Directional Drilling PDF

Directional Drilling
By
Prof. Abdel-Alim Hashem
Cairo University
Garib 16/04 – 20/04/2006
Directional and Horizontal Drilling 1
• When is it used?
• Type I Wells (build and hold)
• Type II Wells (build, hold and drop)
• Type III Wells (build)
• Directional Well Planning & Design
• Survey Calculation Methods

1
What is Directional Drilling?
Directional Drilling is the process of directing a
wellbore along some trajectory to a
predetermined target.
Basically it refers to drilling in a non-vertical

direction. Even “vertical” hole sometimes require
directional drilling techniques.
Examples: Slanted holes, high angle holes (far

from vertical), Extended Reach Holes, and
Horizontal holes
Example Directional Wellbore
2
Non-Vertical
Wellbore θ, α or I
Inclination Angle
n
li natio Z Axis (True Vertical Depth)
Inc e Y
Plan
North
Direction
Angle φ, ε or A
Direction Plane X
Plan view of a typical oil and gas structure under a lake showing how directional
wells could be used to develop it. Best locations? Drill from lake?
Lease Boundary
Surface Location for Well No. 1

Surface
Location for
Well No. 2
Bottom Hole Location for Well 2
Houses
Oil-Water
Contact
3
Top View
NOTE: All the

wells are
directional 5 - 50 wells
per platform
Typical offshore development platform with directional

wells.
Drilling Rig Inside Building
Developing a field under a city using irectionally

drilled wells.
4
Why not
drill from Maximum
top of lateral
mountain Displacement ?
?
Drilling of directional wells where the reservoir is beneath

a major surface obstruction.
Cement Plug Fish Lost in Hole and

Unable to Recover
Sidetracked Hole
Around Fish
Sidetracking
around a fish.
5
Using an old
well to explore Oil Producing
Well Ready to
for new oil by Abandon
sidetracking
Sidetracked
out of the Out of Casing
casing and
drilling Possible
New Oil
directionally.
Old Oil Reservoir
Horizontal
Departure
to Target
Type II
Build-hold and Drop (“S Type”)
Type I Build and Build-hold Drop and/or
Hold Type Hold (Modified “S” Type)
Continuous
Type III Build
Major types of wellbore trajectories.
6
Type I Build and Hold Type
Type II Build-hold and Drop (“S Type”)
Type III Continuous Build

Major types of wellbore trajectories.
Geometry of the build

section.
Build Section
θ Build Radius:
18,000
r1 =
π * BUR
7
Build Section:
Length of arc, L1 = r1θ1 1
Vertical depth = C’D’ = r1 sin θ1
Horiz. Depart. = DD’ = r1 (1-cos θ1 )

L1 100
r1 = =
θ1 π
θ1 * 18,000
180 r1 =
rad deg π * BUR
BUR = build rate in deg/100 ft
Start of r1
Buildup
End of Build
Type II
Drop Off
r2
Target
x3
x4
Build-hold-and drop for the case where:
r1 < x 3 and r1 + r 2 < x 4
8
Type II
Kickoff
End of Build
Maximum
Inclination
Angle
Build-hold-and
drop for the case Drop Off
where:
Target
r1 < x3 and r1 + r2 > x4
Projected Well Path

Lead Angle
Surface
Location for
Well No. 2
Target at a
Lake
TVD 9,659
Plan View
9
Example 1: Design of
Directional Well
Design a directional well with the following
restrictions:
•Total horizontal departure = 4,500 ft

•True vertical depth (TVD) = 12,500 ft
•Depth to kickoff point (KOP) = 2,500 ft
•Rate of build of hole angle = 1.5 deg/100 ft
Example 1: Design
of Directional Well
This is a Type I well (build
and hold)
2500’
1. Determine the maximum Imax
hole angle (inclination) TVD1
required. 10,000’
2. What is the total
HD1
measured depth of the Imax
hole (MD)? 4,500’
10
Type I: Build-and-Hold
2500’
Imax
TVD1 12,500’
10,000’
HD1 Imax
4,500’ BUR = 1.5 deg/100 ft
0’
Uniform 1o 30’
Increase in
Drift per 100 ft
of hole drilled
o
10,000’ Try Imax = 27 ??
Vert.
Depth
4,500’ Horizontal
Directional Deviation
and Horizontal Drilling 22
11
1,734
27o
416
Solution
Type I Well 1.5 deg/100’
2500’ Available depth
= 12,500 - 2,500
Imax
TVD1 = 10,000’
10,000’
From Chart,
o
Imax Try Imax = 27
HD1
12
Build Section
From chart of 1.5 deg/100’, with Imax = 27o
In the BUILD Section:
MD1 = 1,800’ (27/1.5)
Imax
TVD1 TVD1 = 1,734’
HD1 = 416’
8,266’ Imax Remaining vertical height
HD1
= 10,000 - 1,734 = 8,266’
Solution
Horizontally:
416 + 8,266 tan 27o = 4,628
We need 4,500’ only:
27o Next try Imax = 25’ 30 min
8,266’
MD2 = 1,700’ (25.5/1.5)
TVD2 = 1,644’
4,212’
HD2 = 372’
13
1,644
27o
372
Solution:
Remaining vertical depth = 10,000-1,644
= 8,356 ft.
Horizontal departure = 372 + 8,356 tan25.5
= 4,358 ft. { <4,500 }
27 + 25.5
= 26.25
Approx. maximum angle = 2
4,628 + 4,358
What is the size of target? = 4,493
2
…within 7 ft
14
MD = MDvert + MDbuild + MDhold
8, 266
M D at 27 o = 2, 500 + 1, 800 +
cos 27 o
= 13,577'
8,356
M D at 25.5 o = 2,500 + 1,700 +
cos 25.5 o
= 13,458'
∴ M D ≅ 13,520'
Type II Pattern
Given: KOP = 2,000 feet

TVD = 10,000 feet
Horiz. Depart. = 2,258 feet
o
Build Rate = 2 per 100 feet
o
Drop Rate = 1 30’ per 100 feet
The first part of the calculation is the same

as previously described.
15
Procedure - Find:
g a) The usable depth (8,000 feet)
g b) Maximum angle at completion of
buildup (e.g., try 18o)
using 2o/100 ft chart
g c) Measured depth and vertical
depth at completion of buildup
(M.D. = 900 ft. and TVD = 886)
g d) Measured depth, horizontal
departure and TVD for
1.5o/100 ft from chart.
Solution
g For the distances corresponding to
the sides of the triangle in the middle:
g Add up the results.

g If not close enough, try a
different value for the maximum
inclination angle, Imax
16
Horizontal
N View
Vertical
View
We may plan a 2-D well, but we always
get a 3D well (not all in one plane)
Bottom Hole Location
Direction : N 53D E
Distance : 2,550 ft
TVD : 10,000
E = 2,550 sin 53 D
= 2,037 ft
N = 2,550 cos 53 D
= 1,535 ft
Closure = 2,550 = E2 + N2
⎛E⎞
Closure Direction = tan -1⎜ ⎟ = 53o
⎝N⎠
17
Survey Calculation Methods
1. Tangential Method
= Backward Station Method
= Terminal Angle Method
Assumption:
Hole will maintain constant
inclination and azimuth angles,
IB and AB , between survey points.
A
Known : Location of A
Distance AB
IA Angles IA , IB
Angles A A , AB
IB Calculation : VAB = AB cos IB
HAB = AB sin IB
B
Poor accuracy!!
IB
18
Average Angle Method or Angle
Averaging Method
Assumption: Borehole is parallel to the

simple average drift and bearing
angles between any two stations.
Known: Location of A, Distance AB,

Angles I A , IB , A A , A B
A
Average Angle Method
IA (i) Simple enough for field use

(ii) Much more accurate than
IB “Tangential” Method
IAVG ⎛ I + IB ⎞
I avg = ⎜ A ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
B
⎛ A + AB ⎞
A avg = ⎜ A ⎟
IAVG ⎝ 2 ⎠
19
A Average Angle Method
Vertical Plane:
IA
⎛ I + IB ⎞
I avg = ⎜ A ⎟
IB ⎝ 2 ⎠
IAVG V AB = AB cos Iavg
B H AB = AB sin Iavg
IAVG

N Horizontal Plane:
AB H AB = AB sin Iavg
B
∆ E = AB sin Iavg sin A avg
AAVG AAVG ∆N ∆ N = AB sin Iavg cos A avg
AA ∆ Z = AB cos Iavg
∆E
E
A
20
Change in position towards the east:
⎛I +I ⎞ ⎛ A + AB ⎞
∆ x = ∆ E = L sin ⎜ A B ⎟ sin ⎜ A ⎟..(1)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Change in position towards the north:
⎛I +I ⎞ ⎛ A + AB ⎞
∆ y = ∆ N = L sin ⎜ A B ⎟ cos ⎜ A ⎟..( 2 )
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Change in depth:
⎛I +I ⎞
∆ Z = L cos ⎜ A B ⎟ ..( 3 )
⎝ 2 ⎠
Where L is the measured distance
between the two stations A & B (∆MDAB).
Example - Average Angle

The coordinates of a point in a wellbore are:
x = 1,000 ft (easting)
y = 2,000 ft (northing)
z = 3,000 ft (depth)
At this point (station) a wellbore survey shows that

the inclination is 15 degrees from vertical, and the
direction is 45 degrees east of north. The
measured distance between this station and the
next is 300 ft….
21
Example
The coordinates of point 1 are:
x1 = 1,000 ft (easting)
o
y1 = 2,000 ft (northing) I1 = 15
o
z1 = 3,000 ft (depth) A1 = 45
L12 = 300 ft
o o
At point 2, I2 = 25 and A2 = 65
Find x2 , y2 and z2
Solution
⎛ I + I ⎞ ⎛ 15 + 25 ⎞
I avg = ⎜ 1 2 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 20
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ A + A 2 ⎞ ⎛ 45 + 65 ⎞
A avg = ⎜ 1 ⎟=⎜ ⎟ = 55
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
H12 = L12 sin Iavg = 300 sin 20 = 103 ft
∆E = H12 sin Aavg = 103 sin 55 = 84 ft
∆N = H12 cos Aavg = 103 cos 55 = 59 ft
∆Z = L12 cos Iavg = 300 cos 20 = 282 ft
22
Solution - cont’d
∆E = 84 ft
∆N = 59 ft
∆Z = 282 ft
x2 = x1 + ∆E = 1,000 + 84 ft = 1,084 ft
y2 = y1 + ∆N = 2,000 + 59 ft = 2,059 ft
z2 = z1 + ∆Z = 3,000 + 282 ft = 3,282 ft
• Tool-Face Angle
• Ouija Board
• Dogleg Severity
• Reverse Torque of Mud Motor
• Examples
23
I1 = 16 deg Problem
I2 = 12 deg
∆A = 12 deg
Solution Tool Face (γ)
β = 5 deg
γ = 152 deg
Graphical Ouija Analysis.

Over one short drilled interval

GIVEN:
o
1. α = 16
2. ∆ε = 12
o Tool Face (γ)
Solution
o
3. αΝ = 12
o
2
l i nat i on = 1
nc
New I ∆ε = 12o
γ=?
o o
Initial Inclination = 16
β=?
o
24
Ouija Board
1
3 4&5
γ = 151
o
Ouija
Board β = 5.0
25
Basis of chart
construction is a
trigonometric
β relationship
α illustrated by two
intersecting planes
αΝ
To calculate
β = dogleg angle
∆ε
Problem 1
Determine the new direction (εΝ)

for a whipstock set at 705 m (depth)
with a tool-face setting of 45o right of
high side for a course length of 10 m.
The inclination is 7o and the direction is

N15W. The curve of the whipstock will
cause a total angle change of 3o/ 30 m.
26
Problem 1
o
α=7 (inclination)
o
ε = 345 (azimuth - N15W)
γ = 45
o
o
γ = 45 (tool face angle)
L = 10 m (course length)
o
δ = 3 / 30 m (dogleg severity)
εΝ = ?
o
Solution to Problem 1- Part 1

I. Calculate β. The dogleg severity,
δ β 3o β
= =
i L 30 m 10 m
3 D ∗ 10 m
∴β =
30 m ∴ β = 1o
27
2. Calculate the direction change, ∆ε.
⎛ tan β sin γ ⎞
∆ ε = arc tan ⎜ ⎟
⎜ sin α + tan β cos α cos γ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ tan 1D sin 45 D ⎞
∆ ε = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ sin 7 D + tan 1D cos 7 D cos 45 D ⎟
⎝ ⎠
New direction = 3450 + 5.30 = 350.30
∆ ε = tan − 1 0 . 092027 ≅ 5 . 3 D
εN = N9.7W
Problem 2
o γ
Determine where to set the tool face angle,
foroa jetting bit to go from a direction of 10 to
30 and from an inclination of 3o to 5o. Also
calculate the dogleg severity, assuming that
the trajectory change takes 60 ft.
α = 5D
α=3 o N
ε = 30 D
ε = 10o N
L = 60 ft
Find γ and δ
28
1. Find β using Equation 8.53
β = cos − 1 [ cos ∆ ε sin α N sin α + cos α N cos α ]
∆ ε = 30 o − 10 o = 20 o
β = cos −1 [ cos 20 o sin 5 o sin 3 o + cos 5 o cos 3 o ]

−1
= cos 0 . 999116
Dogleg Angle β = 2 .4097 o
2. Now calculate γ from equation 8.48.
−1 ⎡ cos α cos β − cos α N ⎤

γ = cos ⎢ ⎥
⎣ sin α sin β ⎦
⎡ cos 3 0 cos 2 . 4097 0 − cos 5 0 ⎤
γ = cos −1
⎢ ⎥
⎣ sin 3 0 sin 2 . 4097 0 ⎦
γ = cos − 1 0 .7052
Dogleg Angle γ = 45 .15 o

29
3. The dogleg severity,
β
o
2.4097
δ = (i) = ∗ 100
L 60
δ = 4.01o / 100 ft
Alternate solution: Use Ouija Board

Solution to Example 6.
30
Problem 3
Determine the dogleg severity following a jetting run

o o
where the inclination was changed from 4.3 to 7.1 and the
direction from N89E to S80E over a drilled interval of 85
feet. 1. Solve by calculation.
2. Solve using Ragland diagram
α = 4 .3 o L = 85 ft α N = 7.1 o
ε = 89 o
ε N = 100 o
∆α = 7.1 - 4.3 = 2.8. ∆ε = 100 - 89 = 11

Solution to Problem 3- Part 1a
1. From Equation 8.55

1/ 2
⎡−1 ∆α ∆ε ⎛ α + αN ⎞⎤
β = 2 sin ⎢ sin 2 + sin 2 sin 2 ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ 2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
1/ 2
⎡
−1 2 .8 11 ⎛ 4 .3 + 7 .1 ⎞ ⎤
β = 2 sin ⎢ sin 2 + sin 2 sin 2 ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ 2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
β = 3.01o
31
Solution to Problem 3- Part 1b
From Equation 8.43,

the dogleg severity,
β 3 . 01
δ = (i) = ∗ 100
L 85
δ = 3 . 54 o
/ 100 ft

2. Construct line of length α (4.3 units)
Measure angle ∆ε (11o )
Construct line of length αN (7.1 units)
Measure length β
(Measure angle γ) 4.3 γ
o
Ragland Diagram 11 β
β = 3 , γ = 17
o o 7.1
32
Some Equations to Calculate β
Eq. 8.53 β = 2.99305897 deg

β = arc cos(cos ∆ ε sin α N sin α + cos α cos α N )
Eq. 8.54 β = 2.99305897 deg 2.99305897
cosβ = cos∆ε sinα N sin α + cos ∆α − sin α sin α N
Eq. 8.55 β = 3.00506938 deg

⎛ ∆α ⎞ 2 ⎛ ∆ε ⎞ 2⎛ α + αN ⎞
β = 2 arc sin sin 2 ⎜ ⎟ + sin ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Overall Angle Change and Dogleg

Severity
Equation 8derived by Lubinski is used to
construct Figure 32, a nomograph for
determining the total angle change β and
the dogleg severity, δ.
33
Fig. 32: Chart
for determining
dogleg severity
(α+αΝ)/2 = 5.7o
αΝ − α = 2.8o
β = 3o
∆ε = 11o
δ = 3.5o/100 ft
34
(α+αΝ)/2
= 5.7o
(4.3+7.1)/2
∆ε = 11o
αΝ − α = 2.8o
(7.1 – 4.3)
β = 3o
35
β = 3o
L = 85 ft δ = 3.5o/100 ft
(α+αΝ)/2 = 5.7o
αΝ − α = 2.8o
β = 3o
∆ε = 11o
δ = 3.5o/100 ft
36
Fig. 35
Example of
Desired Direction high side of
wellbore
Direction showing
of Hole
S48W
Right how it
Left corresponds
to a Ouija
Low Side
diagram.
High Side of High Side, γ = 0o

Hole S48W
N53W = 307o
o
S48W = 228
∆ε = ?
o
o o
307o - 228 = 79
o
∆ε = 79
37
εΝ = 307
o
∆ε = 79
o
ε = 228
o
Example 8.10
Design a kickoff for the wellbore in Fig. 8.35.

ε = S48W = 228o εN = N53W = 307o
α = 2o L = 150 ft αN = 6o
∆ε = 79o Find β, γ and δ
ο ο
From Ouija Board β = 5.8 , γ = 97
38
New Where to Set the Tool Face
Direction
ο
β = 5.8
ο
γ = 97
High
Side
Present Direction
Fig. 36: Solution for Example 8.10.
Dogleg Severity
From Equation 8.43
the dogleg severity,
β 5 .8
δ = (i) = ∗ 100
L 150
δ = 3 . 87 o
/ 100 feet
39
o o
With jetting bit: 325 345
θM = 20
o
o
307
Fig. 36:
Solution for
Example
o
8.10. 228
Tool Face Where to Set the Tool Face

Setting
Compensating for Reverse
New Torque of the Motor
Direction
High Present
Side Direction
High
Side
Fig. 36: Solution for Example 8.10.

40
Problem 4 - Torque and Twist
1.Calculate the total angle change (twist) of

3,650 ft. of 4 1/2 inches (3.826 ” ID) Grade E
16.60 #/ft drill pipe and 300 ft. of 7” drill
collars (2 13/16” ID) for a bit-generated
torque of 1,000 ft-lbf.
Assume that the motor has the same
properties as the 7” drill collars. Shear
modules of steel, G = 11.5*106 psi.
2. What would be the total angle change if
7,300 ft. of drill pipe were used?
Solution to Problem 4
From Equation 56,

⎛ ML ⎞ ⎛ ML ⎞ ⎛ ML ⎞
θM = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟
⎝ GJ ⎠ motor ⎝ GJ ⎠BHA ⎝ GJ ⎠ drillstrin g
for Pipe, J =
π
32
(
OD 4 − ID 4 =
π
32
) (
4.5 4 − 3.826 4 = 19 .22 in 4)
for Collars, J =
π 4
32
(
7 − 2 . 813 4 = 229 . 6 in 4 )
41
Solution to Problem 4, cont.
M ⎡⎛ L ⎞ ⎛L⎞ ⎤
∴ θM = ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ radians
G ⎢⎣ ⎝ J ⎠ collars ⎝ J ⎠ pipe ⎥⎦
in
1,000 ft − lbf ∗ 12
= ft ⎡ 300 ∗ 12 in + 3 ,650 ∗ 12 in ⎤
⎢ 4 4 ⎥
6 lbf ⎢ 229 . 6 in 19 . 22 in ⎥⎦
11 . 5 ∗ 10 ⎣
in 2
= 0 . 001043 [15 . 68 + 2 ,279 ] = 2 . 394 radians

180 deg
∴ θ = 2 . 394 rad ∗ = 137 . 2 o
π rad
Solution to Problem 4, cont.
If Length of drillpipe = 7,300 ft.,

θM = 0.001043 [15.68 + 2 * 2,279 ]
180 deg
= 4.77 radians *
π rad
θ M = 273 .3 o ~ 3/4 revolution!
{ 137.2 * 2 = 274.4 }
42
Directional Drilling Survey
Calculation Methods and
Terminology
Bulletin on Directional Drilling Survey

Calculation Methods and Terminology
h20 Different surveying techniques

⇓
⇓
h6
⇓
h4 +
hThe important equations from this Bulletin
are summarized at the end of Lesson 11.
43
Example: Model Wellbore

Unidirectional Wellbore
Direction -- Due North

o
Buildup Rate -- 5 /100 feet
o
Terminal Angle -- 60
Total survey Depth -- 1,200 feet
44
• Note: In the following tables, a 15 foot
survey tool length was assumed, with
measured angles appropriately backed off
for this distance. All methods, except
Mercury*, assume a zero length survey
tool or that the depth was adjusted so that
measured depth and actual record depth
coincided.
25’ Survey Interval
Calculation Method TVD* North

Displacement
Tangential 986.10(-6.29) 583.76(+10.8)
Balanced Tangential 992.35(-.04) 572.94(-.02)
Minimum Curvature 992.39(0) 572.96(0)
Radius of Curvature 992.39(0) 572.96(0)
Mercury* 992.45(+0.6) 572.84(-.12)
Average Angle 992.41(+.02) 572.97(+.01)
( ) Difference from “Actual”
45
Displacement
Tangential 966.76(-25.63) 615.90(+42.94)
Balanced Tangential 991.76(-.63) 572.59(-.37)
Mercury* 991.86(+.53) 572.76(-.20)
Average Angle 992.71(+.32) 573.14(+.18)
( ) Difference from Actual

Displacement
Tangential 939.87(-52.52) 658.11(+85.15)
Balanced Tangential 989.87(-2.52) 571.5 (-1.46)
Mercury* 989.97(-2.42) 572.01(-.95)
Average Angle 993.65(+1.26) 573.69(+.73)
( ) Difference from Actual
46
hAll methods are pretty good except for

the tangential method.
hDiscrepancy depends on survey

interval; 25 feet, 100 feet, 200 feet ...
hMinimum curvature vs. radius of

curvature
Definitions
47
Wellbore Survey Calculation Methods...
Refers to the mathematical methods and

assumptions used in reconstructing the path
of the wellbore and in generating the space
curve path of the wellbore from inclination
and direction angle measurements taken
along the wellbore.
These measurements are obtained from
magnetic or gyroscopic instruments of either
the single-shot or multi-shot type.
Acceleration Method
Utilizes the angles at the top and bottom of
the course length and from these generates
a curve on the assumption that the measured
angles change smoothly from top to bottom
of the measured course as though under the
influence of a constant force of acceleration.
The results obtained are the same as the
“Balanced Tangential”, “Trapezoidal” and
the “Vector Averaging” Methods.
48
Uses the angles measured at both the top

and bottom of the course length in such a
fashion that the average of the two sets of
measured angles is the assumed inclination
and direction.
The wellbore survey is then calculated
tangentially using these averaged angles
over the course length.
Backward Station Method
Refer to “Tangential Method”.
49
Balanced Tangential Method
Uses the inclination and direction angles at
the top and bottom of the course length in a
manner so as to tangentially balance the
two sets of measured angles over the
course length.
Results obtained are the same as the
“Acceleration” ,“Trapezoidal” and
“Vector Averaging” Methods.
Circular Arc Method

Uses both sets of measured angles
associated with each course length to
recreate the wellbore path as a sequence of
circular arcs constrained by the measured
angles to pass through the end points with
inclination and direction angles as
measured.
50
Compensated Acceleration
Method:
Refer to “Mercury Method”.
Combined Method:
Refer to “Mercury Method”.
Great Circle Method:
Refer to “Minimum Curvature
Method”.
Mercury Method
A combination of the “Tangential” and the
“Balanced Tangential” Methods, so as to
treat that portion of the measured course
defined by the length of the measuring tool
as a straight line (tangentially) and the
remainder of the measured course
trapezoidal.
Also, refer to “ Compensated Acceleration
Method” and “Combined Method.”
51
Minimum Curvature Method
Uses the sets of angles measured at the
top and bottom of the course length to
establish coordinate velocities through
which a space curve (which represents the
calculated path of the wellbore) passes in
a manner that minimizes its total
curvature.
Quadratic Method
A method in math modeling considering
the wellbore as a curve; the projections
into three vertical planes are quadratic
functions.
52
Radius of Curvature Method
Uses the sets of angles measured at the
top and bottom of the course length to
generate a space curve (representing the
wellbore path) that has the shape of a
spherical arc passing through the
measured angles at both the upper and
lower ends of the measured course.
Secant Method
Has been used with two different
meanings:
1) Meaning the “Trapezoidal Method”
2) Meaning the “Average Angle

Method”
53
Simpson’s Rule Method
Uses as many measured angle values as
are available (a minimum of three sets) to
recreate the wellbore path through
Simpson’s rule for numeric integration,
which approximates by passing a parabola
through three points.
Tangential Method
Uses only the inclination and direction

angles measured at the lower end of the
course length. the wellbore path is
assumed to be tangent to these angles
throughout the course.
This method is not recommended.
54
Terminal Angle Method:
Refer to “Tangential Method”.
Three Dimensional Radius

of Curvature Method:
Refer to “Minimum Curvature
Method”.
Trapezoidal Method
Uses of the measured inclination and direction

angles at both ends of the measured course in a
fashion that recreates the wellbore path. This is
done by a sequence of trapezoidal integration
segments using the measured angles as constraints
on the integral over the measured course.
Results obtained are essentially the same as the
“Acceleration,” “Balanced Tangential” and
“Vector Averaging” Methods.
55
Vector Averaging Method
Uses inclination and direction measurements at

both ends of the measured course to establish
vector space directions. It is then assumed that
each of these two vectors is projected for one-half
the course length in creating the wellbore path.
Each “half-course length” segment can be treated
tangentially. Results obtained are essentially the
same as the “Acceleration”, “Balanced
Tangential” ,
and “Trapezoidal” Methods.
56
THE END
57

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Directional Drilling

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 1

• Survey Calculation Methods

Basically it refers to drilling in a non-vertical

Examples: Slanted holes, high angle holes (far

Example Directional Wellbore

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 4

Surface Location for Well No. 1

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 6

NOTE: All the

Typical offshore development platform with directional

Drilling Rig Inside Building

Developing a field under a city using irectionally

Drilling of directional wells where the reservoir is beneath

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 9

Cement Plug Fish Lost in Hole and

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 10

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 11

Major types of wellbore trajectories.

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 12

Type II Build-hold and Drop (“S Type”)

Type III Continuous Build

Geometry of the build

Length of arc, L1 = r1θ1 1

Vertical depth = C’D’ = r1 sin θ1

Horiz. Depart. = DD’ = r1 (1-cos θ1 )

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 15

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 17

Projected Well Path

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 18

•Total horizontal departure = 4,500 ft

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 19

hole (MD)? 4,500’

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 20

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 21

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 25

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 26

Given: KOP = 2,000 feet

The first part of the calculation is the same

g Add up the results.

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 32

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 33

Bottom Hole Location

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 35

Assumption: Borehole is parallel to the

Known: Location of A, Distance AB,

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 37

IA (i) Simple enough for field use

IAVG V AB = AB cos Iavg

Average Angle Method

Example - Average Angle

At this point (station) a wellbore survey shows that

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 43

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 44

• Reverse Torque of Mud Motor

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 46

Graphical Ouija Analysis.

Over one short drilled interval

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 48

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 49

Directional and Horizontal Drilling 50

Determine the new direction (εΝ)