additional atoms in its own
or HCP (hexagonal close packed). At the freezing plane. As a result, each sphere has a coordination
point, groups of these atoms start to pack together number of six and is touched by six of its neighbors.
to form a crystal lattice, forming small crystals. The Experiment 7
gradual addition of atoms causes these tiny crystals
to grow larger. The final solid is made up of several Post Lab Questions:
tiny crystals, also known as grains, rather than just
1. Based on the result, rank the following metals
one large crystal. These grains continue to expand
according to their reactivitity:
until they obstruct nearby crystals that are also
growing. A grain boundary is the interface that Al, Cu, Fe, H, Mg, Pb Zn from least active to most
forms between them. Sometimes grains are large active
enough to be seen with the naked eye or even
2. Which parts of the nail in each set up oxidized
under a standard light microscope. The granules
most readily? What evidence supports this?
visible on freshly galvanized metals are spangles.
Each crystal (grain) has its own unique ordered - The head and the tip of the nail are what is readily
array of atoms, and where the grains come into oxidized during the experiment, appearance of blue
contact with one another, the ordered atoms color particles on those parts is evident because
mismatch, resulting in a grain boundary. Many of these parts of the nails are called the point of strain.
the qualities of the material are controlled by point The tip and the head of the nail is considered as
defects and dislocations, which are flaws in the the exposed parts.
crystal structure that include solute atoms and
vacancies. 3. What is the effect or advantage of coating iron
with copper?
2. Describe the relationship of coordination
numbers with the relative ratio of the cations and - Electroplating iron with copper is a great way to
anions in the chemical formula for ionic solids. make it resistant to corrosions. The copper serves
as the sacrificial anode when water and oxygen are
⁃ The radius of the cation decreases as the present in corroding iron.
charge grows more positive. This is due to the fact
that the ions' outer shells contain less electrons.
Anions have unusually large sizes because their
outermost shells include a greater number of
electrons. Coordination number is influenced by the
ions' respective sizes. There are two ways to pack
atoms together to make a crystal structure if they
are all the same size. The most atoms that can be
coordinated around a person in this case is 12. This
coordination is known as the 12-fold coordination.
3. For ionic lattices, explain why the nearest
neighbors of cations are anions and vice versa.
⁃ In an ionic solid, the ions are arranged in a
pattern that repeats themselves, known as a crystal
lattice. The idea of crystal packing makes the ions
Experiment 9
Post Lab Questions:
1. Why is hard water undesirable?
- Hard Water contains magnesium and calcium ions
present in it. When used as bath water or for daily
use, hard water is a nuisance. It forms soap curds
when use for bathing, undesirable taste when
mixed with drinking water and the use of soap is
expected because the soap reacts with the
magnesium or calcium ions of the hard water.
gravely due to reasons that with the increase in
hydrogen ion and decrease in carbon dioxide that
are present in water makes it more acidic. We
consider factors such as phytoplankton that
consumes carbon dioxide present in water due to
their process of photosynthesis.
2. Discuss the quality of water samples you
analyzed. You can refer to national and
international water quality standard. Are your
results for bottled drinking water consistent with the
stated on the label?

2. What is the difference between temporary and
permanent hardness?
- The difference in temporary and permanent hard
water is their characteristics and contents.
Temporary hard water either only have calcium or
magnesium ions contents with a bicarbonate, the
bicarbonate can be boiled down to make the water
neutral. While for the Permanent Hard water, the
presence of both calcium and magnesium salt ions
is what makes the water hard and cannot be
altered with the use of boiling.
- The results that were sent back in the lab wasn’t
really that much of help, reasons being that
measured water quality labelled in the water bottle
versus the unit measured in the lab doesn’t match.
As per results of measurements in the lab, the pH
level is 8.7 which is near alkaline but does not fir for
the standard. The DO is at 8.16 mg/L which is aa
little higher than the required standard, and lastly
the TDS is 6.84ppm which is a little higher than the
required standard.

3. Should you test the presence of sodium ion in

the distillate? Explain.

- Distilling water means purification of water by

removing impurities such as elements like sodium,
calcium, and magnesium. Making sure that the
presence of sodium ions in the distillate will make
sure the distillation process have became a
complete success.

Experiment 10
Post Lab Questions:
1. A sample of water collected from a lake showed
a field reading of pH 6.8. By the time sample was
analyzed in the laboratory, the value obtained was
7.5. Given the possible explanation for such
change/
- Many possible factors may affects the acidity or
the pH level of water, but one of those factors affect