PECO, KIMBERLY – 20212304
Tulluis Cicero
FM2A – SSP4/MIDTERM
THE MORAL AGENT
Most ethics philosophers believer that
only rational beings, who can reason and
form self-interested judgments, are
capable of being moral agents.
➢ If you are a rational person you
know what is the right and
wrong and you come into that
reason and make a judgment on
that particular issue you can say
that you are a moral agent.
Although whether your decision
or your judgment is right or
wrong you still be a moral agent.
Some would agree that those with limited
rationality (for example, people who are
mildly mentally disabled or infants) also
have some basic moral capabilities.
➢ When we say that we are a
moral agent we are able to
make judgment based on our
own reason whether it is right or
wrong.
Moral agency is an individual's ability to
make moral judgments based on some
notion of right and wrong and to be held
responsible for these actions.
➢ You should always be
responsible for your own
judgment or actions that you are
a moral agent now.
CULTURE AS SOURCE OF ETHICAL BELIEF
Culture generally refers to a pattern way
of thinking feeling and acting that people
share and communicate to one another.
➢ Norms of thinking
➢ You know and acting that people
share and communicate to one
another so including language,
dialect that you are using,
including your acting (mano, po
at opo)
➢ We act as our one culture. We
share the same feelings
A different approach was used by Marcus
activity and human relationship.
He was considered as one as one or
Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.
He equated culture as cultivation of the
soul or cultura animi.
➢ Pag aalaga mo sa isang halaman.
Cicero's understanding of culture was
prevalent up to the early 17th century
until a German jurist, political philosopher,
economist, statesman and historian,
Samuel Pufendorf (1632 1694).
This "The Two Books On The Duty Of Man
And Citizen" according to the natural law
(1682) took over Cicero's metaphor in a
modern context, similar in meaning but no
longer assuming that philosophy was
man's natural perfection.
His use of the world culture and that of
many writers after him refers to all the
ways in which human beings overcome
their original barbarism, and through
artifice, become fully human."
However, it was only during the early 19th
century when an English anthropologist,
Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917), first
coins the term "culture".
He was considered as the founder of
cultural anthropology.
He believed that the study of society
becomes incomplete without proper
understanding of culture and society since
culture and society go together.
➢ You cannot solve the problem of
the society unless you study
their culture you cannot impose
the rules that is compatible
unless you study their culture.
➢ Since there is a society there is
always a culture.
Taylor's understanding of culture is that of
a complex whole which includes
knowledge belief, art, moral, law, custom
and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by man as a member of society.
Some philosophers and social scientists
believed that these core values reflect a
particular culture's orientation to five
constant aspects of human condition:
Human nature, the environment, time,
Taking as an example the view on human
nature, we can clearly see that the culture
of each social group is based on expressed
and implied positions about human nature
based on the prevailing philosophical
beliefs, all cultures develop answers to
questions such as; Is human nature
basically good, bad or neutral?
A person who agrees with the teachings of
Mencius that man is fundamentally good
and moral would behave differently in
treating people than someone who would
advocate another.
Chinese philosopher, Li si (c. 280- c. 20i
BCE), who taught that human nature is
essentially evil. Not moral championing
the ideas of legalism which proposed strict
laws to produce an ordered state.
the philosopher from Geneva, Switzerland
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) who
claimed that man is good by nature, and
that it is civilization which ruins him.
He denied that the sciences and arts had
contributed toward the purification of
manners, and he even argued that the arts
and sciences corrupt human morality
MCGREGOR
McGregor observed that managers who
espouse Theory X believe the workers
essentially dislike work and will do
everything they can or avoid it. Such
managers insist that the average person
wishes to avoid responsibility, lack
ambition, and values security over
everything else. The manager must be
coerced and forced into conformity to
organizational objectives.
McGregor assumed that theory X
managers are likely to provide an
autocratic- type of leadership. They tend
to closely shepherd workers by giving
orders and precise.
They will rarely solicit for ideas about how
exactly to do it. The managers expect
workers to follow orders and nothing
more.
Managers who belongs to Theory Y, in
contrast, believe that workers basically
like work and views it as something
natural and potentially enjoyable like
workers are motivated as much as pride
and a desire for self-fulfillment as by
money and job security. They do not
eschew responsibly, but accept and seek it
out.
Theory Y managers, on the other hand,
are more likely to provide a democratic
style of leadership. In the process of
informing the workers on the tasks to be
performed, they will also invite, and are
open for new ideas coming from them.
They Appreciate and use this information
to refine their own ideas about how to do
those task.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
The concept of cultural relativism as we
know and use it in contemporary time was
established as an analytic too by the
German- American anthropologist Franz
Boas (1848-1942) in the early 20th
century.
➢ We should learn how to be
cultural relativist.
In the study of geography, Boas first
articulated the idea in 1887" civilization is
not something absolute. but.. is relative,
and... our ideas and conceptions are true
only so far as our civilization goes".
➢ Maaring pwede sa isang
civilization pero bawal dun sa
isa. (vice versa)
➢ E.g. Marijuana
➢ Relative sya kung saan ka
nakalugar.
➢ Magiging tama yung ginagawa
mo pag dun mo ginawa saknila
BASIC CONCEPTS RELATING TO
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
Cultural relativism is the view that all
beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to
the individual within his own social
context.
Cultural Relativism is the idea that a
person's beliefs, values, and practices
should be understood based on that
person's own culture, rather than judge
another society's customs.
Cultural Relativism refers to the idea that
the values, knowledge, and behavior of
people must be understood within their
own cultural context.
➢ Kailangan titignan mo ang
kanyang kultura.
➢ If you don't want that kind of
practices then you should leave
your own country.
Ethnocentrism - is the practice of viewing
and judging someone else's culture based
on the values and beliefs of one's own.
Aubrey De Selincourt (1894-1962), an
English writer, classical scholar, and
translator mentioned an anecdote of
Darius The Great who illustrated the
principle of cultural relativism by inquiring
about the funeral customs of the
Greeksand the Callatiae peoples from the
practiced cremation and funerary
cannibalism, respectively.
ASIAN AND FILIPINO MORALITY
Asia is home to the major religious of the
world: Christianity Catholicism, Islam,
Judaism, Hinduism, Confucianism,
Buddhism and Taoism, all playing
significant roles in the formation of faith,
Spirituality and ethical beliefs of their
followers.
For our consideration, we will be choosing
respect for the elderly or one's parents for
I believe this is something common among
us as Asians.
SCRIPTURE PASSAGES ABOUND IN
RELATION TO RESPECT FOR ONE’S
PARENTS
Deuteronomy 5:16 Honor your father and
mother, as the lord. your god, has
commanded you, that you may have a
long life and prosperity in the land which
the lord, your god is giving you.
Ephesians 6:1-3 - Children, obey your
parents in the lord, for that is what is
expected of you. Honor your father and
mother is the first commandment to carry
a promise with it.-"That it may go well
with you, and that you may have long life
on earth.
Exodus 21:17 - Whoever curses his father
or mother shall be put to death.
Colossians 3:20 You Children, obey your
parents in everything as the acceptable
way in the lord.
ASIAN AND FILIPINO MORALITY
In Buddhism, respect for one's parent is
associated with filial piety.
Buddhist teachings would remind their
adherents that since parents spend so
much time raising their children, children
must repay the pains their parents look.
when a child is young a vulnerable,
parents introduce their child to the world
and take care of him, so when parents
reached old age, their child must care for
them in a similar way.
THE PROBLEM: THE BIOLOGICAL VERSUS
THE ETHICAL
Honor your mother and your father, we
are told.
Everywhere and always parents must
feed, shelter, and clothe their young
children.
For if parents didn't care for their children,
there would be no future generations,
certainly, without adult protection,
children could not survive, and without
children, the human race would
disappear.
In a sense the purpose of the
commandment is to reverse the natural
order, replacing biology with ethics. It is a
rule that raises society to a human level,
as it establishes an obligation that
replaces the brute realities of nature with
morality. As long as our parents are alive,
we should honor them. In practice this
means that when they can no longer take
care of themselves, we as their children
must take care of them.
This attitude is a mark of human
civilization. Unlike other animals humans
do not leave the firm behind when they
move. There is no biological advantage for
children to honor their parents. It is purely
an ethical notion, serving not the need of
the species but our personal, religious,"
and social sense of what it means to be
human.