Lecture 1.4 - Week 3 Monday - Kinetics

AMME2500
MODULE 1 – DYNAMICS
OF POINT-MASS SYSTEMS
Lecture 1.4 Kinetics of Particles (continued)
Matthew Cleary
School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering,
University of Sydney
Last Lecture
• Kinematics of particles:
• Relative Motion
• Constrained Motion
• Kinetics of Particles:
• Force, Mass and Acceleration
AMME2500 Engineering Dynamics | 2

Today’s Lecture
• Kinetics of Particles:
• Review of force, mass and acceleration
• Solving problems in rectangular coordinates

Free Body Diagrams and Forces
• Types of force commonly encountered in dynamics problems:
• Weight: Force of gravitational attraction
• Tension: Force owing to tension in an attached cable/tether/cord
• Contact Force: force exerted by a solid surface that maintains a position constraint
between and object and the surface (acts perpendicular to surface at contact point)
• Friction: force exerted by a solid surface on an object, or between objects, that acts
tangential to their surface directions at the contact point
• Friction is often modeled as Coulomb friction for dry surfaces (force proportionate to normal
force between objects)
• Spring/Elastic Force: Force exerted by elastic, spring like objects on one another
based on the compressive displacement between them.
• Spring force is typically modeled using Hooke’s Law, in which the force exerted is
proportional to the compressive displacement w.r.t an equilibrium state
W = mg







Direction of
motion or
force

Direction of
motion or
force
<= μR
R
Direction of
motion or
0<μ<1 force
static: μ = μs
<= μR
kinetic (moving) μ = μk R

Equilibrium
position

Equilibrium
position x = sx
F = -ksx
Equilibrium
position x = sx
x = -sx
F = -ksx
= -k(-sx)
= ksx (to right)
x = -sx
Equations of Motion from Newton’s Laws
The motion of a particle is governed by Newton’s second law, relating
the unbalanced forces on a particle to its acceleration. If more than one
force acts on the particle, the equation of motion can be written
åF = FR = ma
where FR is the resultant force, which is a vector summation of all the

forces.

Example 1.4.1: 1 DOF
• Consider two frictionless pulley
systems. Case 1 has mass with a
10N weight connected via an
inextensible cord to a mass with
a 30N weight. Case two has a
mass with a 10N weight on one
side and a constant tension force
of 30N is applied on the other.
• Which is true? (Hint: which case

has the greatest tension force?)
(A) For both case 1 and 2, the acceleration of block A is zero

(B) Block A will accelerate upwards faster for case 1 than case 2
(C) Block A will accelerate upwards faster for case 2 than case 1
(D) In both cases, block A will have the same upward acceleration
Equations of Motion: Rectangular Coordinates
Vector Form: åF = ma
Rectangular coordinates:
åFx i + åFy j + åFz k = m(ax i + ay j + az k)
Equivalent to three scalar equations:
åFx = max, åFy = may, and åFz = maz.
These forms of the rectangular equations of motion are best used when
the problem requires finding forces (especially forces perpendicular to
the path), accelerations, velocities, or mass.

Procedure for Developing Equations of Motion
1) Select a convenient inertial coordinate system. Rectangular,

normal/tangential, or cylindrical coordinates may be used.
2) Draw a free-body diagram showing all external forces applied to the

particle. Resolve forces into their appropriate components.
3) Apply the equations of motion 𝚺F = FR = ma in scalar component

form and solve these equations for the unknowns.
4) It may be necessary to apply the kinematic relations and constraints

to generate additional equations.

Example 1.4.2: Rectangular Coordinates
• A 200kg cable car runs along a
fixed overhead cable (with slope
5/12) and is pulled along by a
horizontal control cable with
constant tension T = 2.4kN.
Determine (a) the magnitude of
force exerted by the overhead
cable on the car wheels and (b)
the acceleration of the cable car.

• A 200kg log is hauled up a 30o ramp T
by applying tension T to a rope
attached to one end. If the coefficient
of static friction between the log and
ramp is μs = 0.55 and the coefficient
of kinetic friction is μk = 0.5, determine
the acceleration of the block up the
slope for:
(a) T = 1500N and (b) T = 2500N

• The same 200kg log is now
connected via a pulley system to a
125kg suspended block and released
from rest as shown. Determine the
velocity of the block when it hits the
ground.

Next Lecture
• Kinetics of particles:
• Solving problems in n-t coordinates
• Numerical methods for solving kinetics problems
• Work and Energy
• Suggested Reading
• Mariam, Kraige and Bolton: Section 3/6, 3/7 3/8, 3/9

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where FR is the resultant force, which is a vector summation of all the

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• Which is true? (Hint: which case

(A) For both case 1 and 2, the acceleration of block A is zero

åFx i + åFy j + åFz k = m(ax i + ay j + az k)

Equivalent to three scalar equations:

åFx = max, åFy = may, and åFz = maz.

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1) Select a convenient inertial coordinate system. Rectangular,

2) Draw a free-body diagram showing all external forces applied to the

3) Apply the equations of motion 𝚺F = FR = ma in scalar component

4) It may be necessary to apply the kinematic relations and constraints

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