(1). Explain why visual basic is known as event an object has focus. LostFocus -An object loses focus.

driven programming. List and explain about some of The user presses any mouse button while the mouse
the events supported by visual basic objects. pointer is over an object. MouseMove -The user
moves the mouse pointer over an object. MouseUp -
Ans- VISUAL BASIC is a VISUAL and Event-driven
The user releases any mouse button while the mouse
Programming Language. Each application in VB
pointer is over an object.
construct using pre-define object and each object
triggered with different event procedure and each (2). What is BCNF and 4NF? Explain with example.
procedure executes only when a programmer takes
Ans- BCNF-Boyce–Codd normal form (or BCNF or
any action against the object. In GUI based
3.5NF) is a normal form used in database
application, event is nothing but happening. Visual
normalization. It is a slightly stronger version of the
basic is Object Based Event Driven Programming
third normal form (3NF). BCNF was developed in 1974
Language as we use Objects to build our Applications
by Raymond F. Boyce and Edgar F. Codd to address
such as Text Box, Command Button on Form and it is
certain types of anomalies not dealt with by 3NF
also termed Event Driven Language because anything
we do on visual basic application such as Click Mouse If a relational schema is in BCNF then all redundancy
on command Button to implement any command, or based on functional dependency has been removed,
enter the text in text box etc. everything is an event although other types of redundancy may still exist. A
that's why we call it Object Based, Event-Driven relational schema R is in Boyce–Codd normal form if
Programming. and only if for every one of its dependencies X → Y, at
least one of the following conditions hold: X → Y is a
In BASIC, programming is done in a text-only
trivial functional dependency (Y ⊆ X), X is a super key
environment and the program is executed
for schema R. For example-
sequentially. In Visual Basic 6, programming is done in
a graphical environment. In the old BASIC, you have to
write program code for each graphical object we wish
Patient Patient Appointment Time Doctor
to display it on screen, including its position and its
No Name Id
color. However, In Visual Basic 6, we just need to drag
and drop any graphical object anywhere on the form,
and we can change its properties using the properties
window. 1 John 0 9:00 Zorro

In addition, Visual Basic 6 is Event-driven because we

need to write code in order to perform some tasks in
response to certain events. The events usually 2 Kerr 0 9:00 Killer
comprise but not limited to the user’s inputs. Some of
the events are load, click, double click, drag and drop,
pressing the keys and more. Therefore, a Visual Basic
6 Program is made up of many subprograms, each has 3 Adam 1 10:00 Zorro
its own program code, and each can be executed
independently and at the same time each can be
linked together in one way or another. That's why we
4 Robert 0 13:00 Killer
call it Object Based, Event-Driven programming //

Event - Occurs When ... Change -The user modifies

text in a combo box or text box. Click The user clicks
the primary mouse button on an object. DblClick -The 5 Zane 1 14:00 Zorro

user double-clicks the primary mouse button on an

object. DragDrop -The user drags an object to
another location. DragOver -The user drags an object
over another control. GotFocus -An object receives
focus. object has focus. KeyPress -The user presses
and releases a keyboard key while an object has
focus. KeyUp - The user releases a keyboard key while
Let consider the database extract shown above. This
depicts a special dieting clinic where each patient has
4 appointments. On the first they are weighed, the
second they are exercised, the third their fat is
removed by surgery, and on the fourth their mouth is
stitched closed… Not all patients need all four
appointments! If the Patient Name begins with a
Movie_Name Shooting_

Movie Name Listing Location

Movie One Comedy Movie One UK

Movie One Thriller Movie One UK

Movie Two Action Movie Two Australia

Movie Two Crime Movie Two Australia

Movie Three Drama Movie Three India

letter before “P” they get a morning appointment, <Movie_Listing>

otherwise they get an afternoon appointment.
Appointment 1 is either 09:00 or 13:00, appointment 2 (3).What is Active X control?Give an example.Describe
about Active X data controls.
10:00 or 14:00, and so on.

4NF-Fourth normal form (4NF) is a normal form ANS-All the controls, which are added to the toolbox
used in database normalization. Introduced by externally, are known as Active – X Controls. There are
Ronald Fagin in 1977, 4NF is the next level of several controls available in the Visual Basic, which
normalization after Boyce–Codd normal form exist in the ―component‖ option of ―project‖ menu.
We can use any controls according to our need. The
(BCNF). Whereas the second, third, and Boyce– Active –X controls are categorized into three categories:
Codd normal forms are concerned with functional 1.”.ctl” 2.”.ocx” 3.”.dll” 1. “.ctl”: -It is created by the
dependencies, 4NF is concerned with a more programmer. 2. “.ocx”: - All the controls, which exist
general type of dependency known as a in the “component‖” option, are in the “.ocx” 3. “.dll”:
multivalued dependency. A table is in 4NF if and - The extension of class Module file is “.dll‖.”
only if, for every one of its non-trivial multivalued
dependencies X, X is a super key—that is, X is ActiveX is one of the major technologies used in
either a candidate key or a superset . EXAMPLE- component-based software engineering.[4] Compared
<Movie> with JavaBeans, ActiveX supports more programming
languages, but JavaBeans supports more platforms.[5]
Movie_Name Shooting_Location Listing ActiveX is supported in many rapid application
development technologies, such as Active Template
Library, Delphi, JavaBeans, Microsoft Foundation
MovieOne UK Comedy Class Library, Qt, Visual Basic, Windows Forms and
wxWidgets, to enable application developers to embed
ActiveX controls into their products.
MovieOne UK Thriller Many Microsoft Windows applications—including
many of those from Microsoft itself, such as Internet
Explorer, Microsoft Office, Microsoft Visual Studio,
MovieTwo Australia Action and Windows Media Player—use ActiveX controls to
build their feature-set and also encapsulate their own
functionality as ActiveX controls which can then be
MovieTwo Australia Crime embedded into other applications. Internet Explorer also
allows the embedding of ActiveX controls in web
pages. Example 1: Building to an OCX binary
MovieThree India Drama Example 2: Building as part of an EXE project.
Example 3: Building either of the above helped by the
ActiveX Control Wizard Interface. *Brief explanation
The above is not in 4NF, since * More than one of example 1: To build an ActiveX control from scratch
movie can have the same listing.*Many shooting and compile it so that it is usable as a command button
locations can have the same movie. Let us convert or a list box is in other projects, you write the ActiveX
Control and then compile it to an OCX file. The ocx file
the above table in 4NF −
contains only the user controls that were part of the VB
<Movie Shooting> project you built it from and no extra stuff like forms or
full programs. Think of simply having a library with
button and a list box in it, that would be the same idea.
The advantage of this is that you can conveniently add
it to any VB program you may start up from the
components list. The disadvantage is that you can do
this only provided that the machine you're working on
(1) has that ocx file and (2) that ocx file is registered on
the machine. Now let's go through building this thing
from scratch. *1. Startup Visual Basic 6.0. *2. On the
opening dialog box, choose ActiveX Control and hit
Open. *3. We get what looks like a blank grey
background, that's the surface of control. As we design
that surface is how it will look when we draw it on a
form later . For now, all we need to do is add a command
button to the control, and make sure it's in the very top
left hand corner of the User Control surface. *4. The
code for this is quite simple, and I'll go through it from
top to bottom. There are two events we're going to
provide to people using this control, so we declare them
as such. The thing to note is that the Click event has no
parameters (ie the idea is that it provides no information
to someone using this control beyond that a "click" was
fired) and that the MouseDown event has four
parameter. HERE ARE SOME EVENTS
*Event Click() *Event MouseDown(Button As Integer,
Shift As Integer, X As Single, Y As Single).
*5. The next section of code deals with the one property
our button control will support, it's called Caption. To
be able to read and write properties to a control, you
have to provide a Get and a Let function. There is also
a Set function which can be used for complex objects
instead of just simple data types The basic idea of these
functions is that the let takes in a new string and just
assigns it to the Caption property of the command
button and the let just returns the current string found in
the Caption property of the command button.HERE
ARE SOME PROPERTIES
Property Get Caption() As String
Caption= Command1.Caption
End Property
Property Let Caption(newCap As String)
Command1.Caption = newCap
End Property* 6.The next two subs are just some stuff
associated with the UserControl object. Similar to a
Form in VB, a UserControl has a life and a death and a
bunch of events and methods associated with that
progression. In actuality, you have as much control over
your user control as you do over a form in VB. Here's
an example of a couple of these events being used to
resize the button to be the size the developer draws the
UserControl to and to set the initial caption of the button
HERE ARE SOME USERCONTROL HANDLERS
Private Sub UserControl_Initialize()
Command1.Caption = UserControl.Name
End Sub
Private Sub UserControl_Resize()
Command1.Width = UserControl.Width
Command1.Height = UserControl.Height
End Sub. // .ActiveX data control/objects:- In
computing, Microsoft's ActiveX Data Objects (ADO)
comprises a set of Component Object Model (COM)
objects for accessing data sources. A part of MDAC
(Microsoft Data Access Components), it provides a
middleware layer between programming languages and
OLE DB (a means of accessing data stores, whether
databases or not, in a uniform manner). ADO allows a
developer to write programs that access data without
knowing how the database is implemented; developers
must be aware of the database for connection only. No
knowledge of SQL is required to access a database
when using ADO, although one can use ADO to execute
SQL commands. Microsoft introduced ADO in
October 1996, positioning the software as a successor to
Microsoft's earlier object layers for accessing data
sources, including RDO (Remote Data Objects) and
DAO. ADO is made up of four collections and twelve
objects. ADO collections:- Fields---This collection
contains a set of Field objects. The Collection can be
used in either a Recordset object or in a Record object.
In a Recordset object, each of the Field objects that
make up the Fields collection corresponds to a column
in that Record set object. In a Record object, a Field can
be an absolute or relative URL that points into a tree-
structured namespace (used for semi-structured data
providers like the Microsoft OLE DB Provider for
Internet Publishing) or as a reference to the default
Stream object associated with that Record object.
Properties- An object can have more than one Property
object, which are contained in the object's Properties
collection.Parameters--A Command object can have
several Parameter commands to change its predefined
behaviour, and each of the Parameter objects are
contained in the Command object's Parameters
collection. Errors:-All provider-created errors are
passed to a collection of Error objects, while the Errors
collection itself is contained in a Connection object.
When an ADO operation creates an error, the collection
is cleared and a new group of Error objects is created in
the collection. ADO objects are following:-
Connection-. Command-.Recordset Immediate-
.Batch-. Transaction- Record- Stream -Parameter-
Field -Property -Error.
(4) Define Array- An array is a group of related data
element, that share a common name, type and scope.
An array can hold similar types of values in contigious
memory location. The value which is stored in an array
is called Array element. Each element of the array is
stored at the specific index number or position. So the
value of an array can be access with an array name and
unique index number. The 1 st element of the list is
stored at index declared as size of array, that means the
lower bound of an array starts from Zero or as be specify
in the declaration and the upper bound of last index of
an array we find as the size of the array.
Array is subscript variable. In V.B ordinary variable can
store only one value at a time but whan we handle a
problem which requires to store and manipulate more
than one value then always declare moe than one
variable within the application, which may cause
problem to memorize each variable. Features of an
array- (1) A group of value stored in memory with a
common name.(2). Each element of the array identify
uniquically.(3). The value of an array can be access in
any order from start to end or from end to beginning.(4)
The elements of an array can be arranged in ascending
or descending order or in reverse or reverse alphabetical
order.(5).Array declared like simple variable with
datatype and scope.(6). An array may be declared as
basic data type, user defined type and control type. (7)
Array can be declared statically and dynamically. (8).
The subscript number cannot be used without
declaration of array. TYPES OF ARRAY-
(1) Single Dimension Array (2) Multi Dimension
Array (1) A list of sets of elements share a common
name using only one subscript is called Single
Dimension Array Bydefault Lower bond or Lower
pocket of S.D.A start from zero and upper bound as we
declare maximum size of the array. The lower bound
can be start at index one using option base 1 statement.
The lowerbound may be change as we decide in the
declaration. It uses the following syntax for declaration.
(a)Syntax-To declare single dimension static array
(fixed size array).//Private|Public|Static|Dim
arrayname(size) as datatype. (b)Syntax-To declare
single dimension
dynamicarray.//Private|Public|Static|Dim arrayname()
as datatype.(c)Syntax- To allocate memory as run time
for dynamic single dimension array.//Redim arrayname
(no. of packets) . // (2) In visual basic, a
multidimensional array is an array that contains more
than one dimension to represent the elements in a
tabular format like rows and columns.// In visual
basic, multidimensional arrays can support either two or
three-dimensional series. To create multi-dimensional
arrays, we need to use comma (,) separator inside of the
brackets. // Multidimensional Arrays can be declared by
specifying the data type of an elements followed by the
brackets () with comma (,) separator. we can initialize
arrays upon declaration.//Syntax- (1)To declare double
dimension fixed sized array // Dim | Private |Public
|Static arrayname (no. of rows,no.of columns as
datatype) // EG- Dim rec(2,3) as long //(2) Syntax- *To
declare double dimension dynamic array // Dim |Private
|Public |Static arrayname (,)as datatype //* allocates
memory at run time using statement at procedural
level.// Redim arrayname (var for no. of row ,variable
for no. of column).// (3) Syntax- To declare 3D array //
Dim | Private | Public | Static arrayname (No. of layer,
No. of row, No. of column as datatype) // EG- Public
No. (3,2,4) as single. (4) To declare 3D dynamic array
// Dim | Private |Public |Static arrayname (, ,) as
datatype.(5) To allocate memory dynamically at
procedure level //Redim arrayname (Var for no. of
layer,var for no. of rows, var for no. of columns).
Creation of Dynamic Arrays in Visual Basic-With a
dynamic array, we can discard the data and return the
resources it occupied to the system. //To create a
dynamic array, declare it as usual with the Dim
statement (or Public or Private), but don’t specify its
dimensions.// Dim DynArray as Integer // Later in the
program, when we know how many elements we want
to store in the array, use the ReDim statement to
redimension the array, this time to its actual size. In the
following example, UserCount is a user-entered value.//
ReDim DynArray(UserCount) // The ReDim statement
can appear only in a procedure. Unlike the Dim
statement, ReDim is executable— it forces the
application to carry out an action at runtime. Dim
statements aren’t executable, and they can appear
outside procedure.// A dynamic array also can be
redimensioned to multiple dimensions. Declare it with
the Dim statement outside any procedure, as follows:
//Dim Matrix() As Double. // Then use the ReDim
statement in a procedure to declare a three-dimensional
array. //ReDim Matrix(9, 9, 9).
(5) OPERATORS- The operator is a symbol which
tells a computer to perform arithmetic operation and
take any logical decision on their operands and produce
desire result that means operator used within expression
as programming statement. So operator manipulates the
value of a variable used within an expression and
produce different result. // An operator is a code
element that performs an operation on one or more code
elements that hold values. Value elements include
variables, constants, literals, properties, returns from
Function and Operator procedures, and expressions. //
An expression is a series of value elements combined
with operators, which yields a new value. The operators
act on the value elements by performing calculations,
comparisons, or other operations.
Types of Operators –(1) Arithmetic Operators
perform familiar calculations on numeric values,
including shifting their bit patterns. // Comparison
Operators compare two operands which may be a
variable or constant and after comparison returns logical
value 1 for true and 0 for false expressions and return a
Boolean value representing the result of the
comparison. // Concatenation Operators join multiple
strings into a single string.// Logical and Bitwise
Operators in Visual Basic combine Boolean or
numeric values and return a result of the same data type
as the values.It generally used with relation expression.
Such as logical NOT operator uses single relational
expression and change the value true or false to false to
true but logical AND, OR, XOR, Equivalednce and
Implication always uses two relational expression as
operand and finally returns logical value True or False.
(6) CONTROL ARRAY- Control Array is a group of
controls that shares same type and event procedure or
code.Like general array number of pockets for a control
array depends on hardware resources or computer’s
memory pernel. A control array cam be designed at
designed time & run time. At designed time control
array can be create after creating an object of any
control on the form. After creating an object of a control
select the object and copy the object in clipboard and
after that paste the object on the form. This action
displays a confirmation message -Are you sure. Do you
want to create an object of existing control then press
yes. This action delete control array with different
index. And the existing object automatically assigned
the zero index Thus repeat the same procedure to create
the control array with different Index. /// Control
array can also be create at runtime by load method. A
load method create control array of an existing object in
computer’s memory with visible property false. Then
user responsible to visualize the control array by setting
its visible property True. And also ensure the position
of the form. We can create different control array of an
object and ensure the position of the column with its
visibility and then write common code within an given
procedure and utilize within an application with visual
interface that can control array having the following
application- (1) A control array share the same name
of an object.(2) A control array must have same type.
(3) Name of control array shared the name with
different index. (4) A control array shared the code for
an event procedure. (5) A control array an be create at
run time as much as requirement , and can be delete or
load when they are no further needed. (6) Creation of
dynamic control array utilize compuer resources
efficiently and improve the efficiency of the program.
(7) Unload method delete the control array which is
designed at runtime when they are further designed. So
the space on the form can be utilize for other object
according to application requirement. (8). A better
utilization of form window interface is possible can be
dynamic control array. (9). Control array is applicable
for validation when we feed data with validation for
different records. (10) Data entry form with validation
can be created using control array. (11). Control array
save time in application development. Save memory by
avoiding repetition of code and improve the efficiency
of program. (12). Control array is applicable to design
toolbar, to design menu control array and for animation
program. EXAMPLE -- Use of the Date The date
can be stored as a string variable using the usual
separators of / or - between day, month and year.
DateValue(string) is a function that returns a date in the
form indicated by this example: 05/Apr/02 There are a
number of other functions that process date information.
The function Now( ) delivers the date and time:
05/Mar/02 09:56:22 This can be used with the
Format(expression,string) function to deliver part of
date and time information. Thus for example:
Format(Now(), "ddd dd/mm/yy") delivers: Tue
05/03/02. A number can be added to Now( ) to give a
future date. Thus Format(Now( ) + 1, "ddd dd/mm/yy")
delivers: Wed 06/03/02. // The strings "dd", "mm",
"yy", "yyyy", are used to represent formats for days,
months and years. The strings "ddd", "dddd", "mmm",
"mmmm" represent short or long text formats for days
and months. These can be used within the Format( )
function.
(7) Different datatypes available in VB with
example-Datatype refers type of value and range of
value which is going to be represent by an identifier.
computers memory or within a program . Visual Basic
classifies the data types in two major categories:- (1).
Numeric Data Types (2).Non-Numeric data types. (1).
Numeric data types are types of data that consist of
numbers, which can be computed mathematically with
various standard operators such as add, minus, multiply,
divide and more. Examples of numeric data types are
examination marks, height, weight, the number of
students in a class, share values, price of goods, monthly
bills, fees and others. In Visual Basic, numeric data are
divided into 7 types, depending on the range of values
they can store. Calculations that only involve round
figures or data that does not need precision can use
Integer or Long integer in the computation. Programs
that require high precision calculation need to use
Single and Double decision data types, they are also
called floating point numbers. For currency calculation
we can use the currency data types. Lastly, if even more
precision is required to perform calculations that
involve a many decimal points, we can use the decimal
data types. Numeric data types are as follows-Byte,
Integer, Long, Single, Double, Currency, Double. (2)
Non-numeric data types are data that cannot be
manipulated mathematically using standard arithmetic
operators. The non-numeric data comprise text or string
data types, the Date data types, the Boolean data types
that store only two values (true or false), Object data
type and Variant data type. Nonnumeric data types are
as follows- String(fixed length), String(variable
length),date,Boolean,object,variant(numeric),variant(te
xt).
(8) Error Handling Techniques In Visual Basic-Error
handling is an essential procedure in Visual Basic
programming because it can help make the program
error-free. An error-free program can run smoothly and
efficiently, and the user does not have to face all sorts
of problems such as program crash or system hang. //
Errors often occur due to incorrect input from the user.
For example, the user might make the mistake of
attempting to ask the computer to divide a number by
zero which will definitely cause a system error. Another
example is the user might enter a text (string) to a box
that is designed to handle only numeric values such as
the weight of a person, the computer will not be able to
perform an arithmetic calculation for text, therefore will
create an error. These errors are known as synchronous
errors. // There are three main types of errors that could
occur while application is being used: // Syntax
Errors: A syntax error comes from your mistyping a
word or forming a bad expression in your code. It could
be that you misspelled a keyword such as ByVel instead
of ByVal. It could also be a bad expression. Examples
are: 524+ + 62.55 // if Number = =2 Number = 6 //
Run-Time Errors: After all syntax errors have been
fixed, the program may be ready for the user. The time
period a person is using an application is called run-
time. There are different types of problems that a user
may face when interacting with your program. For
example, imagine that, in code, we indicate that a
picture would be loaded and displayed to the user but
you forget to ship the picture or the directory of the
picture indicated in your code becomes different when
a user opens your application. In this case, when we
compiled and executed the application in machine,
everything was fine. This is a type of run-time error. //
Run-time errors are mostly easy to fix because we will
know what the problem is occurring and why. //
Logic Errors: These are errors that don't fit in any of
the above categories. They could be caused by the user
misusing your application, a problem with the computer
on which the application is running while the same
application is working fine in another computer.
Because logic errors can be vague, they can also be
difficult to fix.
(9) Explain various components available in VB
window, explain each about them.
Visual basic window: – A visual basic window is also
called integrated development environment (IDE)
window. This window open when we click on standard
exe icon from new project dialog box. In visual basic, a
program is referred to as a project. Every visual basic
project consists of at list two separate files called a
project file and a form file. A project file which
extension is .VBP and form file which extension is
.FRM. Project file created only one but multiple form
file and other type of file can also be included in a
project. These files are called class module (.CLS) files,
standard module (.BAS) files, resource (.RCS) file,
ActiveX control (.OCX) file and show on, thus the
development of a visual basic project involves keeping
track of several different files and accessing these file
individually within visual basic environment, as
needed. // Components of visual basic IDE window:
Title bar: – A title bar is the horizontal bar located the
top of the screen. It includes the project name, an icon
that closes visual basic at the left and icon that minimize
the group window, change the size of the group or close
visual basic on right. This component common for all
window application.Menu bar: – The menu bar is also
common for all document window. It contents
command required and build an application. The main
menu items have some menu items that can be chosen
when needed.
Tool bar: – The tool bars gives us quick access to
commonly used menu command. Beside the main tool
bar, which is displays by default window the menu bar,
visual basic IDE provides additional tool bar for
specific purpose. The four built in tool bar are standard,
edit, debug and from editor. By default, standard tool
bar appear immediately below the menu bar.Project
explorer: – The docked on the right side of the screen
and just below standard tool bar, is the project explorer
window. The project explorer window. Serve as a quick
reference to the various element of a project namely
form, class and module. All the objects that make up the
application are packet in a project. // The
project explorer window holds the file name for the file
included in our project. A window’s title bar holds the
name our project with .VBP file extension, which is
project one by default until we save it with a new name.
A simple project typical contents one form, which is
window that is designed as part of the program
interface. It is possible to develop any number of forms
in a program. Tool box: – The tool box contains the icon
of the control we can place on a form to create the
application’s user interface. By default tool box
contains a pointer icon and twenty other icon of
ActiveX controls. The tool box appear at the left side on
screen by default. User can change its position
anywhere on the form. Even tool box can be turn off on
screen. To place a control on a form, we first select it
with a mouse and then move the mouse over the form.
When the mouse is over the form, the curser turns into
a large plus sign, and we can draw control on the form,
just as we would draw a circle using a drawing
application. The size of the circle determines the size of
the control. Properties window: – Every object has
properties associated with it. The properties window is
docked under the project explorer window. The
properties window allows us to assign or change
properties associated with a particular object. Properties
are attributes such as size, position etc. like a form, each
control has its own set of properties. Some properties
like width, height are common to both form and
controls. Form layout window: – The form layout
window specifies a form’s position on the screen at run
time. The form layout window appear below the
properties window. It consist of an image representing
the screen and the form’s relative position on the screen.
With the mouse pointer positioned over the form image,
draw it to the new location. Form window: – A form
window used in visual basic to create project inside the
form. A form window appear on screen just like grid of
dots inform of matrix. We can increase or decrease size
of form window according to our need. By default only
one form window will appear on screen but more than
one form window can be open on the project window.
Out of multiple form windows, one window is called
master window and other are called slave windows. By
default first window automatically treated as master
window. But user can change or select any one window
as a master window. Remaining window are
automatically changed to slave window. // Project
window: – Only one project window will appear on
screen when be open visual basic window. This project
window appear beside the form window. User cannot
add another project in the current project. By default
name of a project is project1 and its file name is
project1.vbp but user can change project name as well
as project file as needed. // Code window: – Normally
code window not appear on screen because it is
automatically hidden. When we double click any
control in the form, a code window will open. Visual
basic code window consist of two list boxes. Both list
boxes appear at the top of the code window. The left
most list box is called object list box and right most list
box is called procedure list box.
(10) What types of connectivity can be used to
connect MS-access data base to VB form? Explain
with step connectivity.
Creating a database: – Before using a database on the
form we must create a database. This database work as
DAO. This database work similar to Microsoft access.
It contains number of data field such as text, memo,
number, date/time, currency, auto number, logical and
OLE Object. // Visual data manager, application
that is included with visual basic allow us to create
database. To open and create a database with visual data
manager, follow the following step –(1) Start visual
basic and click add-Ins on the menu bar. A list of menus
option appears, select visual data manager. (2) A visual
data manager window will open. Click file on the menu
bar, then click new on the file menu. A sub menu opens.
Click Microsoft access. Another sub menu opens. Click
version 7.0 MDB. The select Microsoft access database
to create dialog box appear. Use the dialog box to locate
a folder where we wish to save the database file. Enter
file name, visual data manager automatically saves the
file with .MDB extension. (3)Now we will add a table
to database file. Right click in the database window. On
the popup menu that appears, click new table. The table
structure dialog box appears.(4) Type table name is the
table name text box. Now table is saved in .DBF file
extension.(5) Click the add field button in the table
structure dialog box. The add field dialog box will
appear. In the name text box, type field name and in the
type list box, select a field type. Click OK button to
select the field. (6)The add field dialog box still display.
Type another field name and field type and click OK
button every time. (7)After adding last field, click the
close button on the add field dialog box. The table
structure dialog box reappear. In this dialog box, we can
edit in field structure (8).Click the build the table button
to build the table and add it to database. The visual data
manager window should appear all screen.(9) Now we
are ready to add data to the table. Right click the table
name entry in the data base window and select open
from the popup menu.(10)Click the add button. The
Dynaset add record dialog box. Should appear on
screen. Enter the record value of each field and click
update button.(11)Second record is now added to the
table. Add the dynaset dialog box click the add button
to add the next record. Continue this procedure to add
all the remaining records in the table.(12)After we have
added all the records in the table, click the close button
in the dynaset dialog box. (13) Click file on the visual
data manager menu bar. On the file menu, click exit
button. Now we return to the visual basic form window.
(11) SQL-The SQL is one of the language developed
by a scientist named Edgar Frank Todd’s in 1974 but
their standaridization being performed by ISO in 1986.
In 1986 the SQL initially known as SEQUEL.In Oracle
the SQL was introduced in 1998. // To work with
SQL it is necessary to create the table and work with
different types of columns data.To work with columns
it is necessary to specify the datatypes and constrants
at the time of creartion of table.SQL provides
mechanisms for most kinds of database manipulations.
The SQL Server DataBase Management System
(DBMS) that is bundled with Visual Basic takes the
Relational DataBase Management Systems (RDBMS)
like Oracle or IBM DB2.SQL is an Industrial Standard
language for processing relational database. // Visual
Basic uses SQL to create new recordsets. Set the data
controls RecordSource property to an SQL query and
execute a Refresh method. Visual Basic use SQL to
select fields and records from a table and join the
fields from row tables.SYNTAX- Select [ distinct ]
FieldList From TableNames //Where
SearchConditions //Group By FieldList // Having
GroupCriteria // Order By FieldList EXAMPLE-
Select * From Books // Select * From Books,
Subjects // Where Books.Subject_Code=
Subjects.SubjectCode // Order By Title //
Select Distinct Author from Book
Types of SQL Commands
There are five types of SQL commands: DDL,
DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL, // DDL(Data
Definition Language) : DDL or Data Definition
Language actually consists of the SQL
commands that can be used to define the
database schema. It simply deals with
descriptions of the database schema and is used
to create and modify the structure of database
objects in the database.**DDL changes the
structure of the table like creating a table, deleting
a table, altering a table, etc.**All the command of
DDL are auto-committed that means it
permanently save all the changes in the
database. // Examples of DDL commands:
Create- It is used to create the database or its
objects (like table, index, function, views, store
procedure and triggers). // DROP – is used to
delete objects from the database. The ‘DROP
DATABASE’ Statement-This statement is used
to drop an existing database. When you use this
statement, complete information present in the
database will be lost. / Syntax-DROP DATABASE
DatabaseName ; Example-DROP DATABASE
Employee; The ‘DROP TABLE’ Statement -This
statement is used to drop an existing table. When
you use this statement, complete information
present in the table will be lost. / Syntax -DROP
TABLE TableName; / Example - DROP Table
Employee_Info; // ALTER-is used to alter the
structure of the database. The ‘ALTER TABLE’
Statement - This statement is used to add,
delete, modify columns in an existing table.The
‘ALTER TABLE’ Statement with ADD/DROP
COLUMN- we can use the ALTER TABLE
statement with ADD/DROP Column command
according to need. If we wish to add a column,
then we will use the ADD command, and if we
wish to delete a column, then we will use the
DROP COLUMN command. / Syntax- ALTER
TABLE TableName // ADD ColumnName
Datatype; / ALTER TABLE TableName / DROP
COLUMN ColumnName; // TRUNCATE–is used
to remove all records from a table, including all
spaces allocated for the records are removed. //
COMMENT –is used to add comments to the data
dictionary. // RENAME –is used to rename an
object existing in the database. // DQL (Data
Query Language) : DML statements are used for
performing queries on the data within schema
objects. The purpose of DQL Command is to get
some schema relation based on the query passed
to it. Example of DQL: SELECT – is used to
retrieve data from the a database. // DML(Data
Manipulation Language) : The SQL commands
that deals with the manipulation of data present in
the database belong to DML or Data Manipulation
Language and this includes most of the SQL
statements. Examples of DML: /INSERT – is
used to insert data into a table. / UPDATE – is
used to update existing data within a table. /
DELETE – is used to delete records from a
database table. // DCL(Data Control Language)
: DCL includes commands such as GRANT and
REVOKE which mainly deals with the rights,
permissions and other controls of the database
system.Examples of DCL commands:GRANT-
gives user’s access privileges to database. /
REVOKE-withdraw user’s access privileges given
by using the GRANT command.TCL(transaction
Control Language) : TCL commands deals with
the transaction within the database.Examples of
TCL commands:COMMIT– commits
Transaction. / ROLLBACK– rollbacks a
transaction in case of any error occurs. /
SAVEPOINT–sets a savepoint within a
transaction. / SET TRANSACTION–specify
characteristics for the transaction.
(12)Table and its characteristics - A table is an
arrangement of data in rows and columns, or
possibly in a more complex structure. Tables are
widely used in communication,research, and data
analysis. Tables appear in print media,
handwritten notes, computer software,
architectural ornamentation, traffic signs, and
many other places. The precise conventions and
terminology for describing tables vary depending
on the context. Further, tables differ significantly
in variety, structure, flexibility, notation,
representation and use. In technical articles,
tables are typically presented apart from the main
text in numbered and captioned floating blocks. //
A table consists of an ordered arrangement of
rows and columns. This is a simplified description
of the most basic kind of table. Certain
considerations follow from this simplified
description: (1) the term row has several common
synonyms (e.g., record, k-tuple, n-tuple, vector);
(2) the term column has several common
synonyms (e.g., field, parameter, property,
attribute, stanchion); (3) a column is usually
identified by a name; (4) a column name can
consist of a word, phrase or a numerical index; (5)
the intersection of a row and a column is called a
cell. (6) The elements of a table may be grouped,
segmented, or arranged in many different ways,
and even nested recursively. Additionally, a table
may include metadata, annotations, a header, a
footer or other ancillary features. //
Characteristics of Table -A table is perceived
as a two-dimensional structure composed of rows
and columns. (1) Each table row (also known as
tuple) represents a single instance of the entity
within the entity set. (2) Each column represents
an attribute and each column has distinct name.
(3) Each row/column intersection represents a
data value. (4) Each table must have an attribute
or combination of attributes that uniquely
identifies each row. (5) All values in a column
must confirm to the same data format. (6) Each
column has specific range of values known as the
domain of the attribute. (7) The order of rows and
columns is immaterial to the DBMS. // To
illustrate the characteristics of table, we consider
the table of candidates at IT Bank, Inc. The table
at present contains information on ten candidates
(i.e., 10 rows) each having information on eight
attributes (i.e., 8 columns). Each row represents
one candidate a single entity occurrence within
the entity set. Each column represents an
attribute of candidate and that each attribute has
a distinct name. Each row/column intersection
contains only one data value. All the values in a
column match entity’s characteristics.
(13) Explain different properties of control .
A VB Contains a number of graphical structure in
tool box in which each and every structure having
their own operation. (1) LABEL – the label is one
of the control that represents other control at the
form interface. (2) TEXT BOX- the single lines or
multiple lines of data when need to input than
Textbox is created. (3) CHECK BOX- when
multiple options are available in which anyone of
them or more than one need to select then the
concept of check box is to be used. (5) RADIO
BUTTON -It is also known as option button when
multiple values are available in which when a
single value only be selected at a time then radio
button is being created. (6) COMBO BOX – The
combo box is one of the control that contains
multiple values, when selected all the values are
displayed but only one can be selected at a time.
(7) LIST BOX -when multiple values are stored
and displayed and selected from the list of the
values , then it is used. (8) PICTURE BOX-
Whenever a picture appeared at the form
interface then it is used. (9) IMAGE BOX -
Whenever a user need to place both the picture
and text then this particular options is used.
(10).DRIVE LIST BOX – When this control is
created then the list of drives available in the An entity–attribute-relationship diagram for a
system hard disk becomes displayed in it. (11). MMORPG using Chen's notation
Directly List Box – when the drive being selected
then their list of directories when need to display Entity–relationship modeling was developed for
then it is used. (12) FILE LIST BOX- Whenever database and design by Peter Chen and published
the directory from the directory list box need to in a 1976 paper, with variants of the idea existing
be selected then the list of file displayed in it. previously.Some ER models show super and
(13).FRAME-when multiple control of VB is subtype entities connected by generalization-
represented by a single control then it is used. specialization relationships, and an ER model can
(14). LINE – when the horizontal vertical or be used also in the specification of domain-specific
diagonal line need to be generated then it is used. ontologies.
(15). SHAPE – there are different inbuilt shapes
are available like circle, rectangle ,oval etc. (15)COMMON DIALOG BOX- (1) We can use set
When need to place on from interface then it is of predefined standard dialog boxes in your
used. (16). TIMER- When the elimination in VB projects for such tasks as specifying colors and
need to perform then this control is to be used. fonts, printing, opening and saving. The common
(17). DATA CONTROL- to connect the database dialog boxes control, which is a custom control,
with the interface of VB then it is used. // Apart allows your project to use the dialog boxes that are
from these a user can attach or remove the provided as a part of the Windows environment. //
controls from the reference or components option 2. To use the common dialog control, you first
of project menu.Every control contains three place a control, and its location doesn’t matter, you
different parts I,e property part , mtehods and can not change size of the control, since it will be
events. invisible when your program will run. //
3. In code when you wish to display one of the
(14) Entity Relationship Model-An entity– standard dialog boxes, you refer the properties and
relationship model (or ER model) describes methods of the control. // 4. You don’t need
interrelated things of interest in a specific domain more than one dialog control on your form.
of knowledge. A basic ER model is composed of
entity types (which classify the things of interest) TYPES OF DIALOG BOX - (1) Color Dialog Box:
and specifies relationships that can exist between 2. Font Dialog Box: 3. Save Dialog Box:
entities (instances of those entity types). // In
software engineering, an ER model is commonly Color Dialog Box: Visual Basic common dialog
formed to represent things a business needs to box provides Color dialog box which can be used
remember in order to perform business processes. for user to select color from the common dialog
Consequently, the ER model becomes an abstract box. You can assign the values selected by user to
data model, that defines a data or information controls in your project. This dialog box can be
structure which can be implemented in a database, used by writing a code as follows:
typically a relational database. dlgCommon.ShowColor
 Font Dialog Box: Font Dialog Box allows user to Notepad: You must close one document before
select his custom font setting like, font name, font editing another. // WordPad: You must close one
size, font color, font style, strike through etc. To document before editing another. // Calculator:
display the font dialog on screen use ShowFont You can use only one calculator at a time. // In a
method of the common dialog object. // But before classic SDI program such as Notepad, if we want
using the ShowFont method you first initiate the to edit two documents at once you need to run two
flag property for font that is cdlScreenFont. instances of the program. Neither instance of
Notepad knows the other exists, and they do not
Save Dialog Box: Visual Basic even provides interact. Differences
save file dialog box which displays a save file
dialog box to get the path for file to save. MDI SDI
Can only be
Properties of Common Dialog Box- Printing, implemented
Opening files , Saving file , Choosing fonts , through special
Maximize all Maximize parent
Choosing colors // Most of these dialog controls code or through a
documents window
are found in the Dialogs section of the toolbox and window manager
like the timer and menu controls, are placed in the that can group
component tray when added to the form. // We windows
use the ShowDialog method to display a common Switch Using special
Through task
dialog box. // dlgOpenFile.ShowDialog() between interface inside
/window manager
documents parent window
(16) DYNAMIC BINDING - Dynamic binding also You can only
called dynamic dispatch is the process of linking stretch the parent
procedure call to a specific sequence of code window and try to
Multiple
(method) at run-time. It means that the code to be organize Easily done
Desktops
executed for a specific procedure call is not known individual
until run-time. Dynamic binding is also known as windows
late binding or run-time binding. // Dynamic manually
binding is an object oriented programming concept You can only
and it is related with polymorphism and span the parent
inheritance. Dynamic binding definition window and try to
Dynamic binding(dispatch) means that a block of Multiple
organize Easily done
Monitors
code executed with reference to a individual
procedure(method) call is determined at run time. windows
/// Dynamic dispatch is generally used when manually
multiple classes contain different implementations Possible only
of the same method. It provides a mechanism for Naturally
Grouping through special
selecting the function to be executed from various implemented
window managers
function alternatives at the run-time. In C++, virtual
Switch
functions are used to implement dynamic binding.
focus to Difficult to
Easily handled
specific implement
(17) MDI - A multiple-document interface (MDI) is document
a graphical user interface in which multiple
windows reside under a single parent window. (18) ORACLE - An Oracle database is a collection
Such systems often allow child windows to embed of data treated as a unit. The purpose of a
other windows inside them as well, creating database is to store and retrieve related
complex nested hierarchies. This contrasts with information. A database server is the key to solving
single-document interfaces (SDI) where all the problems of information management. In
general, a server reliably manages a large amount
windows are independent of each other.
of data in a multiuser environment so that many
users can concurrently access the same data. All
SDI - This is the simplest interface you can present
this is accomplished while delivering high
to the user. In a complicated program, however, it
performance. A database server also prevents
can also be the most confusing. // An SDI
unauthorized access and provides efficient
program requires that you close one screen before
solutions for failure recovery. // Oracle Database
opening another. There would be no way to just flip is the first database designed for enterprise grid
back and forth between screens. This is the classic
computing, the most flexible and cost effective way
definition of an SDI program. Here are some
to manage information and applications.
common examples:
Enterprise grid computing creates large pools of
industry-standard, modular storage and servers.
With this architecture, each new system can be Manufacturing It is used for the
rapidly provisioned from the pool of components. management of supply chain and for tracking
There is no need for peak workloads, because
production of items. Inventories status in
capacity can be easily added or reallocated from
the resource pools as needed. // The database warehouses.
has logical structures and physical structures.
Because the physical and logical structures are HR Management For information about
separate, the physical storage of data can be employees, salaries, payroll, deduction,
managed without affecting the access to logical generation of paychecks, etc.
storage structures.
ADVANTAGES- (1)DBMS offers a variety of
(19) DBMS - Database Management System is
techniques to store & retrieve data.(2)DBMS
a software for storing and retrieving users' data
serves as an efficient handler to balance the
while considering appropriate security
needs of multiple applications using the same
measures. It consists of a group of programs
data.(3)Uniform administration procedures for
which manipulate the database. The DBMS
data.(4) Application programmers never
accepts the request for data from an application
exposed to details of data representation and
and instructs the operating system to provide
storage.(5)A DBMS uses various powerful
the specific data. In large systems, a DBMS helps
functions to store and retrieve data
users and other third-party software to store
efficiently(6).Offers Data Integrity and
and retrieve data. // DBMS allows users to
Security.(7)The DBMS implies integrity
create their own databases as per their
constraints to get a high level of protection
requirement. The term “DBMS” includes the user
against prohibited access to data.(8).A DBMS
of the database and other application programs.
schedules concurrent access to the data in such
It provides an interface between the data and
a manner that only one user can access the
the software application.
same data at a time.(9)Reduced Application
Development Time.
Application of DBMS=

Sector Use of DBMS DISADVANTADES-(1)Cost of Hardware and

Banking For customer information,
account activities, payments, deposits, loans,
etc.
Airlines For reservations and schedule
information.
Universities For student information, course
registrations, colleges and grades.
Telecommunication It helps to keep call
records, monthly bills, maintaining balances,
etc.
Software of a DBMS is quite high which increases
the budget of your organization.(2)Most
database management systems are often
complex systems, so the training for users to use
the DBMS is required.(3)In some organizations,
all data is integrated into a single database
which can be damaged because of electric
failure or database is corrupted on the storage
media.(4)Use of the same program at a time by
many users sometimes lead to the loss of some
data.(5)DBMS can't perform sophisticated
calculations.

Finance For storing information about

stock, sales, and purchases of financial
instruments like stocks and bonds.

Sales Use for storing customer, product & sales

information.
.