Ethics
-discipline of dealing of what is good and what is bad,
with moral duty and obligation.
-principle of conduct governing an individual or group. -
moral principle that govern a persons behavior on
conducting an activity.
-a set of moral principles and values.
-ethics or moral philosophy involves systematizing,
defending and recommending concepts of right and
wrong behavior.
Ethical Behavior
- respects dignity, diversity, rights of individual or groups.
-honesty, fairness, equity in interpersonal, professional,
and academic relationship in research and scholarly
activities.
Morality
- synonymous with goodness/rightness.
-refers to personal or cultural values, codes of conduct, or
social mores from a society that provide these codes of
conduct in which it applies and is accepted by an
individual.
-one's own personal sense of right and wrong.
-not imposed on anyone.
-it is what you think is good or bad personally.
-it can be a body of standards or principles derived from a
code of conduct from a particular philosophy, religion or
culture, or it can derive from a standard that a person
believes should be universal.
-differentiation of intentions, decisions and actions
between those that are proper and not.
Purpose of Ethics and Morals
-Ethics is what guides us to tell the truth, keep our
promises and help someone in need.
-There is a framework of ethics underlying our lives on a
daily basis, helping us make decisions that create positive
impact and stirring away from unjust outcomes.
types of ethics
1. Metaethics
- investigates where our ethical principles came from and
what they mean.
-explores status, foundations and scope of moral values,
properties and words.
-is a branch of analytic philosophy that explores the
status, foundations, and scope of moral values,
properties, and words. Whereas the fields of applied
ethics and normative theory focus on what is moral,
metaethics focuses on what morality itself is.
2. Normative ethics
- more practical task, w/c is to arrive at moral standards
that regulate the right and wrong conduct. This may
involve emphasizing good habits that we should acquire ,
duties that we should follow, or the consequence of our
behavior to others.
-prescribe action, not describe action, one ought to tell
the truth, one ought not to steal, one ought to be honest.
3. Applied ethics
- examining controversial issues such as abortion,
infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns,
homosexuality, capital punishment and nuclear war.
Importance of Applied Ethics
-gives individuals a basis on w/c to praise or decry an
action, and punish or reward it. Without the study of
ethics, there can be no government and no law. Without
an ethical system, in place, all actions are equally
acceptable and no one is safe from his neighbor.
Applied ethics is usually divided into various fields:
1. Business ethics- discusses ethical behavior in the
corporate world: rules, principles, and standards for
deciding what is morally right or wrong when doing
business.
2. Professional ethics- refers directly to a professional in
his field.
3. Biomedical and Environmental ethics- delve into
health, welfare, and the responsibilities we have towards
other people and our environment.
4. Organizational ethics- defines what a group values in
relation to its stated goal.
5. Intentional ethics- tries to determine if a nation’s
primary responsibility is to itself as sovereign entity or to
the world community at large.
6. Sexual ethics- speaks to issues such as homosexuality
and polygamy.
7. Cyberethics- tries to get a handle on issues in the
Information Age.
7 principles of ethics
1. Beneficence
- good health and welfare of patients.
-helping others
2. Nonmaleficence
- intentional action that cause no harm/ do not harm
3. Autonomy
-freedom to decide
-right to refuse
Confidentiality
- private information
4. Social Justice
- provide services, appropriate, distribution, equal access
to health, wealth, justice and opportunities.
5. Procedural justice
- fairness in the process that resolve disputes, comply
with law, rules, and documentation.
6. Veracity
- tell the truth, qualification, education conformity to
facts, accuracy, truthfulness.
7. Fidelity
- faithfulness, continuous support, respect, integrity,
loyalty, professional relationship with other professionals;
loyalty.
Personal Ethics
1. Honesty
2. Loyalty
3. Integrity -culture can be obstruct progress, but it can nevertheless
4. Respect be a tool for emancipation.
5. Selflessness -culture is also a goal in itself; it gives meaning to our
6. Responsibility existence.
-the same holds true for equal rights, responsibility for
How to apply ethics in your life future generations, freedom of speech, and democracy;
1. Consider how you interact with animals. Some folks they stimulate progress, but are also the objective of
think animals don’t ethically matter. development.
2. Be kinder to the environment.
3. Respect and defend human rights. Individualistic to Collectivist Cultures
4. Become more ethical in your career. -Individualism is a psychological state in which people see
themselves first as individuals and believe their own
Work Ethics interest and values are primary.
1. Appearance -ex: United States, Great Britain, Canada
2. Attendance
3. Attitude -Collectivism is the state of mind wherein the values and
4. Character goals of the group-whether extended family, ethnic
5. Communication group, or company-are primary
6. Cooperation -ex: Greece, Japan, Mexico
7. Organizational Skills
8. Productivity What constitutes a culture?
9. Respect What components define a culture?
10. Teamwork
 Ethnic groupings
5 Codes of Ethics  Regional determinants-geography, environment
1. integrity  Religion
2. objectivity  Legends
3. professional competence  Customs
4. confidentiality  Food
5. professional behavior  Arts (music, dance)
 Language
4 professional ethics
(ethical decision making framework) Tradition Culture Habits
1. utilitarian ethics (outcome based) social behavior and norms
2. deontological ethics (duty-bound) knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities of
3. virtue ethics (virtue based) individuals in these groups
4. communitarian ethics (community based)
why diversity of culture?
Culture in Moral Behavior humans acquire culture through learning processes of
The moral agent: enculturation and socialization.
- how does culture shape moral behavior?
- why should culture not be the ultimate determinant of what do culture do?
values? (Culture’s functions)
1. defines the boundary between one organization and
The Moral Agent: Culture in Moral Behavior others.
1. Meaning of culture 2. convey a sense of identity for its members.
2. Transmitter of culture 3. facilitates the generation of commitment to something
3. Social conditioning theory larger than self interest.
4. Cultural and moral relativism 4. enhances the stability of the social system.
5. Western Eastern ethics 5. serves as a sense-making and control mechanism for
6. Filipino values fitting employees in the organization.

Meaning of Culture Ethical Culture

-Culture is an umbrella term which encompasses the -Social contract
social behavior and norms found in human societies, as -Leadership behavior
well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, -Organizational ethos
capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups. -Individual perceptiveness
Humans acquire culture through the learning processes -Response to misconduct
of enculturation and socialization, which is shown by the
diversity of cultures across societies. E.C Negative Elements (disqualifiers)
-It is difficult to define, but a general definition is that -Organizational unfairness
culture is all the behaviors, ways of life, arts, beliefs and -Abusive manager behavior
institutions that are passed down from generation to -Selfish orientation
generation. -Lack of awareness
-”the way of life for an entire society”. -Fear of retaliation
-is the habits, traditions, and behaviors of people and
groups in an organization. E.C Positive Elements (qualifiers)
-Organizational trust
Culture and Ethics -Ethical leadership
-Benevolent orientation -US democratic view
-Empathy *intervention is ethical
-Efficacy & Speaking out *rule of law must prevail

E.C Outcomes -e.g., if a manager from country where child labor is

-Ethical behavior prohibited, refuses to hire child labor in a country where
-Ethical decision-making child labor is acceptable, believes in normativism.
-Employee commitment
2. Relativism
Effects of Culture -ethical truths depend on the values of the groups
-determines how people communicate practicing them.
-how people interact -no absolute principle of right or wrong
-how people relate to one another -every place has its own "truths" and needs to be treated
-what is appropriate behavior differently
-how power and status are allocated -interventions is inherently unethical and adjust as it
-guides day-to-day working relationship challenges peoples values and beliefs
-managers challenge respect local convention
morality in different cultures -china authoritarian view
-cannibalism *intervention is unethical
-blood sports *rule of man is basis of trust
-legal use of uppers marijuana
Ethics VS Etiquette
Ethics and Culture
 Cultural Relativism Ethics refers to the moral Etiquette is a set of rules
-suggests that there is no one right way to behave; principles that govern our indicating the proper and
cultural context determines ethical behavior. behavior. polite way to behave.
-no culture’s ethics are superior. Ethics is related to Etiquette is related to
-the values and practices of the local. principles. behavior
-setting determine what is right or wrong.
-what is good in one's culture is not good in another Ethics can mean different
Etiquette can differ
culture things to different people.
according to culture,
-ex: when in Rome, do what do Romans do. ethnicity, religion,
country, etc.
 Moral absolutism Ethics is personal; the Etiquette is social; it is not
-certain absolute truths apply everywhere. right and wrong are created by an individually.
-universal values transcend cultures. judged individually.
-in determining what is right or wrong.
-don’t do anything you wouldn’t do at home. Culture influence our perception of what is right and
wrong
 Moral relativism -some schools of thought believe that everyone has their
-what some people accept as morally good, maybe own ethics. This means what is considered right or wrong
different to what others accept as morally good. depends on the time, place and even the particular
preferences or practices of a group of people or
Criticism of Moral Relativism individual person.
-a culture thinking something is moral does not make it -normative ethics deals with how we should behave and
moral (slavery). live our lives, particularly when our actions affect others.
-it is not consistent with moral language which tends to
be absolute. Transmitter of Culture
-all cultures tend to believe in universal principles. -parents
-there are not separate cultures(Bosnia, Somalia, -teachers
Cambodia). -novels
-cultural traditions are bounded be physical laws -films
(outlawing sex). -television

The Cultural Foundations of Ethical Behavior Transmitted Culture

1. Normativism
-there are universal standards of behavior, which
although influenced by different cultural values, should
be accepted by people everywhere.
-non-intervention is unethical
-there are universally valid truths.
-universal standards of behavior that all should follow
respective of the country.
-absolute principles of right or wrong
-intervention, therefore is ethical to preserve universal
sets of truths.
-manager's challenge resolving the tension between
universal truth vs local adaptation
-consists of ideas, values, attitudes, and beliefs that exist
originally in at least one person’s mind that are
transmitted to other people’s minds through their
interaction with the original person (Tooby & Cosmides,
1992). The view that it is wrong to eat beef, for example,
is an example of transmitted culture.
Cultural Transmission
-is the way a person learns about a new culture by
engaging and immersing themselves in the culture and
people around them.
-is the process of gaining knowledge of a new culture by
direct engagement with it. This is a constant learning
process that is done by individuals who are adjusting to
new cultures. Holiday decorations are one example of
cultural transmission.
-an example of cultural transmission is experiential
learning, an immersive type of experience in which a
person learns through direct exposure to the culture,
followed by mimicking what they see. They pick up the
behaviors, values, traditions, and rituals of the culture
that they are immersing themselves in.
The leader’s role in advocating ethical standards
-some of the tools available for leaders to use in
enforcing ethical behavior include:
Code of ethics
Ethics of committees
Training programs
Disclosure mechanisms
Social conditioning
-it begins when we are just babies, and it becomes more
apparent in childhood and adolescence. However, it goes
on our entire lives. The agents of social conditioning can
be parents, teachers, our peers, teachers, popular
culture, mainstream media, novels and movies, the
church, etc.
-it works by rewarding behavior that is acceptable and
punishing thoughts and actions that are not acceptable. It
also involves the repetition of the same message over
some time. This forces young children's brains to accept it
as the truth.
-As adults, we all have some self-defined boundaries.
There are some things we refuse to do - things that never
even cross our minds. It may be something as innocuous
as what we eat for breakfast. Or it can be more significant
decisions like what jobs we consider respectful, and what
kind of a person we want to marry. But have you stopped
to think to yourself - why have you created these invisible
boundaries around yourself? The answer is more
complicated than you can imagine.
-What is the most common trap that almost all of us have
fallen into? It is conforming to the 'norms' that have been
created by the society around us. This is known as social
conditioning. Even if these norms are outdated, false,
misleading, or do not align with the present world - we
conform to them nevertheless. This is because we grew
up believing in them and seeing them adapted by
everyone around us.
Cultural Perspectives on Law and Morality: Western
versus non-Western Perspectives
Western view:
 Emphasis on rights of individual
 Western view protects the power of long-dominant
states. Order, sovereignty, property rights, and legal
processes are emphasized, as opposed to equity and
fairness
Non-Western view:
 Emphasis on rights of the community
 Non-Western view is that states are not bound by a
preexisting system that works to their disadvantage;
strong emphasis on sovereignty; rejection of
weighted decision-making schemes (such as the
Security Council) that favor the wealthy. Emphasis on
fairness and equity
CONTRASTING VALUES
Individual:
1. Independent-free, control over one's life
2. Goals-striving for one's own goals and achievements
3. Compete-personal competition and
success
4. Unique-focus on one's own unique characteristics
5. Private self-knowledge-keeping one's thoughts private
from others
6. Direct communication stating clearly what one wants
and needs
Collectivism:
1. Related-consider close others as part of the self
2. Belong enjoy belonging to groups
3. Duty-being willing to make sacrifices as a group
member
4. Harmony concern for group harmony
5. Advice-turning to close others for help with decisions
6. Group-preference for working in groups
Eastern
 Respect for the hierarchy is inherent.
 Open debate and confrontation are avoided.
 Collectivistic. Duty towards others is highly regarded.
Success is measured collectively.
 Success is conquering yourself. Success is spiritual.
 Silent leadership. Walk behind people.
Western
 Respect is earned.
 Open debate is encouraged
 Individualistic. Following personal desires and
dreams is valued. Success is measured individually.
 Success is conquering your goals. Success is material.
 Vocal leadership. Walk in front of people.
GOOD TRAITS OF A FILIPINO
 Pakikisama/Harmony
 Joyous
 Highly Intelligent
 Faithful
 Loyal
 Bayanihan
 Being Optimistic
 Self Reliance
 Very competitive
 Very brave
 Also known for their adaptability and endurance
Filipino Values:
1. Strong Family Ties
-Filipino usually belongs to large families of 6 to 12
children. Early on their lives, children are taught to look
after their siblings when parents are working.
2. Damayan System
-Sympathy for people who lost their love ones.
Neighbors, friends and relatives of the deceased usually
give certain amount of money as their way of showing
sympathy.
3. Fun-Loving Traff
-A trait that makes Filipinos unique that even in time of
calamities & other challenges in life, we always have
something to be happy about, a reason to celebrate.
4.prudence or self control
-to avoid offending one's fellowmen and care in
speaking.
5. Honesty
-upholding the promise and being honest in commercial
transactions.
6. Tolerance
-shown in mutual respect and cooperation with others.
Positive Traits
1. Welcoming to visitors
-When we have people visit our homes, we always
welcome them with smiles, conversation and food.
2. Obedient and dutiful
-In our culture, we always respect and follow what our
parents and adults advise us to do. Not talking back, and
trusting the adults around us has always been a part of
who we are.
3. Respectful
-From the "mano", to saying "po" and "opo" to our
elders, these words that are a part of our language show
how we respect people.
4. Helpful
-It is expected that we help out in the house and offer
help to siblings, friends and relatives when we can. We
have the "bayanihan" spirit in us and it is why in times of
calamities or disaster, Filipinos are mostly helpful to one
another.
-Passivity and lack of initiative
-Colonial Mentality
-Kanya-kanya syndrome
-Lack of self-analysis and self-reflection
-Extreme personalism
-Extreme family centeredness
-Lack of discipline
RECAP
 CULTURE shapes our moral behavior.
 CULTURE influences our concept of what is right or
wrong.
 CULTURE gives unity to society.
 BEHAVIOR determines culture.
 CULTURE determines behavior.
DIFFERENT CULTURES have different moral codes.
RULES VS REGULATIONS
 Although Rules and Regulations are two words that
are often confused since they appear to mean the
same, there is, in fact, some difference between
them in terms of their usage and connotations.
 Rules refer to an established and authoritative
standard of principle; a general norm mandating or
guiding conduct or action in a given type of situation.
On the other hand,
 Regulations refer to sets of rules that have legal
connotations. This is the main difference between
the two words.
WHAT ARE RULES?

FILIPINO NEGA ATTITUDES  A rule is traditionally defined as "Generally an

 CRAB MENTALITY-NANGHIHILA PABABA established and authoritative standard of principle; a
 FILIPINO TIME- LAGING LATE general norm mandating or guiding conduct or
 NINGAS KUGON-SISIMULAN DI TATAPUSIN action in a given type of situation". Rules are used to
 KANYA KANYA-MADAMOT restrict certain procedures. By 'traffic rules,' you tend
 MANANA HABIT- MAMAYA NA ATTITUDE to understand that you should follow certain
 COLONIAL MENTALITY-MAS GUSTO ANG KULTURA restrictions when it comes to moving in traffic.
NG IBA KESA SA ATIN  Rules pertain to games, sports and the like. In short
it can be said that rules are quite often associated
BAD TRAITS OF A FILIPINO with games or sports. They describe how a particular
 We complain a lot game or sport should be played
 See only evil /judgmental
 Plastikan/ Backstabbers RULES AND REGULATIONS
 Nepotism/Favoritism
 Crab Mentality  Rules refer to an established and authoritative
 Always Late standard of principle; a general norm mandating or
 Tsismoso/Tsimosa guiding conduct or action in a given type of situation.
 Pakialamero  Regulations: The word 'regulation' is used to denote
 Paasa a set of rules that have legal connotations.
 Mañana Habit
 Dirty Minded Characteristics of Rules and Regulations
 Pilosopo
 Too much hospitability Nature:
 Ningas Kugon Lack of historical knowledge  Rules are being used to restrict certain procedure.
 Padrino System  Regulations are being used to control certain
procedure.
Crab Mentality "If I can't have it, neither can you!"
Balat-Sibuyas "Filipino's extra-sensitivity to insults." Official State:
 Rules are not official in use.
Filipinos have a colonial mentality which is made up  Regulations are official in use.
of two dimensions:
-the first is a lack of patriotism or an active awareness, Context:
appreciation and love of the Philippines.  Rules pertain to games, sports and the like.
-the second is an actual preference for things foreign.  Regulations pertain to a workplace such as an office
or a firm.
Other Weaknesses of Filipino Character
WHAT IS A LAW? reoccurring behavior. Consequences should be
accompanied with relevant scripture memorization.
 the system of rules which a particular country or There should be apologies with forgiveness granted.
community recognizes as regulating the actions of its
members and which it may enforce by the THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE
imposition of penalties. PHILIPPINES - ARTICLE III
 a rule defining correct procedure or behavior in a
sport. ARTICLE III BILL OF RIGHTS
 a statement of fact, deduced from observation, to
the effect that a particular natural or scientific Bill of rights
phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions are  It establishes the relationship of the individual to the
present. State and defines. the rights of the individual by
limiting the lawful powers of the State.
IMPORTANCE OF RULES, REGULATIONS AND LAWS  Bill of Rights is the first 10 Amendments to the
-Regulates our own behavior Constitution. It guarantees civil rights and liberties to
-Guarantee rights and freedom the individual-like freedom of speech, press, and
-Produce sense of justice religion. It sets rules for due process of law and
-Essential for economy reserves all powers not delegated to the Federal
-Maintain civil behavior Government to the people or the States.
-More harmony in the community  A bill of rights, sometimes called a declaration of
rights or a charter of rights, is a list of the most
ESSENTIAL FOR ECONOMY (CHARACTERISTICS OF A important rights to the citizens of a country. The
MARKET ECONOMY) purpose is to protect those rights against
-Private property infringement from public officials and private
-Freedom of choice citizens.
-Motivate self-interest
-Competition Bill of rights
-Limited government  Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in
-System of markets and prices their persons, houses, papers, and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever
FAMILY RULES AND CONSEQUENCES nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and
no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue
 Destructive except upon probable cause to be determined
Replace with Money or Work personally by the judge after examination under oath
 Not Caring for Things or affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses
Things Taken Away Temporarily or Permanently he may produce, and particularly describing the
place to be searched and the persons or things to be
 Irresponsible seized.
No Privileges Outside the Home  Section 3. (1) The privacy of communication and
correspondence shall be inviolable except upon
 Talking Back lawful order of the court, or when public safety or
"Try it Again." order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law. (2)
Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the
 Big Messes preceding section shall be inadmissible for any
They are in Charge of Cleaning it Up purpose in any proceeding.
 Section 4. No law shall be passed abridging the
 Spitting freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press, or
Clean-Up and Time Away the right of the people peaceably to assemble and
petition the government for redress of grievances.
 Poor Behavior with Others
Learn to Say Sorry FREEDOM IS:
 the state of being free or at liberty rather than in
 Hitting confinement or under physical restraint:
Time Out  exemption from external control, interference,
regulation, etc.
 Interrupting  the power to determine action without restraint.
Wait 5 mins before they get to engage with you  political or national independence.
 personal liberty, as opposed to bondage or slavery.
 Not Obeying Babysitter
Make Them Pay You Back
ON FREEDOM LIMITS
 Bedtime Troubles -These freedoms, of course, aren't absolute. I can't yell
Earlier Bedtime the Next Night "fire!" in a crowded movie theater when I know no fire
exists, to cite a famous example of the limitations
 Whining & Crying imposed on free speech. Nor can I threaten to detonate
Time Away to Get Composure an imaginary bomb on a plane (even writing that phrase
in a post is likely to attract the attention of the Office of
All consequences should be given in a calm, cool voice. Homeland Security). Nor, to paraphrase another famous
Kids should be given consequences when it is a line, can I swing my fist into the space your nose happens
to occupy. In other words, to state the obvious, we're all
free within limits.
*Even freedom has its own restrictions.
FREEDOM=FOUNDATION OF MORALITY
 Freedom is understood as either having the ability to
act or change without constraint or to possess the
power and resources to fulfill one's purposes. In one
definition, something is "free" if it can change easily
and is not constrained in its present state. In
philosophy and religion. Freedom is sometimes
associated with having free will and being without
undue or unjust constraints, or enslavement, and is
an idea closely tied with the concept of Negative
liberty.
 the power or right to act, speak, or think as one
wants without hindrance or restraint: "we do have
some freedom of choice
Schools Of Jurisprudence
 Natural Law
 By virtue of human nature, reasonable people can
reason objectively about what is moral; what is good
or bad for themselves, others, society.
 Assumes people can see beyond selfish self- and
group interests.
 Validity of natural law depends upon an inherent
sense of justice; moral judgements.
 Natural law is related to, but distinct from, natural
rights.
-The declaration articulates natural rights
-Big question for natural law: "how must I behave
towards other human beings"
-The big question for natural rights: "what are my rights
that other people and public officials have to respect?"
 Legal Positivism
 The law is the law is the law is the law
 Law givers are the law givers
 Law is what the judge says the law is Judges should
not appeal to morality, justice, a sense of right or
wrong. Just 'the law'.
 Society must comply
 Validity and legitimacy are not tied to an inherent
sense of justice, but to authority
-As long as the right people follow the rules, the law is
valid.
-Consider Hans Kelsen example.
 Civil law systems typically follow the positivist school
-Questions of justice and morality are for legislators, not
judges, to debate.
-The US is very positive law oriented.
Jurisprudence
 The study of the theory and philosophy of law rather
than the study of the legal system.
 Derived from two Late Latin words
”Juris”-Law
“Prudenta”-Wisdom, Knowledge, Foreseeing
 A Jurist- A Scholar of Jurisprudence
MORAL AND NON MORAL STANDARDS
 Moral Standards pertain to the rules people have
about the kind of actions they believe are morally
right and wrong, as well as the values they place on
the kind of objects they believe are morally good and
morally bad.
 Moral standards are also referred to as moral values
and moral principles. On the other hand, usual
examples of non-moral standards include rules of
etiquette, fashion standards, rules in games, and
various house rules.
 Non-moral standards, on the other hand, are the
rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical
considerations. Either these standards are not
necessarily linked to morality or by nature lack
ethical sense.
Moral standard= Moral principle
 Moral principles are proposed for use, to advise, and
to influence one's actions. Retroactively, this feature
of moral principles is used to evaluate one's
behavior, to assign praise and blame, and to produce
feelings of satisfaction or of guilt.
 If a person violates a moral standard by telling a lie
even to fulfill a special purpose, it is not surprising if
he/she starts feeling guilty or being ashamed of his
behavior afterwards.
Structural moral dilemma
 structural moral dilemmas pertain to cases involving
network of institutions and operative theoretical
paradigms. As they usually encompass multi-sectoral
institutions and organizations, they may be larger in
scope and extent than organizational dilemmas.
 An example is the prices of medicine in the
Philippines which are higher compared to other
countries in Asia and in countries of similar economic
status. Factors affecting medicine prices include the
cost of research, presence of competition in the
market, government regulations, and patent
protection.
 Ethicists believe that technically speaking, religious
rules, some traditions, and legal statutes (e.g. laws
and ordinances) are non-moral principles, though
they can be considered as moral standards too as
they can be ethically relevant, depending on some
factors and contexts.
Moral Vs Non Moral standards
Examples:
-Wearing shorts to a formal dinner party is non moral
conduct.
-Coming in informal dress to office is also a non moral
behavior.
-Attending calls during a meeting is also a non moral act.
What are some examples of moral standards?
-Always tell the truth
-Do not destroy property
-Have courage
-Keep your promises
-Do not cheat
-Treat others as you want to be treated
-Do not judge
-Be dependable
-Be forgiving
-Have integrity
Dilemma
 a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made
between two or more alternatives, especially equally
undesirable ones
Personal dilemma
 are those experienced and resolved on the personal
level. Since many ethical decisions are personally
made, many, if not most of, moral dilemmas fall
under, or boil down to, this level.

Organizational Dilemmas
 Basically, ethical cases encountered and resolved by
social organizations are organizational moral
dilemmas. This category includes moral dilemmas in
business, medical field, and public sector.
 Moral dilemmas also arise in professional work.
Administrative bodies in business are confronted
with situations in which several courses of action are
possible but none of them provide a totally
successful outcome to those affected by the decision
or actions taken.

STRUCTURAL MORAL DILEMMA

EXAMPLES: OVERLAP IN ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
IRRESPONSIBLE MEMBERS VS, UNRESPONSIVE MEMBERS
SENIORITY