BSNSB PDF

*UPDATED* For 2022-23 Boards Exam
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
POWER SHARING
NOTES
Belgium
- Tension between the French and Dutch
communities
-
Accommodation in Belgium
Sri Lanka
majoritarianism in Sri Lanka
-
Struggles of Sri Lankan Tamils and its Result
Need of Power sharing

Power Sharing
-
Prudential
- Moral
forms of Power sharing
µ÷÷ :ani t a:::::::*::: ::*:ii. vision .
Community Government
-
Coalition Government
②
Power sharing among the three organs of state

-
Legislature ,
Executive and
Judiciary is very important for the
proper functioning of thedemocracy . .
Belgium p@ ethnicdivision based

re
social Corto
.
A
°
It is a federal state in Western Europe .
shared
on
°
Capital -
Brussels ( Headquarter of European Union)

°
Neighbours France Germany
-
, ,
Netherland and Luxemburg .
°
Ethnic composition :
59% Dutch speakers who live in Flemish region (North Belgium) .
→
40% French speakers who live in Wallonia ( South Belgium)
region .
d. To her man
→
speakers .
→
But in Brussels 80% French speakers and 20% Dutch speakers .
# Tension between the French and Dutch communities -
° The minority French community was relatively rich and powerful This
speaking .
made the Dutch speaking community angry who got the benefit of economic
-
development and education much later .
Special problem in capital Brussels was that the Dutch was in

community
°
majority in the whole country but minority in the capital .
# Accommodation in :
Belgium
The leaders recognised
the regional differences and cultural diversity The constitution .
was amended four times between 1970 to 1993 to ensure that different
communities can live in the same nation .
Is The constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French ministers
speaking
shall be equal in numbers in central government .
dig some special laws require the support of

No single
of members from each majority linguistic
group .
community can take decisions unilaterally .
Many oftwothe powers ofthecentral government was given to the state

government
of the regions of country The state was not subordinate
.
government
to the central government .
Ey Brussels has a separate government which has an equal representation of both the
communities The French community accepted the equal representation in the
.
Brussels as the Dutch community accepted the equal representation in central
government .
central and state

is Apart from government there is a third kind of government It is .
elected
by the people belonging to one language French Dutch and Germany , ,
no
matter where they live This has power based cultural , educational
.
government on
and language related issues .
②
Sri Lanka
° Sri lanka is an island nation in the Indian Ocean , few kilometres away from
southern coast of Tamil Nadu .
° Ethnic composition :
→
74% Sinhala speakers Most of the Sinhala speakers are Buddhists
.
.
→
18
to Tamil speakers Most of the Tamil speakers are Hindu or Muslim
.
.
-
Tamil speakers , have have subgroups One the native Tamils of the country
.
Sri lankan Tamils other whose for fathers came from India as plantation
,
workers during colonial period called Indian Tamils .
→
There are Ito Christians who are both Sinhala and Tamil .
¥i¥at the majority community should rule the country in whichever way it
wants disregarding the needs and wishes of minority
#
Majoritarianism in Sgp Lanka :
.
Sri Lanka emerged as an independent nation in 1948 The Sinhala leaders sought .
their dominance virtue of their majority They

to secure over
government by .
took majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy .
In 1956 an Act was

passed to
recognise Sinhala as the only official language
°
,
of Sri Lanka .
The
government followedandpreferential policies that foroured Sinhala applicants
°
for university positions government jobs

.
° A new constitution stipulated that the state government shall protect and foster
Buddhism .
All these
government increased the among Tamils
feeling of alienation
°
measures .
°
They felt that none of major political party led by the Buddhist Sinhala
leaders sensitive to
was their language and culture .
°
They felt that constitution and government denied from equal rights discriminated ,
against them in getting jobs and opportunities and ignored their interests .
of Sri Lankan Tamils and its Result

#
Struggles :
°
Tamils launched parties and struggles for recognition of Tamil as an official
language for regional
, autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing
jobs and education .
°
Their demands for more regional autonomy to provinces populated by Tamils
denied
were
repeatedly .
°
By 1980 s, several political organisations were formed demanding a separate
independent Tamil Eelam (state) in the northern and eastern part of the
country
° The distrust between both the communities turned into a civil war As a .
result , thousand of of both the communities were killed , many families

people
were forced to leave the nation as refugees and many lost their livelihood .
° The civil war caused a terrible set back to the social , economic and cultural life
of the country .
③
Reasons I Need for Power

sharing
# PRUDENTIAL :
firstly , power sharing is good because it reduces the possibilities of conflict
between social groups Social conflict often leads to violence and political instability
.
Power sharing is a good way to ensure stability of political order .
# Moral :
secondly power sharing is the very spirit of democracy A democratic rule

,
.
involves sharing power with citizens affected its exercise or who will live
with its effects A legitimate
by
government is one where citizens through
.
stake in the
participation acquires system .
Forms / Types of Power sharing

4) Horizontal Sharing of Power : I close 20161
It means sharing of power with different bodies of government placed at some
level which are executive , legislature and judiciary It ensures that no
organ .
exercises unlimited and check the This

power
is also called system of checks and balances
of each other
working
system .
.
III) vertical Division of Power :
It means division of power between different governments placed at different

levels constitution lays down the power of different
, government at different
levels This is also called federal division of power
. .
The same principal can be extended to lower levels of

government like the
Municipality and Panchayat .
HII Community Government :

Power social
can be shared
among different groups like
religiousandandadministration
linguistic
groups This arrangement
. is meant to give space
in government
to diverse social groups and minorities who otherwise would feel alienated from
governmentare .
and reservation
Examples community government in Belgium system in India for
weaker sections of society .
(E) Coalition Government :
power also be seen in a way , political parties ,

sharing arrangement can
pressure groups and movements control or influence these in powers .
A
government formed by the coming of at least two parties together
is called coalition government .
-- PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS --
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. Define Majoritarianism. [1M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A1. A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it wants,
by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority.
Q2. Define Ethnicity [1M. 2021 Sample Paper]

A2. A social division based on shared culture/ people belonging to same ethnic group believes in
their common descent.
Q3. Correct the following statement and rewrite: “In Sri Lanka, an Act was passed in 1956 to
recognise Tamil as the only official language, disregarding Sinhala.” [1M, 2020]
A3. In Sri Lanka, an Act was passed in 1956 to recognise Sinhala as the only official language,
disregarding Tamil.
Q4. Correct the following statement and rewrite:

Belgium is a small country in Europe and share borders with France, Italy, Germany and
Luxembourg. [1M, 2020]
A4. Belgium is a small country in Europe and share borders with France, the Netherlands, Germany
and Luxembourg.
Q5. Recognize the form of power sharing which is represented by the Community Government in
Belgium. [1M, 2019]
A5. Power sharing among different social groups like the religious and linguistic groups
Q6. How did the feeling of alienation develop among the Sri Lankan Tamils? [1M, 2019]
A6. The measures of the act of 1956 introduced by Sinhalese Government made the Sri Lankan
Tamils feel alienated. They felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist
Sinhalese were sensitive towards their language and culture. They also felt that the constitution
and policies of the government denied them equal political rights, discriminated against them in
terms of jobs and other opportunities by ignoring their interests.
Q7. After independence, Sri Lanka witnessed the supremacy of which community? [1M, 2015]
A7. Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948 and the democratically elected
government adopted a series of measures to establish Sinhala supremacy.
Q8 What is meant by the system of 'checks and balances'? [1M, 2015]

A8. The horizontal distribution of power ensures that power is shared among different organs of
government the legislature, executive and judiciary. It allows different organs of government
placed at the same level to exercise different powers. The horizontal distribution of power is also
called a system of checks and balances. This system ensures that none of these organs can
exercise unlimited power. Each organ checks the other.
Q9. What measure was adopted by the democratically elected government of Sri Lanka to
establish Sinhala Supremacy? [1M, 2014]
A9. • In 1956, an Act was passed to make Sinhala the official language.
• The government followed preferential policies favouring Sinhala applicants for University
positions and government jobs.
Q10. What is the language spoken by the people residing in the in Wallonia region of Belgium? \
[1M, 2014]
A10. People residing in Wallonia region of Belgium speak French.
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q11. What is majoritarianism? Is it wrong if a majority community in a country rules? Give reasons to
justify your answer. [3M, 2018]
A11. A belief that the majority community should be able to rule a country in whichever way it
wants, by disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority is majoritarianism.
Yes, it is wrong if a majority community in a country rules.
• The very idea power-sharing has emerged in opposition to the notions of undivided political
power.
• A positive attitude towards diversity and willingness to accommodate it, is good for
democracy.
• Power in the hands of one community will make he other community feel marginalised,
deprived and discriminated.
Q12. Explain any three consequences of the majoritarian policies adopted by the Sri Lankan
government. [3M, 2013]
A12. Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. The democratically elected government
adopted a series of majoritarian measures o establish Sinhala Supremacy.
Consequences of these majoritarian policies:
1. The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala
leaders were sensitive to their language and culture and the government policies denied them
equal political rights which led to increased feeling of alienation among them.
2. The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that the constitution denied them equal rights in politics, getting jobs
and ignored their interests. The relation between the Tamil and Sinhala communities became
extremely strained as a result.
3. The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil, for regional
autonomy and equality of opportunity in every field.
Q13. How far do you agree with the statement that power sharing is keeping with the spirit of
democracy? [3M, 2012]
A13.
• Power sharing is desirable in democracy because it helps to reduce the possibility of
conflict between social groups. Conflict between social groups leads to violence and
political instability. Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.
• Imposing the will of majority community over others, in the long may undermine the unity of
the nation. Tyranny of the majority is not just oppressive for the minority, it often brings ruin
to the majority as well.
• A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise and who have
to live with its effects. People have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed.
A legitimate government is one where citizens, through participation, acquire a stake in the
system. Prudential reasons stress that power sharing brings out better outcomes whereas
moral reasons emphasize the act of power sharing act as valuable.
Q14. Compare the different ways in which the Belgians and the Sri Lankans have dealt with the
problem of cultural diversity. [3M, 2012]
A14. Both Belgium and Sri Lanka are democracies, yet they have dealt with the problem of cultural
diversity very differently.
Belgium:
1. Leaders realised that for the unity of the country it is important to respect the feelings and
interests of different communities. The Constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and
French speaking people shall be equal in the Central Government.
2. Both Dutch and French communities share power on an equal basis at the Centre. Along with
the State Government, both communities have a third kind of Government called 'Community
Government' which decides on cultural, education and language related issues.
3. Between, 1970 and 1993, the Constitution was amended four times to enable all linguistic groups
to live together within the same country.
Sri Lanka:
1. In Sri Lanka, there are two major communities, the Sinhalese speaking (74%) and Tamil speaking
(18%). The majority community, the Sinhalese have forced their domination over Tamils, refusing to
share power.
2. Both communities have lived in tension as the Sinhalese have denied political, educational,
religious, employment and economic rights to the Tamils leading to Civil War.
3. In 1956, the Government passed an Act to recognise Sinhala as the only official language, thus
disregarding Tamil.
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q15. 'Power sharing is the essence of a democratic government.' Examine the statement.
[5M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A15. (i) Power is shared among different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive
and judiciary also called as Horizontal power sharing. Example: India
(ii) Power can be shared among governments at different levels a general government for the
entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Example: India (Union
Government & State Government)
(iii) Community government Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the
religious and linguistic groups. Example: Belgium
(iv) Power-sharing between political parties, pressure groups and movements Such competition
ensures that power does not remain hand.
(v) In the long run, power i shared among different political parties that represent different
ideologies and social groups.
Q16. Explain with examples the accommodative experience of Belgium for peace and harmony
[5M, 2020]
A16.
i. Dutch and French speaking ministers got equal in the central govt.
ii. Many Powers of the central government have been given to state government
iii. The state Government was not subordinate to the Central Govt.
iv. Brussels has a separate Govt. in which both the communities have equal representation.
v. There is a third kind of Govt. called community Govt. elected by the people belonging to Dutch,
French and German no matter where they live.
Q17. 'Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation'. Examine the statement.
[5M, 2020]
A17. i. Democracy gives importance to deliberation & public opinion.
ii. The democratic government will take more time to follow procedures before arriving at a
decision.
iii. Its decisions may be both more acceptable to the people and more effective.
iv. Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedures.
v. Transparency as Persons have the right and the means to= examine the process of decision
making.
vi. It follows procedures and is accountable to the people.
Q18. 'Respect and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society'.
Examine the statement. [5M, 2020]
A18. i. Economic independence or access to an inherited or self generated income is considered to
be the major means of empowering women.
Ii. Equal political and civil rights as men
iii. Ways of autonomy and freedom.
iv. Distributive justice to reduce inequalities in resources and power.
v. Love, universal brotherhood, sincerity, honesty and integrity of character, firm attitude of
rendering help
vi. Removing social evils including violence, torture, humiliation etc.
Q19. Compare the situation of Belgium and Sri Lanka considering their location, size and cultural
aspects. [5M, 2019]
A19.
Q20. How does the idea of power-sharing emerge? Explain different forms that have common
arrangements of power-sharing. [5M, 2019]
A20. Power-sharing has emerged as strong substitute to the idea of undivided political power,
which believed in giving power to one person or group of people located in one place. The core
principle of power sharing is that people are the source of all political powers. Common forms of
power sharing are:
• Vertical division of power: The sharing of power can be done at the different levels of the
govt. a central govt, for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional
level. This type is usually called the federal government.
• Horizontal division of power: In this form, the power is divided among different organs of
govt, such as the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. It places different organs of
the government at the same level
• Power also shared among different social groups such as religious and linguistic groups eg:
community govt.
• Various power-sharing arrangement can also be seen in the way political parties, pressure
groups and movements control influence those in power.
Q21. "Power Sharing is the very spirit of democracy". Justify the statement. [5M, 2015]
A21. 1. A democratic rule involves sharing power with those affected by its exercise. Power sharing
ensures that people have the right to be consulted and have equal participation in the
government.
2. In a democracy, each individual has a say governance through their elected representatives.
This is the essence of power sharing that grants equal rights to each citizen.
3. Sharing of power ensures that respect for diversity and desire for living together becomes
shared ideal amongst different communities in a country. It actually makes the country united and
the administration easier.
4. Prudential reasons stress that power sharing would bring out better outcomes t helping reduce
the possibility of any conflict between the social groups.
5. Power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order through unity of the nation.
Q22. Analyse how majoritarianism has increased the feeling of alienation among the Sri Lankan
Tamils? [5M, 2014]
A22. Sri Lanka emerged as independent country in 1948. The democratically elected government
adopted a series of measures to establish Sinhala supremacy:
1. In an 1956, an Act was passed to make Sinhala the official language.
2. The government followed preferential policies favouring Sinhala applicants for University
positions and government jobs.
3. The Constitution provided for State protection and fostering of Buddhism.
• The Sri Lankan Tamils felt that none of the major political parties led by the Buddhist Sinhala
leaders were sensitive to their language and culture and the government policies denied
them equal political rights which led to increased feeling of alienation among them.
• The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil, for
regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in every field.
• Therefore, the measures adopted by the government to establish Sinhala supremacy led to
distrust between the two communities which turned the widespread conflict into a Civil
War.
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
GENDER, RELIGION
& CASTE
NOTES
Gender and Politics
Sexual/Gender Division of Labor:
We all are bought up to believe a system in which all work inside the home is either
done by the women, or organised by them through the domestic helpers.
Women do cleaning, washing, tailoring, cooking etc at home.
Men do works outside the home. (If men are paid they can do the works listed
above in women's point)
Women also work outside:
Rural Areas- Fetch water, collect fuels, work in fields.
Urban areas- Domestic helpers
Majority women do some sort of paid work apart from domestic labour but their
work is not valued and recognised.
Result of This Division of Labor:

Although women constitute half of the humanity, their role in public affairs or
politics were minimal.
Earlier women were not allowed:
Public affairs
Voting rights
Public office
Equal rights
Freedom
Gradually gender became political issue, Women in different parts of the world
organised and agitated for demanding:
Voting rights
Equality in personal and family life
Education
Legal status
Career opportunities
More radical women’s movements aimed at equality in personal and family life as
well. These movements are called Feminist Movements.
Feminist- A woman or a man who believes in equal rights and opportunities
for women and men.
Now women's life improved in public life as they started working as:
Scientists
Doctors
Engineers
Lawyers
Managers
Teachers, etc.
In some parts of the world, for example in Scandinavian countries such as
Sweden, Norway and Finland, the participation of women in public life is very
high.
Women Face Disadvantage, Discrimination and Oppression in Our Male
Dominated Patriarchal Society:
The literacy rate among women is only 65.46% compared with 82.14% among
men. Many girls drop out because parents prefer to spend their resources for
their boys' education.
The percentage of women in highly paid jobs is still very small. At many
workplaces, women are paid less than men for the same job. An Indian woman
usually works more hours than an average man on a daily basis.
Equal Remuneration Act 1976- Equal wages to equal work, However, in almost
all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are
paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
Many Indian parents prefer to have a male child. A girl child is aborted in many
cases.This leads to decline in ex ratio of India.
Women's Political Representation:
The political representation of women had been very poor in Indian
Legislatures.
As of 2019, In Loksabha- 14.36%, In State Assemblies- Less than 5%.
When a women becomes PM or CM, even her cabinet is male dominated.
Ways to Solve the Problem:

Laws should be made for proper representation of women as MP/MLA.
1/3rd of seats n local government bodies have been reserved for women
candidates.
Gender division is an example that some form of social division needs to be
expressed in politics. This also shows that disadvantaged groups do benefit when
social divisions become a political issue.
Religion, Communalism & Politics
Religion plays an important role in politics. In some countries, politicians promote

the cause of the majority religious group at the cost of the minorities.
Acc to Mahatma Gandhi- "Religion can never be separated from politics. Politics
must be guided by ethics, drawn from all religion."
As religious minorities became started to become victim of communal riots,
Human Right Groups were formed to take special steps to protect religious
minorities.
Women's movement has argued that 'Family laws' of all religions discriminate
against women. So, they have demanded that government should change laws o
make them more equitable.
Communalism
It is a situation when a particular community tries to promote its own interests at
the cost of other communities.
Communalism involves thinking along the following lines
The followers of a particular religion just belong to one community.
Their fundamental interests are the same.
Any difference in them may have them may have is relevant or trivial for
community life.
The people who follow different religions cannot belong to the same social
community.
If the followers of different religion have some commonalities these are
superficial and immaterial.
Different Forms of Communalism in Politics

Many people think of their religion as superior to all other religions. Such people
often try to dominate the people from other communities. This can result in
people from the minority community to form a separate political unit.
Sometimes, sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal, etc., are used to
instill a sense of fear among people of a particular community. This is done with
an attempt to polarize people on communal lines.
Communalism can also take the ugly form of communal violence, riots and even
massacre of large number of people.
Secularism: It means no official language or religion in a country or No special

status to one religion. Which means everyone is free to profess, propagate and
practice any religion or not to follow any.
How India is a secular state?

The makers of our Constitution were aware with challenge of communalism. Thus, our
Constitution makers adopted the model of secular state. This means
There is no official religion for the Indian states, i.e. unlike Sri Lanka (Buddhism),
Pakistan (Islam) and England (Christianity).
All individuals and communities have the freedom to profess, practise and
propagate any religion or not to follow any.
It prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
It allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure
equality within religious communities, which means, it bans untouchability.
Caste and Politics
Caste Inequalities
Social division on the lines of caste is unique to India. Some castes are accorded
a higher status compared to many other castes.
What makes it different from other societies is that in this system, hereditary
occupational division was sanctioned by rituals.
Same caste members formed societies who:
Practised same occupation
Married in same caste group
Don't eat with members of other caste group.
Caste system was based on exclusion and discrimination against outcaste
groups.
They were subjected to untouchability.
Social Reformers like Jotiba Phule, Gandhiji, B.R. Ambedkar, Periyar Ramaswami
Naiker worked to establish a society in which caste inequalities are absent.
Reality of Caste System in India

Most people marry in the same caste.
Untouchability has not ended completely.
Old System of Education for Caste groups changed.
Disproportionately large presence of Upper Castes in Urban Areas.
Caste is closely linked to Economic status.
Caste In Politics
Various Forms of Caste in Politics
During Elections, political parties choose those candidates whose caste has
majority in that electorate.
Political parties and candidates play with the caste sentiment of the people.
Concept of one person, one vote, one value developed consciousness among
the people of caste which were earlier treated as inferior as inferior and
love.
Elections are not only about caste:
Every party and candidate have to win confidence of more than one caste to
win elections.
No party wins the votes of all voters of a caste or community.
Many Political parties may put up candidate from same caste.
The ruling party and the sitting MP or MLA frequently losse elections in our
country.
Besides Caste many other Factors matter in Electoral Politics
Voters have strong attachment with stronger party than their caste or
community.
People within same caste have diff. interests.
Rich and poor or men and women vote differently from same caste.
Politics in Caste
There is two way relation between politics and caste.
Politics also influence caste system and identities.
Different Forms of Politics in Caste
Each caste groups tries to become bigger by incorporation castes or
subcastes which were excluded.
Various caste groups enters into a coalition with other castes or communities.
New kinds of caste groups have come up like 'backward' and 'forward'
castes.
Positive aspects of caste:
Demand of power sharing by caste groups- SC and OBC got better access
to decision making.
Negative Aspects of Caste
Divert attention of govt from other big issues like poverty, development and
corruption. It also leads to tension, conflict and violence.
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
FEDERALISM
NOTES
How is federalism Practised Concept of federalism
.fi
i÷÷÷::÷÷÷:: :÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷: ::
-
Difference between federal

system and Unitary system .
India as a federal
country
Federalism
Decentralisation in India
f-
-
Amendments of 1992
Structure of Rural local Government
②
federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided

between a central authority and various constituent units of the country .
# Key features of federalism :

is There two or more levels for tiers of
are
government
but each level has its
.
Is Different levels of government the same citizens

govern ,
own jurisdiction in specific matters of taxation and administration

legislation ,
ciii, The jurisdictions of the respective levels of government are specified in the
constitution the authority and existence of each tier of
.
government is
constitutionally guaranteed .
Is The fundamental provisions of constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by

one level government It requires the consent of both levels of govt
. .
④ Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the power of
different level of government Supreme Court makes judgement it any .
arises
dispute central and state
between in the exercise their of
govt .
respective powers .
luis sources of revenue for each level of government are

clearly specified to
ensure financial autonomy
their .
lvii, federal system has dual objective to safeguard and promote the unity ,
and
to accommodate the regional diversity .
# Two types of federations :
The exact balance of power

between the central and the state Government varies
from one federation to another .
COMING TOGETHER HOLDING TOGETHER

° In this , many independent States o In this, a country decides to
large
come
unit
together to form a
bigger divide power between the constituent
states and central
.
government .
°
Usuallyall States have equal powers .
o
often the States have unequal powers .
°
State and central government are 0
The central government tends to the
equally powerful . more powerful .
USA , Switzerland , Australia Eef India , Belgium Spain

Ef
° °
:
-
# Difference between and Unitary system :

federal system
In federal each levels of
, government enjoy their power independent of each other .
In
unitary system , either there is only one level of government or the sub -
units subordinate to the central

are
government
-
India as a federal
country Kb 20203 se
° The constitution
originally provided a two tier system of government -
namely central
the Government and The state Government .
②
° A third tier of federalism was added later in the form of Panchayats and
municipalities .
There are now three levels of
government Central , State and ,
local Government There existence and .
authority is
constitutionally guranteed .
° The jurisdiction of
each level of
government is
specified in constitution There
.
are
following lists
-
Union list -
of national importance and requires

It contains subjects a
uniform policy throughout the country Central government alone .
can make laws related to these subjects

Eef Defence , Banking ,
-
currency Foreign Affairs etc

,
.
State list It contains subjects of state and local importance and

-
are of day to day administration State alone can

government .
make laws related to these subjects Ef Police , Trade Agriculture .
, ,
Irrigation Commerce etc

,
.
Concurrent List It includes subjects of common interest to both the

-
Central and state Government like education , health , forest , marriage

adoption etc Both government can make laws on these subjects , but
.
it their laws conflict then the law conflict then the law made by central
Government will prevail .
Residuary list It includes the subjects than came up after constitution

-
was made like computer science According to constitution the central .
Government has powers to legislate on

residuary subjects .
India is
°
a
holding together federation
The constituent States do not have .
equal powers Jammu and Kashmir

. was
granted with special power It .
used to have its own constitution , many provisions of Indian constitution

didn't apply on 3$ K l But After 2019, 34k no longer has this special status)
.
°
Areas like
Chandigarh
, Lakshadweep
and Delhi are called Union Territories
There territories do not have the powers of a state The central Government .
.
has special in
running these areas
powers .
° It is not easy to the power sharing arrangement of India first , it

change .
has to be passed by two third majority of both Houses of Parliament then it

has to be passed the
by legislatures
of at least half of the total States .
°
If any dispute arises between different levels of government about the exercise
of power then Supreme Court or
High Courts make a decision .
③
RBG A government formed by
at least two
of
the
coming together
parties is called coalition govt
HOW is federalism Practised ?
.
fobs e e o, by
States
#
linguistic :
°
The creation of linguistic States was the first and a major test for demo -
Cratic politics in our country .
o
After Independence 119471 the boundaries of several old States
,
were
changed
in order to create new States .
the
°
This was done to ensure that the
in the same state .
people who spoke same
language lived
#
Language Policy :
The Indian constitution does not give status of national to
°
language
any one language .
is Hindi So , Hindi is the official

° About 40% of Indians mother tongue .
language of India .
Besides Hindi other 21 scheduled

°
languages
,
are
recognised as languages
by candidate
constitution .
° A in an examination for a central government position may opt

to take examination in any of these languages .
States have their own official language in which the work takes
government
°
place in the respective state .
medium of communication between central and state

°
English acts as a or
inter state
-
government work .
# Centre state Relations :

-
for a long time , the same political ruled in centre and many of the States
o
This did not allow state

party exercise their
.
governments to
rights as autonomous
federal units .
°
It the party ruling in state and centre was different then central Government
often misused the constitution to dismiss state Government that was
controlled by their rival party .
°
All this after 1990 The time saw the rise of regional political
changed significantly .
parties .
beginning of the era of coalition government at centre No

This was the .
singleledparties had to enter in an alliance to form

government at the centre
to a new culture of power sharing and respect for the autonomy of State
.
Tjhis
°
overn ment .
°
This new trend made difficult for central Government to dismiss state Government
in arbitrary manner .
Decentralisation in India
DECENTRALISATION when power is taken away from Central and State
-
governments
and is given to local government it is called decentralisation ,
.
⑨
The local government includes Panchayats in villages and municipalities in

Urban Areas .
Earlier elections were not hold and local were not

given
regularly towards
governments
decentralisation
any power by : state government A major .
step was
taken in 1992 -
Amendments of 1992 : Ccbse 2018)

°
It is
constitutionally mandatory to hold electrons to local government
regular
bodies
°
Seats are reserved in the elected bodies for SC, stand OBC .
°
At least one third of all positions are reserved for women .
°
An independent institution is created called State Election Commission in each
state to conduct panchayat and municipality elections .
°
The state Government has to share some of its power and revenue with local
government This sharing varies from state to state
. .
# Structure of Rural local Government :

has a gram Panchayat consisting of several ward members (Panch!
→ Each
village
and a President ( Sarpanch) They are directly elected by the adult
.
population of that ward or village It works under the supervision of

.
foam Sabha .
-
few gram panchayat forms panchayat Samiti or block or mandal The .
members of this representative bodies are elected by all the Panchayat

members in that area .
→ All panchayat sa mitis or mandals of the district together form 291a

Parishad Members of Loksabha , MLAs of that district and some other
.
officials of other district level bodies are also its members .
cities there are municipal Corporations Both these local

→ In
big
bodies
,
.
government
are controlled by elected bodies consisting of people 's representatives .
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
SPECIALLY CONVERTED IN MCQ FORMAT
1.Which administrative authority legislates on Residuary subjects?

[2021]
a) State
b) union
c) Concurrent
d) All of the above
Ans:B
2. Which administrative authority legislates on the Union list?
[2021]
a)Union Government
b) Legislative
c) Executive
d) Judicial
Ans:A
3. Name the subject list from which both the Union and the State
governments can make laws? [2017]
a) Union List
b) Concurrent List
c) State List
d) All the above
Answer: B
4. What other factors besides politics keep the federations united ?
[2015]
a) Language Ethnicity
b) Power Sharing
c) Resource Distribution
d)All The Above
Ans: D
SHOBHIT NIRWAN
5. Which local body has a ‘Mayor’ as its head? [2015]
a)Nagar Panchayat
b)Municipal Council
c)Municipal Corporation
d)None of the above
Ans: C
6. Much of the official work in Indian States is done in which

language? [2014]
a)English
b)Hindi
c)Any language.
d) Concerned state
Ans: D
7.What is Rural local self government popularly known as? [2013]
a) Panchayati Raj
b) Municipal Corporation
c) Municipal Council
d) Ward Councils
Ans: A
8. What status has been given to the ‘Hindi’ language by the
Constitution of India? [2013]
a) National Language
b) Inter state Language
c) Official Language
d) State Language
Ans: C
9. Describe any three steps taken by the government towards

decentralization in the year 1992 [2021]
a) The Constitution mandates the hold regular elections to local
SHOBHIT NIRWAN
government bodies.
b) Reservation of seats in the elected bodies and the executive heads
of these institutions for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and
other Backward Classes.
c) Reservation of at least one third of all positions for women.
d)All of the above
Ans: D
11. Name any two subjects that are included in the Concurrent List.
[2019]
a)Police
b) Trade and commerce
c) Education
d) Banking
Ans: C
12. How is the sharing of power between the Union and the State
Governments basic to the structure of the Constitution of India?
Explain. [2019]
Answer- 1. Sharing of power between the Union and the State governments is
very basic to the structure of the Constitution. The Constitution has distributed
the legislative powers between the state government and Union government
by dividing the subjects in Union list and State list, on which, these
governments can make laws respectively. There is a Concurrent list as well on
which, both the governments can make laws.
2. Also, State governments enjoy their own power in the states like Jammu and
Kashmir. Many provisions of the Indian Constitution are not applicable in the
states without the approval of the state government. On the other hand, the
Union government enjoys its own hold over some of the union territories. This
distribution of power is well embedded in the provisions of the constitution
and is thus its basic structure.
13. Describe any three provisions of amendment made in ’Indian
SHOBHIT NIRWAN
Constitution’ in 1992 for making ‘Three-Tier’ government more
effective and powerful. [2018]
Answer- A major step towards decentralization was taken in 1992. The
constitution was amended to make the third tier of democracy more powerful
and effective:
1. Now it is constitutionally mandated to hold regular elections for local
government bodies
2. Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of
these institutions for SC/ST/Backward classes. At least one-third of all
positions are reserved for women.
3. An independent institution called the State Election Commission has
been created in each state to conduct Panchayat and Municipal
elections.
14. India comes under which type of federation and why? [2014]
Answer-
1. India comes under 'a holding together' type federation. In this type of
federation, a large country divides its power between the constituent
States and the National government. There is one government for the
entire country and the others are governments at the State level. Both
Central and State Governments enjoy their power independent of the
other.
2. The Central government tends to be more powerful vis-a-vis the states.
Often different constituent units of the federation have unequal powers.
For example, special powers have been granted to Jammu & Kashmir till
2019.
15. Why is decentralisation favoured in democracy? Identify any

two reasons. [2014]
Answer- Two advantages of decentralisation of power:
1 . When power is taken away from Central and State Governments and given
to local governments, it is called decentralisation. The basic idea behind
decentralisation is that there are a large number of problems and issues which
are best settled at the local level. People have better knowledge of problems in
their localities.
2. They also have better ideas on where to spend money and how to manage
things more efficiently.
SHOBHIT NIRWAN
16. Explain the vertical division of power by giving examples from
India. [2013]
Answer- When power is shared among governments at different levels, i.e., the
Union or the Central Government, the State Government and the Municipality
and Panchayat at the lower level. This division of power involving higher and
lower levels of government is called the vertical division of power.
Vertical division of power in India:

The Constitution declares India as a Union of States. Although the word
'Federation' is not used, the Indian Union is based on the principles of
federation. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of
government, the Union Government or the Central Government representing
the Union of India and the State Governments.
A third-tier of federation was added in the form of Panchayats and

Municipalities. As in any federation, these different tiers enjoy separate
jurisdiction. The Constitution provides for a] three-fold distribution of
legislative powers between the Union Government and State Government. It
contains three lists:
1 . Union List (97 Subjects)
2. State List (66 Subjects)
dhle.in
3. Concurrent List (47 Subjects)
17. How is federal power sharing more effective today than in the
early years? Explain. [2017]
Answer - 1 . Federal power sharing is more effective because of the nature
of democratic politics in India. It has ensured that the spirit of federalism,
respect for diversity and desire for living together have become a shared ideal
in our country.
2. Federal power sharing has helped to inculcate a habit of democratic
participation. Federal power sharing is the best way to realise one important
principle of democracy, namely local self-government. Constitutional status for
local government has helped to deepen democracy.
A. It has increased women's representation and voice in democracy.
B. Federal power sharing has led to formation of linguistic states which has
SHOBHIT NIRWAN
actually made the country more united. It has also made administration
easier.
C. It reduces the power of the Central government and gives power to
regional governments.
18. Explain any five features of federalism. [2015]

Answer - Features of federalism:
1. There are two or more levels of government.
2. Different levels of government govern the same citizens, where each
level has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation
and administration.
3. Existence and authority of each level of government is constitutionally
governed.
4. The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally
changed. Such changes require the consent of both the levels of
government.
5. Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution and powers of the
different levels of government. The highest court acts as the umpire if
any dispute arises between different levels of governments.
19. Which five provisions of the constitutional amendment of 1992

really strengthened the third tier of democracy in India? Explain.
[5M, 2015, 2013, 2012]
Answer - A20. Major steps towards decentralisation and strengthening of third
tier taken in 1992 were:
1 . Now it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to Local
Government bodies.
2. Seats are reserved in elected bodies for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes
and other backward classes (OBCs).
3. At least one-third of all positions and seats are reserved for women.
4. An independent institution called the State Election Commission was created
to conduct Panchayat and Municipal elections.
5. The State Governments are required to share some powers and revenue
with Local Government bodies.
SHOBHIT NIRWAN
22. Why has federalism succeeded in India? Which are the policies
adopted by India that have ensured it? Explain. [2013, 2012]
Answer- Reasons for success of federalism in India are:
1 . Clearly laid out Constitutional Provisions providing a three-fold distribution
of powers in the three lists-Union List, State List and Concurrent List-between
the Union Government and State Governments.
2. The nature of democratic politics in our country ensures that the spirit of
federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together becomes a
shared ideal.
3. The creation of linguistic states. Boundaries of several old states of India
were changed in order to create new states. This was done to ensure that
people who spoke the same language lived in the same state. Later some states
were created to recognise differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography.
For example: Nagaland, Uttrakhand, Jharkhand, Telangana, etc.
4. Restricting Centre-State relations. The constitutional arrangements for
sharing power work depending on how the ruling parties and leaders follow
these arrangements. For a long time, the same party ruled both at the Centre
and in most states. Post-1990 saw the rise of regional parties. Since no single
party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the national parties had to enter
into an alliance which led to a new culture of power sharing and respect for
autonomy of State Governments.
ANSWERS:
1. B
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. C
6. D
7. A
8. C
9. D
10. C
SHOBHIT NIRWAN
RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
TIMELINE
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
We will see how diverse the processes were in order to make nation states
and bring the feeling of nationalism in the 19th century in Europe
First clear expression of nationalism came with French revolution in 1789*
Act of Union between England and Scotland took place way before all this
happened in 1707* only!
Ireland mei ek failed revolt hua tha 1798* ko! Which was led by Wolfe Tone
and his united Irishmen, after this Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the
UK in 1801
1804* mei Napoleon uncle ne apna Napoleonic code (civil code) ko picture
mei laaya! Which took all the privileges based on birth and established
equality!
In the mid-18th century industrialization began in England but in Germany

it started from the 19th century! Which bought a new social groups: the
working class, middle class etc
Defeat of Napoleon in 1815* -->> after this the representatives of European

powers met at Vienna to draw a settlement for Europe!
Conservative regimes set up in 1815 that were autocratic!
1834* -->> customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of

Prussia and most of the German states joined this! wave of economic
nationalism spread) (text book mei yeh pehle diya hua, Par yeh hua
baad me tha !)
19th century: ideas of national unity were closely related to liberalism!

Throughout the 19th and 20th century people organised opposition
movements demanding equal political rights!
1815 ke baad logo ne secretly nationalism ke ideas ko spread karna

start kardiva ! ( because of the fear of repression)
“10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”

TIMELINE
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
We will see how diverse the processes were in order to make nation states
and bring the feeling of nationalism in the 19th century in Europe
ofmeans
is
that
First clear expression of nationalism came with French revolution in 1789*
Act of Union between England and Scotland took place way before all this
happened in 1707* only!
Ireland mei ek failed revolt hua tha 1798* ko! Which was led by Wolfe Tone
and his united Irishmen, after this Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the
UK in 1801
1804* mei Napoleon uncle ne apna Napoleonic code (civil code) ko picture
mei laaya! Which took all the privileges based on birth and established
equality!
In the mid-18th century industrialization began in England but in Germany

it started from the 19th century! Which bought a new social groups: the
working class, middle class etc
Defeat of Napoleon in 1815* -->> after this the representatives of European

powers met at Vienna to draw a settlement for Europe!
Conservative regimes set up in 1815 that were autocratic!
1834* -->> customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of

Prussia and most of the German states joined this! wave of economic
nationalism spread) (text book mei yeh pehle diya hua, Par yeh hua
baad me tha !)
19th century: ideas of national unity were closely related to liberalism!

Throughout the 19th and 20th century people organised opposition
movements demanding equal political rights!
E 1815 ke baad logo ne secretly nationalism ke ideas ko spread karna

start kardiva ! ( because of the fear of repression)
o
E “10th Matlab?? - Shobhit Bhaiyya !! ”
-
Giuseppe Mazzini (born in 1807) was a member of a secret society!
Founded secret societies Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe
in Berne.
Greek mei bhi nationalism ka idea spread hone laga tha 1821 se hi!
Finally Greek was recognized as a independent nation by the treaty
of Constantinople in 1832*
July 1830 ko first upheaval( pehla sudden change) hua! Bourbon

kings jinhone power gain kya tha 1815 ke baad ! They were all
overthrown by liberal revolutionaries.
1821 - 1832*: Greek War of Independence hua
1831 armed rebellion against the Russian rule took place which was
ultimately crushed!
1830 se lekar 1848 was the time of revolutions! Even though the
conservatives tried to take control over people and country, the
feeling of nationalism was so strong that it spread in many regions!
1830s mei hi bohot saare hardships dekhni padi Europe ko! The
E population increased!
o 1848* mei to food shortages hone lagi! Utna hi nahi unemployment

bhi tha!
E 1845*--> weavers in Silesian revolted against the contractors who
-
supplied raw materials and gave them orders but reduced their
payments!
1848* ko revolution was led by the liberals in European countries!

(Paris Revolt)
May 18th 1848-->> all German national assemblies took place which
elected 831 representatives isko oppose kiya aristocrats ne ! Even
though the upper class could suppress the liberal movements a little
! They couldn't gain the old control they had on people!
Aur isi wajah se the monarchs began to introduce changes so the

serfdom and bonded labor were abolished in Habsburg and Russia!
Habsburg mei jo rulers the , they granted more autonomy to

Hungarians in 1867

E
o 1848* Frederic Sorrieu a French artist prepared a series of 4 paintings
visualizing his dream about a world made of democratic and social
republics!
E
-
1861* Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of united Italy
(Unification of Italy)
1871* the Prussian king William I was proclaimed German emperor in

a ceremony held in Versailles! (Unification of Germany)
18 th and 19th century artists found new ways to personify nations!
Last quarter (1875 -1900) of the 19th century! Nationalism, imperialism mei
badal gaya tha! (mera desh mahaan hai ! Dusre desho mei iaake unhe
invade karega)
Nationalist tension after 1871 was in Balkan region of Europe!
Bahut Yaad kar lia ab thoda -

NATIONALISM IN INDIA
TIMELINE
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Nationalism in Europe ke baare mei to padh liya! Ab India ke baare mei
padhte hain! India mei konse events hue! Aur unn saka kya impact tha? aur
desh bhakti logo mei kaise aayi?
The whole chapter is about what happened in the 19th century-
Mahatma Gandhi wrote a book Hind Swaraj in 1909
Agar koi movement India mei hoga to gandhiji ka hona zuri hai! Toh
Gandhiji ki entry hui from south Africa to India in January 1915*
During the first world war the prices doubled between 1913 and 1918,
leading to hardships among people!
Gandhi JI organised satyagraha movements in various regions
In 1917* he went to Champaran in Bihar to inspire peasants against the

oppressive plantation system!
Phirse 1917* mei hi he went to kheda district of Gujarat to support peseants

who were affected by the plague epidemic
1918* mei Gandhi Ji Ahmedabad gaye jahaan unhone satyagraha moment

organise kiya for the cotton mill workers
1918-1919 and 1920-1921 crops failed in India resulting in shortage of food
1919 ko gandhiji ne nationwide satyagraha launch kiya against the Rowlatt

act of 1919*. And for this he wanted to take the path of non- violence so he
started hartal on 6th april
April 1919*- Hartal Nationwide
10 th April police of Amritsar fired on a peaceful procession.
13th April 1919* ko Jallianwalla Bagh incident hua!

The first world war ended with the defeat of ottoman turkey! And in order
to defend the Khalifa's temporal powers a Khilafat committee was formed
in Bombay in march 1919
In June 1920 Jawaharlal Nehru began going to villages in Awadh! Talking to

villagers and knowing their problems, by October Oudh kisan Sabha was
headed by him!
1920 September* in Calcutta's session of congress mahatma ne leaders ko

noncooperation movement start karne ke liye convince karliya! (in support
of khilafat and for swaraj)
1920 ke summers mei Gandhi aur Shaukat Ali tours wagera mei jaate the !
So that they could mobilize support for the movement!
Nagpur ke 1920 December* congress session mei non -cooperation

movement was adopted.
Non-cooperation khilafat movement began in January 1921*
Import of foreign clothes halved between 1921 and 1922 dropping from Rs
102 crore to Rs 57 crore
Gudem hills of andra pradesh -->> militant guerilla movement spread in

early 1920s
Alluri sitaram raju - was man who took part in this movement and - he was
captured and executed in 1924
Inland emigration act - 1859
February 1922 mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the noncooperation

movement as it was turning violent
Agricultural prices began to fall in the 1926 and collapsed after 1930
Simon commission in India came in 1928* it was greeted with slogan as ' go
back Simon'
Lord Irwin announced the vague offer of dominion status in October 1929
December 1929* under Jawaharlal Nehru the Lahore congress formalised

the Purna Swaraj
It was decided that 26 January 1930 would be celebrated as the

independence day when the people were to take a pledge to struggle for
the full independence
Salt was a powerful symbol that could unite the nation so Mahatma
Gandhi sent a letter to the viceroy stating 11 demands.
11 demands were not fulfilled by 11th march 1930* so mahatma started his
salt march with 78 trusted volunteers, march was over 240 miles from
Sabarmati ashram to Guajarati coastal town of Dandi
6th april they reached Dandi
April 1930 Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested ! Angry crowds demonstrated
in streets of Peshawar
Yeh movement bhi violent ho raha tha to Gandhi ne iss moment ko bhi call
off karne ka faisla kiva! and he signed a pact with Irwin on march 5, 1931*
Use baad there were some other problems(refer notes) so Gandhi decided
to relaunch the movement par 1934 ke baad it lost its momentum
Indian Industrial and commercial congress was formed in the 1920 and the
federation of the Indian chamber of commerce and industries (FICCI) was
formed in the 1927
Strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in 1932
1930 thousands of workers in chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps

and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns
Dr BR Ambedkar organized the dailts into the depressed classes

association in the 1930
The Poona pact was signed in 1932* in the month of September!
1928 mei jitne bhi issues Hindus aur Muslims ke beech mei the use resolve
karne ke lie All parties conference rakha gaya! Par jab MR jayakar ne
oppose kiya tab resolve karne ke saare hopes khatam hogaye.
Nationalism spread hota gaya! But how did people living in different
regions and different communities with various languages develop a sense
of collective belonging?
Bankim chandra chattopadhya in 1870s wrote the "vandhe mataram"
By 1921 Gandhi had designed the Swaraj flag
End of the 19th century many Indians started to develop desh bhakti! And
started to feel proud of their nation !
From being oppressed under the British to coming out as a strong nation!
And now being one of the most powerful countries in the world , India and
its people have seen a lot!

MAKING OF GLOBAL WORLD
TIMELINE
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Iss chapter mei hum global world ke history - migration, trade, people in
search of work ,movement of capital aur bhi bohot kuch padhenge!
3000 BCE me hi ek active coastal trade ka link tha jo Indus valley

civilizations ko aaj ke (present day) west Asia se jodta hai!
Silk routes to the Christian era ke pehle hi exist karti thi and until 15 th
century those routes thrived (flourished)
Pre modern world shrank in 16th century
World changed extremely in the 19th century! ( economically,

socially, culturally and technologically)
Late 18th century mei population increase hua britain ka --so as a

result industries had to expand!
By 1890(early 19th century) the global agricultural economy had

taken shape ! Bohot saare labour movements, capital flows aur
technology mei changes aagye the!
1820 se lekar 1914 tak world trade 20 to 40 times multiply ho chuka

tha!
1870s tak live animals transport hote the from America to Europe, par
1870s ke baad they were slaughtered there in America, Australia or
New Zeland only !
Late 19 th century mei kya hua ? Trade flourish hua aur markets
expand hui! Par iska darker side bhi hai-
Late 19th century ko hi Europe mei painful economic, social aur
ecological changes bhi hue!
o 1885: European powers met Berlin to complete the carving up of

Africa between them!
E The US became a colonial power in the 1890s by taking over some

-
colonies jo pehle Spain ke under thi!

1890s Africa mei fast spreading disease of cattle plague or rinderpest
ka boot bura impact hua .
Late 19th century- Europeans were attracted to African land and

minerals! So they came to Africa!
Par devastating cattle disease ne kaam bigaad diya! It spread like a

forest fire!
Killing 90%of the cattle , toh iska fayeda uthaya European colonizers
ne aur Africa ko conquer kar liya!
Chalo ab INDIA ki taraf chalte hai-

19th century mei India aur Chinese laborers jaate the plantations aur mines
mei kaam karne! There was system of indentured labour which was
termed as the" new system of slavery"
Par 1900s se Indian nationalist leaders began to oppose this system!
Indentured labour system was abolished in the year 1921
Exports of raw cotton increased from 5% to 35% in 1812-1871
1820s mei china became the largest Indian export for opium!
First world war hua between (1914-1918) -->> The war brought a lot of crises!
to the whole world! Lasted for 4 years!
1921 one out of every 5 British workers was unemployed
US ka kya hua?
Recovery was faster there! Strong growth in the 1920s(mass production
increased)
In 1923 the US became the largest overseas lender, and resumed exporting
capital to the world!
Uske baad aaya the great depression -->>1929 se lekar mid 1930s tak tha!
Effected the world and US in many ways.
Because of great depression: Indian exports halved in 1928 - 1934, wheat

prices fell by 50%
World trade grew annually in the 1950s-1970s and growth was stable!
Mid 1970-->> international financial system changed(effects)

AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION
TIMELINE
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Yeh chapter 1700s se lekar 1940s (approx) tak ke saare industrialization ke
improvements, changes, inventions etc..batata hai!
1730s ko factories ka banna start hua! Machines vagera produce hone

lagi!
30 yrs
I
1760s ko cotton industry kaafi zada popular ho gayi thi aur

E production kaafi zyada badh gaya tha!
28 yrS
o Industrialisation spread slowly!
I
1781 mei hi James Watt ne New comen ka steam engine improve
Ea kardiya tha! Uske baad Mathew Boulton ne naya model bhi banaya
tha! But the buyers increased slowly and gradually only (i.e. in the 19
th century / in the start of 1800s)
Late 18th century: people moved to cities in search of jobs!
Saare log job dhoondne chale gaye to jobs ka number kam hota
gaya! People were unemployed in the 1830s-1840 (35-75% of people
were unemployed)
E Already logo ke paas jobs nhi the ! Spinning jenny ke invention ne

kaam bigaad diya! And the people turned hostile towards machines!
o Early 19 th century ( mtlb 1800s) mei to factories english landscape ka

zaroori hissa ban gayi thi!
E
1840s tak cotton was the most growing sector which was the first
phase of the industrial sector! Iske baad logo ne railways aur
transportation system ko behtar banaya, and this sector boomed!

Abhi humne Britain mei jo bhi hua woh dekh liya, Chalo ab India aur
colonies ke taraf chalte hain !!
Aap sabhi ko pata hi hai kii india ke textiles aur fabrics kitne famous
hain, India ne pura network bana ke rakha tha. But, in the 1750s this
E network began to break! Because the East India Company(EIC)

gained power!
o
1760s: India used to only supply fine textiles in Europe! (exports
immediately bandh nahi karwaya EIC ne)
E-
Henry Patullo ne 1772 mei kaha tha ki " demand for Indian good
would never reduce"
But by the early 19th century, textile exports from India declined !
E 1860s weavers faced a new problem: couldn't get enough supply of

raw good quality cotton!
o
End of the 19th century ,a new problem again: factories ne apna
& production start karliya! Machine made good flooded. Isse Weaving
⑦
-
survive hi nahi kar paaya!
Factories aa hi gayi hain toh unke baare toh thoda jaan lete hain:
First cotton mill: 1854
First jute mill in Bengal: 1855
First cotton mill in Ahmedabad: 1859
Elgin mill in Kanpur: 1860s
Spinning and weaving mill in madras: 1874
Factories ke liye workers kaha se aate the? 1911 mei neighboring

districts se aate the! (20th century)
First decade of the 20th century (1900-1999) series of changes took

E place: which helped the Indian market.
o 1. Swadeshi movement 2. First World War
1900 se lekar 1912 tak cotton goods production doubled and use
Fo
g
baad manchester kabhi wahi control hi le paaya india ke upar !
1900-1940s cloth production expand hua! Par kaise?

Second decade of 20 th century: flying shuttle introduce kiya gaya!
(refer notes to know more)+several other innovations that helped the
weavers!

Abhi aage aage acha khaasa profit hone laga ! Sab stable hota gaya!
The Indian market again gained power in India and started to earn profits!
Aur isi ke chalte indians ko idea aya advertisements karne ka! Isilye unhone
alag alag tareeke apnake paise kamaye!
Yeh tha safar proto industrialization se lekar industrialization I

advertisements tak ka safar!
Umeed hai aapko maza aaya hoga!

PRINT CULTURE & THE MODERN WORLD
TIMELINE
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Agar printing technologyna hoti ! To aaj tum sab yeh notes alhi padh paa rahe
hote ! Printing technology ka development aur uska expansion ‚impact
hum is chapter mei padhenge!
AD 594 onwards books in china were printed on rubbing paper!
Buddhist missionaries from china introduced hand printing around

AD768-770
Oldest Japanese book was printed in AD 868- DIAMOND SUTRA
1295- Marco Polo returned to Italy and brought the knowledge about wood
block technology
Johann Gutenberg developed the first printing press in 1430s
1448- tak Gutenburg uncle ne perfect karliya tha apne skill ko aur
it
first book bible tha jo print hua tha ! 180 copies the aur 3 saal lage
print karne me!
Second half of 15th century- 20 million copies of printed books
16th century- 200 million copies!
1517 mei (16th century) Martin Luther (religious reformer) ne ninety

five thesis naam ka ek book likha tha jisme use roman catholic
church ke rituals aur practices ko criticize kiya tha!
16 th century-->> a miller from Italy named Menocchio read the

books and interpreted the message of the bible and formed a view
about god and church which made the people angry and he was
executed.
Booksellers maintained the index of prohibited books from 1558
o
End of 18th century: literacy rate went up to 60-80%, logo ne boot
saari books print kiye !!Of different sizes , of various interests and
purposes!
-

Periodical press was also developed from the early 18th century!
Mid 18 th century: common conviction that books were a means of

spreading progress and enlightenment!
Children's press devoted only to children was set up in France in 1857
Mid-19th century: Richard M Hoe of new York came up with his

power driven cylindrical press used particularly for newspapers
Early 20th century electrical press came up! Series of developments

E followed!
o 1920s in England, cheap book novel series called shilling series were
introduced
&
⑧
Then, Great depression began in the 1930s people feared decline in
book purchases
Harr chapter ki tarah iss chapter mei bhi apna INDIA to aayega hi!
Mid-16th century: printing press came with the Portuguese missionaries in

goa!
First Tamil book was printed in 1579 at Cochin
50 books were printed in Konkani and Kannada language 1674
1713: first Malayalam book was printed !
1780 - James Augustus Hickey began to edit Bengal Gazette
16 th century mei jo text - Ramcharitmanas, Tulsidas ji ne likha tha -

uska printed form calcutta mei 1810 ko aaya.
Rammohun Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi from 1821 and to

oppose his opinions the Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the
Samachar Chandrika.
E 1822 two new newspapers were published
1. Jam-i-Jahan
o 2. Shamsul Akhbar
E
-

1822 Gujarati newspaper ‘Bombay Samachar’ made its appearance
Deoband founded in 1867 published fatwas telling Muslims how to

conduct themselves
Mid-19th century cheap lithographic editions flooded in north India
1880s- Naval Kishore press in Lucknow and Shree Venkateshwar

press in Bombay printed many religious texts in vernacular
E languages!
o End of 19th century new visual culture taking shape!

By 1870s caricatures and cartoons were being printed in newspapers
E
-
and journals!
After mid-19th century women's schools were set up!

Rashsundari Debi wrote her autobiography in 1876- Amar Jiban (first
full length autobiography printed in Bengali)
In the 1860s - women like Kailashbashini Debi wrote books which

highlighted the experiences/difficulties of women
In 1880s - in Maharashtra Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote

about miserable lives of upper caste Hindu women!
Late 19th century issues of caste discrimination began to be written

in books !
Gulamgiri (1871) - written by Jyotiba Phule
E In early 20th century: Ram Chadda published Istri Dharm Vichar to

teach women how to be obedient wives !
o
20 th century : BR ambedkar ( Maharashtra) and E.V Ramaswamy
A
Naickar (madras) (known as periyar) wrote about powerfully about
& the caste
By 1930s Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate

themselves!
E
1938- Chhote aur bade ka saval written by Kashibaba a mill worker
o from kanpur
Ye Another Kanpur worker who wrote under the name Sudarshan
Chakr between 1935 and 1955 were published under a collection
named as Sacchi Kavitayan

i
By 1820s Calcutta supreme court passes certain regulations to
control press freedom
1878 vernacular act was passed !
When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907 Balgangadar

Tilak write with great sympathy in his book Kesari.

SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
OUTCOMES OF
DEMOCRACY
NOTES
Political Outcomes
f-
Accountable Responsive Government
,
Transparency and Decision making

-
legitimate Government
Economic Outcomes
/
-
Economic Growth
Reduction of Inequality and Poverty
Outcomes of social Outcomes

Democracy 1- Accommodation of Social Diversity
and freedom of citizens
Dignity
f-
-
Dignity and freedom of women
Dignity and freedom of Disadvantaged group .
①
The most basic outcome of democracy provide political

is to and social quality to
the citizens The democracy is
.
expected to produce a government that works

according to needs and expectations of citizens .
is
democracy considered better ? lcbse AT
#
Ith'tpromotes
20
o
equality among citizens .
° It
recognizes and enhances the dignity of the individual .
°
Improves the quality of decision making .
°
Provides a method to resolve conflicts .
°
Allows room to correct mistakes .
Political Outcomes
The political outcome of democracy are to produce accountable, responsive and
legitimate government .
# Accountable , Responsive and

legitimate Government :
° In a
democracy ,
we ensure that the people have power to choose their rules and
people have control over their rulers .
°
Whenever possible and necessary people should be able to participate in the
,
decision making that affects them .
Democracy produces a form of government which is accountable to the citizens

°
and is expectations
responsive to their needs and .
°
Democracy ensures that decision
making will be based on norms and procedures .
So every citizen has and means to examine the process of decision

, right
making this is known as transparency
,
.
°
Democracy develops a mechanism for the citizens to hold the government
accountable
and mechanism for the citizens to take part in decision making
whenever they think fit .
#
Transparency and Decision-making :
Transparency means openness, communication and accountability of the govt
°
.
It means that should be operated in such a way that it is

government
°
easy for citizens to see what actions are performed while decision making -
# legitimate Government :
°
In
democracy a legitimate government
,
is a lawful government where all
to all its citizens and people
the laws the of equally applicable
country are
are
governed fear favour as well
without or .
° A
legitimate government should be attentive to the needs and demands of
the people and people should be governed without fear or favour .
②
Economic Outcomes
# Economic Growth :
Dictatorships have slightly higher rate of economic growth than democracies This .
cannot be the alone reason to reject democracy economic

.
growth depends
And
situation cooperation with other countries
on factors like population size , global ,
and economic priorities .
Also , the difference of rate of Economic growth between
poor countries having dictatorship and democracy is negligible Democracy .
does not
guarantee economic development but ensure that it does not lag
behind dictatorship in this respect .
So , democracy is preferred as it has other

many positive outcomes
.
# Reduction of Inequality and Poverty :

°
Democracy is on based on political equality and brings the individuals in the
political arena equal footing Democracy . has not been very successful in
economic inequalities
reducing the .
°
A small number of people enjoy highly disproportionate share of
ultra rich -
wealth and income Not only that , their share in the total income of the
.
country has been increasing .
°
Those at the bottom of the society have very little to depend upon Their .
income has been declining Sometimes, it is difficult for them to meet the
.
basic requirements like food clothing , housing education and health

,
,
.
Social Outcomes
# Accommodation of social Diversity :
Ability to handle social differences, division and conflicts is thus a definite plus
point democracy
of .
Democracy must fulfil these two conditions to achieve this outcome :

°
It is to understand that
necessary democracy is not simply rule by the
majority opinion .
The majority always needs to protect the interest of the minority , thus the
government
It is also
's function isregarded as representation of general interest .
necessary by majority does not become rule by majority

that rule
°
community in terms of religion or race or linguistic group etc .
Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every

election , different persons and groups may and can form a majority .
Democracy means democracy as long as every citizen has a chance of being

in majority at some
point of time If someone is barred from being in .
majority based on birth , then democracy rule cases to be accommodative

for that person or group .
③
and freedom of the citizens

Dignity
#
Dignity and freedom of Women : I close 20203
Women had to
°
fight long battles .
°
Societies across the world have been male dominated It is absolutely essential
.
that women should get equal treatment .
Women can now

wage a struggle against what is now an acceptable legally and
°
morally .
#
Dignity and freedom of Disadvantaged Groups :
strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and
discriminated
Democracy in India has
o
castes for equal status and equal opportunity .
°
Still , there are instances of caste-based inequalities and atrocities , but these lack
the moral and legal
foundations .
° It is the
recognition that makes ordinary citizen value their democratic rights .
close
Tmp Us
go
it
-
Pg①
"
chesty E Democracy stands much

promoting dignity and
superior to
freedom of
other
any the form of government in
individual .
"
Justify
.
the
statement
o⑨
.
"
Democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens "
Justify
.
this statement .
ghosts How is
democracy
expectations of the
accountable and
citizens ?
responsive
Analyse .
to the needs and
challenge is an opportunity for progress Support

"
A the statement
chaffs
"
.
with your
arguments.
CH: Outcomes of Democracy
2020
an
irw
Which one of the following option best signifies this cartoon?
A. Demand for separate state from Democratic Government
B. Democratic Government is facing territorial issues with the bordering states
C. Democratic Government is coping with multiple pressures through
tN
accommodation
D. Democratic Government accepts demands based on separate state
33 'Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation'.Examine the statement.

OR
hi
'Respect and equal treatment of women are necessary ingredients of a democratic society'.
Examine the statement.
ob
Answers:
9- C
33. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and negotiation:
Sh
i). Democracy gives importance to deliberation and public opinion.

ii). The democratic government will take more time to follow procedures before arriving at a
decision.
iii). Its decisions may be both more acceptable to the people and more effective.
iv). Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedures.
2019
17. Evaluate the strengths and limitations of local self-government in a democracy. Evaluate
the power sharing system in India.
18. "Complaints are treated as testimony to the success of democracy." Support the
statement with examples.
Answers:
17. The strengths and limitations of local self-government in a democracy are:
STRENGHTS:
i). Panchayat Raj system ensures greater participation of people in rural development
programs.
ii). Panchayats function as institutions of self-governance and it settles disputes between
villages and individuals and this power has been decentralized by the Government of India
to function at the village level.
iii). Gram Panchayat is responsible for the construction and maintenance of water sources,
roads, drainages, and other common property resources.
LIMILATIONS:.
i). There is no proper distribution of power. the question on what basis the work is assigned,
who is eligible, and the qualifications required are not answered.
in). Insufficient fundsthis problem hinders the actual purpose of self-government due to
limited financial powers.
iii). These are few of the limitations of local-self government. Indirect election to the
an
Panchayati Raj allows for corrupt practices.
18. Complaints are treated as a testimony to the success of democracy this is a statement is
true as:
social change
irw
i). Complaints are like a suggestion, they can bring focus on important issues they can bring
ii). Complaints show that we have freedom of speech and right to criticize constructively.
ili). Complaints lead to discussion which further leads to problem solving.
tN
iv). It also brings new ideas.
hi
ob
Sh
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
FOREST AND
WILDLIFE
NOTES
Our earth is home for millions of living beings, starting from micro-organisms and
bacteria, lichens to banyan trees, elephants and blue whales.
All living beings form a complex web of ecological system and all depends on each
other for their existence.
Forests play a important role in this ecological system as forests are also the primary
producers on which all other living beings depend.
Biodiversity: The variety of flora and fauna in a given geographical area is called
biodiversity of that area.
Flora and Fauna in India
India is one of the world’s richest countries in terms of its vast array of biological
diversity, and has nearly 7.5% of the total number of species in the world .
At least 10 percent of India's recorded wild flora and 20 per cent of its mammals
are on the threatened list.
Many are categorised as 'critical', that is on the verge of extinction like the
cheetah, pink headed duck etc.
Classification of Species Based on the International Union for

Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
Normal Species : If the population level of species is within normal range for their
survival, it is called normal species, e.g. cattle, pine, sal, rodents, etc.
Endangered Species : Species which are in danger of extinction are called

endangered species, e.g. black buck, crocodile, Indian wild ass, etc.
Vulnerable Species : If the population of a species has declined to such a level that
it is likely to become endangered; it is called vulnerable species, e.g. Blue sheep,
Asiatic elephant, Gangetic dolphin, etc.
Rare Species: Species with small population may move into the endangered or
vulnerable category if the negative factors affecting them continue to operate. The
examples of such species are the Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert
fox and hornbill, etc.
Endemic Species: These are species which are only found in some particular areas
usually isolated by natural or geographical barriers. Examples of such species are the
Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig, mithun in Arunachal Pradesh.
Extinct Species: These are species which are not found after searches of known or
likely areas where they may occur. A species may be extinct from a local area,
region, country, continent or the entire earth. Examples of such species are the
Asiatic cheetah, pink head duck, etc.
Causes of Depletion of Flora and Fauna
Agricultural Expansion: According to the Forest Survey of India, over 262,000
sq km of forest area was converted into agricultural land in India between 1951
and 1980. Moreover, a substantial part of the tribal belts has been deforested or
degraded by shifting cultivation; leading to depletion.
Enrichment Plantation : Enrichment plantation was done to promote a few
favoured species in many parts of India. This practice involves plantation of a
single commercially valuable species. This leads to elimination of other species.
Large Scale Development Projects : Large scale development projects have
also contributed significantly to the loss of forests.
Mining: Mining has also caused large scale depletion of flora and fauna in many
areas. For example; the ongoing dolomite mining is seriously threatening the Buxa
Tiger Reserve in West Bengal.
Unequal Access to Resources: Social inequality is another major factor to
depletion of flora and fauna. The rich people consume much more than the poor
and thus cause a higher degree of environmental damage.
The destruction of forests and wildlife is not just a biological issue. The biological loss
is strongly correlated with the loss of cultural diversity as:
Social Effect of Resource Depletion
In many societies, it is the women who are responsible for collection of fuel,
fodder, water and other basic subsistence needs. Depletion of these resources
means women need to work harder to collect those resources. At some places,
women have to walk more than 10 km to collect firewood. This causes serious
health problems for women.
Deforestation induced flood and draught result in economic misery for the poor.
Deforestation also leads to loss of cultural diversity. The marginalized people who
had been traditionally dependent on forest for sustenance are now forced to
look for other sources of livelihood. In order to do so, they are uprooted from their
traditional habitat and culture.
Kuch Kaam Ki Baat (K3B) :

ASIATIC CHEETAH: WHERE DID THEY GO?:
The cheetah is often mistaken for a leopard. It's distinguishing marks are the
long teardrop shaped lines on each side of the nose from the corner of its
eyes to its mouth.
It is the world's fastest land mammal.
It is a unique and specialised member of the cat family and can move at the
speed of 112 km./hr.
Prior to the 20th century, cheetahs were widely distributed throughout Africa
and Asia.
Today, the Asian cheetah is nearly extinct due to a decline of available
habitat and prey. The species was declared extinct in India long back in
1952.
THE HIMALAYAN YEW IN TROUBLE:
The Himalayan Yew is a medicinal plant found in various parts of Himachal
Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh.
A chemical compound called ‘taxol’ is extracted from the bark, needles, twigs
and roots of this tree, and it has been successfully used to treat some
cancers – the drug is now the biggest selling anti-cancer drug in the world.
The species is under great threat due to over-exploitation. In the last one
decade, thousands of yew trees have dried up in various parts of Himachal
Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh.
Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India
The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

The aim of the programme was protecting the remaining population of certain
endangered species by banning hunting, giving legal protection to their habitats,
and restricting trade in wildlife.
The central and many state governments established national parks and wildlife
sanctuaries.
The central government also announced several projects for protecting specific
animals, which were gravely threatened, including the tiger, the one-horned
rhinoceros and others.
Project Tiger:
Project Tiger was launched in 1973; to protect tigers from becoming extinct.
At the turn of the 20th century, the tiger population was around 55,000
which dwindled to 1,827 by 1973.
Threats to Tiger Population: Poaching for trade, shrinking habitat, depletion
of base prey species, growing human population, etc.
Currently 27 tiger reserves are there.
Instead of just focusing on bigger mammals; like tiger and lion, even insects are
finding a place in conservation planning. New notifications were issued in which
several hundred butterflies, moths, beetles and one dragonfly have been added
to the list of protected species.
Six species of plants were added to the list in 1991.

TYPES AND DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
The forests are classified under the following categories:
Reserved Forests: These forests are regarded as the most valuable as far as the
conservation of forest and wildlife resources are concerned. It covers half of the
total forest land. Eg- Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Maharashtra have large percentages of reserved
forests of its total forest area
Protected Forests: This forest land are protected from any further depletion.
Almost one-third of the total forest area is protected forest. Eg- Bihar, Haryana,
Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha and Rajasthan have a bulk of it under
protected forests.
Unclassed Forests: These are other forests and wastelands belonging to both
government and private individuals and communities. Eg- All North-eastern states
and parts of Gujarat have a very high percentage of their forests as unclassed
forests managed by local communities
Note-
The Reserved and protected forests are also referred to as permanent forest
estates maintained for the purpose of producing timber and other forest
produce, and for protective reasons.
Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forests, constituting 75
per cent of its total forest area.
Community and Conservation
In India, forests are also home to many traditional communities. The local
communities very often work hard to conserve these habitats along with
government officials.
Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing
the Wildlife Protection Act.
The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas has successfully resisted
deforestation in several areas.
It has also shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be
enormously successful.
Farmers and citizen's groups like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and
Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of diversified crop production
without the use of synthetic chemicals are possible and economically viable.
Joint forest management (JFM) programme introduced in 1988 in the state of
Odisha shown good example for involving local communities in the management
and restoration of degraded forests.

SACRED GROVES - A WEALTH OF DIVERSE AND RARE SPECIES
Nature worship is an age old tribal belief based on the premise that all creations
of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have preserved several virgin forests
in pristine form called Sacred Groves (the forests of God and Goddesses).
These patches of forest or parts of large forests have been left untouched by the
local people and any interference with them is banned.
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
RESOURCES AND
DEVELOPMENT
NOTES
On the basis On the basis On the basis of status On the basis of
of Origin of Exhaustibility of Development ownership
f- Non-renewable
Renewable
f- Developed
f- community
Biotic Individual
Abiotic
- -
Potential -
stock
1- National
+ Reserve f-
-
International
classification of Resources
Resources and
Development
Development of Resources
Land Resources
substainable development
f-
Land utilisation
-
Agenda 21
pattern in
-
-
land use India
-
Resource planning in India

Land
Degradation
-
-
Process of Resource planning
causes solutions
Soil as Resource -
soil Erosion and soil

conservation
1- Classification Hypes of soil
Alluvial soil Black soil

' '
Re 'd and
'
lregvrsoil) yellow soil laterite Asg;D, forgo,st,

①
Everything available in our environment which

accessible
can be used to
satisfy our
needs , provided ,
it is
technologically economically , feasible
and culturally acceptable be termed
can Resources as .
Classification of Resources
the basis of 20183

# On
Origin Ccb : se
obtained from
o Biotic :
Resources which are biospheres and have life such as
human beings flora and fauna fisheries
, ,
etc
Resources which
Abiotic composed of living things such rocks,
minerals
o : are non -
as
# On the basis of :
Exhaustibility
Renewable : Resources which can be renewed or reproduced
°
by physical mechanical ,
and chemical process such as solar and wind energy , forest , water ele
.
.
Non Renewable Resources which take millions of years in their formation

They
o :
-
.
may
exhaust by excessive use such as petrol coal , fossil fuels ,
etc .
# On the basis of the status of Development :

Developed Resources which are surveyed and their is
° :
determined for utilization coal

quantity
mines
and
quality
.
eg : .
°
Potential : Resources which are found but yet not utilized : sun and wind
e.g
-
in deserts
energy .
Stock : These have potentialto

satisfy human needs but humans don't have
°
technology to access these

Eg Extracting Hz and Oz from H2O
.
: .
be utilised with help of

°
Reserve : These resources can
existing totechnology but are
kept for future requirements eg : water can be used .
generate more
hydroelectricity .
# On the basis of Ownership :

° Individual : Resources owned by individuals eg : plot , house, privately .
car ,
wells ele .
°
Community : Resources which are accessible to all the members of the community
ego.
-
public parks playgrounds, picnic spots

,
e te .
°
National :
Technically ,
available
all the country are national resources
in
resources
of forests, wildlife , land division and political territories

:
.
Oo Resources which are within the political boundary and oceanic

,
area upto 12 nautical miles from the coast
belong to the nation .
②
International Resources which International institutions

° :
Oceanic
are
regulated200bynautical miles of the exclusive
.
of : resources beyond
-
zone
belongs to open ocean and no individual country can
utilize them without the concurrence of these international
institutions .
Development of Resources
Resources of different kinds are vital for human survival and also for maintaining
the of life Earlier the resources were taken as free gifts of nature
quality .
and were used

indiscriminately because of which some major problems arise:
o
Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals .
° Accumulation of resource in few hands have divided the society into two
i. e haves and have nots or rich or
segments poor
.
° Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to ecological crisis global

such as
global warming , ozone layer depletion ,
environmental pollution
and land ration
deg .
Therefore , a fair distribution of resources therefore is essential for a

sustained quality of life and global peace This can
. be achieved
through
proper planning .
# Sustainable
without
Development : It means
development should take place
damaging the environment and
development in the
present
should not compromise with the needs of future
generations .
#
Agenda 21 It is : a declaration signed by the world leaders in 1992
at UN CED which took places
,
sustainable
at Rio de Janeiro It aims .
at
archiving
global development .
Resource in India :
#
Planning means
° Resource Planning identification and quantification of the available
with their development
resources
along
It is important in
-
like India , which has

a
country an enormous
°
diversity in availability of resources .
certain
°
There are
regions which are rich in types of
balanced
resources but are
deficient in other resources This calls .

for resources
planning
, regional
at national , state and local levels .
°
Arunachal Pradesh has abundances of water but lacks in infrastructural
development Rajasthan is endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in
.
water resources Cold deserts of Ladakh have rich heritage but lacks in water,
.
infrastructural development and other vital minerals .

③
# Process of Resource planning :

This is a technique or skill of proper utilization of Resource
. .
resources .
planning consists of three

stages
-
°
Identification
and resources inventory of -
Involves surveying mapping ,

and measurement of characteristics and
properties and
properties
of resources .
structure endowed with appropriate Technology

Evolving planning
°
a
-
,
skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development
plants .
°
Matching The resources development plans with overall national
-
development plans .
Land Resources
India 's
geographical comprises : area
Plains 43¥ provide facilities for agriculture and industries
Mountains (o#D ensure perennial flow of rivers It provides facilities for tourism
)
o
.
° .
and ecological aspects .
°
Plateau 12¥) possesses rich reserves of minerals fossil fuels and forests ,
.
# Land Utilisation :
used
land resources are for the following purposes :
④ Forest
gig land put to non -
agricultural uses : eg buildings roads , factories etc

,
.
His Net Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net
sown area :
sown area is known as cropped area

gross .
its fallow lands : Land left without cultivation for one or more than one agricultural
year
.
er, other cultivated land Permanent pastures and grazing land

:
,
land under mice -
Cultura ble waste

la neo us tree
crops groves (not included in net sown area ),
land ( left uncultivated for 5 more than agricultural years) .
K' B The land use

pattern in India is determined by both physical factors such as
topography ,
climate , soil types as well as human factors such as
population
density technological
, capability , culture and traditions etc .
land Degradation
The decrease in the quality of land due to human and natural activities which
makes it unfit for cultivation is known as land ration deg .
# Causes of land degradation :
M Pete
°
Overgrazing in States like Gujarat Rajasthan
, ,
.
④
o Over
Prorogation
in States like
punjab Haryana and UP due to water logging leading
,
to increase in salinity and

alkalinity in the soil .
°
Mining sites are unused after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and
traces of over burdening .
°
Mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite & soapstone
for ceramic industry generate huge amount of dust in atmosphere It retards the .
process
of infiltration of water into soil after it settles down on land .
°
Industrial effluents as waste has become major source of land and water pollution .
# Measures for Land conservation / Solutions :

°
Afforestation and
proper management of grazing can help to some extent .
° Control on
overgrazing .
°
Control on mining activities .
°
Planting of shelter belts .
°
Proper discharge and
disposal of industrial effluents .
Soil as a Resource
A most important renewable natural resource but takes millions of years to form soil
upto a few centimeter in depth Types
.
of soil :
# Alluvial soil :
This soil
type is most important and widely spread The entire northern plains are
°
.
made of alluvial soil .
leg Parts of:
alluvial soil
-
Gujarat Rajasthan
,
etc )
•
On the basis of age , classified into : can be -
: old alluvial more concentration of Kanker nodules and is less fertile

④
Bangar
(b) Khadar :
,
New alluvial , less concentration of Kanker nodules and B more fertile .

.
°
Alluvial soil consists of potash phosphoric and lime ,
.
°
Ideal for sugarcane , paddy , wheat and other cereal and pulse crops .
# Black soil ( Reg or soil) :

°
Black in colour and ideal for growing cotton So also called black cotton soil . .
o covers the north western Deccan Plateau , plateau of Maharashtra , Saurashtra , Malwa,
-
Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh -
° It is rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium potash and

,
lime .
°
It is made up of fine extremely clayey material and is known for their capacity
to hold moisture .
# Red and Yellow soil :

°
Develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall .
° It covers southern and eastern of part Deccan plateau parts of Chaltisgarh

,
and Odisha and of Western Ghats piedmont zone .
o soil develops a red colour on diffusion with iron in crystalline and meta -
morphPc rocks Yellow in hydrated form .

.
# laterite soil :
° In the areas of heavy rainfall and
high temperature
° Humus content is low as bacteria die in high temperature .
° Suitable
for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilizers .
° found
in Karnataka , Kerala , Tamil Nadu Madhya Pradesh and hilly areas ,
of Odisha and Assam .
°
After adopting appropriate soil conservation techniques in areas of
hilly
Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu this soil is very useful for growing
Tea and coffee Red laterite soil in Tamil Nadu , Kerala and Andhra
.
Pradesh is suitable for

growing cashew nut .
# Arid soil :
°
Ranges from red to brown in colour .
Sandy in texture and saline in nature

climate and soil lacks in humus and moisture
° Due to dry
high temperature ,
content After proper
.
lies in the western

irrigation facilities it is cultivable .
o
part of Rajasthan .
# forest soil :
° found in hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are
available .
The soil texture varies

°
according to mountain environment where
sides and coarse
they are
formed They . are loamy and silty

in valley grained in the
upper slopes .
°
In the snow covered areas , soil experience denudation and are acidic with
-
low humus content Soil found in the lower parts of the valleys on river terraces
.
and alluvial fans are fertile .
Soil Erosion : causes and solutions

The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is called soil
Erosion Caused due to :
.
o
Deforestation & Overgrazing
°
Construction & mining
°
Water flows as a sheet over down the slope This large areas . causes
washing
away of top This is called sheet erosion
.
.
° Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land This is called Wind erosion .
°
land unfit for cultivation Ps called as Bad land .
Conservation / solution :
steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces . Terrace cultivation
restricts erosion .
°
Afforestation .
° the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the
Ploughing along contour
slopes This is
.
ploughing .
to create shelter belts to break the force of wind

°
Planting lines of trees .
Rows of such called

trees is belts
shelter .
°
large fields are divided into strips strips of grass are left to grow
.
between the crops This breaks the force of wind ; this method is known
.
as strip cropping .
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1 . Being a tropical country, India has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. Suggest any
one way to popularize its maximum use. [1M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A1. Making people aware about renewable energy resources/use of rooftop solar panels/solar
street lighting system/any other relevant point.
Q2. A concerted effort has to be made for sustainable development. Suggest any one step in
conserving our mineral resources for the future. [1M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A2. Improved technologies/ Recycling of metals/ Using scrap metals and other substitutes / Any
other relevant point
Q3. Define Sustainable development. [1M, 2020]

A3. Present generation fulfils its needs while considering the needs of the future generation as
well.
Q4. Classify resources on the basis of origin [1M, 2018]

A4. Resources classification on the basis of origin:
(i) Biotic resources: All living organisms in our environment are known as biotic resources.
Example: Tree, animal, insects etc.
(ii) Abiotic resources: All non-living things present in our environment are known as abiotic
resources.
Example: earth, air, water, metals, rocks etc.
Q5. What do you understand by a 'Resource'? Give examples [1M, 2015]

A5. Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, is called a
resource. It should be technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable.
Only then, it can be termed as a 'Resource'. Examples are: minerals, forests, fossil fuels etc
Q6. Give any two examples of non-renewable resources. [1M, 2015]

A6. Non-renewable resources are resources which once get exhausted, cannot be remade. They
take a long geological period of time, i.e., millions of years, in their formation, e.g., minerals, fossil
fuels, etc.
Q7. Which factor is mainly responsible for maximum land degradation in India? [1M, 2015]
A7. Over-grazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. States where over-grazing has
resulted in land degradation are Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
Q8. In what broad category do the soils of Maharashtra fall? [1M, 2014]
A8. Black soil region also known as regur soils.
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q9. Suggest and explain any three ways to protect land from degradation in various states of
India. [3M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A9. The ways are :
I. Afforestation.
II. Proper management of grazing.
III. Planting of shelter belts of plants.
IV. Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
V. Control of mining activities. (Any 3)
Q10. Write the classification of resources on four different bases. [3M, 2015]
A10. Resources can be classified in the following four ways:
(a) On the basis of Origin:
• Biotic
• Abiotic
(b) On the basis of exhaustibility:
• Renewable
• Non-renewable
(c) On the basis of ownership:
• Individual (Personal)
• Community
• National
• International
(d) On the basis of status and development:
• Potential
• Developed
• Reserve
• Stock
Q11. Explain three stages of 'resource planning.' [3M, 2015]

A11. Three stages of resource planning:
1. Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying,
mapping and the qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
2 Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up
for implementing resource development plans.
3 Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
Q12. Give the distribution of black/regur Soil. [3M, 2015]

A12. This soil is typical of the Deccan Trap region.
• It is spread over north west Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows.
• This soil covers the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and
Chattisgarh and extends along the Godavari and Krishna Valleys.
Q13. "Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources in a country like
India". Justify this statement with two relevant points and an example. [3M, 2013]
A13.
1. There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other
resources. For example: Arunachal has abundance of water but lacks in infrastructural
development.
2. There are some regions which can be considered self sufficient in terms of availability of
resources. For example: The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and
Madhya Pradesh are rich in minerals and coal deposits.
3. There are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources. For example: The
state of Rajasthan is well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources.
Q14. Explain the concept of resource conservation as voiced by Gandhiji. [3M, 2014]
A14. Gandhiji voiced his concern about resource conservation in these Words: "There is enough far
everybody's need and not for anybody's greed." He placed the greedy and selfish individuals as the
root cause for resource depletion at the global level. He was against 'mass production' and
wanted to replace it with 'production by the masses'.
1 . Indiscriminate use of resources by human beings has led to the depletion of resources for
satisfying the greed of few individuals.
2. Irrational consumption and over-utilization of resources leads to socio-economic and
environmental problems.
Q15. Explain three types of soil erosion mostly observed in India. Mention human activities that are
responsible for soil erosion. [3M, 2013]
A15.
1. Gully erosion: The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels, called
gullies. They make the land unfit for cultivation. Such lands are called 'Badlands'.
2. Sheet erosion: Sometimes water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. In this case top
layer of the soil is washed away.
3. Wind erosion: Wind blows off loose and dry soil from flat and sloping land causing erosion.
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q16. 'The challenge of sustainable development requires control over industrial pollution.'
Substantiate the statement with examples. [5M, 2020]
A16. i. On one hand Industries lead to extensive industrial growth and expansion, other hand these
are also the cause of environmental degeneration which prompt to the different type of air, water
pollution.
ii. There is an increasing requirement to use a further sustainable model.
iii. Industries must produce eco-friendly products and dump wastes responsibly.
iv. Use of latest technology can help industries to control pollution and lead towards sustainable
mode of operation.
V. Industries use: Reuse-Recycle-Refuse approach.
Q17. Write six characteristics of regur soils (black soils) [5M, 2015]
A17. 1. They are made up of extremely fine, i.e. clayey material.
2. They have capacity to hold moisture that makes them ideal for growing cotton.
3. They are rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.
4. These soils are generally in poor in phosphoric contents.
5. They develop deep cracks during dry hot weather, which helps In the proper aeration of soil. of
6. These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work unless tilled immediately after the first
shower.
Q18. Explain four types of resources based on ownership and give one example of each type.
[5M, 2014]
A18. On the basis of ownership, there are four types of resources:
1. Individual Resources : Resources, which are owned privately by individuals, e.g., farmers own
pieces of land or houses. Plantation. pasture lands, water in wells are some resources owned by
individuals.
2. Community Owned Resources : These resources are accessible to all the members of the
community, e.g., village ponds, public parks, playgrounds in urban areas are accessible to all the
residents of that area.
3. National Resources :All the resources within the political boundary of a nation including the
territorial water (oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles from the coast) extending into the ocean and
resources therein belong to the nation, e.g., all minerals, forests, wildlife, water resources, land etc.
4. International Resources :There are international institutions which own and regulate some
resources, e.g., The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to
the open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of
international institutions.
Q19. Write some measures/ways to solve problems of land degradation. [5M, 2014]
A19. Measures to conserve land:
1. Afforestation.
2. Proper management of grazing to control over-grazing.
3. Planting of shelter belts of plants.
4. Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
5. Control of mining activities.
Q20. Write the main characteristics of arid soils. [5M, 2014]

A20. 1. Arid soils range from red to brown in colour.
2. They have a sandy texture.
3 They are saline in nature. In areas where salt content in high,
common salt is obtained by evaporation.
4. Arid soil lacks humus and is moisture deficient.
5. The lower horizons of the soil have kankars because of high
calcium content which restrict infiltration of water.
6. Proper irrigation helps make these soils cultivable, e.g.,
Western Rajasthan
paste adhle.in
Q21. "The future generation may not have sufficient resources as compared to the present
generation". Justify the statement by giving suitable examples. [5M, 2012]
A21. Present sources of energy in India are coal, petroleum, natural gas, solar energy, wind energy,
hydel power, electricity, wood for fire, cow dung etc. Most of these are non-renewable sources of
energy which may get exhausted after some time. These are available in limited quantities. The
present rate of consumption is higher than the rate at which these resources are being replenished
and should be preserved for our future generations.
In fifty years' time, India may depend largely on non conventional sources of energy which are
available in abundance such as solar energy, hydel energy, wind energy etc. The total hydel power
potential in India is estimated at 1,50,000 MW of which only one-sixth has been developed so
far.
1. Development of a country needs to be continuous. Every country would like to have the level of
development go up further.
2. Many scientists have warned that the present levels of development cannot be sustained for the
future as the present rate of consumption of both renewable and non-renewable resources is very
high. Rapid industrialisation has led to environment degradation.
3. Sustainability development aims at development without damaging the environment and at the
same time conserving for the future.
4. Sustainability of development is essential not only for the present generation but also for future
generations to ensure a good life.
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
POLITICAL PARTIES
NOTES
Coalition of Parties
1-
Political Party systems
f-
one-Party system political Parties
concept of
Party system
f-
-
Two -
function of Political
-
multi-Party system Parties
Political Parties
-
Importance of
Political Parties
Types of Political Parties
f-
-
National Parties
State Parties
challenges to Political
Parties
Reformation of Political Parties
Steps to Reform
-
Suggestions to Reform
⑥
Political Party Ccbse 20153

A
political is a group of people who to contest elections and
hold power in the
party come
together
government
Political parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a
.
society . All the parties

favour certain part of the society and thus they involve partisanship .
A political party has 3 components :
°
The leaders
°
The active members
°
The followers
# function of Political Parties : le b se 2020,2019 , 2018,2015)

°
Parties contest elections by putting up candidates .
o In some countries , candidates are selected by members and supporters of a

party .
USA)
leg .
°
In other countries candidates
,
are chosen by top party leaders leg India) .
Parties put forward different policies programmes for voters to choose from
° and
them .
°
Political parties play a major role in making laws for the country No law can .
become a bill unless majority parties support it .
Parties form and run government The is expected to base its

government
°
.
policies on the promises made by the ruling party The big policy decisions are .
taken by the political executives which belongs from a political party .
°
Those parties that lose in the elections play the role of opposition to the parties
in power by voicing different views and criticising government for its failure or
,
wrong policies .
° Political parties shape public opinion They raise and highlight issues Parties have
.
.
lakhs of
members and activists spread all over the
country .
o
parties provide
people access to government machinery and welfare schemes
implemented by the Parties have to be responsive to the demands
government .
and need of the people otherwise they be rejected in the next elections
.
, may .
# What will happens if there are no

political Parties ?
org Importance of Political Parties :
without existence of parties , following situations may occur

°
Every candidate in the elections will be able to make any promises to the people
about any Maior policy changes .
The may be formed , but its utility will remain ever uncertain
government
° .
Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency for what

they do in the But no one will be responsible for how the country will
locality .
be run .
②
Party system
° One Party system -
In some countries , only one party controls and runs the government . This is
called one party system .
Egfr In China only Communist Party forms the government .
This system is not a

chance for
good option for democracy because it does not provide a fair
competing parties to gain power .
°
Two Party system -
In some countries, power usually changes

between two main political parties,
several other parties may exist but manages to win few seats in the national
legislature Only
This is called two
the mapor two parties have serious chances of forming govt
. .
party system Uk, USA .
Eef .
° Multi Party system -
If several parties compete for power and more than two parties have reasonable
chance of
forming government either by their own strength or in alliance with
others We call it a multi party system
Egg India :
- -
.
.
Pros : fair choice , democratic

:
political
cons
instability
# Coalition of Parties :
when several parties join hands with the purpose of
contesting elections and winning power in a multi party system is called
-
analliance or front .
Types of Political Parties
# NATIONAL PARTIES :
A party that secures at least 6% of the total votes in Loksabha elections or Assembly
elections in 4 states and win at least 4 seats in the Loksabha , is recognised
as a National Party .
'
Why National parties recognised political parties
'
are called ?
The commission treats all parties equally but it offers some special facilities to large
,
and established parties These parties are only the official
given a unique symbol
-
.
candidates of that party can use that election symbol Parties that get this .
privilege and some other special facilities are recognised by the Election Commission
' '
for this purpose That is why , these parties are called recognised political parties !
'
.
( BJP)
Bhartiya Janta Party National
o founded in 1980 , reviving the erstwhile Bhartiya Jana Singh It leads .
the
Democratic Alliance (NDA) .
③
°
It wants to build a modern India by drawing inspirations from
strong and
India 's ancient culture and values Culture Nationalism ( Hindutva ) is an
.
important element in its conception of Indian nationhood and politics .
° Came in power in 1998 as leader of NDA

election in 2004 and became principal opposition party Won election in 2014
including
several regional pastiest lost
.
.
and 2019 with clear majority .
Indian National Congress ( INC ) :

-
°
Popularly known as Congress Party .
founded in 1885 , one of the oldest party
of world .
° A centrist
party in its ideological orientation , party espouses secularism and
welfare of weak section and minorities .
°
Emerged as
largest party with 145 seats in Loksabha held in 2004 lost election
,
in and
2014 main
currently opposition party in the Lok Sabha .
Some other National Parties are :
Bahujan Samay Party CBS P) -
founded → 1984
g
leader → Kanshi Ram
Communist Party of India Marxist (CPI M) founded
-
-
- →
1964
Communist Party of India CC PI ) founded in 1915 -
Nationalist Congress Party CNC P) founded 1999 -
# STATE PARTIES : ( Regional Party ]

A that secures at least 6% of the total votes in an election to the
party
legislative of a state and wins at least 2 seats is
Assembly , recognised
as a state party .
Some of the regional parties like the Samajwadi Party ,

Samata Party and
Rashtriya Janata Dal have national level political organisation with
units in several States .
Political Parties
Challenges to
(1) The first challenge is lack of internal democracy within parties The power .
is concentrated with one or few leaders at the top Parties do not .
keep membership registers , do not hold organisational meetings and do

not conduct internal elections Ordinary members do not have
regularly .
sufficient information on what happens inside the party and cannot

influence its decision .
④ The second challenge is dynastic succession which is related to first one .
Most of the parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for
their functioning , there are very few ways for an ordinary member to
⑨
party Those who happen to be a leader are in position

rise to the top in the .
of unfair advantage of favouring people close to them or even family

members In many parties the top position of a
.
party is controlled by
,
members of a family .
II) The third challenge is

growth of money and muscle power in parties especially
Parties tend to nominate candidate who have or can
during elections .
,
raise a lot of people and companies who give
money Rich .
funds to the
party tends to influence the policies and decision of the party . In some
cases
, party supports criminals who can win elections .
(E) The fourth challenge parties do not offer meaningful choice to the
is that
voters In order to offer meaningful choices parties must be significantly
.
,
different In the recent years there is decline in the ideological
differences .
among the parties .
Steps taken to reform Political Parties

° Anti -
Defection Law The constitution was amended to prevent MPs and MLAs
-
from changing parties This was done because many elected representatives
.
were indulging in directions to become ministers or for cash rewards .
The law says if any MP or MLA changes a party then he or she will lose its
seat in the legislative .
°
Details of Property and passed an order
criminal cases -
The Supreme Court

to reduce the influence of money and criminals now candidates contesting ,
for elections have to file an affidavit giving details of their property and
criminal cases pending on them The new system has made a lot of .
information available to the public .
°
file Income Tax Return
an The Election Commission has passed an order
-
making it compulsory for parties to hold their organisational elections

and file their income tax returns The parties have started doing so but .
sometimes it is mere formality .
# Suggestions to Reform Political Parties or Ccb se 20153

° A lawshould be made internal affairs of the political
to regulate the
parties It should members
. be made
compulsory for political parties to maintain a
register of its
independent to follow its own constitution to have an
, ,
authority which acts judge in of party disputes and hold as a case
open election to the higher posts .

⑤
It should be made compulsory for political parties to a number of tickets,

°
give
about one third , to women candidates
be there in the decision
Similarly
, a quota
.
for women should
making bodies of the party .
There should be state

o
funding
of elections The govt should
.
money
.
to politicalgive
parties to support their electron expenses on the basis of votes secured in
the last elections .
Imp .
PY lls
dose ?fE%I -
E Describe the role of political parties in India .

-
PGI notes .
close
①
2019
-
Pg -
close
wit
↳ Ans -
A som Gana Parishad fAssam People 's Association , AGP)
chest
2011
houses -
Pg ①
-
doggy -
pg ①
-
CIVICS
CH: Political Parties
2020
26. Describe the role of Political Parties in India.
Answer:
26. Role of Political Parties is as follows:
i. Parties contest election.
ii. Parties put forward different policies and programmes
ili. Parties form and run the government.
iv. Parties that lose in the election play the role of opposition.
V. Parties shape public opinion.
an
vi. Parties provide people access to govt. Machinery and welfare schemes.
2019
OR
irw
21. Explain the role of Political Parties in a democracy.
Explain the necessity of Political Parties in a democracy.

tN
Answer:
21. Political parties are a group of people who try to run the
government by winning in elections. The roles of political parties are :
i). They contest elections.
ii). They make demands for the people so that they can win the
hi
elections.
it). They run the government if they win in elections.
ob
iv). They form the opposition if they lose in elections.

v). They shape public opinion.
OR
Modern democracies cannot exist without political parties. The necessity of a political party
Sh
in democracy can be understood from the given points:

i). If every elected representative is independent, then no one will make promise for any
major policy changes. The government may be formed but its utility will remain always
uncertain. Non-party based
ii). Panchayat election also create same problems.
The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of representative democracies.
iii). As society became larger and complicated, they also need some agency to gather
different views on various issues and to present these to the government.
iv). Political parties inform the people about the working of the ruling party. They talk about
the problems of the state, the working and failure of the government and give suggestion for
the upliftment of masses.
v). Political parties act as a link between government and masses.
Thus, political parties are necessary for democracy.
2018
13. Explain the three factors that are crucial in deciding the outcome of politics of social
divisions.
14. "Secularism is not an ideology of some political parties or persons, but it is one of the
foundations of our country." Examine the statement.
23. Describe any five major functions of political parties performed in a democracy.
Answers:
13.
i). People's perception • If people see their identity in singular and exclusive terms then there
will be conflict but if they see their identity as a reflection of the national identity then they will
live at peace with each other.
an
ii). The role of community and culture It depends on how the leaders will raise the demands
and needs of a particular community. It will be peaceful if this is done within the dictates of
the constitution.
iii). The role of political party and government The outcome will depend on how the
irw
government addresses the needs of a particular community. If it is done in fairness and
according to the constitution then there will be peace.
14. Secularism is the foundation of our country

tN
(i) There is no official religion of India.
(ii) Our constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
(tii) The constitution prohibits discrimination on ground of religion.
(iv) The constitution provides all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practice
hi
and propagate any religion or not to follow any religion.
23.(i) Candidates are put forward by political parties to contest elections. These candidates
ob
may be chosen by the top leaders or by members of the party. In some countries like USA,
members and supporters of a party choose its candidate.
(ii) Parties put forward their policies and programmes for voters to choose from them. A
government is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the ruling party (Political
Sh
party than runs government).

(iti) Political parties play a major role in making laws for the country.
No law can become a bill unless majority parties support it.
(iv) Political parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes. It
is easier for the public to approach their local party leader than a government officer. The
local party leader has to listen to the public demand, otherwise people can reject them in the
next elections.
(v) Parties shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues.
Parties sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of the problem faced by the
people.
2017
5. Name any one political party of India which grew out of a movement.
25. "It is very difficult to reform politics through legal ways." Evaluate the statement.
Answer:
5. There have been many political parties in India which have grown out of a movement. Eg.
Asom Gana Parishad (Assam People's Association, AGP), a state political party in Assam,
India. The AGP was formed after the historic Assam Accord of 1985. The latest to join the
group has been Aam Aadmi Party which grew out of a movement against corruption.
5. There have been many political parties in India which have grown out of a movement. Eg.
Asom Gana Parishad (Assam People's Association, AGP), a state political party in Assam,
India. The AGP was formed after the historic Assam Accord of 1985. The latest to join the
group has been Aam Aadmi Party which grew out of a movement against corruption.
2015
4. How can you say that democracies are based on political equality ?
5. Why do political parties involve partisanship
an
25. What is meant by a political party ? Describe the three components of a political party.
26. Suggest any five effective measures to reform political parties.
Answers:
representatives. irw
4. Democracies are based on political equality as individuals have equal weight in electing
5. Parties are a part of the society and thus they involve partisanship.
25. A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold
tN
power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with
a view to promote the collective good. There are different views on what is good for the
society and people. Every political party wants to persuade people when their policies are
better than other parties, and tries to win the support of people.
hi
A political party has three components: the leaders, the active members and the followers.
(i) The leaders : Every Political party has some prominent leaders who formulate policies
and programmes for the party and choose candidates for contesting elections. Those who
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contest elections and win, they perform the administrative job.

(ii) The active members : They are involved in different committees of the party and
participate directly in their activity. They are the ones, who climb a ladder from being the
follower and become the assistant of the leaders to gain knowledge about the politics.
Sh
(ii) The followers : They believe in the party's ideology and support the party by casting their
votes in favour of the party at the time of election. They are simply the ardent followers of the
leaders and work under the able guidance of the active members.
26. Political parties can be reformed in the following ways :

i) The anti-defection law was introduced to curb the growing trend of elected representatives
who changed political parties to become ministers or to get cash rewards.
ii) The affidavit requirement was an order passed by the Supreme Court as a measure to
curb the challenge of money and muscle power.
i) The third reform measure was made by the Election Commission where for all political
parties it was mandatory to hold regular elections and also file their income tax returns.
Besides these, many suggestions are often made to reform political parties:
iv) It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets,
about one-third, to women candidates. Similarly, there should be a quota for women in the
decision-making bodies of the party.
v) There should be state funding of elections. The government should give parties money to
support their election expenses. This support could be given in kind: petrol, paper, telephone
etc. Or it could be given in cash on the basis of the votes secured by the party in the last
election.
2014
26. Identify the determinants of the outcomes of the politics of social division and explain
them.
26. Determinants of the outcomes of the politics of social division are
(i) How people perceive their identities : If people see their identities in exclusive terms, it
an
becomes difficult to accommodate. As long as people in Northern Ireland saw themselves as
only Catholic or protestant, their differences were difficult to reconcile. It is easier if identities
are complimentary with national identity. This helps to stay together. This is how most people
in our country see their identity. They feel and think as Indian as well as belonging to a state
or a language group or a social or religious group.
irw
(ii) How political leaders raise demands of any community : It is easier to accommodate
demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another
community. The demand for 'only Sinhala' was at the cost of the interest and identity of Tamil
tN
community in Sri Lanka.
(ill) How the Government reacts to demands of different groups If the rulers are willing to
share power and accommodate the reasonable demands of the minority community, as in
Belgium, social divisions become less threatening for the country. But if the demand is
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suppressed in the name of national unity, as in Sri Lanka, the end result is quite opposite.
Such attempts at forced integration sow the seeds of disintegration.
ob
2013
16. What are pressure groups? How are they different from political parties? Explain.
26. 'No party system is ideal for all countries and in all situations'. Justify the statement with
Sh
five arguments.
Answers:
16. Pressure groups are organisations which strive to influence the policies of the
Government. They could do so by forming an organisation and undertaking activities to
promote their interests or viewpoints. These organisations are formed when people with
common occupation, interest, aspirations or opinions come together to achieve a common
objective. The following are the differences between pressure groups and political parties:
i. Unlike pressure groups which try to influence the Government's policies, political parties
are groups of people which come together to contest elections and hold power in the
Government.
ii. While pressure groups tend to wield power, if any, without responsibilities, political parties
aim at direct control or share of political power of the State.
ili. Pressure groups are not accountable to people, whereas political parties have to face the
people in elections and thus have to be responsive to people's needs and views.
26. No Party system is ideal for all countries and all situations
(a) Party system is not something, any country can choose.
(b) It evolves over a long time depending on the nature of the society.
(c) Its social and regional division, its history of policies and its system of elections.
(d) Each country develops a party system that is conditioned by its special circumstances.
2012
23. How do pressure groups and movements exert pressure on politics? Explain with an
example.
24. How do state or regional political parties contribute in strengthening federalism and
democracy in India? Explain with examples.
Answers:
24. The state parlies are commonly referred to as regional parties. Some of these
an
parties are all India parties that happen to have succeeded only in some states. Parties
like the Samajwadi Party, Samata Party and Rashtriya Janta Dal have national level
political organisations. Some parties like Biju Janta Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front and
Mizo National Front are conscious about their state identity.
irw
Regional parties made Parliament of India politically more and more diverse. No one
national party is able to secure on its own a majority in Lok Sabha. As a result, the
national parties are compelled to form alliances with state parties. Since 1996, nearly
every one of the state parties has got an opportunity to be a part of one or the other
tN
national level coalition government. This has contributed to the strengthening of
federalism and democracy in our country. Regional parties are more sensitive to the
specific interest of a region and protect and preserve the regional identity.
hi
25. Foundational challenge relates to making the transition to democracy and then
instituting democratic government.
-It evolves establishing a sovereign and functional state.
ob
-It evolves bringing down the existing non-democratic regime, keeping military away
from controlling the government.
-Establishing a civilian control on all government institutions by holding proper elections.
-It evolves the recognition of people's choice and opportunity to change rulers,
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recognise people's will.
2011
11. The political party which believes in Marxism Leninism is
(A) Nationalist Congress Party.
(B) Communist Party of India.
(C) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK).
(D) Bahujan Samaj Party.
22. Explain how the relationship between political parties and pressure groups can take
different forms.
33. Explain how dynastic succession is a major challenge for political parties in India.
Answers:
22. The relationship between political parties and interest groups take different forms.
These are:
1. Sometimes leaders of political parties may themselves form an interest group or support
them. Most trade unions and students organisations are established or affiliated to a political
party.
2. In some instances, a political party may grow out of movements. For example, the roots of
DMK and AIADMK can be traced back to a social struggle in Tamil Nadu.
3. The interests of a political party or an interest group may even clash with each other if
both of them stand for opposite ideologies. In such case, issues are resolved through
dialogues and negotiations
33. Dynastic succession is a major challenge for political parties in India as it prevents the
rise of fresh talent to the top. It also discourages talented people who have no political
an
lineage from participating in politics. It acts as a disincentive for the grassroots political
activists who cannot aspire to high offices. It fosters a culture of sycophancy, breeds
inefficiency and mediocrity and is detrimental to inner-party democracy. In the long run, it is
corrosive to democratic structures as it promotes nepotism.
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SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
AGRICULTURE
NOTES
Institutional and Technical Reforms to Help farmers
3. main
Types of farming cropping
in
seasons
India
Primitive
f.
-
subsistence
Rabi
farming
-
Intensive subsistence kharif
farming - Zaid
1-
Commercial farming
Agriculture
Grains and food Crops other Non -

food Crops
. m e/ : : : e naoPs
leguminous crops than Grains
f-
Rice Oilseeds Rubber
-
- -
-
wheat
'
inmate: stage
-
Coffee -
Jute
Pulses
1- -
Horticulture crops
②
is a primary activity which eat and raw

Agriculture
material for industries .
produces the food we
India is agriculturally important country

an
,
two -
third of the population

is
engaged in
agriculture .
Types ,
of
,
tfarmingi
# L ) PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING :
-
It is done on a small patch of land with help of primitive tools like hole ,
digging sticks and dao

,
and family labour The production is for self
.
-
and
consumption which depends on monsoon ,
natural fertility of the soil
other environmental conditions . It is also called Slash and Burn Agriculture
In this
agriculture ,
tribals / farmers clear a patch of forest land and
it for and then leave the idle for
burn their agricultural practice patch
few years .
This allows the nature to replenish the fertility of the soil .
'
It is known by different names :
NAME PLACE
> humming North Eastern India
Baster and Ad N Islands
Dip a
Mi Ipa Mexica and Central America
Roca Brazil
Vietnam
Ray
Ma sole central Africa
# 2) INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING or
land of doses of biochemical
is done
It on
high population pressure .
High
inputs and irrigation is used to obtain higher production .
#3) COMMERCIAL FARMING 3-

The main feature is that high doses of modern inputs like high yielding
variety IHYV) seeds , chemical fertilisers pesticides and insecticides used to
, ,
obtain
higher productivity .
Plantation is a
type of commercial farming in which only a single crop is
grown
on
large-scale
a
using capital ,
intensive input with the help of
migrant labourers A . network
good of transport ,
communication , proper
market facilities are required for this .
Tea in Assam and coffee in Karnataka

Ef:
-
.
②
3 Main cropping seasons of India

# L) RABI CROPS : -
These crops are sown between October to December and ,

are harvested between
April to June .
Ey
: wheat
Barley , Peas, Gram and mustard
,
.
# 2) (
KHARIF CROPS : May July )
-
-
These and harvested in

crops are sown at the onset of monsoon a season
,
are
September October
-
.
Eg:
Paddy Maize , Jowar, Bagga Ur ad
, ,
, moony ete
# 3) ZAID CROPS : -
These crops are sown between Rabi and kharif season (March June ) -
: watermelon muskmelon cucumber

, vegetables
and fodder crops ele
Eg , ,
.
MAJOR CROPS OF INDIA

Grains and
leguminous crops bm¥°ns Rice, wheat millets and maize
-
leguminous pulses -
chat)
.
# RICE :
° India is second producer of rice in World after China
largest .
°
It is the most important and staple food crop of majority of Indians .
°
It
requires rainfall l above 100cm ) and high temperature (above 254 to grow
high .
in low rainfall areas with help of

°
It can be
grown proper
Odisha , Jharkhand,
irrigation .
°
Major rice
producing stales are West
Bengal ,
Bihar ,
cha His ,
garh
UP , Tamil Nadu Assam Kerala etc , ,
.
# WHEAT : LTTE )
°
It is the main food crop in north and north western part of country -
°
This Rabi crop requires a cool season and
bright sunshine at the time of
ripening should be
.
°
Rainfall between 50 to 75cm .
° There are two important wheat

growing zones in country
-
H Plains
Ganga Satluj
-
④ Black soil Region in Deccan .
o
major wheat
producing
States are UP , MP, Haryana , Punjab ,
Uttarakhand, Rajasthan
# Millets : ( GHI )
° Also called grains
coarse .
Jowar Baja and Ragi are important millets

grown in India
° .
,
°
Have high nutritional value .
③
# Maize : l Html )
° It is a crop which is used both as food and fodder
°
It is a kharif crop but also Rabi crop in Bihar .
°
It requires temperature between 25C -
27°C
It well old alluvial soil
grows
°
on .
°
Major maize
producing States are up
,
Madhya Pradesh Andhra Pradesh KarnaHea
, ,
.
# Pulses or ( gli )
India is producer and consumer of pulses
o
°
largest
It is the main source of protein in a vegetarian diet
.
°
Major pulses grown in India are Urad Azhar ,
, Moony Masur , ,
Peas and Aram .
°
Pulses need less moisture and can survive in dry climate .
°
Being leguminous crops all these are grown as rotational Coop to restore the soil fertility
,
by fixing nitrogen ( except Ar had

o
major pulses producing States are UP Rajasthan MP Maharashtra and Karna Hea
, , ,
.
food crops other than Grains

# Oil seeds or
°
Oil seeds cover about 12% of total cropped area of India .
°
Major oil seeds grown in India are Groundnut , mustard , soya bean , linseed , Colton
seeds , Castor seeds and Ses a mum ( Till
°
Some of them are used as raw material of soaps , cosmetics and ointments .
° India is the second of largest producer

after China groundnut .
°
Groundnut is kharif crop .
°
Gujarat is the largest producer of groundnut followed by ,
Andhra Pradesh and Tamil
Nadu .
# Tea :-
(tht)
°
India is the second largest producer of tea in world after China .
It is a
beverage crop which was initially introduced by Britishers and example of
°
plantation crop .
It is
grown on well drained fertile soil , rich in humus and organic matter
° .
°
Tea bushes require warm and moist frost free climate all through the year -
.
o
major tea producing
States are Assam ,hills of West
Bengal Kerala, Darjeeling , ,
Uttarakhand, Meghalaya
Tripura ,
.
( aloft)
#
Sugarcane :
° This is a tropical as well as sub tropical crop that requires almost a year to grow
-
It can be
grown on a variety of soils as long as they are fertile and well
° -
,
drained .
requires hot and humid climate to

grow with temperature between
° It 2K -272
and annual rainfall between 75 100cm
-
.
④
°
Position of India is second in world . fcbse 20161
°
It is the main source of
sugar,
Aur , Khandsaoiete India is second largest .
producer of sugarcane in world after Brazil .
o
major sugarcane producing States are up, Maharashtra , Punjab, Haryana, KarnaHea
and Andhra Pradesh .
# Coffee : ( tilth )
° Indian coffee is known for its
good quality and is incite mand in all over the world .
o India has the Arabian variety which was Pritially brought from Yemen .
° In India for the first time the cultivation of coffee was done on Baba Budan
Hills .
o
major coffee producing stales are Kamat Ka Kerala and
,
Tamil Nadu .
# Horticulture crops :
These include the cultivation of both fruits and
°
India is the second

vegetables .
o
largest producer of these after China .
o India produces both tropical and temperate fruits .
mangoes of Maharashtra , UP , WB
o
}
oranges of Nagpur and Cheorapunjee
rich?97978: oof tyrantadf.ndna.am
" Nadu
nd all
a .
they aol.igrgaenwde.mg
Pineapples of Meghalaya
.
Grapes of and AP .
, Telangana Maharashtra
APPkffppne.ae:$ of Tel K , Himachal .
°
Important vegetable produces of India are
pea , cauliflower, onion , cabbage ,
tomato brinjal and potato
,
.
Non food crops

-
# RUBBER : HIT)
o Rubber is mainly an equatorial crop , but under special conditions it is also
grownin
tropical areas .
°
It is the main raw material for many industries like auto types and tubes ,
tyres ,
belts and houses footware e te ,

.
°
It is mainly grown in Karnataka , Tamil Nadu Kerala , ,
and Andaman and Nicobar
Islands .
# FIBRE CROPS ÷
grown in
° Colton , Jute hemp and natural silk are the four major fibre crops India .
,
° The first three are plant
products while silk is obtained from cocoons of the
silkworms .
°
Rearing of silk worm for production of silk fibre is known as sericulture .
⑤
# Colton : CGI )
° It is the main raw material for cotton textile industry .
It
grows well on drier parts of black soil in Deccan , it takes 6-8 months to mature
° .
° India is the second largest producer of cotton in world after China .
° It requires
high temperature light rainfall or irrigation , 210 frost free days and bright
,
-
sunshine for its growth .
o
Major cotton
producing States are Maharashtra , Gujarat, MP , Haryana , Punjab , UP e te .
# JUTE I
-
( tht )
°
Also called Golden fibre .
This fibre is very strong , due to its

gunny bags
°
roughness ,
it is used to make ,
mats , ropes ya on,
,
carpets and other artefacts .
° It
grows well on well drained -
fertile soils in floodplains .
°
Major jute producing States are w B .
; Odisha , Bihar Assam,

, Meghalaya .
Institutional and Technological Reforms to Help farmers fcbse 20183

°
Provision for crop insurance against drought flood fire fire and diseases
, , , ,
establishment of Grameen Banks for providing loan facilities at lower rates of
interest .
°
Kisan credit card ( KCC) and Personal Accident Insurance scheme ( PAIS) are
some other schemes introduced by for benefits of farmers
government .
°
Special weather bulletins and
programmes for farmers were introduced
agricultural
on the radio and television .
°
The government also announces Minimum support Price ( MSP) to check exploitation of
farmers middlemen and speculators
by .
°
Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) , agricultural
centres, horticulture development
universities veterinary services and animal breeding
and weather forecast were given to benefit Indian farmers priority .
K3B Under globalisation particularly

, after 1990 , the farmers in India have been
exposed to next
challenges Despite being . an
important producer of rice ,
cotton , rubber , tea
not able to
,
and
coffee jute ,
with the developed countries because
spices our
agriculturaltheproducts are
compete of highly
subsidised agriculture in those countries .
1 MARK QUESTIONS
1. A type of millet rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage is
A1. Ragi
2. Give an example of a crop which is commercial in one region and provides subsistence in
another. [1M, 2012]
A2. Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, while in= Odisha it is a subsistence crop.
3. What is horticulture? [1M, 2012]

A3. Cultivation of fruits, vegetables and flowers is called horticulture.
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
4. Establish the difference between Commercial farming and Subsistence farming with the help of
a suitable example. [3M, 2019]
A4. A. Commercial Farming
i. Use of higher doses of modern inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers, etc.
ii. Commercialization of agriculture varies from region to another
iii.Plantation is also a type of commercial farming
iv. Use of well-developed network of transport and communication.
v. High productivity for commercial purpose
B. Subsistence Farming
i. Is practiced on small patches of land
ii. Labour intensive farming
iii.Use of primitive tools
iv. Dependent on Monsoons
v. Called as 'Slash and burn' agriculture.
vi. Low productivity (Any two to be mentioned in each unit)
5. Describe any three main features of 'Alluvial soil' found in India. [3M, 2019]
A5. • Alluvial soil is considered as one of the most fertile soils. Alluvial soil covers the entire northern
plains in India.
• Alluvial soil contains sand, silt and clay mainly due to silt deposited by Indo-Gangetic-
Brahmaputra rivers. According to age, it is classified into Bangar (old alluvial) and Khadar (new
alluvial).
• Alluvial soil contains an ample amount of potash, phosphoric acid I lime. This soil is ideal for the
growth of crops like sugarcane, wheat and rice etc.
6. Describe any three main features of 'Rabi crop season' [3M, 2019]
A6. • It begins with the withdrawal of monsoon in October. They sown in winters from October to
December.
• At the time of ripening, it requires bright sunshine.
• Crops depend on sub-soil moisture.
• Requires less rainfall between 50-75 cm. Availability of precipitation during winter months due to
western temperate cyclones help in the success of these crops.
7. Describe any three main features of 'Kharif crop season'. [3M, 2015]
A7. • It begins with the onset of monsoon in May.
• Crops are harvested in September October.
• Requires more rainfall between 100-110 cm
• It requires loamy or alluvial soil.
8. What are 'Institutional Reforms'? Enlist various institutional reforms taken by the Indian
Government to bring about improvements in agriculture. [3M, 2015]
A8. Steps taken by the government to bring about improvements in agriculture are termed as
'Institutional Reforms'.
Some steps are:
1. Collectivisation and consolidation of land holdings to make them economically viable.
2. The green revolution based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution to
increase milk production are important strategies which were initiated to improve agriculture.
3. Cooperation with farmers and Abolition of Zamindari system.
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
9. "The Government of India has introduced various institutional and technological reforms to
improve agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s." Support this statement with examples. [5M, 2018]
A9. The Government of India has introduced various institutional and technological reforms under a
comprehensive Land Development Programme to improve agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s.
Land Development Programme:
• Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease.
• Establishment of Grameen (regional rural) banks, cooperative societies and banks for
providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest.
Other Reforms:
Apart from land development program, the government has initiated many other benefit schemes
for the farmers.
• Kisan Credit Card (KCC): Scheme for giving easy and cheap loans to small farmers.
Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) for Kisan Credit Card (KCC) holders.
• Special weather bulletins and agricultural programs for farmers were introduced through
radio and television channels.
• The government also announced Minimum Support Price (MSP) for various agricultural
products like cereals, pulses and others (to check the exploitation of farmers by
middlemen).
10. Compare 'intensive subsistence farming' with that of 'commercial farming' practiced in India.
[5M, 2018]
A10.
11. 'Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian Economy' Explain the statement by giving
reason. [5M, 2017]
A11. India is an agricultural country because of the following reasons:
1. Two-third of its population is engaged in agricultural activities which provide livelihood.
2 Agriculture is a primary activity and produces most of the food and food grains that we
consume.
3. It produces raw materials for our various industries, e.g., cotton textile and sugar industry.
4. Some agricultural products, like tea, coffee and spices, are exported and earn foreign
exchange.
5. The share of agriculture in providing employment and livelihood to the population continued to
be as high as 63% in 2001.
12. (a) Name three pulses each of Rabi and Kharif season. Write their importance for human beings
and for agriculture.
(b) What is India's position in the world with regard to the production of pulses? Name five leading
states producing pulses. [5M, 2015]
A12. (a) Pulses of Rabi season: Tur (arhar), urad, moong. Pulses of Kharif season: Masur, peas, gram.
Importance of pulses:
• For agriculture. Being leguminous crops, they help in restoring soil fertility by utilising
nitrogen from the air (nitrogen fixation). Therefore, these are mostly grown in rotation with
other crops.
• They need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.
(b) India is the largest producer of pulses in the world. Major pulse producing states are: Madhya
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka.
13. What are the major differences between primitive subsistence farming and commercial
farming? [5M, 2013]
A13.
14. Name one type of agriculture which falls in the category of commercial agriculture. Write the
main characteristics of this type of agriculture. [5M, 2012]
A14. Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial farming.
Characteristics of plantation agriculture:
1. A single type of crop is grown on a large area.
2. Plantation is carried out on large estates using lot of capital intensive units.
3. Lot of migrant labourers work on these estates.
4. The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry. All the produce is used as raw
material in the respective industries.
5. The production is mainly for the market, i.e., commercial agriculture.
15. Mention two geographical conditions required for the growth of Maize crop in India. Describe
three factors which have contributed to increase maize production. Write four major
maize producing states. [5M, 2012]
A15. Geographical conditions required for the growth of maize crop in India:
1. It is a kharif crop which requires temperature between 21° C to 27° C. It requires moderate
rainfall between 50-100 cm.
2. It grows well in old in alluvial soils.
Maize is a crop which is used both as food and fodder. In some states like Bihar, maize is grown in
rabi season also. Maize production in India has increased due to factors like:
• use of modern inputs such as HYV seeds;
• use OT fertilisers; and
• use of irrigation facilities.
• major maize producing state: Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya
Pradesh.
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
WATER RESOURCES
NOTES
Water: Some Facts and Figures
3/4th of Earth is covered with water.
Out of total volume of water on Earth 97.5% exists in oceans and seas.
About 2.5% of water is available as fresh water. And, 70% of this is present in
frozen ice in icebergs and glaciers.
Less than 30% of freshwater is stored as groundwater.
India receives nearly 4 percent of the global precipitation and ranks 133 in the
world in terms of water availability per person per annum.
By 2025, it is predicted that large parts of India will join countries or regions
having absolute water scarcity.
Why there is need for Water

Conservation & Management?
In a country like India, where population is growing at a fast rate. Demand for
water is increasing.
Indiscriminate pumping of water from tube wells leads to falling groundwater
levels. This adversely affects water availability and food security of the people in
the long.
Increasing numbers of industries has made matter worse by exerting pressure on
existing freshwater resources.
Electricity used by industries comes from hydroelectric power.
Most housing societies or colonies in the cities, have their own groundwater
pumping devices to meet their water needs. In most cases these are uncontrolled
leading to depletion in ground water levels.
Also, the scarcity may be due to bad quality of water. Much of water may be
polluted by domestic and industrial waste, chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers
used in agriculture, thus, making it hazardous for human use.
This excess use of chemical fertilisers and insecticides has contaminated
groundwater at many places, thus, making it hazardous for human use.
DAMS- A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the
flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.
Multi-Purpose River Projects
Multi-purpose river projects large dams that serve several purposes in addition to
impounding the water of a river and used later to irrigate agricultural fields.
They help to control flood, check soil erosion, provide water for irrigation and
drinking purpose, generate electricity for industries, villages, cities, provide inland
navigation, help in preservation of wildlife and development or fisheries.
Dams are classified according to structure, intended purpose or height. Based on
structure and the materials used, dams are classified as timber dams,
embankment dams or masonry dams, with several subtypes.
Advantages of multi-purpose river projects are:

Electricity generation
Irrigation
Water supply for domestic and industrial uses
Flood control
Recreation
Inland navigation
Fish breeding
Disadvantages of Multi-purpose river projects are:

Affects the natural flow of river causing poor sediment flow and excessive
sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir.
Destroys the habitats for the rivers' aquatic life.
Submerges the existing vegetation and soil if created on the floodplains.
Displaces the local people of the place where it is created.
These are unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall.
These projects induced earthquakes, caused water- borne diseases and pests
and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
Rain Water Harvesting
Is a technique of increasing the recharge of groundwater by capturing and

storing rainwater by constructing wells, percolating pits and check dams.
Main objectives of the rainwater harvesting are:
To meet increasing demand of water To reduce runoff.
To avoid the flooding of roads.
To augment the groundwater storage and raise the water table.
To reduce groundwater pollution.
To improve the quality of groundwater.
To supplement domestic water requirement during summer and long dry
spells
Traditional rainwater harvesting methods practiced in different parts of the
country:
In mountainous areas ‘Guls’ and ‘Kuls’ the diversion channels were built for
agriculture.
‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly practiced to store drinking
water, especially in Rajasthan.
Inundation channels for irrigation were developed in the flood plains of West
Bengal.
In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed
storage structures, e.g., ‘Khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of
Rajasthan.
In semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and
Banner, all the houses had underground tanks or ‘tankas’ built inside the
house for storing drinking water. They were a part of the well-developed
rooftop rainwater harvesting system.

‘Narmada Bachao Andolan’:
Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada Movement is an NGO that mobilized
tribal people, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists against the Sardar
Sarovar Dam being built across the Narmada river in Gujarat. The movement originally
focused on environmental issues related to submerging of trees under the dam water.
Recently its aim has been to enable the displaced poor people to get full
rehabilitation facilities from the government.
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES
NOTES
and Industries
How Agriculture
linked ?
are
Manufacturing factors of Industrial location .
Agglomeration Economies
On the basis of Raw materials used
-
Agro based
-
industries
-
mineral -
based industries
classification on the basis of Ownership
ftp.bpfaatsesteF.io
of Industries .
-
Joint sector venture
-
cooperative sector
n the basis of their main Role

- Basic or key Industries .
Manufacturing -
consumer Industries
Industries On the basis of capital Investment
f- large
Small scale Industry
-
scale Industry
n the basis of the Bulk and weight ofmaterial
Raw
f- Heavy Industry
-
light Industry
cotton Textile
Textile Industry
Agro based
-
guk Textile
Industries sugar Industry
Iron and steel Industry
Aluminium smelting
chemical Industry
Mineral based
-
fertiliser Industry
Industries
cement Industry
Automobile Industry
Information technology of Electronic
Industry
Industrial Pollution and Environmental
Degradation
control of Environmental Degradation
steps taken by NTPC
②
Manufacturing
Production of goods in large quantities by processing raw materials to more valuable
products is called It is considered as the backbone of development
C Cbse
manufacturing
2018 close 2017 2015)
'
.
because : -
, ,
° It reduces the heavy dependence of people on
agricultural income by creating jobs
in secondary and tertiary sector .
also aimed at down regional disparities by establishing industries

It was
bringing
°
in tribal and backward areas .
Industrial development helps in removal of unemployment and

poverty
°
.
Export of manufactured expands trade and goods

commerce and brings in much
°
,
needed foreign exchange .
# How Agriculture and Industries are linked ?

°
They move hand in hand .
°
Many industries like sugar, textile, etc depend on
agricultural products like , cotton
is raw material in cotton textile mills .
On the other hand for increasing agricultural productivity , many industrial

°
,
products are used like fertilisers , irrigation pumps ,

Pvc pipes , tractors .
# factors of Industrial location :

°
Availability of skilled labour .
° " "
Raw material
O n u
Market
°
Regular Electricity
°
Means of communication and transportation .
°
Capital for investment
Agglomeration Economies many industries tend to

# : come
together to make use of
the advantages offered by the urban centres known as
agglomeration economies .
Classification of Industries
# On the basis of Raw materials used :
based material is agricultural product Eg : cotton, jute woollen ,
°
Agro source of raw
-
-
-
.
,
silk , tea, coffee, edible oil .
°
Mineral based source of raw material is mineral Eef 's iron and steel , cement , aluminium
-
fertilisers , machine tools and petrochemicals .
# On the basis of ownership :

Owned and operated by
o
Public government agencies Eg: BHEL , SAIL etc
-
-
.
.
° Private -
Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals .
Ef :
-
Tls co
, Bajaj
Auto Hd , Dabur .
°
Joint Jointly run by the state and individuals or group of individuals Ef: Oil
Ingloig }td
-
. .
,
②
Cooperative Owned and operated by the producers material , workers or

suppliers of raw
°
or
-
both They pool in the resources and share the profits

.
and losses proportionately .
Eg : industry is Maharashtra coir Industry in Kerala

-
# On the basis of their main role : -
Basic or key Industries supply their products to manufacture other

°
goods Eef Iron ,
-
.
steel and copper

° Consumer produce -
machine ete
goods
for direct use by consumers Eef sugar, toothpaste paper, .
-
.
sewing .
# On the basis of capital Investment : -
o small scale If the investment is less than Rs L crore on any industry

-
scale If the investment is more than Rs 's crore on any industry

Large
° -
# On the basis of
weight of raw material and finished goods : -
Heavy Industries Use heavy material and produce heavy goods such iron and steel
° -
raw as
industry .
o
light Industries -
use light raw material and produce light goods such as electrical
Industry .
Syllabus rt on "
the basis of material used

"
tf types tf Brody explain that It tf
Sta at 46¥ F !
,
Types of Industries on the Basis of material Used
Agro -
Based Industries
Textile cotton textile

Industry Jute Textile
COTTON TEXTILE
¥ The
:
first cotton textile mill established in Mumbai in 1854

was .
° In the early years , the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton
belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat
growing .
°
It
provides employment to weavers cotton farmers , mill workers , support chemicals
, ,
dye industry and engineering works .
France East countries,

°
India exports yarn to Japan ,
USA , UK , Russia , , European
Nepal Singapore
, ,
Sri Lanka and African countries .
Problems 1 Challenges faced :

This industry face challenges in the form of outdated machinery ,
etc due to this there is more
irregular power
supply competition from synthetic fibres
,
.
important
③
of cotton yarn 125 Yo) in World trade than manufactured garments important 14%
of the world trade) from India .
# JUTE TEXTILES
°o°
India is the largest producer of raw jute and stands at second place as an exporter
after Bangladesh .
° Most
of the mills are located in West Bengal , along the banks of Hug li River , in a narrow
belt as :
→
Jute produced in proximity
→
Inexpensive transport
→
Abundant water
→
cheap labour
→
Kolkata city provides further support banking , insurance of port facilities .

challenges faced by the industry include less demand and stiff competition in the
international market from synthetic fibres and from other jute growing countries
like Bangladesh Philippines Thailand Brazil and Egypt
, , ,
.
# SUGAR INDUSTRY
°o° production
India stands second in the world in sugar production and the first in the
of gur and Khan d Sari .
mills located in Uttar Pradesh , Bihar, Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu e te

Sugar
°
are .
°
In recent years, there is a tendency for the mills to concentrate in the Southern and
Western state , especially in Maharashtra , because the cane produced here has a
.
higher sucrose content and relatively cooler climate also ensure a longer crushing
season
Problems / Challenges faced :

major challenges include the seasonal nature of the industry ,
old and inefficient
methods of production , transport delay in
reaching cane to factories and the
need to maximise the use of by products
.
Mineral Based Industries

# IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY :
°
The iron and steel
industry is the basic industry as all the other industries
heavy , medium and light depend on it for their machinery
,
.
° Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a

country 's development .
°
India ranked 2nd among the world crude steel producer .
°
It is also considered
heavy industry as raw material and finished goods are
both heavy and
bulky It is a public
.
sector
industry .
④
2015
°
µge2Nagpur
Chota has maximum concentration of Bron and steel industries as :
→ low cost of iron ore
steel Authority
raw material in proximity
→
High grade of India

ltd .
cheap labour
through TAIL
→
.
of the public market their steel

Most sector
undertakings
°
-
India Ps not able to perform to its full potential due to

its High costs and limited availability of cooking coal .
icis Irregular supply of energy .
*is lower
④ Poor
productivity
Infrastructure
of labour
.
.
# ALUMINIUM SMELTING :
°
Aluminium smelting is the second most
important metallurgical industry in
India
°
Aluminium is light , resistant to corrosion , a good conductor of heat , malleable
and becomes strong when mixed with other metals .
°
Used to manufacture aircraft , utensils and wires .
Aluminium located in Odisha West

°
smelting plants in the country are , Bengal ,
cha Hisgash ,
Maharashtra UP and TN
, ,
Kerala :
°
Regular supply of power and assured source of raw material at the minimum
cost are the two prime factors of location .
# CHEMICAL INDUSTRY : Klose 20 HI

°
India produces and inorganic chemicals
organic .
The chemical industry in India is fast and diversifying

growing
°
.
°
The chemical industry is its own
largest consumer Basic chemicals undergo .
processing to further produce other chemicals which are used for industrial
application , agriculture and directly for consumer market .
# FERTILISER INDUSTRY :
°
The fertiliser industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilisers
( urea) phosphatic fertilisers and ammonium
°
mainly , phosphate
Potash is entirely imported as the country does not have any reserve of commercially
.
usable potash or potassium compound in any form .
°
After the green revolution, the industry expanded The major producers are Gujarat .
Tamil Nadu, UP , Punjab and Kerala .
# CEMENT INDUSTRY :
° This industry requires bulky raw materials, limestone , silica , alumina 4 gypsum
-
.
o cement is essential for construction like houses , building factories etc ,

.
⑤
° 1st cement plant set up in Chennai 11904) .
# AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY :
and passengers
°
°
Automobiles provide vehicle for quick transport of
After liberalisation demand of new contemporary models has increased
goods .
°
The industry is located in Delhi , Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata , Gurgaon e te .
# INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY or
Bangalore
has been emerged as electronic capital of India
°
.
° 18 IT
parks has boosted employment .
°
This industry covers a wide range of products like televisions computers, ,
telephone
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation labs e 20163
AIR POLLUTION It is caused by the presence of high proportion of sulphur dioxide
-
and carbon monoxide in the air It is emitted by chemical and .
paper factories ,
brick kilns , refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big
and small factories It causes respiratory problems
. .
ffbse 20183
WATER POLLUTION -
It is caused when organic and

inorganic untreated industrial
waste are
discharged into rivers .
Dyeing petroleum refineries

, ,
tanneries and electro -
plating industries are the main industries causing water pollution .

It threatens
plant , aquatic and human life .
THERMAL POLLUTION This occurs when hot water from factories and thermal
-
plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling Wastes from nuclear power .
plants , nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancer , birth defects and
miscarriages .
.
NOISE POLLUTION Noise from industrial and construction activities, machinery,

-
from equipment , etc contribute to noise pollution .
This type of pollution results in hearing impairment , increased heart rate ,
blood pressure and physiological effects .
CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION I close 20161

o
minimising use of water for
processing by reusing and
recycling it in two or more
successivestages .
°
Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements .
°
Smoke can be used by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories .
°
Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to
factories .
°
Generators can be fitted with silencers .
°
Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds Treatment .
⑥
of industrial effluents can be done in three phrases .
⑨ Primary treatment by mechanical means This involves screening , grinding

.
flocculation and sedimentation .
(b) Secondary treatment by biological process .
④ Tertiary treatment by biological chimpcat and physical processes This involves

,
.
recycling of wastewater .
STEPS TAKEN BY NTPC
°
Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance .
°
Minimising waste generation by
maximising ash utilisation .
.
Ecological monitoring reviews and online database

management for all its
power
°
,
stations .
°
Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management ,
ash water recycling
system and liquid waste management .
IMPORTANT P Yds
se
en
04 -
PGE
close
east -
Pg ⑤-
eh
Pg ①
-
IOI .
close
2017
HEY -
Pg ⑨
dose
not -
Pg ⑤
chutes Pg ⑨
-
-
close ①
Pg
-
-
not
GEOGRAPHY
CH-6: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
2019
20. Explain the reasons for concentration of iron and steel industries in and around
Chotanagpur region.
Q. Describe the role of early entrepreneurs of India in the development of industries.
ANSWER:
20. Reasons for high concentration of iron and steel industries in Chotanagpur region:
i). Availability of iron mines in the nearby regions
an
ii). Availability of other raw materials like limestone and coking coal in the region
iii). Access to cheap labour from nearby states like Odisha and Jharkhand
iv). Good connection by roads and railways with the rest of the world
V). Presence of Kolkata port nearby.
irw
ANS Q. i). During the colonial period the British traders and merchant begans the barter of
opium with tea ( from China to England ).
ii). However , this process was also accommodated by some of the indian Entrepreneurs ;
tN
who provided finance , obtaining stocks and transportation consignments
iii). To name some India Entrepreneur we can include . Dwarkanath Tagore of Bengal
established six joint-stock companies during the trade with China ) Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee
Tata and Dinshaw Petit of Bombay ( built an industry domain in India by acquiring their initial
hi
capital from shipping to China and raw cotton cargoes to England .

iv). Moreover, there were some other entrepreneurs from Madras who exchanged their
goods with the merchants of the Middle East , Burma and East Africa .
ob
v). Thus, early entrepreneurs played a very important role in development.
2018
Sh
10. How has the ever increasing number of industries in India made a worse position by
exerting pressure on existing fresh water resources? Explain.
22. Why is the economic strength of a country measured by the development of
manufacturing industries ? Explain with examples.
ANSWERS:
10. The ever increasing number of industries in India made worse position by exerting
pressure on existing fresh water resources.
Some of the reasons are as follows:
i) In India, the heavy industries use huge amount of water for industrial use and thus deplete
water resources.
ii) Many industries depend on hydroelectricity for the energy consumption of their factories.
There is extensive use of water upstream leading to the river getting dried in the lower
stream.
iii) Excessive use of ground water leads to depletion of ground water.
iv) The industries dump chemical wastes in the water sources like rivers, seas, oceans, etc.
thus contaminating the water and endangering human life.
22. i). Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture which forms the backbone of
our economy.
iI). It helps in reducing the pressure of people from the agricultural sector by giving them jobs
in the industrial sector.
ili). They reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them
jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
iv). Manufacturing goods expand trade and commerce
V). It is necessary for the removal of unemployment and poverty.
vi). It increases the GDP / National Income of the / country.
2017
an
13. Analyse the role of the manufacturing sector in the economic development of India.
23. Analyse the role of chemical industries in the Indian economy.
ANSWER:
which were not possible in agriculture. irw

13. i). Manufacturing sector has helped create stable employment in the Indian Economy
ii). It has helped promote modernisation and overall prosperity.

iii). It has helped in making the agricultural sector more mechanise and hence more efficient.
tN
iv). In the present day world of territorial specialization, our industry needs to be more
efficient and competitive. Our goods must be at par with those of other countries in the
international market.
hi
23. Minerals are non-renewable resources and their stock is limited. Continuous extraction of
minerals raises the cost of extraction as they have to be dug from greater depths.
(i) A concerted effort has to be made in order to use our mineral resources in a planned and
ob
sustainable manner.
(ii) Use substitutes in oder to save minerals should be encouraged.
(iti) Improved technologies need to be constantly evolved to allow the use of low grade ores
at low costs.
Sh
(iv) Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are some steps in
conserving our mineral resources for the future.
2016
9. (a) "The multinational companies (MNCs) choose China as an alternative location for
investment ?" Explain the statement.
OR
(b) Highlight any three benefits of industrialization on the society
OR
(c) What led to the expansion of population in Bombay in the mid 19th century ? Give any
three reasons.
24. "The declining share of agriculture in the Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P.) is a matter of
serious concern in India." Support the statement with any five reasons.
28. Show two ways in which industrial pollution degrades the environment ? Suggest three
measures to control environment degradation.
ANSWER:
9. (a) The multinational companies (NC's) choose China as an alternative location for
investment because :
(i) After revolution of 1949, China graduallyentered the field of world economy. It attracted
the foreign MNC's to invest in china's economy.
(ii) China is the most populous country in the world, besides labour they formed a large
consumer base.
(iii) Wages in China were relatively low. So, it was great attraction for the MNC's.
OR
(b) Benefits of industrialization on society are as under:
1. It removes poverty by generating large sum of employment.
an
2. It helps in economic growth of the nation.
3. It helps in the growing of trade by producing more goods.
OR
(c) Three reasons for Bombay's expansion :
irw
(i) When Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidency in 1819, the city expanded.
With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities of traders, bankers, as well
as artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.
(ii) When textile mills were established in Bombay there was fresh surge of migration. The
tN
first cotton textile mill in Bombay was established in 1854. In 1921, there were 85 cotton
mills with about 146,000 workers.
(iii) Bombay was a junction of two major railways. This encouraged an even higher scale of
migration into the city. For example, famine in dry regions of Kutch drove large number to
Bombay in 1888-89.
hi
10. (a) The silk routes are the good examples of trade and cultural link between distant parts
of the world we, can explain it as follows
ob
(i) Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and sea, knitting together vast
regions of Asia and linking Asia with Europe and Northern Africa.
(ii) Chinese pottery travelled the same route, as did textile and spices from India.
(iii) Precious metals like gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia.
Sh
(iv) Buddhism emerged from India and spread in several directions through intersecting
points on the silk route.
24. i). If the produce in agriculture reduces, then it means that there is not much work for the
rural farmers. There is more unemployment.
ii). There are many industries that process crops/foods from the agricultural sector. They will
be out of business too. So the economy goes down.
iii). The stock exchange indices also go down. That also leads to devaluation of currency.
iv). People in the nation go hungry due to lack of sufficient produce.
v). Grains and seeds need to be imported. Hence the government and people have to spend
money for import and pay extra too.
28). Industrial pollution degrades environment in the following ways :

(i) Air is polluted by gases like-carbon dioxide, carbon mono-oxide etc., which are harmful for
humans.
(ii) Industrial effluents pollute rivers. Paper pulp, textile, chemicals industries pollute land and
soil due to their toxic materials.
Steps to control industrial pollution can be explained as follows:
(i) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(ii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
(iii) Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling into two or more
successive stages.
2015
13. Why has the 'Chota Nagpur Plateau Region' the maximum concentration of iron and
steel industries ? Analyse the reasons.
23. What is the manufacturing sector ? Why is it considered the backbone of development ?
Interpretation ? the reason.
an
ANSWERS:
13. The major factors are :
(i) Availability of raw material : Iron ore, cooking coal and lime stone are required in the ratio
of approximately 4:2:1. All these materials are available in the Chota Nagpur region.
perennial source of water. irw

(ii) Availability of water : Water is provided by Damodar river and it's tributaries, which is a
(ii)Cheap labour : High density of population provides large and cheap labour force.
tN
23. Industries which are involved in the production of goods in large quantities after
processing raw materials to more valuable products are called manufacturing industries.
For example
Iron and Steel industries.
hi
Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development in general and economic

development in particular mainly because :
(i) Manufacturing industries not only help in modernising agriculture, which forms the
ob
backbone of our economy, they also reduces the heavy dependence of people on
agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
(ii) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty
from our country. This was the main philosophy behind public sector industries and joint
Sh
sector ventures in India. It was also aimed at bringing down regional disparities by
establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
(iii) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings in much
needed foreign exchange.
(iv) Countries that transform their raw materials into a wide variety of furnished goods of
higher value are prosperous.
2014
8. What do final goods and services mean ?
24. Suggest any five measures to control land degradation in India.
ANS\WERS:
8. The various production activities in the primary, secondary and tertiary sector produce
large number of goods and services for consumption and investment are final goods and
services.
24. Measures to control land degradation in India are
(i) Soil erosion in hilly areas can be checked by construction of terraces for farming and
building of dams.
(ii) Proper discharge and disposal of industrial wastes after treatment can reduce land
degradation.
(iii) Proper management of grazing by animals can be sloped to control overgrazing.
(iv) There should be planned management of forests, planting of shelterbelts of plants and
more importantly more and more plants can be planted to check soil erosion.
(v) There should be control on mining activities.
2013
an
14. Why is India not able to perform to her full potential in iron and steel production? Explain
any three reasons.
ANSWERS:
14. The following are three important reasons why India has not been able to perform to her
full potential in iron and steel production:
irw
i. High cost of production and limited availability of coking coal
ii. Lower productivity of labour
iii. Irregular supply of energy
tN
2012
19. Why is the iron and steel industry called the basic industry? Explain any three reasons.
hi
ANSWERS:
19. Iron and steel industry is known as the basic industry because all the other industries
(heavy, medium and light) depend on it for their machinery. Problems faced by this industry
ob
are
(i) High cost
(i) Limited availability of coking coal
Sh
(iii) Low productivity of labour

(iv) Irregular supply of energy
(v) Poor infrastructure
2011
20. Explain any three problems faced by the Iron and Steel Industry in India.
21. Describe any three factors that control industrial location.
ANSWERS:
20. Four problems faced by iron and steel industries in India are:
Limited availability
High costs of coking coal.
Lower productivity of labour.
Irregular supply of electricity.
21 . The three factors that control industrial location are:
1 . Proximity to the markets.
2.Availability of abundant rawmaterial, agricultural supply.
3. Availability of cheap and flexible labour.
an
irw
tN
hi
ob
Sh
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
DEVELOPMENT
NOTES
Comparing Development of
Different countries lstates
Concept of Development
-
comparison through National
f-
Income .
Different People Different

,
Comparison through Per Goals

capita Income .
Income and other Goals

-
How World Bank Compares ?
Development
Other criteria
Public facility
ftneoacyrate
-
Net Attendance Ratio

Human Development
-
BMI Report
Substainabilityof
Development
②
o
Development is the process of
growing and becoming
2016)
better .
- Ic
b se
Different people , different Goals : people seek that are most important
things
o
for them i. e that which can fulfill their aspirations or desire What may be
,
. .
development for one may not be development for another This can be understood .
by the following example :
To
get
more electricity ,
an industrialist may want more dams But this may
.
submerge
the land and disrupt of people
the lives who are displaced , such as tribes .
here , ma →
electricity for town people
ITH -
tribes
°
Income and other goals : A
person have two types of development goals
i. e .
1) Material Things
-
money ,
car , house etc
close# Non material
2%8 Both material and
-
Things
-
freedom, friends, equality respect ,

ele
non -
material things are equally important or we can say that
development people look at mix
for , of goals .
Comparing Development of Different countries / States

#
Comparison through National Income :
countries their income is considered to be one of the most Tmp
for
comparing
attribute Countries with
,
.
higher income are more developed

than other countries
as more income means more of all the that a human being needs
things .
Total Income of a = The sum of income of all the resident of the country
country
But we
compare countries with average income (also known as per capita income)
and not total income because countries have
different different population .
# Comparison through Per capita Income :
Per capita Income =

Total Incomeof Country
or
Average Income Total population of country
WORLD BANK compares countries on the basis of their Per capita Income :
Countries with per capita income of $12,056
per annum and above in 2017
°
are called rich countries

Countries with per capita income of $955 or less in 2017 are called low-Income
.
countries .
°
India has per capita income of $1820 in 2017 and is considered as low middle
income country .
②
Comparison through Per capita Income has its drawbacks as it hides disparities,
eg when a small section of people hasidea
very high income the average income
.
,
also gets high and do not give proper about the actual situation .
GEERT
Assume both countries have

'
-
only 5
person . We can see both country
have
average income or Per capita Income of F 90001 -
but country X
is better than country Y .
Other criteria
Infant mortality Rate ( IMR) : Number of children that die before the age of
one year in proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year .
Literacy Rate : The proportion of literate population in the F and above

age group.
Net Attendance Ratio : Total number of children of group 14 and 15 years

age
attending school as percentage of total number of children in the same age group .
Life Expectancy Average expected length of life of person at birth

: a .
Body Mass Index (BMI) Internationally standard known Body Mass Index
:
,
a as
is used to determine whether adult is undernourished

an notperson or .
close BMI C 18.5 ( undernourished)

2%0 BMI ⇐
Weighton ' is.sc Bmg < 25 ( normal)
(Height) Lin meter) za Binz cover
weight)
This standard is not applicable for growing children .
313
° In
comparison of per capitaincome of stales , Punjab would be considered
most developed and Bihar least developed .
° But if we observe Kerala is a better place to live because it have low

IMR .
This shows besides income all other

goals equally important
°
are .
,
③
Public facilities
°
Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you may need to
live leg Pollution free environment , protection from disease )
.
-
°
Public facilities by government is the cheapest and best way to provide these goods
and services collectively .
°
Kerala is a better place Kerala have low IMR
to live OR :
It have better public distribution system so everyone

gets food and is healthy
→
.
They have adequate provision of basic health facilities so

people get treated
properly
→
Kerala have proper education facilities as education make people more aware
about their health .
Human Development Report (A better way ! )

Human development Report published by UNDP United Nations Development
program) is one of
the best methods to measure development .
The report compares countries based on 3 criteriasoo

in Per capita Income .
its life expectancy .
iii) literacy rate and enrollment ratio .
Some countries in middle east are rich countries but they have bad education , health
States so they aren't considered a developed country
,
.
India 's HDR rank is 130 and Sri Lanka's HDR rank is 76 .
Sustainability of Development
should take place but without harming environment ,
Development eg : Groundwater
° .
-
Ps under serious threat of overuse .
° Excessive extraction of crude oil lead to

mining of iron , gold , silver or coal and and
depletion of the stock of these resources Smoke other pops nous.
gases being
released from factories lead to environmental pollution .
Problems of water and air pollution are affecting the

living of people and will affect
°
lives of future
generations also .
K3B Under globalisation particularly, after 1990 the

, farmers in India have been
exposed
countries
to
new
challenges such as competition with other International
.
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. Define Infant mortality rate. [1M, 2020]
A1. Infant mortality rate It indicates the number of children that die before the age year as a
proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
Q2. What may be goal of landless rural labourers regarding their income? [1M, 2019]
A2. More days of work and better wages Local school is able to provide quality education for their
children. (Anyone).
Q3. What may be a goal of the prosperous farmer of Punjab? [1M, 2019]
A3. Assured high family income.
Easy availability of cheap labourers. (Anyone)
Q4. State any two goals of development other than income [1M, 2018]
A4. I) Equal treatment, security and dignity for all citizens.
II) Safe and secured environment for women to make progress in every walk of their life.
Q5. What may be development for one may not be development for the other." Explain with
suitable example. [1M, 2015]
A5 Different persons have different notions of development because life situations of persons are
different. For example, Construction of dams leads to generation of hydroelectricity, thus
development. However many people have be displaced from their villages, hence it may not be
development for them.
Q6. Why is sustainable development essential? Give one reason. [1M, 2015]
A6. Sustained development aims at economic development without damaging the environment
and at the same time conserving for the future. Resources are to be used in such a way that they
are not overexploited.
Q7. What do final goods and services mean? [1M, 2014]

A7. The various production activities in the primary, secondary and tertiary sector produce large
number of goods and services for consumption and investment are final goods and services.
Q8 What is the advantage of per capita income? Mention any one. [1M, 2014]
A8. It helps to compare the development of countries as per capita income tells us whether people
in one country are better off than others in a different country.
Q9. What term is used to describe the 'average number of years a person is expected to live at
birth'? [1M, 2013]
A9. Life Expectancy
Q10. What is Human Development Index ? [1M, 2013]

A10. Human Development Index is a composite index of achievements of a nation in terms of three
important variables, namely-longevity, knowledge and standard of living, that determine the quality
of life.
Q11 Why is the total income of countries not used to make comparisons between them? [1M,
2012]
A11. The total income of countries is not used to make comparisons between them, because the
population of different countries is different and does not give a clear picture if comparisons are
made on this basis.
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q12. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own
examples related o development. [3M, 2018]
A12. 1. Total income is not a useful measure for comparison between countries. Since countries
have different populations, comparing total income does not tell what an average person is likely
to earn. Hence, we use average income which is total income of the country divided by total
population.
2. The defect of average as measure is that does not show the distribution (dispersion) of income
between the rich and the poor.
3. Two countries may have the same average income but in one country almost every family may
enjoy more or less the same kind of income, whereas in the other, some may be very rich and
others very poor. The disparity between rich and poor is an important feature that the average
measure (per capita income) does not consider.
Example: In terms of development, we can take the example of India, where the metro towns are
full of high-rise buildings and shopping malls while some villages have not yet been ret provided
with a basic necessity like electricity.
Q13. Why do people look at a mix of goals for development ? [3M, 2018]
A13. Though income is one oft most important components ( development, but there are other
important goals which people look at for development
1. People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect.
2. Women need a safe and secure environment to take up a variety of jobs or to run businesses as
entrepreneurs.
3. People seek a pollution free environment.
4. Students seek better education and equal opportunities to learn.
Q14. One what basis the rich and low income countries have been categorized in the world? What
are the limitations of this
approach? According to the World Development Report, 2006, India comes in which category?
Give reason for the same. [3M, 2015]
A14. The World Bank uses average income or per capita income as criterion for classifying different
countries. Countries with per capita income of ₹4,53,000 per annum and above (in the year 2004)
are called rich countries and those with per capita income of ?37,000 or less are called low
income countries (India comes under low income countries; the | capita income in India is ₹28,000
per annum). Those falling in between ₹37,000 -₹4,53,000 are placed in the middle category.
Limitations of this criterion.
1. While averages are useful for comparison, they also hide disparities. Two countries may have
identical average income, but one country may have equitable distribution where people are
neither very rich nor very poor, while in the other country most citizens are very poor and very few
are extremely rich,
2. Better income cannot ensure a good quality life. Criterion set by the World Bank has ignored
certain attributes of a good life which do not depend on income or cannot be bought with money.
Example, freedom, equal treatment, equal opportunities, free atmosphere, provision of
unadulterated medicines, etc.
Q15. "Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well" Do you agree with
this statement? Justify your answer with any three suitable arguments. [3M, 2015]
A15. Yes, I agree with the statement because money income and material goods alone are not an
adequate indicator of a good quality of life. Money cannot buy all the goods services
one needs to live well.
• Money cannot buy a pollution free and dean environment with fresh air.
• It cannot protect u from infectious diseases and guarantee good health for us.
• Money cannot assure that medicines available in the market are not adulterated.
To live well one needs non-material factors such as equal treatment, freedom, security, equal
opportunity to learn, a pollution free environment, good and safe working conditions etc
Q16. What are common developmental goals? Give any two suitable examples of common
developmental goals. [3M, 2015]
A16.
• There are certain goals which are the common for all. These are common developmental
goals. The developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also
about other important things in life. More income more material goods do not always give
us a good quality life.
• There other aspects such as equal treatment, freedom, security, opportunity : learn, good
working conditions, pollution-free atmosphere, job security and good social life which a very
important for a good quality life. Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one
factor on which our life depends. But life quality of our life also depends on non-material
things, for example, the role of our friends in our life which cannot be measured but mean a
lot to us.
Q17. On the basis of which three indicators of HDI 2004 Sri Lanka has better rank than India?
[3M, 2014]
A14. Three indicators of HDI 2004 in which Sri Lanka has better rank than India:
1. Per capita income The per capita income of Sri Lanka in US dollars was 4,390 US dollars while
that of India was 3,139 US dollars.
2. Life expectancy at birth-The life expectancy at birth for Sri Lanka was 74, higher than that of
India at 64.
3. Gross enrolment ratio for three levels-Sri Lanka had Gross Enrolment ratio of 69 while that of
India was 60.
Q18. 'Conflicting goals can also be developmental goals'. Elaborate with examples. [3M, 2014]
A18.
• All persons do not have the same notion of development or progress. Each one of them
seeks different things. The seek things that are most important for them, i.e., that which can
• fulfil their aspirations or desires. In fact at times two persons or groups of persons may seek
things which are conflicting.
• A girl expects as much freedom and opportunity as her brother and that he also shares in
the household work. Her brother may not like this.
• To get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land
and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced, such as tribals. They might resent this and
may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their land.
Q19. Explain with examples that there are other important development goals also besides income.
[3M, 2014]
A19.
• More income or more material goods do not always give us a good quality life. There are
other aspects such as equal treatment, freedom, security, opportunity to learn, good
working conditions, pollution-free atmosphere, job security and good social life which are
very important for a good quality life.
• Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends.
But quality of our life also depends on non-material things, for example, the role of our
friends in our life which cannot be measured but mean a lot to us. Another example, i we
get a job in a far off place, before accepting it we would try consider many factors apart
from income such as facilities for our family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn.
Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals. It is true that if women are
engaged in paid work, their dignity increases. However, it is also the case that if there is
respect for women there would be more sharing of house work and greater acceptance of
women.
• The developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about
other important things in life.
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q20. Explain any five fields other than income where development is needed. [5M, 2018]
A20. Fields other than income where development is needed:
1. Education: The government must provide adequate education facilities in all rural urban areas.
The government must necessarily focus on education for girls so that all girls are
able to acquire at least secondary level schooling. Running proper schools and providing quality
education, particularly elementary education, is the duty of the Government.
2. Health: Basic health care facilities are a must for all. Establishment of government hospitals,
clinics and dispensaries, especially in rural areas, to provide subsidized and unadulterated
medicines to the poorer sections of society.
3. Nutrition: An effective Public Distribution System-proper functioning of ration shops and
equitable distribution of food grains is very essential.
4. Transportation: A well developed public transport system to make it easy for general public
commute.
5. Electricity: It is the duty of the government to provide electricity and water at reasonable rates
to the common and prevent him from exploitation by private companies
Q21. Explain with reasons why state of Punjab with a very high per capita income has a low
literacy rate. [5M, 2017]
A21
• Per capita income is not a useful criterion a the human development ranking of a state.
High per capita income is not the only attribute to a good quality life. Money cannot buy all
the essential things required for a good life.
• This can be seen in the case of Punjab which has a very high per capita income but a low
literacy rate. Having money in one's pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that we
need to live well. Money cannot ensure education and literacy. Another reason for low
literacy rate in Punjab could be the lack of free and compulsory educational facilities. The
government needs to open more schools and provide other facilities so that all children
have a chance to study.
• Pollution-free atmosphere to ensure good health, protection from infectious diseases,
lowering of mortality rate, promotion of literacy, etc. are essential for good standard of
living. In order to achieve these, joint efforts have to be made by all members of a
community, be it rich or poor.
Q22. One what basis the rich and low income countries have been categorized the world? What
are the limitations of this approach? According to the World Development Report, 2006, India
comes in which category? Give reason for the same. [5M, 2015]
A22.
The World Bank uses average income or per capita income as a criterion for classifying different
countries. Countries with per capita income of € 4,53,000 annum a I above (in the year 2004) are
called rich countries and those with per capita income of T37,000 or less are called low income
countries (India comes under low income countries; the per capita income in India is R28,000 per
annum). Those falling in between 137,000 74,53,000 : placed in the middle category
Limitations of this criterion.
1. While averages are useful for comparison, they also hide disparities. Two countries may have
identical average income, but one country may have equitable distribution where people are
neither very rich nor very poor, while in the other country most citizens are very poor ver few are
extremely rich.
2. Better income cannot ensure a good quality life. Criterion set by the World Bank has ignored
certain attributes of a good life which do not depend on income or cannot be . bought with
money. Example, freedom, equal treatment, equal opportunities, free atmosphere, provision of
unadulterated medicines, etc.
Q23. What does HDI stand for? Explain the main criteria of measuring HDI according to UNDP
Report of 1990. [5M, 2015]
A23. HDI Stand for Human Development Index.
Main criteria of measuring HDI:
1. HDI published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their
health status and per capita income.
2. HDI determines the rank of a country by its overall achievement in three areas, i.e., life
expectancy, educational level and per capita income.
3 Many improvements have been suggested calculating HDI and many new components have been
added to Human Development Report.
4. Pre-fixing Human to Development, it has made it clear that what is important i development is
what is happening to citizens of a country, i.e., the health and well being of the is people is most
important.
Q24. Explain with examples that there are other important development goals also besides
income. [5M, 2014]
A24.
• More income or more material goods do not always give us a good quality life. There are
other aspects such equal treatment, freedom, security, opportunity to learn, good working
conditions, pollution-free atmosphere, job security and good social life which very important
for a good quality life.
• Money or material things that one can buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends.
But quality of our life also depends on non-material things, for example, the role of our
friends in our life which cannot be measured but mean lot to us. Another example, if we get
a job in a far off place, far before accepting it we would try consider many factors apart
from income such as facilities for our family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn.
Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of goals. It is true that if women are
engaged in paid work, their dignity increases. However, it is also the case that if there is
respect for women there would be more sharing of house work and greater acceptance of
women.
• The developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about
other important things in life.
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
LIFELINES OF NATIONAL
ECONOMY
NOTES
Problems faced by
Road Transportation
Waterways Roadways
Super Highways
-1
-
some National waterways
seaports
-
National Highways
Major LAND -
State Highways
-
kandlatokvchchh -
District Roads
-
Mumbai
-
Jawarlal Nehru Port

-
Rural Roads
-
Marmagaopoot ( Goa) -
Border Roads
Port
-
New Mangalore( Kamath)
-
kochchi Railways
Tuticorin Problems faced by Railways
-
Chennai
-
Vishakapatnam pipelines
Paradwppportlodisha)
Important Pipeline Networks
-
Kolkata
-
-
Haldia Port
Airways means of Transport
Lifelines
of Trade
National
communication Economy f- International Trade
/
-
Bdlanceoftoadelbol)
communication
Persopnal
costal system
Telecom Networks .
Tourism
Mass communication
Television and Radio
Newspaper Periodicals
,
and magazines
films
⑥
# TRANSPORT The movement of goods and services from supply locations to

-
demand location is termed as transportation .
Roadways
of the road networks in the woald ,
India has
56 lakh km
one
.
largest aggregating to about
Road transport is growing in importance as
comparedto railways because -
cost of of roads is much

constructing lower than that of railway lines .
° Roads can traverse comparatively more dissected and undulating topography .
Roads can
o
negotiate higher gradients of slope and can traverse mountains like
Himalayas
Road transport is economical in transportation of few person and
°
relatively smaller
amount of goods over short distances .
It provides door to door services, thus the cost of loading and

unloading is much
° - -
lower .
°
It is also used as feeder to other modes of transport as they provide link between
railway stations , air and sea ports .
# Classification of Roads on the basis of capacity :

L
Quadrilateral
It includes major road development projects like Golden
Super Highways Delhi
-
Mumbai Chennai Kolkata and Delhi by six lane super

linking highway
-
-
- -
It also includes North South Corridor and Kanyakumari and

linking Srinagar
-
fast west corridor linking Silchar and Porbandar These projects are being
-
implemented by National Highway Authority of India IN HAI) .
2 .
National Highway They link extreme parts of country They
-
. are laid & maintained

by central Public works Department Cc PWD) .
Different NHS -
Delhi to America (Sher Shah Suri

NH L
: Marg)
-
:
NH -
2 Delhi to Kolkata
Varanasi to Kanyakumari (
NH 7 2369km)
longest
- :
,
NH 8 -
: Delhi to Mumbai
Roads capital with different district head

3 State .
Highway are linking a state

-
constructed and maintained

-
quarters They .
State public works by
Department ( PWD) .
4 . District Roads These roads connect the direct headquarter with other places
-
of the district They are maintained by the Zilla Parishad

.
.
5 .
Rural Roads link rural areas and villages with towns These roads received
-
special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana Under .
②
this scheme , special provisions are made to connect every villages in the country
to a
major town
by an all season motorable road .
Border Roads Border Roads C BRO) a Government of India under

6.
Organisation
-
-
,
and maintains the roads in the
taking
-
constructs bordering areas of the
country It was established in 1960 and has improved the accessibility in

.
areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the economic development of

these area .
# Problem faced by Road Transportation :

°
Many roads being unmelted due to which
, transportation is difficult
during rainy season .
°
Inadequate reach of National Highways in many places .
High traffic congestion on roads in cities

° .
Railways I close 2019,2015 ]

o
Railways are the principal mode of transportant for freight Cgoods) and
passengers in India , carry bulky weight and excellent for distances
longover .
°
The Indian Railways have a network of 7,133 stations spread a route
length of 64,460km .
o for the administrative convenience India railways are divided into 16 zones
,
.
° There are 3
types of gauges Hail way track) broad gu age , metre guage and
narrow
garage .
°
There are many challenges for Indian Railways as -
→
It is difficult lay railway lines in sandy plains of Western India,
to
hilly and mountainous regions of peninsular India and Himalayas .
→
It requires construction of bridges over rivers in North and Eastern
India
→
There are problems of sinking of railway tracks and landslides
→
blocking the track .
The initial costs of laying the tracks are too high .
# Problems faced by Railways :

-
°
Many passengers travel without ticket .
°
Thefts and damaging of railway property .
°
People pull chains unnecessarily which cause heavy damage to railways .
Delaying of trains
°
.
°
Landslides and sinking of tracks in some stretches .
③
Pipelines
°
Pipelines transport network is a new arrival on the transportation map
of India .
°
Earlier , it used to was water to cities and industries
transport .
°
Now , these are used to transport crude oil , petroleum products and
natural gas from natural gas fields to refiners , fertilizer factories and
big thermal power plants .
°
Initial cost of pipeline is high but subsequent running costs are
laying
minimal .
°
It reduces trans -
shipment losses or delays

# Important PipelineNetworks -
°
from oil fields in Upper Assam to Kanpur .
° from Sala ya to Jalandhar

°
Gas pipeline from Hazira to Jagdishpur .
Waterways
°
Waterways are cheapest means of transport
the .
°
It is suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods .
°
It is fuel efficient -
and environment mode friendly of transport .
India has inland navigation waterways of 14,500km in length

°
.
°
95% of country trade volume ( in terms value) is moved
68% of by sea .
# Some National waterways :
NW L The a other between Allah bad and Haldia Cl 620km)

gang
-
-
YEN KI
'
-
2 -
the Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri 1891 km)

NW 3 - -
The West Coast Canal of Kerala 1205km)

-
NW 4 -
-
specified stretches of Godavari and Krishna rivers along with .
Kakinada Puducherry stretch of canals 11078km)

NW 5 -
-
specified stretches of rivers Brahmani along with Metal river delta ,
channels of Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers and East Coast Canal

(588 km) .
# Major sea Ports :

o It was the first port developed soon after Independence
Kandla in Kuch ch h 3
to ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai

port It is a tidal port . .
°
Mumbai : It is the biggest with a spacious natural and well sheltered
port
-
harbour .
°
Jawaharlal Nehru Port : It was planned with a view to decongest the Mumbai
port and serve as a hub post for this region .
(Goa) : It is premier iron ore exporting port of the country

gao Port about
° Mar ma .
It accounts for 50% of India 's iron ore export .

⑨
o New Poot ( Karnal ka ) : It caters to the

Mangalore export of a lagoon with a
-
natural harbour .
°
Koch Chi : It is the extreme South Western port , located at the entrance of a lagoon
-
with a natural harbour .
o Tuticorin : It is the extreme South Eastern port it has a natural harbour and
-
rich hinterland .
°
Chennai : It is one of the oldest artificial ports of India It ranks second .
after Mumbai in terms of the volume of trade and cargo .
°
Vishakhapatnam : It is the deepest landlocked and well protected port -
.
°
Para dwip port Odisha) It specialises in the iron ore export
:
°
Kolkata : It is an inland riverine post The port serves a very large and hint .
-
er land of
Ganga Brahmaputra basin Being a tidal port , it requires constant
-
-
.
dredging of Hoog ly .
Haldia Port It :
developed subsidiary port to relieve
growing pressure
°
was as a
on the Kolkata Port .
Airways
o
Airways is the fastest , most comfortable and
prestigious mode of transport .
°
It can cover difficult terrains like high mountains , dreary deserts dense ,
forests and oceanic stretches with

°
long great ease
Pawan hans Helicopter Ltd provides helicopter service to oil and Natural Gas
.
.
Corporation CONGC) in its off shore operations -
°
The air transport was nationalised in 1953 .
°
Air travel is not within the reach of common people , it is only in the north -
eastern States that special provisions have been made to extend the service to
the common people .
Communication
↳ act of exchanging information .
# Personal communication :
°
Postal system The Indian :
postal network
is the largest in the world .
Cards and envelopes are considered first class mail lair lifted) whereas The -
second class mail includes book packets , registered newspaper and periodicals
-
(surface mails .
six channels have been introduced to facilitate quick delivery in cities

Recently
and large towns Rajdhani channel Metro Channel , Green Channel , Business
.
,
channel , Bulk mail channel and Personal channel .
°
Telecom Networks :
India has
of the largest telecom network in Asia Excluding
one .
urban area more than two thirds of the villages in India have been covered with
-
⑤
Subscribers Trunk Dialling Cst D) .
# Mass communication :
mass communication provides entertainment and creates awareness
among people
about various national programme and policies .
°
Television and Radio : All India Radio ( Akash Wani) and Doordarshan , the
national TV channel broadcast a variety of programmes in national regional
,
and local languages .
°
Newspapers Periodicals & Magazines India publishes a large number
,
:
of newspaper
and periodicals Newspapers are published in about 100
, languages .
° films : India is the

largest producer of feature films in the world The Central .
Board of film certification is the authority to certify both Indian and foreign
films .
Trade
Exchange of goods between people ,
States and countries is known as trade .
# International Trade : The trade between two countries is known as

International Trade .
Exports and Imports are the

components of trade When
.
goods are sent to

another country for sale , it is export , whereas called
goods from when come
another country to be sold in India , is called Import .
Advancement of international trade of a country is an index of its economic

prosperityAs the resources are
. bound so no country can survive without
spaced
international trade .
India has emerged as software giant at International level .
# Balance of Trade ( Bo T) : The balance of trade of a country is the difference

between its export and its import .
When the value of exports exceeds the value of

imports , it is known as
favourable balance of trade When the value of imports exceeds the value of
.
exports it is known as unfavourable balance of trade

,
.
Export commodities of India : Agriculture and allied product ,

ores and minerals ,
petroleum products gems and , jewellery .
Import commodities of India : Petroleum and petroleum products , pearls and precious
stones, chemicals , coke ,coal , briquettes and machinery .
⑥
Tourism
°
More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry .
It also
promotes national integrity , provides support to local handicrafts and
cultural pursuits.
°
It also helps in the of international
development understanding about our
culture and heritage .
°
foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism , eco tourism , adventure
-
tourism , business tourism , cultural tourism and medical tourism .
close
w 'T -
Pg
ehse
soit
close
rots
-
Pg ②-
CH-7: LIFELINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY
2019
22. Explain the importance of Railways as a means of transport.
ANSWERS:
22. The importance of railways as the principal mode of transportation for freight and
passengers in India are as follows:
i). Railways make it possible to conduct multifarious activities like business, sightseeing,
pilgrimage along with transportation of goods.
ii). It is suitable for long distance travel.
iii). Plays an important role in national integration.
iv). Railways bind the economic life of the country
an
V). It accelerates the development of the industry and agriculture.
2018
11. "Dense and efficient network of transport is a prerequisite for local and national
development." Analyse the statement.
ANSWERS:
irw
11. Efficient network of transport is prerequisite for local and national development:
tN
i). The movement of the goods and services from their supply locations to demand locations
necessitates the need for transportation.
ii). Development of country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as
movement to their destinations.
hi
iii). Transport helps in both production and distribution of goods.

iv). Supports all sectors of the economy.
ob
2017
14. Examine with example the role of means of transport and communication in making our
life prosperous and comfortable.
Sh
ANSWERS:
14. Important role means of transport and communication plays:
i). Today, the world has the been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and
fast moving transport.
ii). Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of equally developed
communication system.
iii). Therefore, transport communication and trade are complementary to each other.
iv). Railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet have
been contributing to its economic progress in many ways.
2015
12. Explain the importance of railways as the principal mode of transportation for freight and
passengers in India.
ANSWER: 12. The railways are the main artery of inland transport in India. It is the lifeline of
the country as mentioned below :
(i) The Indian Railways have a network of 7,031 stations, 7,817 locomotives, 5,321
passenger service vehicles, 4,904 other coach vehicles and 2,28,170 wagons as on 31st
March, 2004.
(ii) Railways are useful in conducting business, sightseeing, pilgrimage along with
transportation of goods over longer distances.
(iii) It is the largest public undertaking in the country. Thus, the railways is playing an
important role in our economy.
an
irw
tN
hi
ob
Sh
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
MINERALS AND
ENERGY RESOURCES
NOTES
The earth’s crust is made up of different minerals embedded in the rocks.
Various metals are extracted from these minerals after proper refinement.
Minerals are an indispensable part of our lives. Almost everything we use, from a tiny
pin to a towering building or a big ship, all are made from minerals.
Definition of Mineral: Geologists define mineral as a “homogeneous, naturally
occurring substance with a definable internal structure.” They have physical and
chemical properties by which they can be identified.
Rocks are combinations or aggregates of minerals in varying proportions. Some rocks
consist of a single mineral, e.g., limestone while most rocks consist of several minerals.

WHERE ARE THESE MINERALS FOUND?
Minerals are usually found in “ores”. The term ore is used to describe an
accumulation of any mineral mixed with other elements.
They are then extracted from these ores.
The economic activity of extraction of minerals from below the earth's surface is
called mining.
Minerals generally occur in these forms:
Veins and lodes: In igneous and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in
the cracks, faults or joints by getting solidified in them. The smaller
occurrences are called veins and the larger lodes, e.g., metallic minerals like
tin, copper, zinc and lead, etc. are found in lodes and veins.
In sedimentary rocks minerals occur in beds or layers. They are formed as a
result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata.
Some sedimentary minerals are formed as a result of evaporation, especially
in arid regions, e.g., gypsum, potash and salt.
Another mode of formation involves decomposition of surface rocks and
the removal of soluble contents, leaving a residual mass of weathered
material containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way.
Alluvial deposits: Certain minerals occur as alluvial deposits in sands of
valley floors and the base of hills, e.g., gold, silver, tin and platinum. T
Ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, e.g., common salt,
magnesium and bromide are largely derived from the ocean waters. The
ocean beds are rich in manganese nodules.
PLACES IN INDIA WHERE MINERALS ARE FOUND:

India is fortunate to have fairly rich and varied mineral resources.
Peninsular Plateau: Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserves of coal,
metallic minerals, mica non ferrous mineral and non-metallic minerals.
Gujarat and Assam: Sedimentary rocks in Gujarat and Assam have most of the
petroleum deposits.
Rajasthan: It has reserves of many non-ferrous minerals.
Northern Plains: There is very little or no economic minerals in vast alluvial plains
of North India.
Classification of Minerals
METALLIC MINERALS
Minerals containing metals.
[ I ] Ferrous Minerals:
The metallic minerals having iron content are called Ferrous Minerals
Ferrous minerals account for about 3/4th of the total value of the production of
metallic minerals.
They provide a strong base for the development of metallurgical industries
Examples of Ferrous minerals are Iron Ore and Manganese :
Iron Ore:
Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development
India is rich in good quality iron ores.
Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70%.
Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity
used, but has a slightly lower iron content than magnetite (50-60%)
The major iron ore belts in India are:
Odisha-Jharkhand belt
Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
Ballari - Chitradurga - ChikkamagaluruTumakuru belt in Karnataka
Maharashtra-Goa
Manganese: Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-
manganese alloy. Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one
tonne of steel. It is also used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides
and paints.
[ II ] Non-Ferrous Minerals:
The metallic minerals not having iron content are called Non-Ferrous Minerals.
India’s reserves and production of nonferrous minerals is not very satisfactory. i.e.
India has only a few reserves for non-ferrous minerals.
Examples are Copper and Bauxite :
Copper:
Copper is malleable, ductile and a good conductor, and is mainly used in
electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries.
The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh, Khetri mines in Rajasthan and
Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are leading producers of copper
Bauxite:
It is a clay-like substance from which alumina is extracted and later alumina
becomes aluminium.
Bauxite deposits are formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks
rich in aluminium silicates.
Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the strength of metals
such as iron, with extreme lightness and also with good conductivity and
great malleability
India’s bauxite deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal
hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni.
NON-METALLIC MINERALS
Mica:
It is made up of a series of plates or leaves.
It splits easily into such thin sheets that if thousand of them are put together,
it makes only a few centimeters thick.
Mica is indispensable for electric and electronic industry because it has
excellent di-electric strength, Low power loss factor, Insulating properties
and Resistance to high voltage.
It's deposits are found in the northern edge of Chhota Nagpur Plateau.
Jharkhand is the leading producer. The important mica producing belt here is
Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh.
Limestone:
It is a type of rock mineral found in sedimentary rocks.
It is composed of calcium carbonates and magnesium carbonates.
It is a basic raw material for manufacturing of cement.
The most important bauxite deposits are found in Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh.

HAZARDS OF MINING/ What are the impacts of mining on the health of the
miners and the environment?
The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary
diseases
The water sources in the region get contaminated due to mining.
The risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coalmines are a constant
threat to miners.
Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land, soil, and increase in
stream and river pollution.
Conservation of Minerals
Conservation of minerals is necessary because:
1. The formation of minerals takes a long geological period of millions of years.
2. They are finite in nature, non-renewable and exhaustible.
3. The rate of replenishment of minerals is infinitely small in comparison to rate of
consumption.
4. They have to be preserved for our future generations.
We should use minerals in a planned and sustainable manner. Improved technologies

need to be evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low cost.
Energy Resources
Energy can be generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum, natural gas,
uranium and from electricity.
Energy resources can be classified as conventional and non-conventional
sources.
Conventional sources include: firewood, cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum,
natural gas and electricity (both hydel and thermal).
They take million of years to form again; thus, they are finite and non-
renewable.
Non-conventional sources include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and
atomic energy.
They are freely available; thus re renewable.
CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

[ I ] COAL:
In India, coal is the most abundantly available fossil fuel.
It is used for power generation, to supply energy for industrial and domestic
needs.
It can easily be converted into other forms of energy—electricity, gas, oil, etc.
It is an indispensable raw material for iron and steel industry.
Four types of coal and their characteristics:
Anthracite- 1. It is the highest quality hard coal; 2. It contains more than 80%
carbon content. It gives less smoke. ,
Bituminous- 1. It is the most popular coal in commercial use and has 60-80%
carbon content; 2. Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal and is of
special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces.
Lignite- 1. It is a low grade brown coal; 2. It is soft with high moisture
content. The main lignite reserve is Neyveli in Tamil Nadu.
Peat- 1. It has a low carbon and high moisture content; 2. It has low heating
capacity and gives lot of smoke on burning.
Occurrence of coal:
Gondwana Coal Belt—A little over 200 million years in age. Mainly
metallurgical coal is found in: (a) Damodar Valley Belt (West Bengal,
Jharkhand) which contains important coal mines of Jharia, Raniganj and
Bokaro; (b) The Godavari Valley Belt; (c) The Mahanadi Valley Belt; and (d)
Wardha Valley Belt.
Tertiary coal deposits are only about 55 million years old, i.e., they are
comparatively younger. They occur in North-Eastern States, namely: (a)
Assam (b) Meghalaya, (c) Arunachal Pradesh and (d) Nagaland.
[ II ] PETROLEUM:
Petroleum or mineral oil is the next major energy source in India after coal
It can be easily trans-ported by pipelines and does not leave any residue.
It provides fuel for heat and light. It provides lubricants for machinery.
It provides raw material for a number of manufacturing industries
Occurrence of Petrol in India:
Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines
and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.
In regions of folding anticlines it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of
the upfold.
The oil bearing layer is porous limestone or sandstone through which oil may
flow.
Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks.
Mumbai High—It is an offshore oilfield and is the richest oilfield of India. Its
share is about 63% of India’s petroleum production.
Gujarat produces 18% and Assam 16%.
[ III ] NATURAL GAS:

It is a clean energy resource as it gives out very little carbon and pollutants on
burning.
Natural Gas is found with petroleum deposits and is released when crude oil is
brought to the surface.
It can be used as a domestic and industrial fuel, as cooking fuel (PNG) and as
transport fuel (CNG).
The offshore region of the Krishna- Godavari basin has the largest amount of
natural gas currently available in India.
It is also available in Mumbai high, Andaman and Nicobar islands.
[ III ] ELECTRICITY:
Electricity is generated mainly in two ways:
Non-conventionally, by running water which drives hydro turbines to generate
hydro electricity; and
Conventionally, by burning other fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural
gas to drive turbines to produce thermal electricity.
NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY
[ I ] NUCLEAR ENERGY:
Nuclear energy is obtained by altering the structure of atom.
When the structure of an atom is altered, too much energy is released in the form
of heat. This heat is utilised to generate electric power.
Uranium and Thorium are used for generating atomic power.
These minerals are available in Jharkhand, Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan.
[ II ] SOLAR ENERGY:
India is a tropical country, it has enormous possibilities of solar energy.
It can help in minimizing the dependence on firewood and animal dung cakes in
rural areas.
This will also help in conservation of fossil fuels.
The largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur near Bhuj.
[ III ] WIND POWER:

India has great potential of wind power
Wind is utilised to rotate large windmills to generate energy.
The largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from Nagarcoil to Madurai.
[ IV ] BIOGAS:
Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for
domestic consumption in rural areas.
It is more efficient than kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
Biogas plants can be set up at municipal, cooperative and individual levels.
The plants using cattle dung are known as ‘Gobar gas plants’ in rural India.
[ V ] TIDAL ENERGY:
Dams are built across inlets. The water flows into the inlet during high tide and
gets trapped when the gate is closed.
Once the tide recedes, the floodgates are opened so that water can flow back
to the sea.
The flow of water is used to run the turbine to generate electricity.
A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up by the National Hydropower
Corporation in the Gulf of Kuchchh in Gujarat.
[ VI ] GEO THERMAL ENERGY:

We know that the inside of the earth is very hot. At some places, this heat is
released on the surface through fissures.
Groundwater in such areas becomes hot and rises up in the form of steam. This
steam is used to drive turbines.
Two geo thermal energy projects have been setup in India- the Parvati valley near
Manikam in Himachal Pradesh and the Puga valley in Ladakh.
Conservation of Energy Resource
Energy is a basic requirement for economic development. Ways to conserve
Energy Resources are:
Using more of public transport system instead of individual vehicles.
Switching off electrical devices when not in use, using power saving devices.
Using non-conventional sources of energy such as solar energy, wind energy, etc.
Getting the power equipment regularly checked to detect damages and
leakages.
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
SECTORS OF THE
INDIAN ECONOMY
NOTES
Sectors of Economic Activities
Primary secondary Tertiary

sectors in India
-
Importance of Tertiary sector

-
Underemployment / Disguised Employment

to create more
-
ways employment
-
N REGA
Sectors of
Indian Organised and
Unorganised sector
Economy
How to
protect the unorganised sector
-
In Rural Areas
-
In Urban Areas
-
Backward communities
sectors on basis of Ownership
Public Private
②
fcbse 20161 I close 2016)
PRIMARY SECTOR SECONDARY SECTOR TERTIARY SECTOR

Activities in which Activities in which natural
good They don't produce any
° o 0
a
is produced by exploiting products are
changed into
goods but these activities
natural resources other forms
through manu -
provide a service .
factoring .
° Also called
agriculture & Also called industrial sector Also called service
o o
related sector . sector .
°
It was the most important 0
After industrial revolution ,
o
In last few decades this
sector since the beginning of this become the most imp . has become the most imp .
human civilisation .
sector .
sector .
Egg : Agriculture fishing dairy , Milk into ice Colton

Eg: Transportation banking
° 0
-
cream o -
, , , ,
mining minerals and ores into clothes , sugarcane education retail

,
etc into ele shop etc
.
sugar . .
k3B Is All sectors are linked or interconnected for example cotton from the .
cotton plant ( primary sector) is converted into textile in industries

(secondary sector) and reach the market through the means of
transportation ( Tertiary sector ) .
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT : ( GDP)
µ
goods and services produced within a county
adjGDPoins thapvafyg.eu/-agllyeafinal
-
shows how
big an economy is .
India GDP is calculated by central

→
→
In
government ministry
Total GDP GDP of Primary t GDP of secondary * GDP of tertiary sector
=
.
Sectors in India
Kb se 20193
#
Importance of Tertiary sector : -
Tertiary sector has

emerged as
producing sector in India because
largestschoolthe -
o
Government has developed hospitals courts banks police army
, , , , ,
etc .
which are basic need of a country and are part of tertiary sector .
in primary and secondary sector has led to development of tertiary

°
Development
sector as they are interdependent .
°
Rise in income level of people has increased the demand of eating out ,
shopping , movies , tourism etc which are part of tertiary sector . .
°
New services based on information and communication technology centernet) have
°
become essential and
Green Revolution also
important
These services are
boost to tertiary sector
.
growing rapidly .
gave .
②
#
Underemployment / DISGUISED EMPLOYMENT : Kb se 20163
-
When more people are working than is needed this situation ,

is called under -
employment or disguised unemployment

-
For example :
•
In rural areas all family members work in same field
' .
•
In urban areas there are many rickshaw pullers, cart pullers selling something ,
,
thousand of casual workers in service sector where

they may spend the whole day ,
but earn little

very .
Therefore , there is a need for generating Employment in different sectors .
to create C cbse 20203

#
Ways more
employment :
°
Government can
provide cheap farmers so they can do farming with best
loans to
and
equipments practice multiple cropping to remain employed throughout the
year .
°
Government can invest money in transportation and construct new roads , this will
employment for labours
create and taxi drivers .
°
Government can locate industries near rural areas where a large number ofpeople can be
employed in the factories .
°
Only 52% children go to school it
It create more than 20 lakh jobs
can
,
more
.
school are constructed, teachers are
appointed .
°
If tourism as a sector is improved it can generate more than 35 lakh jobs .
# National Rural Employment Guarantee Act IN REGA) : -
o N REGA was formulated in 2005 , later on its name changed to Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Empayment Guarantee Act (MGM REGA) .
°
Under N REGA , all those in need of work are guaranteed 100
days of employment in a
year by government .
°
If the
government fails to provide employment it will give unemployment allowances to the
people .
in 625 districts and is also to work

° It is now referred as
right .
Organised and Unorganised sector kbse 20183

#
Organised sector
sector :
Organised
°
all the rules

enterprises are registered by government
.
and have to follow
Job security (can 't fired without proper reasons)
'
°
workers have be and
get
pension when they retire .
°
Offices have conditions and safe environment
good working .
°
Here people have fixed amount of work hours and if they work overtime they
get paid extra for it .
Get benefits like paid leave

payment during holidays provident fund ete
°
.
, ,
③
°
Egfr Government jobs ,
schools, banks etc .
#
Unorganisedsector
sector :
°
Unorganised enterprises are not
registered with the
government and
rules and
regulations are violated by them .
(can be fired anytime) and do not

'
o workers don't have job security get
pension they retire
when .
°
People sometimes have to work in dangerous work environment without
any safe equipment .
overtime
°
Here
people
don't have fixed work hours and nothing extra Ps paid for .
° NO paid leave , holidays or leave due to sickness .
How to protect the unorganised sector

° In Rural Areas small and medium farmers can be supported
-
and by timely
adequate delivery of seeds , cheap loans , storage facilities and good market
price of their harvest .
°
In urban Areas labours and small industries can be supported with
-
good labour
laws and favourable policies for small industries .
°
Backward communities A large no of people from backward communities work in
-
unorganised sector They can be protected if they don't face any discrimination
.
based on their caste or

background .
Sectors on the basis of ownership
PUBLIC SECTOR PRIVATE SECTOR

All assets and responsibility of service o
All assets and responsibility of service
is owned by is owned by an individual in a
government .
group
Their goal is to make profit and earn money
.
° Their goal is to serve

people .
0
.
°
Egg Government schools, hospitals
:
-
,
o
Eg Reliance , Google , apple tata etc
,
.
post office , army etc .
& Why Basic facilities like water supply , railway health etc are part ,
of public sector and not of private sector ?
and % Because these things require spending large amount of money
: .
Private
sector won't at a reasonable provide
like
these things cost
the government does .
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. Distinguish between 'Primary' and 'Secondary' Sector. [1M, 2019]
A1. Primary Sector: It covers those activities that involve the production of goods directly using
natural resources.
Secondary Sector: It covers those activities in which natural products are changed into other forms
through manufacturing. This is the next step after primary activity.
Q2. When we produce goods by exploiting natural resources, in which category of the economic
sector such activities come? [1M, 2018]
A2. When we produce goods by exploiting natural resources, it under the category o 'Primary
sector'.
Q3. Name the sector in which the government owns most of the assets and provides all the
services.
[1M, 2017]
A3 Public Sector
Q4. Classify the economy based on the nature of the activity. [1M, 2017]
A4. The economy is classified on the basis of economic activities into three sectors namely Primary
sector, Secondary sector and Tertiary sector.
Q5. Suggest any one way to create employment opportunity in the rural areas. [1M, 2015]
A5. Setting up a dal mill, opening a cold storage, starting or promoting honey collection are some
of the ways of creating employment opportunities in rural areas.
Q6. Name the sector which continued to be the largest employer even in the year 2000. [1M,
2015]
A6. The primary sector continued to be the largest employer even in the year 2000.
Q7. How many days of guaranteed employment are provided under National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act, 2005? [1M, 2014]
A7. 100 days of employment are guaranteed under NREGA, 2005
Q8. ATM is an example of which sector? [1M, 2014]

A8. Tertiary Sector
Q9. Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process is an activity of which sector?
[1M, 2013]
A9. Primary Sector
Q10. Name the sector in which the government owns most of the assets and provides all the
services.
[1M, 2013]
A10. Public Sector
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q11. Why is the 'tertiary sector' becoming important in India? Explain any three reasons. [3M,
2019]
A11. The reasons are :
• First of all in any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, banks,
transportation etc. are considered as the basic services for any developing country like
India.
• As income rises, certain sections of people start demanding more services like tourism,
shopping, hospitals, schools etc. This helps in increasing the GDP of the country.
• Over the past decade or so, certain new services such as those based on Information and
communication technology have become important and essential in India. Thus, the tertiary
sector becomes very important.
Q12. How do we count various goods and services for calculating Gross Domestic Product G.D.P.)
of a country? Explain with example. [3M, 2019]
A12. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the market value of the final goods and services produced
during year within the domestic territory of a country. While calculating GDP, final goods and
services are counted to avoid the problem of double counting.
For e.g. a farmer sold wheat to flour mill for ₹10 per kg. The mill grinds the wheat and sold the flour
to a biscuit company for ₹12 per kg The biscuit company uses the flour, sugar and butter to make 5
biscuit packets. It sold the biscuit to the consumer at # 15 per biscuit packet. Here biscuits are the
final goods that are purchased by the consumer. Wheat and Wheat flour are the intermediate
goods used in the production of final good. The value of ₹75 already includes the value of flour
₹12. Hence. only the value of final goods and services are included in GDP
Q13. Distinguish the service conditions of the organized sector with that of unorganized sector.
[3M, 2018]
A13. Organized sector: These sectors are registered by the government and have to follow their
rules and regulations.
Unorganized sectors: Such sectors cover small and scattered units which are out of government's
control.
Major differences between both such units are as follows:
Q14. Why is NREGA also called the Right to work? Explain the objectives of National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act 2005. [3M, 2015]
A14. Every state or region in India has potential for increasing the income and employment in that
area. Recognising this, the Central Government in India has passed an act called the National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
Main objectives of the NREGA 2005 are:
• to implement the Right to Work in 200 districts of India.
• to guarantee 100 days of employment in a year by the Government. In case the Government
fails, it offers unemployment allowance.
• to give preference to the type of work that will help increase the production from land.
Q15. What is meant by Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? How is GDP measured in India? [3M,
2015]
A15.
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country is the value of all the final goods and services
produced in each sector within country during a particular year.
• This indicates how big the country's economy is. GDP is measured by the Central
Government Ministry. This Ministry, with the help of all the Indian States and Union
Territories, collects information relating to total volume of goods and services and their
prices and then makes an estimate of the GDP.
Q16. Classify the economic sectors on the basis of nature of activities. Mention the main feature of
each. [3M, 2014]
A16. On the basis of nature activities, economic sectors & classified into:
1. Primary sector
2. Secondary sector
3. Tertiary sector
1. Primary sector forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make. Since most
of the natural products we get, from agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry, this sector is also
called sector for agriculture and related activities (stone quarrying, animal husbandry, etc.).
2. Secondary sector covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms
through ways of manufacturing. It can take place in a factory, workshop or at home.
Examples:
(a) Spinning yam from cotton fibre from plants.
(b) Making sugar from sugarcane.
- It is also called the Industrial sector.
3. Tertiary sector. Activities in this sector do not produce any goods. This sector produces
services that act as aid and support to the Primary and Secondary sectors. Services like
administration, police, army, transport, hospitals, educational institutions, post and
telegraph, courts, municipal corporation, insurance companies, storage, trade
communication and banking . some of the examples of activities of the Tertiary sector. This
sector is also known as Service sector.
Q17. "The problem of underemployment is not confined only to agriculture". Support the statement
with examples. [3M, 2013]
A17. The problem of underemployment is not confined only to agriculture. It can also happen in
other sectors.
• For example, there are thousands of casual workers in the service sector in urban & who
search for daily employment. They are employed as painters, plumbers, repair persons and
other odd jobs. Many of them don't find work everyday.
• Similarly, we see other people of the service sector on the street pushing a cart or selling
something where they may spend the whole day but earn very little. They are doing such
work only due to the lack of better employment opportunities.
• The unorganised sector includes small and scattered units outside the government control.
Employment is not secure. People can be asked to leave without any reason. When there is
less work, such as during some seasons, some people may be asked to leave.
Q18. What are final goods and intermediate goods? How do they help in calculating (GDP) Gross
Domestic Product? [3M, 2013]
A18.
• Final goods are goods that are ultimately consumed by the consumer rather than used in
the production of another good.
• Intermediate goods are goods used as inputs in the production of final goods and services.
For example, a car sold to a consumer is a final good; components such as a tyre sold to
the car manufacturer is an intermediate good.
• The value of final goods already includes the value of all intermediate goods that are used
in making the final good. The value of final goods and services produced in each sector
during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year. And the
sum of production in the three sectors gives the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country.
It is the value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a particular
year.
Q19. Explain any three ways to solve the problem of underemployment. [3M, 2013]
A19. There are people who are capable of better work and earning more than what they are
getting. The reason for this is that better jobs for which they are qualified are not available.
Such people are termed as underemployed, e.g., a graduate teacher driving a taxi.
Underemployment is most prevalent in the primary or agricultural sector.
Three ways to solve the problem of underemployment:
1. Provision of loans may help in creating jobs for disguised unemployed and underemployed
workers. The loan money can be used for the promotion of economic activity of the family adding
to the family's earning or for setting up a cottage industry.
2. Another way is to promote and locate industries and services in semi-rural areas where a large
number of people may be employed. Example, Setting up a dal mill, opening : cold storage,
starting or promoting honey collection.
3. If local banks give credit to farmers at a reasonable rate of interest, they will be able to buy
agricultural inputs and increase productivity.
4. Centres for vegetables and fruit processing, health centres, educational institutions, tourism and
IT centres will certainly help in creating jobs.
Q20. Why didn't shift out of primary sector happen in case of employment although there has been
a change in the share of the three sectors in GDP? [3M, 2013]
A20. A remarkable fact about India is that while there has been a change in the share of the three
sectors in GDP, a similar shift has not taken place in employment.
1 . A similar shift out of primary sector did not happen in case of employment because not enough
jobs were created in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
2. Even though industrial output or the production of goods went up by eight times during the
period, employment in the industry went up by only 2.5 times.
3. While production in the service sector rose by 11 times, employment in the service sector rose less
than three times.
As a result, more than half of the workers in the country are working in the primary sector, mainly in
agriculture, a producing only a quarter of the GDP.
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q21. 'Tertiary sector is playing a significant role in the development of Indian Economy'. Justify the
statement. [5M, 2020]
A21. (i) Basic services: Services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph
services, transport, banks, insurance companies, are in this group.
(ii) Development of primary and secondary sector: The development of agriculture and industry
leads to the development of services such as transport, trade and storage.
(iii) Rise in income levels: As income levels rise, certain sections of people start demanding many
more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools and professional
training centres.
(iv) Rise in information technology: Over the past decade or so, certain new services, such as those
based on information and communication technology have become important and essential.
(v) Globalization: Due to globalization, people have become aware of new services and activities,
and communication because of which the tertiary sector has gained importance.
Q22. 'Public sector contributes to the economic development of India.' Justify the statement.
[5M, 2020]
A22. (i) It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expansion of infrastructure.
(ii) It creates employment opportunities.
(iii) It generates financial resources for development.
(iv) It is ensuring equality of income, wealth and thus, a balanced regional development.
(v) It encourages development of small, medium and cottage industries.
Q23. Show how tertiary sector has emerged as the largest producing sector in India. [5M, 2019]
A23. Importance of Tertiary Sector :
i. Basic services like hospitals, educational institutions, defence, and transport are the part of
tertiary sector.
ii. Development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services
iii. As the income level rises, tourism, shopping, private schools and professional training also
expands. People start demanding more services this leads to the expansion of the tertiary sector.
iv. Information and communication technology also play an important role in this expansion.
v. Large number of workers are engaged in this sector, as the demand for services grow.
Q24. Compare the economic activities of the private sector with that of the public sector.
[5M, 2019]
A24.
Q 25. "There are several things needed by the society as a whole". In the light of this statement
explain as to who can provide them at a reasonable cost, the private or the public sector and why?
[5M, 2017]
A25. Society as whole needs several things which the private sector will not be able to provide at
a reasonable cost.
Reasons for this are:
1. Activities in the private sector are guided by the motive to earn profits and not welfare of the
people.
2. There are several services needed by the society which the private sector cannot provide at a
reasonable price. Activities like construction of roads, bridges, railways, irrigation through dams,
etc., require huge amount of money which is beyond the capacity of the Private sector. Private
sector charges high rates for the use of these services.
3. It is difficult for the Private sector to collect money from thousands of people who use these
services.
4. The Private sector sometimes ignores regional balanced development, equality of income and
development of basic industries.
5. Private sector charges include profit margins whereas the government will charge a reasonable
price for services. It is the primary duty of the government to ensure the provision of public facilities
with a service motto.
Q26. How can employment be increased in both rural and urban areas? Explain. [5M, 2017]
A26. Ways to provide more employment opportunities in rural areas:
1. Promote and locate industries and services in semi-rural areas where a large number ( people
may be employed. For example, setting up a dal mill, opening a cold storage, starting or promoting
honey collection.
2. Promoting small-scale industries, small-scale manufacturing units, agro-processing industries
and providing loans for the same. The government/banks can provide loans at cheap rates to the
small farmers to improve their irrotational facilities so that they can get two or three crops a year
instead of one. Thus more people can be employed in the same field.
3. If more dams are built and canal water is provided to all the small farmers, then a lot of
employment can be generated in the agricultural sector.
4. If more money spent on transportation and storage, then not only small farmers will be
benefitted but many more people can be employed in transport and storage sector.
5. Investing more in tourism and employing more youth in this sector.
Q27. Explain the importance of the service sector. [5M, 2017]

A27. Tertiary sector or service sector plays a very significant role and its importance is rising day by
day:
1. Greater the development of primary sector and secondary sector more would be the demand for
Services.
2. Tertiary sector has become the largest producer in India because various kinds of services such
as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village
administrative offices, transport, banks, insurance companies etc. are required.
3. Even development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services such as
transport, trade and storage etc.
4. With the rise in income, demand for more services is rising. For example, eating out in
restaurants, tourism, malls and shopping complexes, schools, professional training.
5. New services like Information Technology and outsourcing have become very important for
modern day trade and industry.
Unfortunately, the rapid growth of the service sector in India has not yet shown the expected
corresponding increase in employment.
Q28. Explain with suitable examples how public sector contributes economic development of the
nation. [5M, 2015]
A28. Role of Public sector in economic development. The Public sector is that sector the economy
in which the government owns most of the assets and provides all the services, e.g., railways. post
and telegraph.
1. It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expansion of infrastructure.
2. The public sector provides various services and facilities like construction of roads, bridges,
railways, irrigation through dams, etc. where heavy spending is required.
3. A large number of activities are a primary responsibility of the government like schools, hospitals,
housing, safe drinking water, etc.
4. Certain activities are meant to be supported by the government, like providing electricity to
small scale industries at low prices, supply of food to the poor, etc. It encourages development of
small, medium and cottage industries.
5. It ensures availability of goods and services at moderate rates and also contributes to
community development through creation and expansion of infrastructure.
Q29. State any five features each of public sector and private sector. [5M, 2015]
A29. Public Sector:
1. The government owns most of the assets.
2. All the services are provided by the government.
3. The main motive of the public sector is the welfare of the people (masses). Activities are guided
by the interest of the nation as a whole.
4. Employees feel secured and there is discipline and regular work.
5. Governments raise money through taxes and other me
6. For example, railways, post offices, construction of roads, bridges, harbours, dams, etc.
Private Sector:
1. In the private sector, ownership of assets is in the hands private individuals or companies.
2. Services are provided or are in the hands of individuals.
3. Activities in the private sector are guided by the motive to earn profits and not welfare of the
people.
4. Jobs of the employees are less secured and the whims of the owners are above all.
5. Private sector charges high rates for the use of services provided by them.
6 For example, Companies like Tata Iron and Steel Co. (TISCO), Reliance Industries, etc
Q30. Define tertiary sector. Describe about the different kinds of people employed in this sector in
India. [5M, 2014]
A30. Activities in this sector do not produce any goods. This sector produces services that act as
aid and support to the primary and secondary sector. Services like administration, police, army,
transport, hospitals, educational institutions, post & telegraph, courts, municipal corporation,
banking & insurance, storage, trade and communications are examples of activities
in the tertiary sector. This sector is also known as the Service Sector.
1. The first kind of people are the highly skilled and educated people providing specialised services.
E.g., doctors, lawyers, accountants, etc. There are a limited number of services that employ highly
skilled and educated workers and offer big salaries.
2 There are a also a very large number of workers engaged in services, such as small shopkeepers,
repair persons, transport persons. These people barely manage to earn a living and yet they
perform these services because no alternative opportunities for work are available to them. Hence,
only a part of this sector is growing in importance.
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
MONEY AND CREDIT

NOTES
Modern
Banking System
credit Modern forms of Money
f-
Teomsotereditt
if:p:%IYwitn Banks
Cheque facility
Money and
Credit
credit sources in India

self Help Groups
-
f-
-
formal sector
Informal sector
BARTER SYSTEM
A system in which goods are directly exchanged without use of money . Here both
parties agree to sell and buy each other 's commodity This is .
known as double
coincidence wants of .
Modern forms of money
Money is
something that can act as a medium of exchange in transactions .
# CURRENCY : f Cbse 20197

°
Currency is a
generally accepted form of money
Bank of India (RBI) issues
, including coins and paper notes .
°
In India Reserve , currency notes on behalf of the
central
government
rupee F) as a medium of payment that cannot
.
'
legalise
'
°
The law s the of use
be refused in transactions in India
setting .
Therefore the rupee Fl is widely accepted as a medium of exchange

' '
°
,
.
# DEPOSITS WITH BANKS :

°
Banks other form in which people hold money
-
°
Money deposited in Banks is safe with the bank and people also interest
get
on the deposited amount .
°
The deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand Hence, these .
deposits are also called demand deposits .
# CHEQUE FACILITY :
A
cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the
person 's account the person in whose name the cheque has been issued .
Facility of cheque
make it possible to settle payments directly without use of
,
cash .
Modern
Banking system
o Banks mediate between those who have extra funds (the depositors) and those
who are in need of those fund (the borrowers) .
o
Bank charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on deposits This .
difference between interest is banks main source of income .
°
In India only 15% of deposit Ps kept with the bank itself , the rest is out as given
loans .
CREDIT
credit ( loans) refers to an argument in which the lender supplies the borrower with
service in return for the promise of future payment
money ,
goods or .
o ans are both good

and bad , in one situation it can increase a person 's earnings
Yon other situation , it may the person into debt trap push .
Debt trap is situation in which a loan is
a
difficult or impossible to repay it is,
mainly caused due to high interest .
# Terms of credit :
Terms of credit is a set of conditions under which a loan is
given It may
°
.
include method of payment rate of interest , duration of credit and other

,
related conditions .
° Collateral (
and uses this as a
security
) is an asset that the borrower owns such as land vehicle etc
to a lender until the loan is repay ed
guarantee .
°
If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell the asset
or collateral to obtain payment .
In village there may be different credit

, arrangement for different categories
of borrowers -
→
loan from moneylenders
→ Loan from Traders
-
Loan from Banks
→ loan from employers
→
loan from
cooperatives
credit sources in India
FORMAL SECTOR INFORMAL SECTOR

°
The formal are loans from banks and 0
The informal lenders include money -
cooperatives -
lenders traders , employers , relatives

, ,
friends etc .
°
The Reserve Bank of India supervises o
There is no which supervises
organisation
of the credit activities of lenders in the
the
loans
functioning of formal sources
informal sector .
.
that the banks

°
The RBI sees
loans not just to profit
give 0
They can lend at whatever interest rate
making they choose
-
business and traders but also to

small cultivators , small scale industry,
to small borrowers etc .
°
Periodically,
banks have to submit °
There is no one to stop them from unfair
information to the RBI on how much means to get their money back .
they are lending , to whom , at what

interest rate etc ,
.
o
The cost to the borrower of informal loans
as no record of the trans
is much
-
higher
actions are kept and poor are harassed
-
.
SELF HELP GROUPS ( SH Gs for Poor s )
o SH G s have 15-20 members who meet regularly and pool their savings saving ,
varies from 25 or too or more

depending on ability of person
the .
After it it becomes eligible for loan from bank

a
year two
regular savings
° or
,
.
S HGS help borrowers to overcome the

problem of lack of collateral .
Decision
regarding loan use is taken by members of the group Like interest
°
.
.
,
duration , purpose, amount etc .
°
It a member fails to repay other members can pay for his share because
,
of this
feature , banks are willing to lend to SH Gs
Members can take small loan from Regular meetings of the group
group itself
°
.
provide platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues .
IMPORTANT P Yds
cbse
rot
IH
ans -1
close
wtf Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India ?
OR
why Banks and cooperative societies need to lend more ? ↳I
TERM 2 - CHAPTERWISE
Economics
Chapter-3: Money and Credit
2020
17. Find the Incorrect option:
A. Demand deposit share the essential features of money
B. With demand deposit payments can be made without cash
C. Demand deposits are safe way of money transformation
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D. Demand deposit facility is like cheque
20. Rita has taken a loan of Rs. 7 lakhs from the bank to purchase a car. The annual interest
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rate on the loan is 14.5 percent and the loan is to be repaid in 3 years in monthly
instalments. The bank retained the papers of the new car as collateral, which will be returned
to Rita only when she repays the entire loan with interest. Analyse the loan information given
above, considering one of the following the correct option.
a. Mode of repayment
(2020,1M)
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b. Terms of credit
C. Interest on loan
D. Deposit criteria
hi
27. Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India? Explain. (2020,3M)
OR
Why do banks and cooperative societies need to lend more? Explain.
ob
ANSWERS:
17- D
Sh
20- B
27- We need to expand formal sources of credit in india because:
i). There is no organisation which supervises the credit activities of lenders in the informal
sector.
if). There is no one to stop them from using unfair means to get their money back.
iii). Formal sources of credit are less risky and they charge less rate of interest.
iv). The RBI supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans.
OR
Banks and cooperative societies need to lend more:
i. This would lead to higher incomes
ii. People could borrow cheaply for a variety of needs.
iii. They could grow crops and set up small-scale industries etc.
iv. Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country's development
V. It is also important to save and reduce the dependence on informal sources of credit.
2019
1. Explain the meaning of 'Currency'. 1M

OR
Explain the reason for the necessity of supervision by the Reserve Bank of India of formal
sources of loans.
14. Explain any three reasons for the banks and cooperative societies to increase their
lending facilities in rural areas. 3M
an
ANSWERS:
1. Any form of money that is approved by the government and used by the public for trading
is known as currency. It can be soft money in the form of rupees or hard money in the form
OR
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of coins. Every country has its own currency. For example, currency of India is Rupees
The RBI monitors that the banks actually maintain the cash balance. The RBI sees the the
banks give loans not just to profit making business and traders but also to small cultivators,
small-scale industries, small borrowers, etc. Periodically, banks have to submit information to
tN
the RBI on how much they are lending, to whom, at what interest rate, etc.
17. The strengths and limitations of local self-government in a democracy are:

STRENGTHS:
hi
i). The Panchayat Raj system ensures greater participation of people in rural development
programs.
ob
ii). Panchayats function as institutions of self-governance and it settles disputes between

villages and dividuals and this power has been decentralised by the Government of India to
function at the village level.
iii). Gram Panchayat is responsible for the construction and maintenance of water sources,
Sh
roads, drainages, and other common property resources.

LIMILATIONS:
i). There is no proper distribution of power. the question on what basis the work is assigned,
who is eligible, and the qualifications required are not answered.
ii). Insufficient funds this problem hinders the actual purpose of self-government due to
limited financial powers.
iii). These are a few of the limitations of local-self government. Indirect election to the
Panchayati Raj allows for corrupt practices.
2018
7. Give any two examples of informal sectors of credit. (3M)
17. Why is cheap and affordable credit important for the country's development ? Explain
any three reasons. (3M)
ANSWERS:
7. The two informal sectors of credit are
(i) Moneylenders
(ii) Traders
17. Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country's development due to the following
factors:
i). More lending would lead to higher incomes and encourage people to invest in agriculture,
engage in business and set up small scale industries.
ii). Cheap credit means more income would be left with the borrower to reinvest rather than
return as interest. This leads to an acceleration of economic activity.
iii). Cheap credit would also allow weaker sections of society to enter the formal sector of
lending and rid them of exploitation at the hands of informal moneylenders. Thus, it may
an
improve the economic condition of the poor and landless.
2017
6. How does the use of money make it easier to exchange things ? Give an example.
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7. Give an example of violation of a consumer's right to choose.
17. Explain any three loan activities of banks in India.

tN
ANSWER:
6. Money in our daily life acts as a medium of exchange.A person having money in his hand
can exchange money for the services and commodities he wants.
hi
7. Money makes the things easier as

(i) It is in the form of authorised paper currency which gives the guarantee of the mentioned
ob
price to the owner.

(ii) It has general acceptability.
(iii) Its price remains constant compared to other commodities.
(iv) It can be stored easily and doesn't need much space.
Sh
17. Loan activities of banks in India.

(i) Banks provide loans for various economic activities.
(ii) Banks intermediate between those who have surplus funds and those who are in need of
these funds.
(iii) Banks offer very less interest on deposits than what they demand on loans.
2015
8. How does money act as a medium of exchange ?
18. Why is modern currency accepted as a medium of exchange without any use of its own
? Find out the reason.
27. How do banks play an important role in the economy of India ? Explain.
ANSWER:
8. Money acts as a medium of exchange because it acts as an efficient link between the
exchange of commodities.
18. The modern currency i.e., rupee, does not have any value of it's own because it is not as
precious as gold and silver, it is made up of paper.
However it is used for transactions in exchange for some goods and services. But it is still
considered as a medium of exchange, as it is authorized by the Government of India.
27. Banks play an important part in India's economy by providing a safe foundation for
individuals and businesses to invest or deposit their money, which allows the bank to use the
an
money in its possession for loans. The ability for the public to receive these loans enables
them to make purchases, which drives the economy at higher level. The bank is able to take
the deposits, which start out as liabilities, and turn them into assets. This is accomplished by
the banks investing the money that is deposited in a way that gains them higher returns than
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what is being paid to the depositor's account when they receive interest. This allows the
banks to loan money and still have the funding to cover any withdrawals that an account
holder may make.
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2013
7. Which one of the following is the main source of credit for rich urban households?
a) Moneylenders
b) Businessmen
hi
c) Banks
d) Self-help groups
ob
20. 'Cheap and affordable credit is essential for poor households both in rural and urban
areas'. In the light of the above statement, explain the social and economic values attached
to it.
Sh
28. What are the two categories of sources of credit? Mention four features of each.
ANSWERS:
7. C
20. Cheap and affordable credit is essential for Poor households in rural areas because
it helps the poor farmers or poor people living there to get loans and then they can invest in
either farming or non farm activities. The cheap word tells that the interest rate would be low
so at the end they have to pay less money.
Cheap and affordable credit is essential for Poor households in urban areas because it helps
the poor people living in urban areas to invest in any manufacturing or any small business
which can give them a good return. Due to this good return they can pay back the credit with
interest and can have a good and settled life.
28. The two categories of credit sources are 'formal' and 'informal'. The following are four
features of formal sources of credit:
i. The most important in this category are banks and cooperative societies. Loans can be
obtained from these.
ii. The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of these formal sources.
ili. Bank loans require documentation and collateral. The latter is used as guarantee until the
loan is paid back.
iv. Formal sources are not allowed to charge any rate of interest and have to adhere to
governmental norms.
Informal sources of credit:

i. In the informal field, money can be borrowed from a person, friend, relative, moneylender,
trader and employer.
ii. There is no regulatory or supervisory body in this sector.
an
iii. Loans from this sector of credit do not require any collateral.
iv. Often, a very high percentage of interest is charged as there is no collateral.
2012
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13. Banks provide a higher rate of interest on which one of the following accounts?
(A) Saving account
(B) Current account
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(C) Fixed deposits for long period
(D) Fixed deposits for very short period
34. Which government body supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans in India?
hi
Explain its functioning.
ANSWERS:
ob
34. The Reserve Bank of India (Reserve Bank of India) supervises the functioning of formal
sources of loans in India. For instance, banks maintain a minimum cash balance out of the
deposits they receive. Functions of Reserve Bank of India The Reserve Bank of India
monitors that the banks actually maintain this cash balance. Similarly, the Reserve Bank of
Sh
India ensures that the banks give loans not just to profit-making businesses and traders, but
also to small cultivators, small scale industries, small borrowers, etc. Periodically, banks
have to submit information to the Reserve Bank of India on how much they are lending, to
whom, at what interest rate, etc.
2011
13. Which one of the following is not a feature of money?
(A) Medium of exchange
(B) Lack of divisibility
(C) A store of value
(D) A unit of account
34. Explain any four terms of credit with examples.

ANSWER:
34.
1. The terms of credit vary substantially from one credit arrangement to another. They may
vary depending on the nature of the lender and the borrower. Interest rate, collateral and
documentation requirements and the mode of payment mainly come under the terms of
credit.
2. Before banks give credit to people, they have to fulfil all those conditions as mentioned
above.
3. A person takes a loan from the village money lender at an interest rate of five per cent per
month.
4. Another person takes login from an agricultural trader in the village at an interest rate of
three per cent per month. The trader supplies the farm inputs on credit with the condition that
he sells the crop to him. This way the trader can ensure that the money is repaid promptly.
Also since the crop prices are low after harvest, the trader is able to make a profit from
buying the crop.
an
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tN
hi
ob
Sh
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
GLOBALISATION &
THE INDIAN ECONOMY
NOTES
Multinational corporations
-
Interlinking Products Across countries
-
FDI
-
Partnerships / Joint Venture

-
local companies 1 Mergers / Takeovers

-
Contract to local companies
foreign Trade
trade helps in integration ?
w
foreign
Globalisation and
The Indian Economy
Globalisation
-
Globalisation and Migration

-
Trade Barrier
New Economic Policy 1991
It liberalisation
-
Impact of Globalisation in India

-
Positive Effect
-
Negative effect
How Globalisation can be made fair ?

①
Multinational corporations (MNCs)

°
A MNC is a
nation .
company
that owns or controls production in more than one
°
MNCs set up offices and factories for production in regions where they can
labour and other resources
get cheap .
°
This is done so that the cost of production is low fat most 50 -
60% ) and MNCs

can earn greater profits .
MNCs not
only sell its finished products globally but also the goods and services
°
are produced
globally .
: An American
company manufactures its product in China , sells it in Europe and
°
eg
-
,
its call centre is in India .
#
Interlinking Production Across countries : lcbse 20177
MNCs link the production process of different countries Some ways of .
interlinking
production across countries are :
o
foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Investment made by a company based:
in our
country ( usually an MNC ) into a company based in another country
,
.
°
Partnerships / Joint MNCs setup production unit jointly with some of the
Venture :
local companies of that region Local companies get new technology and money to
.
expand their factory from this partnership .
° local companies / Mergers / Takeover The most common route for :

MNC is to
buy up
local companies and then expand production .
o
contracts to local companiesMNCs place order for production with many small
:
producers . MNCs then receives the product and sell it under their brand name .
Foreign Trade
foreign trade is a trade between different countries of the world . It is also

called international trade , external trade or inter regional trade -
.
Foreign trade helps in the integration of Markes as I close 2018,20157 :

°
It facilitate movement of goods and services between countries .
°
It facilitate movement of people , ideas and technology .
It
gives opportunity to producers to reach beyond local / domestic markets
°
.
Increases competition , overall reduction in the price of

goods
°
.
②
Globalisation
Globalisation is the
process of rapid integration or interconnection between
countries .
More and more
goods and services , investment and technology is
between countries
moving .
# Globalisation and migration :
factors that helped globalisation led

are (Cbse -
2020,2019 )
°
Development in transportation has to cheap quick delivery of goods over
long distances Eg : Trains ships highways etc

.
-
, ,
.
°
Information and communication Technology (ICT or IT) has revolutionised the
spreading of production of services across the globe .
New
technologies like e banking telephones fax , internet has made
communication and
-
, ,
payments easy for businesses .
and removed trade

In 1991 the Indian made in policies
government changes
°
,
barriers to a large extent .
# Trade Barrier :
°
Government puts restrictions to control the foreign trade ,
these restrictions
are called trade barrier Eg : Tax on imports
.
-
etc .
° All developed countries , during the early stage of development have given
protection to domestic producers through trade barriers .
quality of goods
'
way of restriction on volume or
'
°
Similarly Quotas are a

to be
imported or exported .
4313 New Economic Around 1991 , it was felt that Indian producers must
Policy 1991 : '
compete with producers around the globe , so that they can improve their
performance and quality of goods and services That's why Government of .
India in 1991 made some major changes in its trade policy .
° When government removes trade barriers , it is known as Liberalisation .
World Trade Organisation ( WTO)

whose aim is to liberal lose international trade
It its an
organisationcountries
started by developed
.
It was
nearly
now of WTO But
164 countries are member -
,
it is seen that the developed countries have
unfairly retained trade barriers
while on other hand WTO toCes developing countries to remove trade barriers .
Impact of Globalisation on India

POSITIVE IMPACTS : ( Cbse 2018 , 2017 ; 20153
MNCs started investing in India and with time they increased investment as
investing in India had been beneficial for them .

③
°
Top indian companies raised their production standards due to competition and they
also got new technologies by
collaborating with MNCs .
°
Some large Indian companies become MNCs like TATA Asian Paints Infosys ele and , , ,
contributed to economic
growth of India .
° As many
foreign companies come to India , huge number of jobs were created and
more opportunities were created for Indian companies .
Consumers more choices and cheaper This also increased the standard
products
got
°
.
of living of people .
NEGATIVE IMPACTS
small local businesses l companies could not face the competition and had to be shut
down Eg : toys factories of India etc
.
.
°
Labour laws were made flexible to attract foreign investment which was against the
employees .
°
Regional products like dhoti , matkaete are not growing or have been replaced by some
foreign product .
K3B Special Economic cones (St z) :

In recent years the Central and State Governments in India
°
,
set -
up industrial
called SEZ so as to attract
zones
, foreign companies to invest in India .
°
SEZs have world class facilities like
electricity , water, road ,transportation,
storage , recreational and educational facilities .
o
companies with in unit in SEG do not have to pay tax for first five years and
have flexibility labour laws .
How Globalisation can be made fair ?
°
Govt must protect the
.
interest of all the people not just the rich such as by

,
.
making better labour laws and implementing them .
o
Govt .
can support small producers till the time they get strong enough to compete .
Govt . can use trade barriers in favour of them .
°
Govt . Can
align with other developing countries to fight against the domination
of developed countries in WTO .
Chapter-4: GLOBALISATION
2020
30. Read the extract and answer the questions that follows:
Today, the world has been converted into a large village with the help of efficient and fast
moving transport. Transport has been able to achieve this with the help of equally developed
communication system. Therefore, transport, communication and trade are complementary
to each other. Today, India is well-linked with the rest of the world despite its vast size,
diversity and linguistic and socio-cultural plurality. Railways, airways, waterways,
newspapers, radio, television, cinema and internet, etc. have been contributing to its
socio-economic progress in many ways. The trades from local to international levels have
added to the vitality of its economy. It has enriched our life and added substantially to
growing amenities and facilities for the comforts of life. It is thus, evident that a dense and
efficient network of transport and communication is a prerequisite for local, national and
an
global trade of today.
30.1-Why is there a need to interlink with the world?
30.2-Infer the importance of means of transportation and communication for socioeconomic
progress?
irw
30.3How does trade strengthen the economy of a country?
34. Describe the role of technology in promoting the globalisation process.

tN
ANSWERS:
30.1 There is need to interlink with the world for development, advancement, globalization
etc.
30.2 i). They are the very basis of industries and trade of country.
hi
ii). Create job employment opportunities

iii). Help to grow economy
ob
30.3
i). Trade between nation and countries are the index to its economic prosperity.
ii). It generates employment.
Sh
31. The challenge of sustainable development require control over industrial pollution:
i). Industrial pollution is hazardous to live beings as it spews toxic chemicals in air and water
thereby contaminating surroundings.
ii). Sustainable development can be achieved when care for the environment is given
supreme importance.
iIi). As such sustainable development helps achieve industrial pollution under regulation.
iv). For example, a manufacturing concern that manufactures medicines as part of
sustainable development and treats the polluted water as part of good manufacturing
practice in the in-house effluent treatment plant.
34. Role of technology in globalization:

i). There have been many improvements in the transport section which helps in export and
import of goods. This increases trade relations between countries.
ii). Since technology improves efficiency, the process of exchange has become faster and
cheaper.
iii). Development in information and communications technology has been the most
beneficial since information can be now sent in seconds across the world.
iv). Development in IT also has led to the production of services through outsourcing like call
centres, online teaching etc.
v). Telecommunications have improved contact between people. People living in two
different countries can easily be in touch with minimal prices.
2019
6. Analyse the contribution of fast transport in globalisation.
10. Assess any three advantages of globalisation.
an
ANSWERS:
6. Technological advancements have helped in expanding the production of goods and
services and encouraged greater trade among the nation states. It also contributed to the
irw
growth of railways, ships, airways and further innovations for easier transportation of goods
and mobility of people. Technological changes have led to the increased awareness among
people, telecommunication and growth of electronic media. The Internet has also helped in
the greater exchange of ideas and beliefs among the people.
tN
10. GLOBALISATION and greater competition among local and foreign producers has been
of advantage to consumers.
i). There is greater choice before the consumers. Now, they enjoy improved quality and
hi
lower prices of several products.

ii). Consumers enjoy higher standards of living than was possibleearlier.
iii). It integrates countries through foreign trade and foreign investments by multinational
ob
companies.
Interconnections have many dimensions-cultural, political, social and economic.
OR
Sh
Advantages of MNCs are:

i). There are better employment opportunities.
ii) It also helps in the development of new technologies.
iii). There is improvement in infrastructure.
iv). Availability of a variety of goods.
2018
25. How has foreign trade been integrating markets of different countries ? Explain with
examples.
OR
How do we feel the impact of globalisation on our daily life ? Explain with examples.
ANSWER:
25. Foreign Trade is Integrating markets of different countries
(i) Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic
markets.
(ii) Producers can sell their products in the markets located in other countries.
(iii) It helps for expanding the choice of goods beyond the domestic market.
(iv) It is main channel for connecting countries.
(v) It is Highly helpful for extensive trade.
OR
Impact of Globalization in our daily life
(i) Transportation technology has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances
possible and that too at lower rates.
(i) The invention of computers, internet, mobile phones and fax has made contact with each
other around the world quite easy.
(iii) New jobs have been created in industries where MNCs have invested, such as
an
electronics, fast food, cell phones etc.
(iv) The prices of various products have come down due to competition among the
producers and manufacturers.
(v) People are getting more employment because some Indian companies have become
multinational themselves due to globalisation.
2017
irw
18. How do Multi-National Corporations (MCs) interlink production across countries ?
tN
Explain with examples
26. Analyse any five positive effects of globalisation on the India economy.
hi
ANSWER:
18. MultiNational Corporation (MNC) interlink their production across countries in various
ways
ob
(i) A multinational corporation (MNC) is usually a large company that owns and controls
production in more than one nation. MNCs set up offices and factories for production in
regions where they can easily get cheap labour and other resources. This is done to
minimise the cost of production end to maximise the profit.
Sh
(ii) The MNC is not only selling its finished products globally, but more important, the goods
and services are produced globally.
(iii) The production process is divided into small parts and spread out across the globe.
(iv) The most common route for MNCs investments is to buy local companies and then to
expand production.
26. It is very difficult to reform politics through legal ways.

i) Devising new laws can help to discourage the practice of wrong political practices and
encourage new ones.
ii) But these changes can't only help to reform politics that is a challenge to democracy.
iii) For example just by changing the rules in cricket can't improve the quality of the game.
iv) In cricket, players, coaches and administrators can improve and bring good changes to
the game.
v) Similarly, in politics, the reforms have to be carried out by political parties, activists,
pressure groups, movements and citizens.
2016
9. (a) "The multinational companies (MNCs) choose China as an alternative location for
investment ?" Explain the statement.
OR
(b) Highlight any three benefits of industrialization on the society
OR
(c) What led to the expansion of population in Bombay in the mid 19th century ? Give any
three reasons.
ANSWERS:
an
9. (a) The multinational companies (MNC's) choose China as an alternative location for
investment because :
(i) After revolution of 1949, China graduallyentered the field of world economy. It attracted
the foreign MN's to invest in china's economy.
consumer base. irw

(ii) China is the most populous country in the world, besides labour they formed a large
(iii) Wages in China were relatively low. So, it was great attraction for the MNC's.
OR
tN
(b) Benefits of industrialization on society are as under:
1. It removes poverty by generating large sum of employment.
2. It helps in economic growth of the nation.
3. It helps in the growing of trade by producing more goods.
hi
OR
(c) Three reasons for Bombay's expansion
ob
(i) When Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidency in 1819, the city expanded.
With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities of traders, bankers, as well
as artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.
(ii) When textile mills were established in Bombay there was fresh surge of migration. The
Sh
first cotton textile mill in Bombay was established in 1854. In 1921, there were 85 cotton
mills with about 146,000 workers.
(iii) Bombay was a junction of two major railways. This encouraged an even higher scale of
migration into the city. For example, famine in dry regions of Kutch drove large number to
Bombay in 1888-89.
2015
19. "Foreign trade integrates the markets in different countries." Support the statement with
arguments.
28. "Globalization and greater competition among producers has been advantageous to
consumers." Support the statement with examples.
ANSWERS:
19. Foreign trade provides opportunities for both producers and buyers to reach beyond the
domestic market of their own countries. Goods travel from one country to another. For the
buyers, import of goods produced in another country provides opportunity to extend their
choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.
Competition among producers of various countries prevail as they can sell their products not
only in the domestic market but also compete in the market of other countries. Thus, foreign
trade has been the main channel connecting countries. For example Silk route connects
India and South Asia to the markets in both the East and West.
28. Globalization and greater competition among producers-both local and foreign, has been
of advantage to consumers in the following ways :
(i) Companies have invested in new technologies to raise their production quality to compete
with the MNCs, thus, ensuring that consumers get better quality products and get satisfied.
an
(ii) Indian companies has collaborated with MNCs to produce more functional and advanced
products, thus, benefitting the consumers.
(iii) Consumer can enjoy improved quality at lower prices for several products. This has led
to higher standard of living.
(v) The quality of goods has been improved.

irw
(iv) There is great choice available to the consumers in goods.
(vi) Due to competition the prices of various products has decreased.

tN
2013
8. Which one of the following was the main aim to form 'World Trade Organisation'?
a) To liberalise international trade
b) To promote trade of rich countries
hi
c) To promote trade of poor countries

d) To promote bilateral trade
ob
19. How are local companies benefited by collaborating with multinational corporations?
Explain with examples.
25. 'Advancement of the international trade of a country is an index of its economic

Sh
prosperity'. Justify the statement with five arguments.
29. How has improvement in technology stimulated the globalisation process? Explain
with five examples.
ANSWERS:
8. A
19. When local companies launch a joint venture with MNCs:
The MNCs provide the finances for additional investments for faster production.
ii. MNCs bring with them the latest technology for enhancing and improving production.
iii. Some Indian companies have had very successful foreign collaborations.
Globalisation has enabled some Indian companies to expand into multinational
corporations.
iv. Parakh Foods was a small company which has been bought over by a big American
company Cargill foods. Parakh Foods had built a large marketing network in various parts of
India as a well-reputed brand. It had four oil refineries whose control has now shifted to
Cargill. Now, Cargill is the largest manufacturer of edible oil in India making five million
pouches daily.
25. Advancement of a country's international trade is an index of its economic prosperity

because :
i. International trade is in fact an 'economic barometer' of a country. A healthy volume of it
ensures a trickling down of prosperity into the macroeconomy as well.
ii. No country is self-sufficient in all resources or services. It has to resort to international
trade in order to satisfy one or the other needs of its economy.
iii. If the balance of international trade is favourable to a country, it can earn more foreign
exchange and hence strengthen its financial position in the market.
an
iv. International trade induces a country to develop secondary and tertiary sectors for
exporting goods which can fetch more foreign exchange.
v. A country's economic prosperity can be gauged by the health of its international trade.
irw
29. The following are the factors which have helped in the process of globalisation:
Rapid development in technology has contributed a great deal in furthering globalisation.
Technological advancement has resulted in faster delivery of goods and services across
longer distances at cheaper costs.
tN
ii. Development in information and communication technology has brought the world a lot
closer. Telecommunication technologies such as telephone, telegraph and fax are often used
to contact people and organisations around the world, access information on an urgent basis
and communicate with remote areas. Tele-conferences are nowadays often used in order to
avoid long trips around the world.
hi
iii. Developments in information technology have helped in the spreading out of the
production of services around the globe. Orders are nowadays placed through the Internet,
ob
designing is done on computers and payments are done online. E-mail and voice-mail are
available at negligible costs.
iV. The cost of air transport has fallen gradually. This has resulted in greater volumes of
goods and people being transported across the world.
Sh
V. E-banking, e-commerce, e-learning, e-mail and e-governance are becoming more

commonplace.
2012
26. How has foreign trade been integrating markets of different countries in the world?
Explain with examples.
Answer: 26. Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the
domestic markets.
- Producers can sell their produce not only in markets located within the country but
can also compete in markets located in other ountries of the world.
- Similarly for the buyers, import of goods produced in another country is one way of
expanding the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.
- With the opening of foreign trade, goods travel from one market to another. qChoice
of goods in the market rises.
- Prices of similar goods in two markets tend to become equal.
- Producers in the two markets or to say two countries now closely compete against
each other even though they are separated by thousands of kilometres.
- These foreign trade connects the markets of different countries.
- For example, if there are a large number of foot-wear brands available in the Indian
markets. A consumer who is aware of international trends can choose between a
local brand like Bata, Lakhani Phoenix and international brands like Adidas, Nike,
Reebok, etc.
2011
15. Which of the following is not a feature of a Multinational Company?
an
(A) It owns/controls production in more than one nation.
(B) It sets up factories where it is close to the markets.
(C) It organises production in complex ways.
(D) It employs labour only from its own country.
irw
26. Explain any three advantages of globalisation.
Answer:
tN
26. Globalization is the effort towards creating the whole global community into one
village. Three advantages of globalisation are namely:
Global market:
Privatisation of state-owned industries has led to flourishing emerging markets in developed
hi
countries. Globalisation has pushed businesses to increase their transactions across

borders to escalate consumer demand.
Foreign investment:
ob
The flow of foreign capital is another positive effect of globalisation. Companies directly
invest in foreign soil by starting production units there. Successful native companies attract
foreign investment pushing up the reserve of foreign exchange available.
Culture:
Sh
Today's world is an amalgamation of varied cultures that have come together over time.
Good practices from across the world can be absorbed to be in tune with the changing
times. There is a free flow of art forms, languages, food and customs across the world post
globalisation.
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
THE RISE OF NATIONALISM

IN EUROPE
NOTES
French Revolution and the idea of the Nation
# Elements that led to the development of collective Identity amongst French

in France
people :
°
Adoption of a constitution that gave citizen equal rights .
°
Adoption of the new tricolor national flag replacing the former royal standard .
0 Ideas of citizenship (de citoyen) and the fatherland (la Patrie)

° Abolition of internal custom duty goods and free
on movement of capital .
0
Adoption of French as the common
language .
pyo
← 2019
s
which nation was identifiable in the tricolour in Sorrier 's

:
revolutionary
utopian vision ? H France 134T 2nd point) -
.
The first clear expression of nationalism came with french Revolution

" ' '
2017 :
in 1789 Explain the statement GT

''
.
2015 : Describe five steps taken by French Revolutionaries to create a

any
sense of collective identity among
the French people CST .
#
↳
Napoleonic Code OR
civil code of 1804 : .
Napoleon destroyed democracy in France , but he incorporated revolutionary

principal by introducing the civil code of 1804 , which came to be known as
Napoleonic code Main features : .
Removed all
°
°
privileges based on birth
Abolished the feudal system .
°
Guild system removed .
°
Transport and communication system improved .
Secured the
°
right to
property .
PYD 2016 :
"
Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he .
had incorporated
revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more
"
rational and efficient Analyse statement with 15T
. the
arguments .
The
Making of Nationalism in Europe
These are some important factors which led to the rise of nationalism
in
Europe :
o Rise of middle class -
latin word meaning free . -
.
I spread of ideology of Liberalism

The new spirit of conservatism and the Treaty of Vienna .
° The rise of Revolutionaries
# The Aristocracycisand New middle class :

°
Aristocracy They owned estates and property
: both in
countryside and
town houses
I spoke trench and are numerically small group .
Iii It was also united by a common
way of life .
°
Peasantry
Middle class
: cis Majority in number
: cis Due to industrialisation social
°
,
the new
groups -
a
working class
and middle class came into being .
Ex consists of industrialists , businessmen and professionals

they .
( ius It was among the educated , liberal middle class , the idea of
national
unity gained popularity .
# Meaning of liberal Nationalism :

o for newmiddle classes gliberis m stood for freedom for individual and equality for
all before the law .
°
In economic sphere , liberian stood for the freedom of market and abolition of
state imposed restriction on the movement of goods and capital .
° Zollverein abolished tariff barriers , reduced no .

of currencies to two and promoted
a network of
railways to stimulate mobility .
# New conservatism after 1815 :

After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815g the spirit of conservatism became strong They .
believed that traditional Institutions like the monarchy , the church , social hierarchies ,
and family should be preserved
property
-
Treaty of Vienna 4815) :

dynasty restored to
Bour born way power in france
° .
o A series of state created on the french boundary for preventing french expansion
in future
°
German confederation way left untouched .
°
Main intension ways to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by napoleon .
°
Power which defeated Napo lean collectively were involved in treaty .
o New Autocratic Regimes didn't tolerate critBP cm .
PII 20148 How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after
1815 ? 1ST
Age of Revolutions : 1830 1848

The -
# Romantic and National

feeling
: Imagination
O
Culture
played
role in the idea
an Important
the
creating of Nation .
°
Art , poetry , stories , music shaped nationalist feelings .
°
Romantic artists criticised reason and science
° Emotions , Intuition and mystical feeling were
encouraged .
Popularised true spirit of nation

°
.
°
Collected local folklore to spread nationalism even illiterates
°
Used
language to resists foreign dominance .
PMT did nationalism develop through culture in Europe ? Explain GI centuries?

2015 : How .
20119 Explain three ways in which nationalist feeling were kept alive in Poland in 18M$19tha
Culture Played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe
" "
2010 : .
suppose the statement with Examples GI .

# Hunger , Hardship and Revolts :
0 The first half of 19h century saw an enormous increase in population all over the Europe
.
° Reduced Jobs .
°
Cities overcrowded
were .
° Stiff competition between hand made -
goods and cheap machine made

goods .
° Rise of food prices .
o
shortage of food .
° Revolt of peasants and weavers revolted .
M¥2017 : Describe
any
three hardships faced by Europe in 1830s 131 .
The decade of 1830 had brought

great economic hardship in Europe? Support the statement
"
2016 :
with arguments 131 .
2019 :
explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth
by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe 131 .
# The Revolution of Liberals : 1848 : -
with the revolts of the poor , unemployed and starving peasants and workers in
Along
°
many
European countries in the year 1848 ,
a revolution led
by the educated middle classes was also
under way .
O Jn the parts of Europe where Independent nation-states did not yet exist such as germany , Italy -
Poland ete , men and women of liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism
with national unification .
their demands
°
They took
advantage of the
growing popular unrest all over Europe ,
to push
for the creation of a nation-state on
parliamentary principles .
The Making of Germany and Italy

# Germany :
Minister Otto von Bismark with the help of Prussian
army and bureaucracy took
°
on the
leadership of the movement for National unification .
o Three war over seven years ended in brass fan victory and completed the process
of unification .
o Kaiser William 2 of Prussia headed the New German Empire .
#
Italy : divided into
°
Italy was seven States of which only Sardinia Piedmont was
ruled by an Italian princely state .
Initially by Giuseppe Garibaldi

unification programme initiated
°
a was .
° Victor Emmanuel I was proclaimed king of united Italy

In 1861 .
o
Garibaldi was also helped by Cavour and Mazzini .
Large Part of Italy was illiterate

.
PH 2019 Describe the role of Otto von Bismarck in the making of Germany
: . GI
2012 Describe the
process of Unification of Italy
'
GI
'
: .
Visualizing the Nation
Artists in the l 8th and I 9th out by

personifying nation
century found a
way .
Nations were then portrayed as female figures The female form that was chosen .
to personify the nation did not stand for in real life The female
any particular women
.
figure became an allegory of the nation In france , the female allegory was christened
.
Marianne and Germania became the allegory of the German nation .
Nationalism and Imperialism
# Balkans : The source of Nationalist Tension in Europe after 1871 :-
° It was too a
region of geographical and ethnic variations .
0 It was inhabited
by slaves and under control of Ottoman Empire .
°
Ideas of nationalism swept over entire Balkan region .
One nationalities declared their independence through struggles

°
by one different .
it
°
It later became one of the causes of 1st World War .
PIA 2018 : Describe the explosive conditions prevailing in Balkans after 1871 in Europe .
SOME MORE IMPORTANT SUBTOPICS

:#
→
Frideric of Soori eu's vision World

°o° In 1848, Frederic , afrench artist , prepared a series of four prints visualise
his dream of a world made up of democratic and social republics !
' Png
o first point of series , shows the peoples of Europe and America men and -
and social classes marching in a

women of all
ages train , and -
long offering
homage to the statue of liberty .
Statue of liberty the torch too

bears
englighten meat in hand and the charter of
°
one
the
Rights of Man in the other
0
People of world are
grouped distinct nations g in sorriness utopian vision
as .
End result was

emergence of nation-state
° .
# Giuseppe Mazzini of The secret societies :

Italian member of secret society of Carbonari
0 He was an
revolutionary who became a .
sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in

Liguria
°
He was .
° He founded two more

underground societies -
Young Italy Marseilles &

in Europe Young
in Berne .
0 He believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind .
So
Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic
,
.
° Metternich described him as the most dangerous enemy of social order !

'
# Revolution in Greece :
o
Greece which had been a
part of the Ottoman Empire since I5th century struggled ,
for independence
Nationalist in Greece
got support from western European artists , poets and Greeks
°
that lived out of greece .
°
finally , the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation .
# Unification of Britain :
o The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones such
-
as
English g Welsh g Scot and Irish.
° But as the
English nation steadily grew in wealth , importance and power , it was able
to extend its influence over the other nations of islands .
Act of Union 4707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the United
'
°
Kingdom of Great Britain meant g in effect , that England was able to impose its
'
influence on Scotland .
Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic

language or wear their national
°
dress
.
A new ' British nation was forged through the

propagation of a dominant English culture
'
°
.
Q1. Which of the treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation?

Q2. Who was called as the architect of Germany's unification?
[1M, 2020]
Q3. Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation.
[1M, 2016]
Q4. Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite
across Europe in 1830-1848?
[1M, 2016]
Q5. What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years
following 1815?
[1M, 2016]
Q6. Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in
January 1871?
[1M, 2016]
Q7. Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861?
[1M, 2016]
Q8. What was the major change that occurred in the political and constitutional
scenario due to the French Revolution in Europe?
[1M, 2015]
Q9. Explain the measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries
to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
Q10. "Like Germany, Italy too had a long history of political fragmentation".Explain.
Q11. Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s
[3M, 2017]
Q12. Describe any three steps taken by the French revolutionaries to create a
sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
[3M, 2015]
Q13. How had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the
nineteenth century in Europe? Analyse.
[3M, 2016]
Q14. How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain.
[3M, 2015, 2013]
Q15. Explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic
exchange and growth by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth
century in Europe.
[3M, 2014]
Q16. How did the local people in the areas conquered by Napoleon react to French
rule? Explain
[3M, 2014]
Q17. Explain any three causes of conflict in the 'Balkan area' after 1871.
[3M, 2011]
Q18. Explain the contribution of Giuseppe Mazzini in spreading revolutionary ideas
in Europe.
[3M, 2011]
Q19. "Napoleon had, no doubt, destroyed democracy in France, but in the
administrative field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make
the whole system more rational and efficient." Support the statement.
[5M, 2016, 2014, 2012]
Q20. Explain any five economic hardships that Europe faced in the 1830s.
[5M, 2016, 2013, 2011]
Q21. Describe any five measures which were introduced by the French
Revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French
people.
[5M, 2016, 2015, 2012]
Q22. Describe the process of unification of Germany.
[5M, 2015, 2013, 2012]
Q23. How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after
1815? Explain with examples.
[5M, 2014]
Q24. How did culture play an important role in creating the idea of the 'nation' in
Europe? Explain with examples.
[5M, 2013]
Q25. What did Liberal Nationalism stand for? Explain any four ideas of Liberal
Nationalists in the economic sphere.
[5M, 2011]
ANSWERS
Ans1. Treaty of Constantinople

Ans2. Otto Von Bismarck
Ans3. Treaty of 1832: Constantinople
Ans4. The Greek War of Independence in 1821.
Ans5. The main aim of revolutionaries of Europe was to oppose monarchical forms
of government.
Ans6. Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony
held at Versailles in January 1871.
Ans7. Victor Emmanuel-Il
Ans8. It led to the transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of French
citizens. The revolution proclaimed that it was the people who would henceforth
constitute the nation and shape its destiny.
Ans9. (i) The ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen)
emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a
constitution.
(ii) A new French flag, tricolour was chosen to replace the Royal Standard.
(iii) Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the
National Assembly.
Ans10. (i) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states
(ii) Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house.
(iii) Italy was unified in 1861 and Victor Emmanuel Il was proclaimed King of
United Italy.
Ans11. Economic hardships faced by Europe in 1830s were:
Increase in population.
Unemployment, migration and price rise.
Stiff competition in the market.
Bad condition of peasants. (Any three)
Ans12. French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as:
1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the
National Assembly.
2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in
the name of the nation.
3. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform
laws for all citizens within its territory.
Ans13. Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as
female figures. The female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not
stand for any particular woman in real life. Rather it sought to give the abstract
idea of the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory
of the nation.
In France, she was named Marianne, a popular Christian name and in Germany,
Germania. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves as the German oak stands for
heroism. The characteristics of Marianne were drawn from those of Liberty and
Republic-the red cap, the tricolour and cockade.
Ans14. Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in
the growth of nationalism.
(i) Culture :Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art,
poetry, music etc. helped in developing and expressing nationalist feelings.
Romanticism was a cultural movement that led to the development of nationalist
sentiment. Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and
science and instead focussed on emotions and intuition.
(ii) Language :Language too played an important role In developing nationalist
sentiments. After the Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of
schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed
rebellion against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following
this, many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon
of national resistance.
(ill) Music and Dance Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed
that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people-das
volk. It was through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of
the nation was popularised. Ans15. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for
the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on
movement of goods and capital.
1. But in the 19th century Napoleon's administrative measures had created out of
countless small principalities a confederation of 39 states. Each possessed its own
currency, and weights and measures.
2. A merchant travelling from Hamburg to Nuremberg had to pass through 11
custom barriers and pay 5% duty at each one of them.
3. As each region had its own system of weights and measures this involved
time-consuming calculations. Such conditions were viewed as obstacles to
economic growth and exchange by the new commercial classes who argued for
the creation of a unified economic territory allowing free movement of goods,
people and capital.
Ans16. The reactions of the local population to the French rule were mixed.
Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in cities like
Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as
harbingers of liberty. As new administrative arrangements did not go hand in
hand with political freedom, enthusiasm turned into hostility. Increased taxation,
censorship, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of
Europe, outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes.
Ans17. The nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans due to the
following reasons:
Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising
modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were
known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the
Ottoman empire.
After the decline of the Ottoman empire and the growth of romantic nationalism
in the Balkans, the region became very explosive. Its European subject
nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence.
As the different nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence,
the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were
fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the
expense of others.
Ans18.
The year following 1815, was the period of revolutionaries. Most of the
revolutionaries were committed to oppose monarchical forms and to fight for
liberty and freedom
One such prominent revolutionary was "Giuseppe Mazzini", an Italian
revolutionary. Mazzini also saw the creation of nation states as a necessary part in
the struggle for freedom. Ele strongly believed in the unification of Italy as a
single unified republic which could be the basis of Italian liberty.
Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of a democratic
republic frightened the Conservatives. His ideas also influenced the
revolutionaries of Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
Ans19. Napoleon had brought revolutionary changes in the administrative field in
order ton make the whole system rational and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804 is
usually known as the Napoleonic Code.
1 . The first major change was doing away with all privileges based on birth,
establishing equality before law and securing the right to property.
2. Administrative divisions were simplified.
3. Feudal system was abolished and peasants were freed from serfdom and
manorial dues (abuse of manorial lords).
4. In towns, guild restrictions were removed.
5. Transport and communication systems were improved.
Ans20. Following are the causes of economic hardships in Europe
during 1830s:
1. Europe had come under the grip of large scale unemployment. In most of the
countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
2. Cities had become overcrowded and slums had emerged as populations from
the rural areas migrated to the cities.
3. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports
of cheap machine-made goods from England where industrialization was more
advanced specially in the field of textile production.
4. In those regions of Europe, where aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants
struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
5. The rise of food prices and bad harvests added to the hardships of the peasants.
Ans21.
The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in
1789. In 1789, France was under the rule of an absolute monarch.
When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to
create a new sense of unity and nationhood. For this, they emphasized the
concept of France being the father land (La Patrie) for all French people, who
were from now on addressed as citizens (citoyen). They were given the tricolour
flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity.
French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as:
1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the
National Assembly.
2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in
the name of the nation.
3. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform
laws for all citizens within its territory.
4. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of
weights and measures was adopted.
Ans22. Unification of Germany: In the 18th century, Germany was divided into a
number of states. Some of these states ceased to exist during the Napoleonic
wars. At the end of the war, there were still 39 independent states in Germany.
Prussia was most powerful, dominated by big landlords known as Junkers.
(i) Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans who had
tried to unite the different regions of the German federation into a nation-state
governed by an elected Parliament.
(ii) In May 1848, a large number of political associations came together to vote for
an All German National Assembly. Their representatives met at Frankfurt and the
Frankfurt Assembly proposed the unification of Germany as a constitutional
monarchy under the King of Prussia as emperor.
(ii) The King of Prussia rejected the offer and the liberal initiative of nation
building was repressed by combined forces of the monarchy, the military and the
'Junkers'.
(iv) Then on, Prussia under its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck led the movement
for unification of Germany. Bismarck carried out this process with the help of the
Prussian army and the bureaucracy. He fought three wars over seven years with
Denmark, Austria and France. Prussia was victorious in all these wars and the
process of unification was completed as a result of Prussia's victory over France.
(v) Consequently, on 18th January 1871, an assembly of princes of German states,
representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered
in the Palace of Versailles and proclaimed the Prussian King, Kaiser William, the
new German Emperor.
Ans23. During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove
many liberal nationalists underground.
1. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and
spread their ideas. Revolutionary ideas were spread by opposing monarchical
forms and to fight for liberty and freedom.
2. Most of the revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation states as a necessary
part of this struggle for freedom.
3. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary born in Geneva in 1807. He was a
member of the Secret Society of the Carbonari. He attempted a revolution in 1831
and was sent into exile.
4. He had set up two more underground societies, namely, Young Italy (1832) in
Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne. The members were like-minded
young men from Poland, France, Italy and Germany.
5. He opposed monarchy and small states and kingdoms and dreamt of a
Democratic Republic. He believed the unification of Italy alone could be the basis
of Italian liberty.
Ans24. Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in
the growth of nationalism.
(i) Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry,
music etc. helped in developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism
was a cultural movement that led to the development of nationalist sentiment.
Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and science and
instead focussed on emotions and intuition.
(ii) Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female
figures. The female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand
for any particular woman in real life. Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of
the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the
nation. In France, she was named Marianne-a popular Christian name and in
Germany, Germania.
(iii) Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.
After the Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and
the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion
against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this,
many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of
national resistance.
(iv) Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true German
culture was to be discovered among the common people - das volk. It was
through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation
was popularized.
Ans25. Liberalism or Liberal Nationalism stood for freedom for the
individual and equality of all before the law. Lour ideas of
Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere are:
1 . Liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state imposed
restriction. For example, Napoleon's administration was a confederation of 29
states, each of these possessed its own currencies, weight and measures. Such
conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange.
2. Liberal Nationalists argued for the creation of a unified economic territory
allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.
3. In 1834, a customs union or " zollverein" was formed. The union abolished tariff
barriers and reduced the number of currencies from 30 to 2.
4. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing
economic interest to national unification.
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
NATIONALISM IN
INDIA
NOTES
– PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS –
1 MARK QUESTIONS
Q1. State the reason for calling off 'the Non-cooperation Movement' by Gandhiji?
A1. Chauri-Chaura incident
Q2. Name he writer of the book 'Hind Swaraj". [1M, 2017, 2014]
A2. The book 'Hind Swaraj' was written by Mahatma Gandhi.
Q3. Name the writer of the novel ‘Anandamath’ [1M, 2017]

A3. The author of this novel is Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
Q4. In which year and place did Mahatma Gandhi organise Satyagraha for the first time in
India?
[1M, 2014]
A4. In 1916, in Champaran, Bihar.
Q5. In which novel was the hymn 'Vande Mataram' included and who was the novel written by?
[1M, 2014]
A5 Novel- Aandamath
Author- Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Q6. Name two main 'Satyagraha' movements organized by Mahatma Gandhi successfully in
favour of peasants in 1916 and 1917. [1M, 2013]
A6. 1. Indigo Planters Movement iN Champaran, Bihar in 1916.
2. Peasants Satyagraha Movement was organized in Kheda district in Gujarat in 1917 to
support peasants in the demand for relaxation of revenue collection.
Q7. What was the main reason to withdraw the Non-cooperation Movement?
[1M, 2013]
A7 Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-cooperation Movement movement had turned violent in
many places. The Chauri Chaura incident in 1922 turned into violent dash and 22 policemen
were killed. Gandhiji felt satyagrahis were not ready for mass struggles.
Q8. What combination of colours was there in the 'Swaraj flag' designed by Gandhiji in 1921
[1M, 2012]
A8. Red, Green and White.
Q9. Why was the Khilafat movement started? [1M, 2012]

A9. Khilafat movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi and the Ali Brothers, Muhammad Ali
and Shaukat Ali in response to the harsh treatment given to the Caliph of Ottoman empire and
the dismemberment of the Ottoman empire by the British.
Q10. Who created the first image of Bharat Mata? [1M, 2012]
A10. Abanindranath Tagore
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q11. Why did Gandhiji start Non-Cooperation Movement? Explain. [3M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A11. i. Against Rowlatt Act
ii. Jallianwala Bagh incidence
iii. Khilafat Andolan
Q12. Describe the famous incidence of Jallianwala Bagh. [3M, 2020]

A12.
● On 13th April 1919, the infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident took place.
● On that day, a crowd of villagers who had come to Amritsar to attend: fair gathered in the
enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh.
● Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.
● General Dyer entered the area, blocked the only exit point, and opened fire on the crowd,
killing and wounding hundreds of people.
Q13. Describe the role of Alluri Sitaram Raju in Andhra Pradesh during 1920s. [3M, 2020]
A13. i. Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers like making
astrological predictions, healing people and surviving bullet shots.
ii. The rebels proclaimed him as an incarnation of God.
iii. Raju was inspired by Gandhiji's Non-Cooperation Movement.
iv. Persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking.
Q14. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the 'Non-Cooperation Movement' in February 1922?
Explain any three reasons. [3M, 2017]
A14. Causes of withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement are as follows:
● Some activists of the Non-Cooperation Movement set a police station fire at
Chauri-Chaura (Gorakhpur), Uttar Pradesh in which 21 policemen were burnt alive.
● Gandhiji felt that people of India were not ready for a nation-wide movement of mass
struggle and felt that he should withdraw the movement.
● Moreover. many members of the Indian National Congress felt that the Non-Cooperation
Movement was tiresome and unnecessary since they wanted to contest the election.
Q15. Evaluate the role of business classes in the in Civil Disobedience Movement.' [3M,
2017]
A15.
● Keen on expanding their business, the business classes supported Civil Disobedience
Movement and Protested against colonial policies that restricted business activities. They
wanted protection against the import of foreign goods and a rupee sterling foreign
exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
● To organise business classes against colonial policies, they formed the Indian Industrial
and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of
Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
● The business community interpreted Swaraj in their own way. They came to see Swaraj
at the time when the colonial restriction on business would no longer exist and the trade
industry would flourish without constraint.
Q16. Evaluate the contribution of folklore, songs, popular prints etc., in shaping the nationalism
during freedom struggle. [3M, 2017]
A16. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols-all played an important
role in creating a sense of collective belonging leading to the growth of nationalism.
1. Image of Bharat Mata:
● With the growth of nationalism, the identity of the Indian nation came to be visually
associated with the image of Bharat Mata.
● Moved by the Swadeshi Movement, Rabindranath Tagore painted the famous image of
Bharat Mata. The identity of the Indian nation came to be visually associated with this
image. She was portrayed as an ascetic figure-calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
● Later this image was painted by many other artists which acquired different forms. This
image was circulated in popular prints and devotion to this mother figure was seen as a
sign of nationalism.
2. Reinterpretation of History:
● The glorification of developments in ancient India in the fields of art and architecture,
Science and Mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, craft and trade had
also helped in the growth of nationalism.
● These nationalist histories encouraged the readers to take pride in India': great
achievement in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions (cultural and
economic decline) of life under British rule.
3. Indian Folklore:
● Idea of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.
● Folk tales were sung by bards in the villages, to give a true picture of traditional culture,
which had been damaged by outside forces.
● In Bengal, Rabindranath Tagore himself began collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and
myths to revive folk culture.
● In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a four volume collection of Tamil folk tales. "The
Folklore of Southern India".
Q17. Who had designed the 'swaraj flag' by 1921? Explain the main features of this 'swaraj flag'.
[3M, 2016]
A17. Main features of the 'Swaraj Flag':
1. It had tricolours Red, Green and White.
2. It had a spinning wheel in the centre.
3. It represents the Gandhian idea of self-help.
4 Carrying the flag during marches had become & symbol of defiance and a sense of collective
belonging.
Q18. What type of flag was designed during the 'Swadeshi Movement' in Bengal? Explain its
main features. [3M, 2016]
A18. During the Swadeshi Movement' in Bengal,
● A tricolour flag-red, green and yellow was designed.
● It had eight lotuses representing the eight provinces of British India.
● It had a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.
Q19. "The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and
the notion of Swaraj". Support the statement with arguments. [3M, 20161
A19. "The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and
the notion of Swaraj"
1. For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the
confined space in which they were enclosed.
2. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 plantation workers were not permitted to leave the
tea gardens without permission.
3. Swaraj meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
4. When they heard of the Non-cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the
authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
Q20. Describe the main features of 'Poona Pact'. [3M, 2015]

A20. The Poona Pact:
(i) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930
demanded separate electorates for Dalits in the Second Round Table Conference organised in
London.
(i) When British accepted this demand in the name of Communal Award, Gandhiji started a fast
into death. He believed that separate electorates for Dalits would slow down the process of their
integration into the society.
(iii) Ambedkar and Gandhi came agreement with Ambedkar accepting Gandhi’s position and the
result was the Poona Pact of September, 1932.
● It gave the depressed classes (later to be known as Schedule castes) reserved seats in
provincial and central legislative councils.
● But, they were to be voted in by the general electorate.
5 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q21. How did people belonging to different communities, regions or language groups develop a
sense of collective belonging in the nineteenth century India? Explain. [5M, 2021 Sample
Paper]
A21. (i) The identity of the nation is most often symbolised with the image of Bharat Mata.
(ii) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote 'Vande Mataram' as a hymn to the motherland.
(iii) Novel Anandamath.
(iv) Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abindranath Tagore painted Bharat Mata and portrayed
as an ascetic figure; she iS calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
(v) Ideas of nationalism also developed through a movement to revive Indian folklore.
Q22. Explain the meaning and notion of 'Swaraj' as perceived by the plantation workers. How
did they respond to the call of 'the Non Cooperation movement'? [5M, 2021 Sample Paper]
A22. For plantation workers in Assam, Swaraj meant the right to move freely in and out of the
confined space which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from
which they had come.
i. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the
tea gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission.
ii. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the
authorities, left the plantations, and headed home.
iii. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming, and everyone would be given land in their own
villages.
iv. They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and
steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up
Q23. The Civil Disobedience Movement saw the participation of different social classes and
groups. Give reasons for the participation of the following: a) rich peasants b) poor peasants c)
business classes d) industrial working classes women [5M, 2019]
A23. The reasons for the participation of various social classes and groups in Civil
Disobedience Movement are as follows:
i. Rich peasants- rich peasant communities like patidars of Gujrat & the jats of Uttar Pradesh
joined the movement because, being producers of commercial crops they were hard hit by the
trade depression and falling prices. Due to the refusal of the government to reduce the revenue
demand made them
fight against high revenues.
ii. Poor peasants- joined the movement because they found I difficult to pay rent. They wanted
the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.
iii. Business class- they reacted against colonial policies that restricted activities because they
were keen on expanding their business and for this they wanted protection against imports of
foreign goods. They thought that Swaraj would cancel colonial restrictions and trade would
flourish without restrictions.
iv. Industrial working class- they did not participate in large numbers except in the Nagpur
region. Some workers did participate in, selectively adopting some of the Gandhian programme,
like boycott of foreign goods, as a part of their movements against low wages and poor working
conditions.
v. Women- there large scale participation of women in the movement. They participated in
protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to
jail.
Q24. The middle classes played an important role in the Non Cooperation Movement in the
cities. Explain. Why do you think that the movement slowed down in the cities? [5M, 2019]
A24.
Middle classes played an important role in the Non cooperation movement in the cities:
i. Thousands of students left the government- controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and
teachers resigned, and up lawyers gave up their legal practices.
ii. The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras.
iii. Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in huge
bonfires. The movement in the cities gradually slowed down for a variety of reasons:
i. Khadi cloth was more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could not
afford it and therefore could not boycott mill cloth for very long.
ii. Similarly boycotting British institutions also posed : problem as there were no alternative
national institutions to fulfil the educational needs.
iii. As a result students and teachers began trickling back to government schools and lawyers
joined back work in government courts.
Q25. "Plantation workers had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi's ideas and the
notion of 'Swaraj." Support the statement. [5M, 2017]
A25. "The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and
the notion of Swaraj"
1. For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the
confined space in which they were enclosed.
2. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 plantation workers were not permitted to leave the
tea gardens without permission.
3. Swaraj meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come.
4. When they heard of the Non-cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the
authorities, left the plantations and headed home.
5. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own
village.
Q26. How did the Colonial Government repress the 'Civil Disobedience Movement'? Explain.
[5M, 2017]
A26. The British Government reacted very strongly to the movement of Indians against the
passage of the Rowlatt Act
1. British officials were alarmed by the popular upsurge. The fear that the lines of
communication, such as railways and telegraph, might get disrupted, the British Government
started even stronger repressive measures.
2. The colonial government began to arrest the Congress leaders. Gandhiji was barred from
entering Delhi. On 10th April, 1919 the police in Amritsar fired upon peaceful procession.
3. This provoked widespread attacks and people began to attack the symbols of British rule.
There were attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed and
General Dyer took command.
4. The government's repression › quite brutal. Even women and children were beaten up. About
1,00,000 people were arrested.
Q27. Why did Mahatma Gandhi relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement with great
apprehension? Explain [5M, 2016]
A27. Mahatma Gandhi entered into a pact with Irwin on 5 March, 1931.
1. By this Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji committed to participate in a Round Table Conference
London and the government agreed to release the political prisoners.
2. In December 1931, Gandhiji we London for the conference, but the negotiations broke down
and he returned disappointed.
3. Back in India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of repressive
measures.
4. Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail and the Congress had been
declared illegal.
5. A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations a boycotts.
Thus, with great apprehension Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Q28. Why did Mahatma Gandhiji decide to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
[5M, 2016]
A28. Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement because:
1. Worried by the development of Civil Disobedience Movement the colonial government began
arresting the Congress leaders one by one.
2. This led to violent clashes in many places.
3. When Abdul Ghaffar khan, a devout disciple : Mahatma Gandhi was arrested in April 1930,
angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing.
Many were killed.
4. A month later, when Mahatma Gandhi was arrested industrial workers in Sholapur attacked
the police force, municipal buildings, law courts, railway stations and all other structures that
symbolized British rule.
5. A frightened government responded with the policy of brutal repression. The peaceful
satyagrahis attacked, women and children were beaten and about 1 lakh people were arrested.
Q29. "The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement".
Support the statement with examples. [5M, 2016]
A29. The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement in
the following ways:
Non-Cooperation Movement:
1. The people were asked not to cooperate with the government.
2. Foreign goods and foreign cloth were boycotted. In many places merchants and traders
refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign traders.
3. Students left the government owned schools and colleges and lawyers gave up legal
practices.
Civil Disobedience Movement:
1. People were asked not only to refuse cooperation with the British but O also to break colonial
laws.
2. The countrymen broke the salt law by manufacturing salt by boiling sea water at Dandi.
3. Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari tax.
4. Village officials resigned from their jobs. Forest people violated forest rules and laws.
Q30. How did the Civil Disobedience Movement come into force in various parts of the country?
Explain with examples. [5M, 2016]
A30. Civil Disobedience Movement came into force in various parts of the country:
(i) Gandhiji led the salt march from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi with his followers starting the
Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) Thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured salt and
demonstrated in front of government salt factories.
(iii) In the countryside, the rich Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the
movement. As rich communities were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices,
they became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(iv) As the depression continued and cash invoice dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult to
pay the rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlords to be remitted and thus they joined
the movement.
(v) Merchants and industrialists supported the movement by giving financial assistance and also
by refusing to buy and sell the imported goods.
The Making of A Global World
The making of the global world has a long history – of trade, of migration, of
people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much else. In this
chapter we will discuss the phases through which this world in which we live
has emerged.
I ) The Pre-Modern World
# Silk Routes Link the World: :

- The name ‘silk routes’ points to the importance of West-bound Chinese
silk cargoes along this route.
- The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and
cultural links between distant parts of the world. Linking Asia with
Europe and North Africa
- Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand- The Buddhist
Preachers, Christian missionaries and Muslim preachers travelled along
these routes.
# Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato:

- Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled.
- Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize,
tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were not known to our
ancestors until about five centuries ago. These foods were only
introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus discovered
America.
- It is believed that noodles travelled west from China to become
spaghetti.
# Conquest, Disease and Trade:

- European sailors found a sea route to Asia and discovered America.
- Goods, people, customs and knowledge were the few things due to which
the Indian subcontinent was famous for in trading.
- A transformation followed after the discovery of America, due to its
abundant lands, minerals and vast land.
- In Peru and Mexico–precious metals were found, especially silver which
helped Europe in financing its trade.
- Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation of America followed
and the weapon used by them was smallpox.
- It spread deep into the continent, ahead even of any Europeans
reaching there. It killed and decimated whole communities, paving way
for conquest.
II ) The Nineteenth Century (1815-1914)
- The world changed profoundly in the nineteenth century

- Economic, political, social, cultural and technological factors interacted
in complex ways to transform societies and reshape external relations.
- Economists identify three types of movement or ‘flows’ within
international economic exchanges
- The first is the flow of trade which in the nineteenth century
referred largely to trade in goods (e.g., cloth or wheat)
- The second is the flow of labour – the migration of people in
search of employment
- The third is the movement of capital for short-term or long-term
investments over long distances.
#The World Economy Takes Shape:

- Due to an increase in population from the late 18th century, the demand
for food grains in Britain had increased.
- Since there was pressure from landed groups, the government also
restricted the import of corn.
- The laws allowing the government to do this were commonly known as
the 'Corn Laws'.
#Corn Laws:
- The laws allowing the government (U.K.) to restrict the import of corn were
commonly known as the Corn Laws.
- After the introduction of this law, food prices became too high which
turned industrialists and town people unhappy.
- They forced the British Government to abolish the corn laws. And after
the abolition, food could be imported into Britain at a much cheaper
rate than before.
- British agriculture was unable to compete with imports and vast areas of
land were left uncultivated. So, thousands of men and women flocked to
the cities or migrated overseas.
- Effects of abolition of Corn Laws:
- In Britain, food prices fell and in the mid-nineteenth century,
industrial growth led to higher incomes and more food imports.
- In order to fulfil British demand, in Eastern Europe, Russia, America
and Australia, lands were cleared to expand food production.
- In order to manage linking of railways to agricultural fields and
building homes for people required capital and labour.
- By 1890, a global agricultural economy had taken shape, adapting
complex changes in labour movement patterns, capital flows,
ecologies and technology.
#Role of Technology in 19th Century:

- Some of the important inventions in the field of technology are the
railways, steamships, the telegraph, which transformed the
nineteenth-century world
- Development of refrigerated ships helped in transportation of frozen
meat from America, Australia, New Zealand to different European Market.
- Britain and France made vast additions to their overseas territories in
the late nineteenth century. Belgium and Germany became new Colonial
Powers.
- The US also became a colonial power in the late 1890s by taking over
some colonies earlier held by Spain.
- Rinderpest is a fast spreading cattle plague which hit Africa in the late
1880s.
- Entering Africa in the East, Rinderpest moved west 'like forest fire'. The
loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods.
- In the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese
labourers went to work on plantations, in mines, and in road and railway
construction projects around the world.
- In India, indentured labourers were bonded labourers who were
transferable to any country on contract for a specific amount of wage
and time. Most of the labourers were from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Central
India and certain districts of Tamil Nadu.
- Indian Entrepreneurs abroad- Shikaripuri Shrott and Nattukottai
Chettiyars were amongst the many groups of bankers and traders who
Financed Export Agriculture in Central and South-east Asia.
#Indian Trade, Colonialism and the Global System:

- Cottons from India were exported to Europe.
- In Britain, tariffs were imposed on cloth imports. Consequently, the inflow
of fine Indian cotton began to decline.
- Indigo used for dyeing cloth was another important export for many
decades. British manufactures flooded the Indian Market.
- The value of British Exports to India was much higher than the value of
British imports from India. Thus, Britain had a "Trade Surplus' with India.
- Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries
that is, with countries from which Britain was importing more than it was
selling to.
III ) The Inter-war Economy

The First World War (1914-18) was fought in Europe, but its impact was felt
around the world due to widespread economic and political instability.
#Wartime Transformations:
- The First World War was fought between the Allies – Britain, France and
Russia (later joined by the US); and the Central Powers – Germany,
Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey.
- The war lasted for more than four years which involved the world’s
leading industrial nations.
- It was considered as the first modern industrial war which saw the use of
machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons, etc; on a massive scale.
- Most of the killed and maimed were men of working age and these
deaths and injuries reduced the able-bodied workforce in Europe.
- Britain borrowed large sums of money from the US Banks as well as the
US public which transformed the US from being an "International Debtor
to an International Creditor".
- This was impacted the economy of Britain, Fall in demand of goods due
to the end of war caused fall in production and increase in
unemployment.
#Rise of Mass Production and Consumption
- The US economy recovered quicker and resumed its strong growth in the
early 1920s. Mass production is one of the important features of the US
economy which began in the late nineteenth century.
- One important feature of the US economy of the 1920s was Mass
Production. A well-known pioneer of mass production was the Car
Manufacturer, Henry Ford.
- The T-Model Ford was the world's first mass-produced car.
- Mass production lowered costs and prices of engineered goods and
there was an increase in the purchase of refrigerators, washing
machines, radios, gramophone players, all through a system of 'hire a
purchase'.
- Large investments in housing and household goods seemed to create a
cycle of higher employment and incomes, rising consumption demand,
more investment and yet, more employment and incomes.
# The Great Depression:

- The period of The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till
the mid1930s.
- During this period most parts of the world experienced catastrophic
declines in production, employment, incomes and trade.
- The depression was caused by a combination of several facts of
agricultural overproduction.
- Also, many countries financed their investments through loans from the
US. The withdrawal of the US loans affected much of the rest of the world.
- Unfortunately, the US banking system collapsed as thousands of banks
went bankrupt and were forced to close.
#India and the Great Depression:
- India trade was severely affected by the depression.
- The prices of agriculture fell sharply but still, the colonial government
refused to reduce revenue demands
- In those depression years, India became an exporter of precious metals,
notably gold.
IV ) Rebuilding a World Economy: The Post-war Era:

The Second World War created immense devastation in human (Deaths) and
economic terms. It was fought between the Axis powers (mainly Nazi Germany,
Japan and Italy) and the Allies (Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the US).
Post-war reconstruction was shaped by two crucial influences:

1. The US emerged as the dominant economic, political and military power
in the Western world.
2. The dominance of the Soviet Union.
#Post-war Settlement and the Bretton Woods Institutions:

- 2 lessons were drawn from inter-war economic experience:
- Mass production cannot be sustained without mass
communication.
- The second lesson related to a country’s economic links with the
outside world.
- The Bretton Woods(It is the name of a hotel in the USA) conference

established the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to deal with external
surpluses and deficits of its member nations.
- The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (popularly
known as the World Bank) was set up to finance postwar reconstruction.
- The IMF and the World Bank commenced financial operations in 1947.
#Decolonisation and Independence:

- After the second world war, many countries were still under European
colonial rule.
- The IMF and the World Bank were designed to meet the financial needs
of the industrial countries
- Most developing countries did not benefit from the fast growth that the
Western economies experienced in 1950s and 1960s therefore, they
organised themselves as a group-the Group of 77 (or G-77)-to demand a
New International Economic Order (NIEO).
- By the NIEO they meant a system that would give them real control over
their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for
raw materials and better access for their manufactured goods in
developed countries' markets.
AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
INTRODUCTION :
Industrialization ka naam sunte hi humaare dimaag mei aate hain factories , machines,
robots ! Par inn sab ki shuruaat kaha se hui thi? Development kaise aur kab hua ? inn
sawaalo ke jawab hume yeh chapter dega !
Dawn of the century :
• This picture was published by .E.T. PAULL. in

1900
• We can see a goddess like figure and she is
the angel of progress she has a flag of
progress.
• Behind her - sign of progress which are
railway, camera, machines, printing press
and factory.
Two magicians :
• The picture had appeared on trade

magazine a hundred years ago and shows
two magicians!
• At the top it is Aladdin from the orient (The
countries to the east of the Mediterranean,
usually referring to Asia.) he built a
beautiful place with the help of magic
lamp-->> shows east and the past .
• The modern mechanic : with the help of
tools builds bridges , ships , towers
etc -->> shows west and modernity.
BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION :

Industrialization ka naam sunte hi hume fatories yaad aate hain ! But this is a wrong
conception , factories start hone se pehle hi industrialization start ho chuka tha !
 Large scale production before coming up of the factories for international market .
 This phase was called as proto - industrialization ( proto- indicating the first or early
form of something)
 In the 17th and 18th century -->> the merchants moved to country side -->>supplied
money to peasants and gave them advances-->> which made the peasants to produce for
international market and then the merchants sold it !
BUT WHY DID THEY MOVE TO COUNTRY SIDE ??
The merchants couldn’t expand their trade in towns because of the trade
guilds and urban crafts !
 TRADE GUILDS: association which maintained monopoly over trade.
 Control over production
 Trained craftsmen
 Regulated prices and competition
 Restricted new people into trade
 And these rights were given to them by the rulers
New Section 13 Page 1

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE PEASENTS AND ARTISANS ?
 They began working for merchants -->>as it was the time for enclosure movement
( class 9th ka chapter jisme open fields were disappearing and all commons were enclosed)
Peasants and cottagers depended on-->>common lands for survival
(firewood , berries etc.) but now they dint have any option but to look for alternative source
of income also the people who owned tiny plots of land couldn’t earn well from that!
 Hence they eagerly agrees to the merchants!
 They could remain in the countryside and continue cultivating in their small plots as
well
 Income from proto industrialization + shrinking income from cultivation= fuller use of
family labor resources !
 Close relationship between towns and country side :

Merchants were based in towns but most of the work was done in
country side !
e.g. a merchant clothier in England :
-->> purchased wool from wool stapler(person who sorts wool
according to its fiber)
-->>carried to spinners
-->>then to weavers When you decide to learn
-->>fullers( a person who gathers the cloth by pleating ) history finally !
-->> to dyers
 Finishing was done in London ,before the merchant sold it in the
international market! Because of which London came to be known
as the finishing center.
COMING UP OF THE FACTORY:

 Earliest factories came up in 1730s ! But the number of factories multiplied in the
18th century.
 First symbol of new era : cotton !
 Production boomed in the late 19 century .
 In 1760: Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton
 By 1787: 22 million pounds of cotton was imported , this was because of series of
invention that took place !
What did the series of inventions do?
Increased efficacy of carding , twisting ,

Increased the output per worker spinning and rolling (trick: CTSR) each step
Stronger threads and yarns

Richard Arkwright created the first cotton mill
-->>all the processes were bought under one roof
Production from country side to -->>allowed careful supervision over production
towns as mills were set up process, quality
everywhere ! -->> regulation of labor.
Early 19th century , factories increased in number+ became important part of

English landscape -->> but under the dazzling impact of the new mills , people
forgot about the bylanes ( small workshops where production still continued , aur
iska impact kya tha who hum aage dekhenge !)

THE PACE OF INDUSTRIAL CHANGE :
1. Most dynamic industries were cotton and steel industries ! In the first phase of
industrialization cotton was leading sector but, then iron and steel industry took over
because of : Expansion of railways
2. The new industries could not easily displace the traditional industries: in the end of 19th
century less than 20 % of the workforce was employed in advanced industrial sectors.
Rest were employed in traditional industries like textile industry in domestic units !
3. The growth of traditional industries was not stagnant they developed too : small
innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanized sectors such as food
processing , building, pottery, glass works etc.
4. Technological changes spread slowly : why?
• New technology was expensive.
• Machines broke down and repair was costly.
• Not effective as owners and manufacturers claimed.
• Steam engine : originally produced by Newcomen --> improved and patented by James
Watt in 1781-->new model was manufactured by his friend Mathew Boulton -->for years he
had no buyers ! This is an example to show case that new technology was excepted
slowly !
HAND LABOUR AND STEAM POWER:
What was the importance of hand labour?

1. In Britain there was no shortage of hand labour
• Poor peasants moved to the cities in large When you try understanding what is
numbers in search of jobs ! And they were ready to written in the textbook but it's way
work at low wages also too complicated you be like :
Amount of wage ∝ 1
Number of workers
• Machines required large capital investments which is why they did not want to introduce
machines !
2. Demand for labor was seasonal: in seasonal industries hand labors were prefer
red , where the workers were employed for a season !
• Cold months : gas works and breweries were busy hence needed more workers !
• Christmas months book binders , printers , catering needed extra hands before
December
• Winters : ship used to be repaired and spruced up ! Hence needed labors for that too.
3. Some products could any be produced using hand ! Like the goods with intricate
(specific and precise ) designs and specific shapes .
• E.g. In Britain 500 varieties of hammers were produced and 45 kinds of axes. These
required human skill, not mechanical technology .
• Machines were only used to produce uniforms and standardized goods for mass
market .
4. The upper class- aristocrats and the bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand !
Because of which products made by hand came to symbolize class and standard .as
they were :
• Carefully designed Case of America: labor shortage was there ,
• Produced individually hence to minimize need of labor they used
• Better finished mechanized labor

LIFE OF WORKERS:
• As the news of jobs spread -->> hundreds of workers moved from country side to towns
in search of jobs
 Getting jobs depended actually on friendship and kin relations (agar aapka koi dost kisi
factory mei kaam krta hai toh aapko job jaldi mil jaayegi )
 But everyone did not have social connections.
 As a result they had to wait for weeks .
 They used to spend nights under bridges or in some night shelters, some others stayed
in night refugees .
 There was seasonality of work: after busy season workers were again on the streets!
Some people also returned back to country side and continued to small/ odd jobs which
was difficult to find as well.
 Wages somewhat increased in the early 19th century but this had very little effect on the
workers.
 Napoleonic war : prices of goods and products rose sharply
• Same wages could buy fewer things now (value of wages fell)
• The number of days of work determined the average income of the workers.
• Till mid-19th century- about 10 % of the population were extremely poor, but during the
1830s about 35- 75 % population was unemployed
.
FEAR OF TECHNOLOGY :
 New technology introduced
• e.g. Spinning Jenny was introduced in woolen industry
• Made the women workers hostile , they began attacking the machines ( unhe laga
ki machines would take their jobs away from them )
1840s : building activities intensified

Opened greater opportunities of employment
Roads widened, tunnels dug , railway lines were extended etc.
The number of workers employed in transport industry doubled in 1840s
INDUSTRIALZATION IN THE COLONIES :

THE AGE OF INDIAN TEXTILES:
Before the machine industries came into the picture-->> silk and
cotton goods from Indian market dominated the international
market ! Why? And how?
Afghanistan
• Finer varieties came from India (better quality)
• Armenian and Persian merchants took the good from Punjab Eastern Persia
to
• Textiles were carried on the backs of camels through Central Asia
mountains and deserts !

PRE-COLONIAL PORTS :
 Surat (Gujarat coast) -connected to -the gulf and red sea

ports.
 Masulipatam (coromandel coast)- connected to -
southeast Asian ports.
 Hooghly (Bengal)- connected to - southeast Asian ports.
Who were involved in the port trade When you actually remember the
dates during exam!
• Indian merchants and bankers were involved in export trade .
• Supply merchants - linked the port to inland towns , gave advances to weavers and
collected woven cloth and carried supply to the port.
• Big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought
goods from supply merchants
1750s this network of Indian merchants began to break why
► European companies gradually gained power and came into play !

► Gained concessions from local courts -->> then the monopoly rights to trade
► Resulting in : decline of old ports , exports from these ports fell, local bankers
went bankrupt !
Coming up of colonial ports :
 Old ports decayed new ports grew !

 Surat and Hooghly declined
 Bombay and Calcutta ports grew - this was indicator of growth of colonial power.
 Trade in new ports : controlled by European companies and involved European
ships.
 To survive the existing trade houses had to operate within network set up by
European trading companies ( basically indians ko zinda rehna tha isilye they had to
follow what the European people said them to do and whatever they were doing ).
WHAT HAPPENED TO THE WEAVERS ?
 Even in the 1750s and 1760s the textile trade remained stable in India ( east
India company got powers during the same time but yeh initial stage tha )
 The Indian textiles were of great demand in Europe! So the company wanted
to expand trade textile exports from India .
 Before establishing stronger hold in Bengal and Carnatic in the 1760s and
1770s east India company found it difficult to ensure regular supply of goods
for export .Why ?
 Because the French, Dutch , Portuguese and the local traders competed in
the market . And the weavers had the option of doing the work for the ones
offering more money / best buyer.
 Which is why they kept writing letters to London complaining the officials
about the difficulties of supply and high prices demanded by the weavers
Indian weavers when they had so many people

wanting their woven cloth , and people were
also ready to pay the amount weavers asked
for - Indian weavers be like :

After the east India company gained political power completely :
Established monopoly right over trade , developed a management system where:

 Elimination of competition
 Controlling of costs
 Ensuring regular supplies of cotton and silk goods , and these was done through
two main steps:
1. Eliminating existing traders and brokers connected with cloth trade : tried to
establish more direct control over the weaver , this was done by appointing paid
servant called GOMASTHA .
• Gomasthas supervised the weavers.
• Collected supplies.
• Examined quality of cloth
2. Preventing company weavers from dealing with other buyers : done with the help
of system of advances
• System of advances: once an order was placed , weavers given loan for
production-->> Cloth produced had to be given to the appointed Gomastha, they
couldn’t take it to any other trader.
How did the weavers respond to the system of advances

• Weavers eagerly took the advances , hoping to earn more
• Many weavers opted full time weaving and left the land that they used to cultivate
in . They gave all their time to weaving ,weaving required labor hence engaging
the whole family in the process .
Problems and clashes between weavers and Gomasthas
► The earlier supply merchants : lived within village

• Had good relations with the weavers and they used to help them , looked after their
needs.
► The new Gomasthas were outsiders :
• No social link between the weavers
• Acted arrogantly and marched into the villages with sepoys and peons , punished
weavers for delays -beating and flogging them.
• Weavers couldn’t bargain for prices and they were given very low prices for the
cloth they produced.
• Weavers shifted to other places for better conditions
• Some places they even revolted against these rules and east India company
• Overtime began refusing loans , closing workshops and they again started to take
up full time agriculture and farming .
MANCHESTER COMES TO INDIA :
Statement from Henry Patullo, a company

official : demand for Indian textiles can never
decline as no other country produces the goods
of the same quality
Then why does India face the decline in textile

industry let us see ! When the teacher cuts marks just because
you dint mention the date , student be like :

 Cotton industries developed in England.
Abhi England mei cotton industries develop hona start hogyi ! Par India se goods England jaate
the ! so in order to avoid competition from Indian goods ! And sell their products in Britain :
 Industrialists pressurized the government to impose custom duties to discourage
imports , therefore Indian exports to England declined.
 Industrialists also pressurized the east India company to sell British manufactures in
India as well , cheap machine made goods flooded in the Indian market , killing the local
market for weavers . The cotton goods that came from Britain were so cheap that
weavers could not compete with them .
1860s a new problem : the weavers could not get good quality supply of cotton why?
• At this time the American civil war broke out.

• US supplies of raw cotton to Britain - cut off.
• Britain turned to India for raw cotton .
• Prices of raw cotton shot up.
• The local Indian weavers
1. Faced shortage of good quality raw cotton.
2. Even if they got cotton they had to buy it for very high price .
 By the end of 19th century, the weavers faced another problem : factories in
India began production , machine made goods flooded in the Indian market !
FACTORIES COME UP:

 Kuch facts yaad rakhne honge !
 First cotton mill- 1854

 First jute mill set up in Bengal by East India
Company and officials - 1855
 Elgin mill in Kanpur - 1860s
 First cotton mill in Ahmedabad- 1861
 Four mills were at work with 94,000 When your social teacher asks you
when will you start studying history ?
spindles and 2,150 looms- 1862
 First spinning and weaving mill in madras
came up by - 1874
THE EARLY ENTREPRENEURS : triangular trade between India China and England gave
rise to many early entrepreneurs.
India
Opium Textiles
China England
Tea
Indians became junior players in this :

Provided finance .
Procured supplies.
Shipping consignments.
These people earned so much from this trade that they had visions of developing industrial
enterprises in India.

DWARAKNATH TAGORE :
 Made his fortune in china trade .

 Set up 6 joint stock companies in 1830s and 1840s.
 He was from Bengal.
 His enterprises sank along with other traders in the business crisis
of 1840s.
DINSHAW PETIT AND JAMSETJEE NUSSERWANJEE TATA (JN TATA) :
 Parsis of Bombay
 Built huge industrial empires in India
 Initial wealth accumulated by trade to China and partly from
cotton shipments to England
SETH HUKUMCHAND :
 Marwari business man

 Set up first jute mill in Calcutta in 1917 also traded with
china
Sirf triangular trade se hi nahi balki , paise toh dusre trade

networks se bhi kamaye gaye the !
 Some merchants traded with Burma , middle east and

east Africa .
 Some other commercial groups were not directly
involved in international trade but operated from India
only by :
1. Carrying goods .
2. Banking money .
Merchants after earning money not
3. Transferring funds between cities. just from triangular trade but also
4. Financing traders etc. from other country trade be like :
What happened when the colonial control tightened
The colonial control increased :

 The space within which Indian merchants could trade became
limited.
 They were barred ( prohibited/not allowed) from trading with
Europe in manufactured goods, they were only allowed to
export raw materials and food grains like raw cotton, opium
wheat and indigo.
 They were also prohibited from doing shipping business
gradually
EUROPEAN MANAGING AGENCIES (EMA) :
Controlled large sector of Indian industries till first world war.

Three biggest ones were :
1. Bird Heiglers and Co.
2. Andrew Yule
3. Jardine Skinner and Co.
• Set up joint stock companies and managed them . Basically Indian financers used
provide capital, but all the decisions and investments were made by European
agencies.

• Also they had their own chamber of commerce in which the Indian business men
were not allowed to join (Indians ko use karke they just grew more powerful and took
over the Indian market )
Hume 3 questions ke answers chahiye the

Who were the entrepreneurs ?
From where did they get the money / capital for investments
Where did the workers come from ! ( the next topic)
WHERE DID THE WORKERS COME FROM ?
Factories needed workers : in 1901 - 584,000 workers in Indian factories and in

1946- over 2,436,000 workers ( clear indication that workers had increased ! But
workers kaha se aaye the ?)
► In industrial regions workers came from : nearby districts

► Peasants and artisans who couldn’t find work in village went to industrial regions
to find work.
► Bombay - 50 % of workers came from Ratnagiri district
► Kanpur - villages within Kanpur
► Mill workers - moved between village and city ( went to home during festivals and
harvests)
Getting job was always difficult , even though mills increased and demands for
workers increased. Number of workers always more than jobs available .
Jobbers :
 Industrialists employed jobbers to get new recruits.

 Jobbers were old and trusted workers.
 Jobbers work- got people from their own village, ensured them
jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided money in times of
crisis.
 Jobbers became person with power and authority.
 Began demanding gifts for the favor.
THE PECULIARITIES OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH :

Peculiar means strange , so here we are going to see what was strange and different about
industrial growth in India !
 European managing agencies (EMA):
. • Interested in certain kinds of products.

• Established tea, coffee plantations -->> securing land at cheap rates from colonial
government.
• Invested in mining , indigo and jute.
• These products were for exports and not for sale in India .
 Indian businessman and industries in the late 19th century :
• To avoid competition from Manchester goods , Indian mills started to produce

coarse cotton yarn( thread) instead of fabric .

• This yarn dint face competition from the imported yarn as that one was of finer
quality and this was coarse. ( coarse yarn aur fine yarn ka purpose hi alag alag hota
hai )
• Coarse yarn was used by the weavers in India or exported to China .
Series of changes that affected the pattern of industrialization :

1. Swadeshi moment began :
 Nationalists mobilized people to boycott foreign cloth .

 Industrial groups pressurized government to increase tariff protection and grant
concessions .
 Yarn exports to china declined as Japanese mills flooded in Chinese market.
 So, industrialists shifted from yarn to cloth production again !
2. The first world war :
 British mills got busy producing goods and necessities for the war .
 Manchester imports to India declined.
 Indian mills got a vast home market for supply.
 As the war continued , the Indian factories were called to supply needs for the
war : jute bags, cloth for army uniforms , tents and leather boots etc.
 New factories set up and old ones ran multiple shifts.
 New workers were employed + increased work hours
 Because of the war : the industrial production boomed !
• Manchester never regained its old position in Indian market .

• After the war it couldn't compete with the US, Germany and Japan and its economy
crumbled .
• Local industrialists finally consolidated ( act of making something strong /solid ) their
position , capturing the home market !
SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES PREDOMINATE :

 Large scale industries formed only small segment of the economy .
 Most of them were located in Bombay and Bengal.
 Small portion of the industrial labor worked in a registered factories , the rest
worked in small workshops and household units .
 In the 20th century the handicrafts production actually expanded! Even after
facing many problems the weavers survived but how?
1. Partly because of technological changes :
 Fly shuttle ->> weavers started to use handlooms with fly shuttle
 Increased productivity per worker
 Improved production without pushing up the costs.
 Speeded up the production .
 Reduced labor demand.
Flying shuttle : moved by means of ropes and

pullies, used for weaving . Made it possible for the
weavers to operate large loop and weave wide
piece of cloth

2. Groups of weavers :
Weavers who weaved coarse cloth Weavers who weaved fine variety cloth
Bought by poor and demand fluctuated Bought by the well-to-do community and
(changed) violently demand was more stable
Affected when bad harvests or famines The rich could buy cloth even when the
used to happen as the poor couldn’t afford poor starved ,famines dint affect the sale
buying cloth of banarasi or baluchari saris
Cheaper Costlier
3. Mills could not imitate the specialized weaves:
Saris with borders, famous lungis and handkerchiefs of madras could not be easily
displaced by mills. ( iska matlab bas yahi hai ki - handmade products could not be
prepared by machines ! Because handmade products are always intricate and special !
Whereas the machine made goods are just for the exports and mass production)
 Weavers and other craftspeople did not necessarily prosper but they continued
to work for long hours, often the whole family including the women and children
had to work in various stages of process.( small scale industries were not a part
of our history they are alive today as well ! They were an integral / important part
of industrialization )
MARKET FOR GOODS :

When new products were produced how were the consumers attracted
1. Advertisements :
• Makes the products appear desirable and necessary.
• They try to shape minds of people and create new needs .
• Appear in magazines, newspapers, street walls , hoardings and TV screens.
2. Use of labels as a mark of standard and quality:

• e.g. " MADE IN MANCHESTER " was used as a label in the cloth produced by
British. It was written in bold , and the people felt confident in buying the cloth.
3. Use of images and illustrations :

• Images of Indian Gods and Goddesses ( Krishna and Saraswati )were used in the
labels, to exhibit the divine approval of the product.
4. Printing of calendars to advertise :

• Calendars were used by the people who could not read. They were hung in tea
shops and poor people's homes . And they could see the advertisements again
and again also there were images of gods to sell the products in the calendars.
5. Images of royal figures :

• images of Nawabs and emperors , adorned in the advertisements and calendars.
• The message was often - " if you respect the royal figure , then respect the
product" .
• When the product was used by royalty the quality couldn’t be questioned.

6. nationalist message in the advertisement :
The message was clear and loud " if you care for the nation then
buy the products that Indians produce" . Ads became a vehicle of
the nationalist messages of swadeshi.
CONCLUSION:
Age of industries means : growth of technology and machines but we cannot forgot how
small scale production and hand technology played a great and significant role in the
industrial landscape.

Exercise :
1. Explain the following:
a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.
b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and
artisans within the villages.
c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in
Ans :
a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny because it speeded up the spinning
process, and consequently, reduced labour demand.
b)The trade and commerce guild controlled the market, raw materials, employees, and also
production of goods in the towns.
c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century on account of the growing
power of European companies in trade with India.
d) The East India Company appointed a paid servant called the gomastha, whose job was to
supervise weavers, collect supplies and perform quality checks on cloth.
Q.2. Write True or False against each statement:

(a) At the end of the 19th century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was
employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.
(b) The international market for textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth
century.
(c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.
(d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled the handloom workers to improve their
productivity.
Ans:
(a) False
(b) True
(c) False
(d) True
Q.3. Explain what is meant by proto industrialisation.
Ans: Even before setting up the factories, there was large-scale industrial production for an
international market. This was not based on factories. It is known as proto-industrialization. It
was a part of a network of commercial exchanges. Merchants were based in towns but the
work was done mostly in the countryside.
Q.4. Why did some industrialists in the nineteenth century Europe prefer hand labour over
machines? [CBSE Sept. 2010, 2011]

Ans. (i) Expensive new technology: New technologies and machines were expensive, so the
producers and the industrialists were cautious about using them.
(ii) Costlier repair: The machines often broke down and the repair was costly
(iii) Less effective: They were not as effective as their inventors and manufacturers claimed.
(iv) Availability of cheap workers: Poor peasants and migrants moved to cities in large
numbers in search of jobs. So the supply of workers was more than the demand. Therefore,
workers were available at low wages.
(v) Uniform machine-made goods: A range of products could be produced only with hand
labour. Machines were oriented to producing uniforms, standardized goods for a mass market.
But the demand in the market was often for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes.
In the mid-nineteenth century. Britain, for instance. 500 varieties of hammers were produced,
and 15 kinds of axes. This required human skill, not mechanical technology.
Q.5. How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from
the Indian weavers ?
Ans. (i) Monopoly right : Once the East India Company established political power, it asserted
a monopoly right to trade
(iii) Appointing Gomasthas : The Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers
connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weavers. It
appointed a paid servent called the Gomostha to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and
examine the quality of cloth.
(iv) System of advances : To have a direct control over the weavers, the company- started
the system of advances. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to
purchase the raw material for their production. Those, who took loans had to hand over the
doth they produced to the Gomastha. They could not take it to any other trader.
(v) Use of power : The places where the weaver refused to cooperate the Company used its
police. At many places weaver were often beaten and flogged for delays in supply.
Q.6. Why did the industrial production in India increase during the First World War ? [CBSE
Sept. 2011]
Ans : (i) Decline of Manchester imports : With British mills busy with war production to
meet the needs of the army. Manchester imports into India declined.
(ii) Increase in demand : With the decline of imports suddenly. Indian mills had a vast home
market to supply.
(iii) Demand from army : As the War prolonged. Indian factories were called upon to supply
war need i.e. jute bags, cloth for the army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and
mule saddles, and a host of other items.

(iv) New factories : New factories were set up. And old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new
workers were employed, and everyone was made to work for longer hours. Over the war
years, industrial production boomed.
(v) Downfall of British industry and boon for home industry : After the war Manchester could
never recapture its old position in the Indian market. Unable to modernize and compete with
the US. Germany and Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war. Cotton production
collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically. Within the colonies, local
industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufactures and
capturing the home market.

SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
PRINT CULTURE &

THE MODERN WORLD
NOTES
Printed matter is prevalent in our daily lives. From printed books, images, newspapers
to hoardings, advertisements and pamphlets; Print has become a very integral part of
our modern lives.
But there was a time when printed matter did not exist, and there were other ways by
which information was going on. There was a gradual shift from handwritten point to
printed matter, with the invention of new machines and presses; and this
transformation had a marked effect on the lives of the people.
The First Printed Books
The First Printed Books Hand printing was the initial form of painting; practised in
China,Japan and Korea.
CHINA:
In the sixteenth century,China was one a country producing printed matter on a
large scale. Initially, it included only textbooks for examinations of civil services.
Gradually, other printed matter became available to the people.
People were more interested in reading fictional stories, poetries, plays,
autobiographies and the like.
Likewise, trade information became available in printed form, which was vastly
used by traders.
JAPAN:
Hand printing was introduced in Japan by Buddhist missionaries from China 768-
770 AD.
Printed inAD 868, the Buddhist Diamond Sutra is the oldest Japanese book.
The handprinted matter became a common sight in Japan’s libraries and markets,
ranging from textbooks to books on prose, poetry, paintings, etc. There were also
books on women, manners and etiquettes, cooking, flower arrangements and
many more.
PRINT COMES TO EUROPE

In the eleventh century Chinese paper reached Europe through silk route.
In 1295, Marco Polo, a great explorer, introduced woodblock printing in Italy.
From Italy, it spread to various parts of the world. Soon, woodblock painting
became widely used to print books, textiles, play cards, pictures, and much more.
To meet the increasing demand of books booksellers started giving employment
to scribs and skilled handwriters.
But the production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever
increasing demand for books as:
Copying was an expensive, laborious and time consuming business.
Manuscripts were fragile and difficult to handle.
Not easily carried around or read easily.
Thus, there is a need for quicker and cheaper alternative for reproduction of
books. And that's where Johann Gutenberg developed the first-known printing
press in the 1430s.
Gutenberg and the Printing Press:

Gutenberg grew up on large farms, where he had seen wine and olive presses.
He became a master goldsmith, who had the expertise of creating lead moulds
for makingtrinkets.
Gutenberg applied this knowledge to create the printing press, where olive press
formed the base model of the printing press, and the lead mouldswere used to
cast alphabets.
In1448, Gutenberg printedthe first book on the press. It was the Bible.
The publishespublished180 copies of the Biblein 3 years, a high-speed production
by the then standards.
The PrintRevolution and Its Impact

A NEW READING PUBLIC
Before the process of the printing press, reading was restricted to a limited
population. As books were expensive and not produced in large number, ordinary
people did not have access to them.
With the printing press a new reading public emerged.
Printing reduced the cost of books. The time and labor required to produce each
book came down, and multiple copies could be produced with greater ease.
With abundant supply of books, the hearing public, became reading public.
But, Even after the printing press process, when books became cheap and
available in large numbers, not many could read it. As large section of the
European society was illiterate, books on folk tales and ballads were printed with
beautiful pictures for illustrations.
Such was then read out to people gatherings at villages or towns.
RELIGIOUS DEBATES AND THE FEAR OF PRINT

In the oral culture, religious faiths and norms were passed on from generations.
They believed what was said by the religious authorities
As not many were literate, people could not read the spiritual or sacred text and
understand their own.
But with the spread of print culture, many could read and interpret things in their
ways.
Many feared that if there was no control over what was printed and reading then
rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread.
One such case was of Religious reformer Martin Luther King who criticised many
practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
A copy of the work was posted on a church’s door in Wittenberg.
Soon, Martin Luther’s work spread like a forest fire, leading to the sale of
5000 copies in the first few weeks.
The Thesis had a significant impact on the readers.There was a division in the
Church itself, which led to Protestant Reformation.
Martin Luther stated Print as “the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one”.
PRINT AND DISSENT

Easy availability of printed matter significantly impacted the people’s ideas and
thoughts.
Those who had little knowledge about reading and writing also read religious
texts and deciphered the message according to their understanding.
Menocchio, a miller in Itlay, began reading books in his locality.
His interpretations about God and Creation were not acceptable to the
RomanCatholic Church.
Menocchio was dragged up publicly twice and then executed. This was done so
set an example to those who questioned and criticized the Roman
CatholicChurch’s ways.
From 1558, the Church began to maintain Prohibited Books’ Index to gain control
over publishers and booksellers. The Church did this to stop the criticisms and
restore people’s faith in them.
The Reading Mania

In the eighteenth and nineteenth-century, Europe saw an increase in literacy
rates, which caused a rise in books publications. As more people became literate,
and many cultivated the habit of reading, there came a demand for varied
categories of printed matter.
To sell books to every nook and corner of the country, publishers in England,
began hiring chapmen. These were petty pedlars who carried penny chapbooks
and sold them to the poor.
In France, “Bibliotheque Bleue” were cheap books printed on low-quality paper,
bounded in blue colour covers which became famous.
Newspapers, periodicals and magazines also gained popularity from the early
eighteenth century. This helped people to know about the events happening in
their country.
TREMBLE, THEREFORE, TYRANTS OF THE WORLD

By the mid-eighteenth century, there was a common understanding that books
were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment.
Louise-Sebastien Mercier, a novelist in the 18th -century France, declared that
‘The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion is
the force that will sweep despotism away.’ He proclaimed: ‘Tremble, therefore,
tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual writer!’
PRINT CULTURE AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Many historians have argued that print culture created the conditions leading to
the French Revolution. Three types of arguments are :
First: Print popularised the ideas of the great thinkers. They were critical on
tradition, superstition and despotism. They argued for the rule of reason and
rationality. They attacked the sacred authority of the Church and the
despotic power of the state, thus eroding the legitimacy of traditional social
order. The writings of Voltaire and Rousseau made people see the world
through questioning, critical and rational eyes.
Second: Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values,
norms and institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had
become aware of the power of reason and recognised the need to question
existing ideas and beliefs. This brought the idea of social revolution.
Third: By the 1780s there was a huge amount of literature that mocked the
royalty and criticized their morality and raised questions about the social
order.
The Nineteenth Century

CHILDREN, WOMEN AND WORKERS

Children:
Books for children became prominent in society.
As primary education became compulsory, books for children flooded the
market.
Textbooks for children became a heavy task for the publishers, and many
houses were established that were solely responsible for publishing children’s’
books.
Women:
Women also became essential readers.
Books on etiquettes and housekeeping were published for women.
Women were also seen as well known novelists in the nineteenth century, with
Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters and George Eliot being prominent.
The novels they wrote portrayed a different type of woman– a person who
had an opinion of her own, a strong will and an influencing personality.
Workers:
Workers also became interested in reading and learning new knowledge.
Many lower middle-class people and artists started renting from libraries and
educated themselves.
From the mid-nineteenth century, when the working hours were getting
shorter, the workers found themselves expressing their views and thoughts
through writing.
FURTHER INNOVATIONS OF PRESS:
By now press was made of metals.
Further in the 19th century many innovations were incorporated.
Richard M. Hoe introduced a power-driven cylindrical press that could publish
8000 sheets per hour. This was particularly useful for printing newspapers.
In the late nineteenth century, the offset press was developed which could print
up to six colours at a time.
By the 20th century electrically operated presses accelerated printing
operations.
Dust covers or jacket covers were also introduced in the twentieth century.
NEW STRATEGIES TO SELL BOOKS:

In the 1920s in England, popular works were sold in cheap series called the
Shilling Series.
With the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s, publishers feared a decline
in book purchases. To sustain buying, they brought out cheap paperback editions.
India and the World of Print

MANUSCRIPTS BEFORE THE AGE OF PRINT

In India there always was a rich tradition of handwritten manuscripts in Sanskrit,

Arabic, Persian, and other languages.
Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper.
But manuscripts were fragile and could be carried everywhere easily. They were
also challenging to handle.
PRINT COMES TO INDIA

The first printing press was setup in Goa by Portuguese missionaries
The first books were printed in Konkani language. By 1674, about 50 books had
been printed in Konkani and Kannara Languages.
Publishing in the English language began later. From 1780, James Augustus Hickey
began to edit the weekly magazine Bengal Gazette.
The first Indian newspaper was the weekly Bengal Gazette which was brought
out by Gangadhar Bhattacharya in 1816. He also published many other books.
Religious Reform and Public Debates
From the early nineteenth century, there were intense debates around religious
issues.
Different groups offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of
different religions.
Ram Mohan Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi from 1821 and the orthodoxy
commissioned the Samachar Chandrika to oppose his opinion.
From 1822, two Persian newspapers: Jam-i-Jahan Noma and Shamsul Akhbar
were published.
The Deoband Seminari, founded in 1867 published thousands upon thousands of
fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in everyday lives and
explaining the meaning of Islamic doctrines.
The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas, a sixteenth-century
text, came out from Calcutta in 1810.
New Forms of Publication

Novels : More and more people now wanted to read reflections of their life
experiences. The novel, a literary form developed in Europe got modified to
Indian form and style.
Visual paintings also became popular.
Calendars and pictures of god and goddess adorned the people’s walls, be it
rich or poor. This led to the employment of wood engravers.
Photos depicting new social and cultural life also began to be printed. Such
prints began shaping the people’s views on how a society can be changed for a
better future.
Caricatures and cartoons also became famous.

What are the impact of print culture on Indian women?
Print enabled women to read in silence, discuss and debate among the like
minded persons.
Women express themselves and shape their ideas.
It connects women across caste religion or class.
Many women writes their experiences and stories .
Many liberal husband and fathers allowed their wife and daughters to study.
Still there were people who did not want women to be educated.
Hindus thought that education would lead women to be widowed.
Muslims feared that ladies would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances.
But still, many women managed to learn to read and write by themselves in the
confines of their home.
Rashsundari Debi was a young married girl of Bengal who learnt to read in her
house.Later she wrote her autobiography namedAmar Jiban, the first full-length
autobiography, published in 1876.
PRINT AND THE POOR PEOPLE:
In the 19th century, very cheap and small books were brought to markets.
Cheap books were being sold at Madras so that poor people were also buy read.
Lending library were setup.
Paperback edition of novels were printed to make them affordable to the masses.
Literacy Rate was increased in Labour Class.
It helps to send the message of Nationalism to masses.
From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination began to be
written about in many printed tracts and essays.
In 1871 Jyotiba Phule wrote about the injustice of the caste system in his book
Gulamgiri.
Kashibaba, a Kanpur Mill worker, wrote and published Chote aur Bade ka Saval in
1938 to show the links between caste and class exploitation.

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*UPDATED* For 2022-23 Boards Exam

Struggles of Sri Lankan Tamils and its Result

Need of Power sharing

forms of Power sharing

µ÷÷ :ani t a:::::::*::: ::*:ii. vision .

Power sharing among the three organs of state

Belgium p@ ethnicdivision based

Brussels ( Headquarter of European Union)

59% Dutch speakers who live in Flemish region (North Belgium) .

# Tension between the French and Dutch communities -

development and education much later .

Special problem in capital Brussels was that the Dutch was in

majority in the whole country but minority in the capital .

dig some special laws require the support of

community can take decisions unilaterally .

Many oftwothe powers ofthecentral government was given to the state

Brussels as the Dutch community accepted the equal representation in central

central and state

workers during colonial period called Indian Tamils .

their dominance virtue of their majority They

took majoritarian measures to establish Sinhala supremacy .

In 1956 an Act was

for university positions government jobs

of Sri Lankan Tamils and its Result

result , thousand of of both the communities were killed , many families

Reasons I Need for Power

Power sharing is a good way to ensure stability of political order .

secondly power sharing is the very spirit of democracy A democratic rule

Forms / Types of Power sharing

exercises unlimited and check the This

III) vertical Division of Power :

It means division of power between different governments placed at different

The same principal can be extended to lower levels of

HII Community Government :

(E) Coalition Government :

power also be seen in a way , political parties ,

pressure groups and movements control or influence these in powers .

Q2. Define Ethnicity [1M. 2021 Sample Paper]

Q4. Correct the following statement and rewrite:

Q8 What is meant by the system of 'checks and balances'? [1M, 2015]

Result of This Division of Labor:

Ways to Solve the Problem:

Religion, Communalism & Politics

Religion plays an important role in politics. In some countries, politicians promote

Different Forms of Communalism in Politics

Secularism: It means no official language or religion in a country or No special

How India is a secular state?

Reality of Caste System in India

Difference between federal

federalism is a system of government in which the power is divided

# Key features of federalism :

Is Different levels of government the same citizens

own jurisdiction in specific matters of taxation and administration

Is The fundamental provisions of constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by

luis sources of revenue for each level of government are

# Two types of federations :

The exact balance of power

COMING TOGETHER HOLDING TOGETHER

USA , Switzerland , Australia Eef India , Belgium Spain

# Difference between and Unitary system :

units subordinate to the central

local Government There existence and .

UPDATED For 2022-23 Boards Exam

µ÷÷ :ani t a:::::::::: :::ii. vision .