IVIT

Vectors
18 TOPIC

OBJECTIVE

To verify geometrically that x (a + B) =Cx a+cx B.

PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE

Cross product of two vectors i.e.,

axb 1a 161 sin 6

where is the angle between vectors a and b and 0 s0ST. n is the unit vector perpendicular to both
a and b.
ais modulus of a, similarly 1b| = modulus of vector b.
.Distributive property of vector over addition, i.e., x a +6) = xa + xb
Area of parallelogram with adjacent sides a and b is equal to a x b.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Card board
White paper
Pens or pencils
.Cutter
Eraser
Board pins and adhesive

PROCEDURE
.Take a card board and fix a white paper on it with the help of board pins or adhesive.

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Draw a line segment OA = 10 cm (say), let it represent c, i.e., OA = C.

.Draw another line OB = 8 cm (say) at an angle 60° with OA, let it represent a, i.e., OB = a.

.Draw BD = 6 cm (say) making an angle 30° with BC let it represent b, i.e., BD = b.

.From B, draw BG perpendicular to OA.

.From D, draw DH perpendicular to OA. Let DH intersect BC at F, then BF is perpendicular to DH.
.Complete the parallelograms OAED, OACB, BCED as shown in Fig. 18.1.

B,

G 1 0cm H

FIGURE 18.1

DEMONSTRATION
In triangle OBD, according to triangle law,

OD = OB +BD
= +6
Let 2AOD =

x a + 6) = |E1 |7 + b| sin 6 Using cross-product rule)

a xa +6)| = ||| |a +b| sin e|
= Area of parallelogram 0AED ..) (As shown in figure)
x al = Area of parallelogram OACB .
..(ii)
x6 = Area of parallelogram BCED . .(iii)

- BCxBD
Now area of parallelogram OAED
OA x DH (Basex altitude]
= OA x (HF + FD)
= OA x (GB + FD) as GB=HF]|
= OA x GB + OA x FD

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= OA x GB + BCx FD BC =OA]
= Area of parallelograms (OACB + BCED)

x a+6) = | xal + x b|
Direction of all three vectors are perpendicular to the plane, i.e., perpendicular to paper.

x@+) =d xa + x6.

OBSERVATIONS
= |OÄ| = OA = 10 cm

a +
b =
OD| = OD = 14 cm (By measurement)
DH = 10.5 cm, DF = 3 cm, BG = 7.5 cm

xa+b)| Area of parallelogram 0AED

=

(OA) x (DH)
= 10 x 10.5 = 105 cm2 ...U)
Again x a l = Area of parallelogram OACB
(OA) x BG)
= 10 x 7.5 = 75 cm2 ...v)
and 7x b = Area of parallelogram BCED
= (BC)x (DF)
= (OA) x (DF)
= 10 x 3 30 cn ..v)
From (u) and (vi),

xa |7 bl
x = 75 +
30 105 em2
. Using (iv), (v) and (vi), we have

RESULT
This activity prove the distributive property of cross-product over addition.

APPLICATION
This activity can be used to explain the vector produet over addition.

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 CTI IVIT
19 TOPIC VectorsS

OBJECTIVE
To verify that an angle in a semi-circle is a right angle, using vector method.

PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
.Scalar produet of two non-zero vectors d and b ife be an angle between a and b where 0 s 0 s .

L.e., a b a| |6| cos .

.a is modulus of a and lb| is modulus of b.
. I f6 = 90°, then
ab a| 16| cos 90
= 0 as cos 90° = 90°

Dot product of two vectors which are perpendicular or orthogonal will be zero.

O A
a

FIGURE 19.1

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MATERIALS REQUIRED
Card board
White sheet of paper
Pens or pencils
Eraser
Nails
.Protractor
Adhesive

PROCEDURE
Take a card board and fix a white sheet of paper on it with the help of board pins or adhesive.
Draw a circle with centre O and radius 10 em.
Join diameter AOB and radius OC as shown in Fig. 19.2.
Take point D on circumference of circle as shown in Fig. 19.2.
Join AC, AD, OD, CB and BD etc.

Put arrows as shown in Fig. 19.2, i.e., OA, OB, AC, OC, AD, OD and BD, BC using arrow to show
the direction of vectors.

FIGURE 19.2

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DEMONSTRATION

Using protractor angle between AC and BC is 90°.

i.e., LACB = 90°

Similarly, angle between AD and BD is also 90° when measured using a protractor.
i.e., LADB = 90

If we repeat this process taking some more points E, F, G, H, .. on the semi-circle forming AE and BE ;

AF and BF; AG and BG .. etc., we always found that the angle formed by two vectors in semi-circle will
be 90° (right angle).
Hence angle is semi-circle is 90°.

OBSERVATIONS

By actual measurements,
OC = OD = OA| = OB
p =r= a = 10 cm [Radii of circle = 10 em]
i.e.
AC 14.1 cm, |BC| = 14.1

2|OB| 20 Diameter of the circle]

|AB = = cm

|AD| = 18 cm, |BD| = 8.7 cm

Now AB = (20) = 400

AC+BCP = (14.1) +(14.1)

= 198.8+ 198.8
= 397.6 ..(ii)

From (i) and (ii),

ACP +BC = ABP (Approx.)
397.6 4 0 0
Since,
Using converse of Pythagoras theorem, we get 2ACB =90°
AC BC =AC||BC| cos ACB
= AC||BC| cos 90°

= 0

Again 1AD| 18 cm, |BD = 8.7 o

AD + BD| =(18)2 + (8.7)2

= 324+ 75.69
= 399.69

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and ABP 40o

Hence ADP +BDP - AB

So, LADB = 90°

AD BD= |AD |BD|cos ADB

AD BD cos 90

Similarly, it can be proved for the points E, F, G, ..., ie, AEB = 90°; 2APG = 90°; 2AGB = 90,,
Thus the angle in semi-circle is 90°.

RESULTT
Angle in a semi-circle is 90°

APPLICATION
This activity can be used to explain the concept of dot product of two vectors which are inclined at an angle 90

VIVA-VOCE
(For Activities 17, 18, 19)
1. If d and b are two vectors such that angle 4. Ifa and b are perpendieular on each other
between them is 6, then what is cos 0? then a b is equal to
Ans. cos 0 = Ans. Zero.
la|11 5. If a, b and 7 are coplanar then value of
2. If a and b are two vectors such that angle
between them is 0 then what is sin 0? abcis?
Ans. Zero.
a x
Ans. sin :
6. Is do produet in vectors commutativer
l1161
Ans. Yes, dot product in vector is commutative. For
3. What is the formula for projection of a on
example If a and b are to vectors.

Ans. Projection of a on b

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Three Dimentional
20 TOPIC
Geometry

OBJECTIVE
To locate the points in 3-D (space) and measure the distance between two points and verify the
distance using distance formula.

PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
.Knowledge of three dimensional geometry.
Co-ordinates of a point in three-dimension.

Distance formula i.e., D = yx-1+Y2 -1+(22 -z)2

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Card board
Graph paper
Coloured pencil
.Cutter
Eraser
Nails of different lengths
Pieces of wire

PROCEDURE
Take a card board and fix a graph paper on it with the help of board pins.
Draw two perpendicular lines in the middle of graph paper and marked them as x-axis and y-axis i.e, X'OX
and YOY.

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 - X=

2 pm
nail
-24, 2)
nail
(2,3 1T

4-1,2
+23

¢minali

FIGURE 20.1

A t point 0 fix a nail which is perpendicular to the paper and consider it as 2-axis (positive).
Fix nails of length 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm etc. at different points on squared graph paper and named them
as A, B, C, D, ... etc.
Let A (2, 3), B (-2, 4), C (-3, -2), D (4, -1) as at point A we fixed nail of length 1 cm. Co-ordinate of A
at the top of A be (2, 3, 1) in 3-D.
A t point B, we fixed a nail of length 2 cm therefore the co-ordinate of point B be at the tip of point B is
-2, 4, 2).
.We fixed a nail of length 3 cm at point C, so the co-ordinate of the tip of point C is (-3, -2, 3).
.We fixed a nail of length 4 cm at the point D, so the co-ordinate of the tip of point D is (4,-1, 4).
To find the length of AB, AC, AD or other points we join the tips of pins at points with the wire.
Measure the distance using scale.

DEMONSTRATION
Co-ordinate of point A = (2, 3, 1) ITip of nail fixed at point A]
.Co-ordinate of point B = (-2, 4, 2) ITip of nail fixed at point B]
.Co-ordinate of point C = (-3, -2, 3) ITip of nail fixed at point C
.Co-ordinate of point D = (4, -1, 4) ITip of nail fixed at point D]I
Measure the distance AB ie., the distance between tip of point A and point B using scale.
.Measure the distance AC i.e., the length of wire between the tips of point A and C.
Similarly, we can measure the other distances.

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OBSERVATIONS
.Co-ordinates of point A = (2, 3, 1)
.Co-ordinates of point B = (-2, 4, 2)
Distance AB (using distance formula)

=y-2-2)2 +(4-3)2 +(2-1)2

=
v16+1+1 =V18 units = 4.2 cm approx.
Distance AB (using scale) = ***** * CIm

.Co-ordinates of point C = (-3, -2, 3)

.Co-ordinates of point D = (4, -1, 4)
Distance CD (using distance formula)

CD =4 +3)° +(-1+2) +(4-3)

= 49+1+1 = v51 = 7.1414 unit approx.

Distance CD (using scale) = CIL

RESULT
The distance between two points in space is approximately equal to actual measurement.

APPLICATION
This is used to locate the points in 3-D.

VIVA-VOCE
1. IfP * J 22) and a a ) are two points Ans. The cosine of the angles which a directed line
in the space (3-D) then what is the distance makes with positive direction of x, y and z axis
of PQ? respectively, they are represented by cos ,
cos B, cos y.
Ans. Distance, |PQ| =
V-1 +0%-y+(ga-z 4. Write the relation among the direction
2. What do you mean by direction angle of a cosines?
line? Ans. cosa + cos*B +cosy = 1 or 12 + m? +n2 1.
Ans. The angles which the directed line passes through 5. Write direction ratio of the line passes
origin makes with positive direction of x, y and z through points (x,, Y1, 2) and (r2, V2 2,).
axis respectively are called direction angles. Ans. a = x2 - * , b =y2 y c Z2 2 1 where
3. What do you mean by direction cosine of a a, b, c are direction ratios of line passes through
line? the given points.

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VIT
I

Three Dimentional

21 TOPIC
Geometry

OBJECTIVE

To measure the shortest distance between two skew lines and verify it analytically.

PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge of 3-D ie., space.
Concept of skew lines in space i.e., the lines in space which are neither parallel nor intersecting are called
skew lines.
Skew lines are non-coplanar.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Card board
A box (cuboid) of paper or wood convinient size
Pieces of wire
Coloured pencils of sketch pen
.Cutter
Eraser

.Gumstick

PROCEDURE
Take a card board of convenient size.
Put the box on the card board as shown in Fig. 21.1.

74 LaboratoryManual in Mathematics XII

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FIGURE 21.1

.Length, breadth and height are along x-axis, y-axis and 2-axis, respectively.
.Put a wire along GE which goes cross the ceilling of box.
.Take another wire and put it along the diagonal DB ie., one point D lies on the ceiling of the box above
A and B lies on the down of the line EB as shown in Fig. 21.1.
.Wires pass through the points GE and DB which are not intersecting. They do not lies in the same plane
also. So they are skew lines.
.Take a fovw wires and put it in such a way that the third wire is perpendicular to both the wires and other
are not perpendicular to both wires.
Measure the length perpendicular wire just between the points on the wires GE and DB, ie, ST.
Here ST is the shortest distance.

--7
90

FIGUR E 21.2

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OBSERVATIONS
Wires GE and DB are non-coplanar
.Hence GE and DB are skew lines.
.Wire ML is not perpendicular to two lines.
Wire PQ is also not perpendicular.
Wire ST is perpendicular to both lines GE and DB which are skew lines (wires).

Measure the length of wire ST.

.Measurement of ST = cm. ST is the shortest distance between skew lines GE and DB.
****** ******

To find analytically
Find the equation of line joining the points G and E (using two point form). Also find the equation of lins
line
joining points D and B (using two point form). =a +b-
Convert the lines in vector form i.e., r = aj + b and r = a2 + Hb2

.Find S.D. =
2-a)bj xba)| Note: Write the vaues as per your activityi
x
S . D . = ............ CI.

From actual measurement and using formula, we obtain the S.D. =. a n d . . . which are approximately

equal.

RESULT
The shortest distance between two skew lines = .

APPLICATION
This activity can be performed to find the distance between two skew lines in space.

VIVA-VOCE
nd
1. Write the equation of a line passing through where line passes through point (r. Y 21
dr's of parallel vector are a, b, c.
a point with position vector d and parallel
to given vector b in vector form and
2. Write the equation of line passes throug"
two points, i.e., (r,, Yy z,) and ( Y9 *
cartesian form.
Ans. Vector form r = a + b where i s some scalar
Ans.
Y2-1 22-1
and cartesian form 1=

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3. Write the equation of a line passes through
two points in vector form. Ans. S.D. = (a2-a1)-(6ixbz) Units.
Ans. The required equation is Y =a + \ b - a), where
b1 xbal
5. Write the formula for S.D between two
i s some scalar and a and b are positive vectors parallel lines
of two given points and r is the position vector of
an arbitrary point.
Ans. S.D. =
b x
a2-a1)
4. Write the shortest distance between two Units.
skew lines.
7 a, +a b, and 7 =
a +
4b
GTIVIVIT
22 TOPIC Probability

OBJECTIVE
To explain the conditional probability of an event A, when B has already occurred, through an
activity performed by throwing a pair of dice.

PRE-REQUISITE KNOWLEDGE
Knowledge of sample space.
Knowledge of probability of an event.
P(EnF)
Knowledge of conditional probability, ie., P(E/F) = FEOD
P(F)

MATERIALS REQUIRED
A card board
White sheets of paper
Coloured pencils
Scale
Pair of dice
.Eraser
Cutter
Board pins

PROCEDURE
.Take card board and white sheet on it
fix a
a
using board pins.
Make a square on it of size 6 cm x 6 cm.

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Divide this square into 36 squares of1 cm x 1 cm as shown in Fig. 22.1.
.Write pair of numbers which are possible, when a pair of dice are thrown once. Write (1, 1), (1, 2)
(1, 6) in first row, (2, 1), (2, 2),..., (2, 6) in second row. (3, 1), (3, 2), ., (3, 6) in third row and continue
it upto sixth row, write (6, 1) (6, 2), ., (6, 6) in sixth row as shown in Fig. 22.1.
Thus these are total 36 sample points for the experiment.

(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1, 4) (1,5) (1,6)

(2, 1) (2, 2) (2,3) (2,4) (2 5) (2, 6)

(3, 1) (3, 2) (3,3 (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)

(4, 1) (4, 2) (4,33)(4,4) (4,5 (4, 6)

(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)

(6, 1) (6,2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)

FIGURE 22.1

.Colour the favourable box with different oolours.

DEMONSTRATION
The figure, represents all possible outeomes when a pair of dice are rolled once. So it represents the smaple
space of the experiment.
.Suppose we have to find the conditional probability when a die is thrown twice (or two dice are thrown
once) and sum of the numbers appeared is to be observed as 6. Find the conditional probability
that the number 4 has appeared at least once.
Let E be the event that "number 4 appears at least once" and F be the event that "Sum of numbers
appearing is 6".
Thus E (4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4), (5, 4), (6, 4))
Colour the boxes having these numbers in yellow colour except (4, 2) and (2, 4).

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F {(1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 2), (5, 1)) i.e., the sum of numbers is 6. Colour the boxes having these niu
ambers
in pink colour except (2, 4) and (4, 2).
Here two boxes having numbers ((2, 4), (4, 2)) are common in E and F so colour them in green enla
olour.

OBSERVATIONS
Total number of outcomes are 36.
Number of outcomes favourable to E = 11. (as obtained above)
Number of outcomes Favourable to F = 5. (as obtained above)
also favourable of EoF = 2 (as obtained above)
5 2
.Thus, P (E) =
, P (F =

36 P(En P)= 36
P(EnF) 2/36
P(E F) =
P(F) 5/36 5

P(E/F) =

RESULT
2
The result of the experiment is

APPLICATION
This activity may be used to find the conditional probability for different situations. Similarly, activity is useful
to verify additional theorem of probability.

VIVA-VOCE
1. What is conditional probability? Ans. Let E and F be events associated with sampe
Ans. If E and F are two events asosciated with the space S of an experiment then
sample space of random experiment, then
conditional probability of event E when F has

already occured is denoted by P(E/F) and it is

equal to Gi P -AP-P
P(EnF) any two
events
and B
P(E/P) = P(F)
where P (F) 0. where A are

associated with S.
2. What are properties of conditional
probability? (io P 1-P

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3. What is the condition of independent event? 5. State the theorem of total probability.
Ans. P(A) P(B) = P(A n B), where A, B are two Ans. If (E, E ., E,) is a partition of sample space,
events. S and suppose that each of E,, E2, E, has
non-zero probability and A be the event
7
4. Find P (A/B) ifP(A) = P 13
and associated with S, then
13
P (AnB) = PA) =P (E) P(A/E,) +P (E) P(A/E,)
13
P (E,) P(A/E,).
P(AnB) 4/13-
Ans. P(A/B) =

P(B) 7/13