DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN MYMA EDUCATION CENTER

Domestic Violence Against Women in Myanmar: Systematic

Review of Prevalence Studies
By

Mi Gore Chai

Key Words

Domestic Violence, can affect not only health access but also can be life threading on
victim of violence and we must know how to protect or reduce the number of victims of
domestic violence.

Scope of the study

The paper project is about the problems in Myanmar with domestic violence against
women, and how to reduce domestic violence in the home, as well as how to recognize the
signs of domestic violence when you need to help, and how to promote services for victims
of violence, particularly women, to live peacefully in Myanmar. This paper project is 30%
cited, with a list of the references provided below.

Introduction

Domestic abuse is the most common type of violence against women across the
world. In every group and culture, domestic violence against women is a severe public health
hazard. It has attracted medical attention since it has a poor and damaging influence on
female and other people's mental, physical, and social health. As stated in the definition.
Domestic violence, also known as intimate partner violence, is a kind of abuse in which a
spouse or partner is abused. Moreover, it could be the abuse of a child, older relative, other
family member as well. However, it is hard to know exactly how common domestic violence
is because it is often not reported. Nevertheless, we do know that anyone can be affected by it
because domestic violence can happen to men or women of all different ages so, it affects
people with all levels of income, Education, Health etc.

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In India, domestic against women are the highest prevalent because the women
usually try to hide it. Particularly wife beating or physical mistreatment is a very common
phenomenon in many Indian homes. The percentage of women who are exposed to violence
by their husbands is 45% in India (Innocent digest, No.6 UNICEF Innocents research centre,
2002) that is why background conditions of females are found to play a significant role in
domestic violence.

In any culture or community, there are beliefs and attitudes that support domestic
violence and beliefs and attitudes that do not support domestic violence. In most countries,
laws exist to protect the victim of such violent acts. There are also a lot of organizations that
can help in such situations. But sometimes domestic violence does not get reported to the
police or relevant department. Most of people who use violence against their partner have
mental disorder (BBC NEWS,2009). However, there are many ways to solve or reduce
domestic violence to live with peace especially, for the people who have experienced on it.
As the people are facing with this problem, we cannot forget that is our responsibility to
protect them and to find the best solutions for everyone to live peacefully in the future.

Characteristics of Domestic violence

Physical violence; Being pushed or shaken; having something thrown at one; being
slapped, having an arm twisted, or having one's hair pulled; being punched by a partner's fist
or being hit with something that could hurt; being kicked, dragged, or beaten; having a
partner intentionally choke or burn someone; being threatened or attacked with a knife,
assaulting children, damaging property, and intimidating with a gun or any other weapon.

Sexual violence; Physically compel you to have sexual intercourse with him/her, even if
you don't want to, and force you to conduct any other sexual acts you don't want to do,
including rape, or force you to undertake sexual acts you don't want to do by threats or any
other means.

Emotional violence; Saying or doing something to humiliate you in front of others,

threatening to hurt or harm you or someone close to you or insulting you or making you feel
bad about yourself.

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Social violence; Isolating partner from friends or family, denying partner access to the
telephone, controlling and restricting partner’s movements when going out.

Economic violence; Exerting control over household or family income by preventing the
other person’s access to finance and financial independence.

Spiritual violence; Denying or manipulating religious beliefs pf practices to force victims

into subordinate roles or to justify other forms of abuse (Makkai, 2004).

Background of Domestic violence in Myanmar

Domestic violence can affect anyone regardless of ethnicity, religion, class, age,
sexuality, disability or lifestyle. However, the vast majority of the victims of domestic
violence are women and children, and women are also considerably more likely to experience
repeated and severe forms of violence, and sexual abuse. Domestic violence does not
discriminate and includes all diversity groups within community. It is unacceptable behavior
in civilized society. As we know, some Myanmar women have faced with the domestic
violence since ancient time but it has exited as hidden problem for several years. However,
nowadays, most of Myanmar women do not want to allow the domestic violence but some
accept that it is a normal problem of daily life.

We can see that problems had happened in a long history. Definitely, Myanmar
women also are without avoidance from this kind of violence. There is no specific legislation
that addresses the offences and penalties concerning domestic violence. However, there are
related laws for the protection of women from domestic violence. For example, like
Myanmar Customary Law which provides the way of getting remedy to the victim who was
suffered by domestic violence. Myanmar has ratified CEDAW in 1997 and has signed
ICESCR in 2015 to protect women rights specially and to promote Human Rights in general (
A part of United Nations Human Rights).

According to a report from the Myanmar Demographic Health Survey (MDHS)

2015–2016 estimated that one in five (21%) women of reproductive age had experienced
some form of domestic violence in their lifetimes. More specifically, 15% reported physical
violence, 3% sexual violence, and 14% emotional violence. The prevalence of IPV occurring

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during the past 12 months (12M) was 15% for any form of IPV, 10% for 12M physical
violence, 2% for 12M sexual violence, and 10% for 12M emotional violence. Among never-
married women, 9 percent had experienced physical violence from any individual, including
family members, from the age of 15 years, whereas none of the never-married women
reported sexual violence. Although the prevalence data for women are documented in only
one recent study, no prevalence data for IPV among men in Myanmar exists.

In Myanmar society, domestic violence is accepted as a private family matter. Women

accept that sex with their husbands is their duty as a wife, and they feel ashamed or
stigmatized regarding abuse; thus, domestic violence remains hidden. Additionally, marital
rape is legal; there is no specific law in Myanmar that aims to help prevent marital rape and
punish perpetrators.

Statement of the problems

We have been yearning for wonderful things to come into our lives since we were
born, yet the majority of girls and women are victims
of domestic abuse, which is their largest difficulty.
Because it is a result of health issues, it is a severe
matter that we must consider. And all forms of
violence (physical, emotional, social, sexual,
economic, and spiritual) can have a negative influence
on the victims' health. It can also affect children,
relatives, and other family members. And people do
not know how to protect and avoid this problem. Domestic violence laws are not specifically
addressed in any statute. And some people believe that marriage and relationships are normal
due of chance of information, lack of thinking and conservatism, and so on. There are also
less supports available for persons who have been victims of domestic abuse. Therefore, the
main problem that violence happened is because of women have lack of opportunity. The
following things are the examples of majority problems that are happening,

 Cannot speak out

 Misogynists
 Gender inequality
 Discriminations
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 Culture Rights
 Conservatism
 Lack of power

Purpose

The purpose of research is three-fold. First, it may contribute a better understanding

of domestic violence and as its impact in Myanmar to find out the way to reduce the domestic
violence. Second, to know the current situation and it explore how future effective procedure
or mechanism out to be implement to get justice for victims. Finally, it is really important to
know the effects of domestic violence and how dangerous for our health that is why we must
know the ways to prevention of domestic violence to live peacefully.

Objectives of the project

1. To identify the effective ways to reduce the domestic violence.

2. To find out the current situation of the effectives of domestic on women.
3. To educate the people around us to get more knowledge about the domestic
violence.

Case study methodology (1)

If we know the way to reduce our lives from domestic violence, we can live with
peace. If we are not considering about it, we will not have a chance to enjoin our life with
beautiful things nevertheless, if we know the ways to solve it, everything is going to be fine.
For collecting data by reading textbook, journals and articles written by the writer to be
searched about the domestic violence. After read it by the writer, also finding some main
information data on social media such as Factbook, YouTube, Ted Talk. Then collecting
some advices and information from teachers too. However, all of the people must know the
ways to liberate from the violence.

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Methods

Here are some methods for solving the problems in domestic violence based on the
case study objectives.

According to the first objective, the ways to reduce the violence at house in
Myanmar should be considered because it cuts across all ethnicities, ages, gender, religious,
beliefs, and sexual orientations. If we have to look back the history, most of the victims are
the women and the people think that is normal problems between marriage, relationship
because of they have been stereotyping by ancient people and they were forgetting to solve it.
Thus, the following scope of ways for solving or reducing the household violence to live
peacefully in the future;

 Promoting Education
 Raise awareness about domestic violence
 Observe the Law
 Tolerance
 Know the signs of abuse
 Stand against rape culture
 Promote gender equality
 Fund more women’s organizations

Promoting Education;

Promoting domestic violence education aims to prevent violence before it occurs.

And educational training may educate you how to combat domestic violence, teach you about
women's rights violations, and show you how to protect an abused woman, among other
things. Domestic violence occurs as a result of a lack of educated individuals and family
bargaining power. And because of the ancient people less of knowledgeable. As Education is
a fundamental human right and is critical in empowering and transforming the lives of
children and adolescents, especially girls, and learners with other gender identities or sexual
orientations. However, education settings are far from being a haven of peace and safety for

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millions of girls and adolescents who are experiencing violence in and around schools
(UNGEI, 2015).

Raise awareness about domestic violence;

Domestic violence thrives when we are silent; but if we take a stand and work
together, we can end domestic violence like annual campaign. This is why the United
Nations’ theme for every year’s 16 Days of Activism Against Gender-Based Violence was
Orange the world. Orange was chosen by UN. It aims to build public awareness about
violence against women through marches and rallies, raising money for programs and
services for victims of violence. Awareness is a must for much-needed change to reduce the
domestic violence against women. And things we can do to raise awareness;

 Tell your own story and listen to other’s stories.

 Buy books about peace, kindness, knowledgeable, etc. for a local school or
library.
 Help publicize efforts in your community to end violence against women and
share what know about it.
 Use social media to raise awareness about violence against women and
programs working to end it.
 Donate things to local shelters that they make need (blankets, towels, personal
items, food.
 Attend public forums about policing, public safety, changes in law, sexual
harassment and stalking.
 Support organization that is working for an end to violence against women; by
doing so we can reduce the number of victims.
 Speak up! ( Women's news, 2006)

Observe the Law;

As to protect the violence against women, with the goal of bringing Myanmar’s laws
into more effective compliance with 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Government of Myanmar has worked with
GEN and the UN to draft the Protection and Prevention of Violence against Women
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(PPVAW). As of early 2016 the bill is undergoing review by the Government and is likely to
be enacted in legislation later in the year (Alliance for Gender Inclusion in the Peace Process)

.If passed into law, it will provide a legal framework for addressing women’s
disproportionate experiences of violence.

Tolerance;

A perfect human being does not exist. So, to keep a relationship going through, both
sides must exhibit maturity and learn how to tolerate each other’s imperfections because
tolerance can also be the best strategies to prevent the domestic violence against women.
When there is a tolerance, there is a peace and also it does not hurt the children, domestic
servants, and other members of the household.

Know the signs of abuse;

The first step to action is to familiarize individuals and the community with the
possible signs and indicators of domestic violence. The signs can vary and do not always
come with physical symptoms because domestic violence is not just limited to physical
attacks such as beatings because it includes many forms of abusive behavior (Novell, 2013).
And it can happen to anyone—white, black, young, old, rich, poor, educated, not educated.
Sometimes violence begins early on in a relationship and other times it takes months or even
years to appear. But there generally are some warning signs. Be wary of the following signs
an abuser may exhibit at any point in a relationship:

 Being jealous of your friends or your jobs or your education, etc.

 Discouraging you from spending time away from your partner.
 Embarrassing or shaming you.
 Controlling all financial decisions.
 Making you feel guilty for all the problems in the relationship.
 Preventing you from working.
 Intentionally damaging your property.
 Pressuring you to have sex when you don’t want to.
 Intimidating you physically, especially with weapons.

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 Over control, by knowing the signs of abuse you can avoid of the problem in order to
reduce the domestic violence.

Stand against rape culture;

By standing against rape culture also can gradually reduce the domestic violence
against women, so

What is the “Rape Culture?”

Rape Culture is an environment in which rape is prevalent and in which sexual violence
against women is normalized and excused in the media and popular culture. Rape Culture
affects every woman.  The rape of one woman is a degradation, terror, and limitation to all
women. Most women and girls limit their behavior because of the existence of rape. Most
women and girls live in fear of rape. Men, in general, do not. That’s how rape functions as a
powerful means by which the whole female population is held in a subordinate position to the
whole male population, even though many men don’t rape, and many women are never
victims of rape. For example, (1) Teaching women to avoid getting raped instead of teaching
men not to rape, (2) Refusing to take rape accusations seriously, (3) Assuming only immoral
women get raped, (4) Blaming the victims like “she is the one who asked for it” (UN
Women).

Promote gender equality;

The World Health Organization (WHO) has noted that “gender inequalities increase
the risk of violence of men against women and inhibit the ability of those affected to seek
protect (World Health Organization, WHO). That is why the promotion of gender equality is
an essential part of violence prevention. A range of school, community and media
interventions aim to promote gender equality and non-violent relationships by addressing
gender stereotypes that allow men more power and control over women. Everyone must
understand gender equality and everyone must stand with it, by supporting gender equality it
can help the violence against women.

Fund more women’s organizations; The last ways to reduce violence against women
is funding more women’s organizations. Empower the women to be a part of problem solver

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on domestic violence and encourage the men to stand against violence household. By funding
the organization like MWO; Mon Women Organization, it can help on solving the problem
(Mi Nyan Sike, MWO,2002).

Based on the objective (2)

Discussing with one of the people who has been responsible in the MWO (Mon
Women Organization) and discuss about how the violence affect the women and determine
there are a lot of affects that cause in the current condition. Because of those effects, girls’
generations around us are still being the victims of the violence. Moreover, I have discussed
with one of the people who have experienced on domestic violence about how it impacted the
victims of the violence. And also finding some main information data on social media such as
Factbook, YouTube, Ted Talk. After discussing about it, people must know the way to avoid
and protect for living peacefully.

According to the second objectives, the main point to focus is to find out the current
conditions of domestic violent against women and how is impacts on women. These are the
following facts that how domestic violence impact women;

 Impact on Health problem

 Impact on Children
 Impact on Poverty
 Impact on Economy
 Impact on workplace

On Health problem

Violence against women can cause long-term physical and mental health problems.
Violence and abuse affect not just the women involved but also their children, families, and
communities. These effects include harm to an individual's health, possibly long-term harm
to children, and harm to communities such as lost work and homelessness. If you have
experienced a physical or sexual assault, you may feel many emotions — fear, confusion,
anger, or even being numb and not feeling much of anything. You may feel guilt or shame

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over being assaulted. (Women’s Health in the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services).

On Children

More than 3 million children in Myanmar live in homes in which domestic violence
has happened at least once. These children are at greater risk for repeating the cycle as
adults by entering into abusive relationships or becoming abusers themselves. According to
research, a boy who sees his mother being abused is 10 times more likely to abuse his female
partner as an adult. A girl who grows up in a home where her father abuses her mother is
more than six times as likely to be sexually abused as a girl who grows up in a non-abusive
home. Children who witness or are victims of emotional, physical, or sexual abuse are at
higher risk for health problems as adults. These can include mental health conditions, such as
depression and anxiety. They may also include diabetes, obesity, heart disease, poor self-
esteem, and other problems. (Women’s Health in the U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services)

On Poverty

We know that domestic abuse and poverty are intricately interwoven. Costs borne by
individual women because of the violence they experience, include health care costs, housing
and shelter costs, and legal costs, can force women into poverty. Poverty, in turn, makes it
more difficult to end domestic abuse and heal from its effects.

On Economic

Domestic abuse has a significant impact on the economy. Firstly, there are the costs
of direct services to treat and support abused women and their children. These include social
services and hospitals for example. Secondly, there are many costs in bringing abusers to
justice, such as A Garda Siochana, the court system and more. Finally, the economy is

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suffering because of missed days at work and the loss of productivity (Copenhagen
Consensus Center, 2014).

On workplace

The impact of domestic violence has become an important workplace issue, recognizing how
power and control interconnect work and private life (Pillinger, Schmidt and Wintour,
2016). For example, economic violence has a direct impact on women’s ability to work, such
as preventing women from having sufficient money for bus fares to get to work or to buy
clothing suitable for work, and sometimes violent partners break women’s work tools or
physically remove women from their workplaces (Trades Union Congress, 2015). Research
indicates that women who experience domestic violence are employed in higher numbers in
casual and part-time work, and their earnings are up to 60 per cent lower, compared to
women who do not experience such violence. (UN Women, 2016)

Based on objective (3)

As a result of objective (1) and (2), the main point is to explore the benefits of
solving the problems after finding the ways to reduce and current situations of violence, so
that the process of reducing domestic violence against women will be effective easily. Even
though it is still happening, if we are working on solving it, everyone can live with peace and
benefits. So here are the expected outcomes are as follow to be protect and end the violence;

 People became more educated about the problem

 Women get independence
 Have a beautiful life

By promoting Education, people become more knowledgeable and knowing about the
violence at house hold. So, there will be no more violence due to they know how its very
danger for the people especially for women. According to interviewed, one of the victims
mentioned about educated the people because the victims said “people must be educated in
order to save me”. So, we must clear that education is the most things that we have to
upgrade to end the violence.

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Other benefit is all the women become being independence. Otherwise, Independent
women have more opportunities to be able to choose any decision for themselves. In this
way, women will grow to be more mature in overcoming various problems. When a woman
chooses to be independent both financially and otherwise, this directly impacts the way
people perceive them. It does not matter what you are hearing from others, if you have a goal,
if you want to achieve something, if you have a dream, then, NEVER LET DOWN OR
EVEN GIVE UP! According to this situation, we can see that the ways I mentioned is really
important and useful on reducing the violence. If we want to get peace and a beautiful life,
we have to stand to against the violence.

Conclusion and Recommendation s

Domestic violence against women has been causing every year in Myanmar and other
countries around the world that impacts on women. And as we know that it is very big
problems that the women are facing with however the people still do not know how to solve
or reduce the violence and do not know how it impacts on them. I have mentioned the most
effective ways to reduce the violence and to protect before it happens. If the researcher does
not have completely knowledge about to reduce and cannot share the ways and some
information for the people who are not understanding the cause much.

I believed that resources and solutions can educate the people who are not stand
against violence and understand about domestic violence. If we want to reduce, we must find
the ways and obey the laws so, everyone can live with peace. If we are trying to solve, there
is no violence, discrimination, injustice, gender equality. Let protect the victims.

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Biography

As a young lady, I am the one who is looking for peace and stand by the right sides.
For the whole of my life, my parents were not taught me how to be a good daughter for them
nevertheless they taught me to be a good girl for other people especially for the one who are
difficult for their life. Here I am Mi Gore Chai who is writing the paper project about
Domestic Violence against women to receive the Diploma English at Mon Youth Missionary
Association (MYMA). I live in a little small town which is Kwan Hlar Village, Mudon
Township but actually I was born in Thailand because my parents were there. I am an only
child who was born in 2002. They left me with my grandparents since I was two then, they
backed to work to Thailand until I was Grade 10. I have not got much time to live with my
parents. When the time I did not know that they were fine or not; it was so hard for me to
think about them, I felt so bad. However, I was also really tried for them. I believed one day I
can make my parents proud of me and I can take care of them.

Furthermore, as my ambition, I started to learn what I am interested as soon as I

passed matriculation exam. Before I attended MYMA, I went to Mon youth intensive
Program (MIEP). At that time, I was a silent girl who get shy very easy and did afraid to go
around the people. But after I finished six months course at MIEP and went to MYMA, I
became very different from before. First when I attended the English course, I cannot speak
English much but now I can speak a lot that is why I tried to be professional in English and

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continuous attending MYMA. And finally, I can do it I received the Diploma successfully
from this center.

Moreover, since I was young, I had heard that my teacher always said “Let your
education be your first priority”. As she mentioned that I got many messages and power to try
for achieving my goal and I was trying for my whole life without any financial supporting
from others. But due to the current situation, pandemic and coup, not only me but also every
individual in our country (Myanmar) especially, the students just passed the high school or
the university students are looking for the things to improve their skills to move forwards on
their journey as we were far from learning within over 2 years. But as known as I considered
about myself, though I have not got any chance to attend the high English course like the
others nevertheless, I have joined Jamoi Foundation which a year program while MYMA are
closed because of Pandemic and Coup. I have joined many other shop trainings like civic
education, leadership programs and so on. As soon as I have finished Jamoi, I came backed to
MYMA to do this project to get Diploma English and now I got it. Though the situation is
terrible, I always remember that I have a goal to be a good person for my community or my
parents that is why I was attended so many training during this time.

That is why I was struggling since I passed Grade-10 to be successful person in the
future until now. I never thought to give up on my goal because I believed that one day my
dreams will become true. As Albert Einstein said “You never fall until you stop trying” that
is why I am still moving forwards to achieve my goals.

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Acknowledgement

First of all, I would acknowledge my parents (U Oung Lon & Mi Oung Chan) who
supported me in everything I did since I was a kid and also in doing for this Diploma
Program. Whenever I need help, they always be with me. Whenever I think I am going to
give up on what I am doing, they always motivate or support me to keep forward, without
them I would not be achieved.

Secondly, I would like to thank to Venerable Khemar Sara who gave me a chance to
do the project in order to achieve the Diploma and who always teach me since I arrived Mon
Youth Missionary Association (MYMA) with his bests to sharpen my abilities are all I should
pay my holy gratitude toward.

Since 2019, my 3-year student would not be gone well without the permanent teacher
Venerable Awbasa, Mr. Myint Than, Miss. Jordan from this center, I would extend my
thankfulness to them. I extend thanks to all the teachers from the Center, both who taught me
and not, for giving me strength to succeed. And I want to offer my special thanks to all my
classmates for helping on doing the project. I should thank to my friends during this 3-year

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student life in this center, Mi Aye Sandar, Mi Jandi Chan, Mi Panine Patine, Mehm
Lavii, Mehn Kaung Htet San who always give me suggestions on what I am doing.

And I would like to thank each and every one who were in responsible in my route to
complete this Diploma in English Program and who gave me information. And I would like
to offer my special thanks to one of my brothers, Min kay chan who suggested me to choose
the topic for my project and helped me from every perspective, without all of them, it was not
easy for me to achieve this.

Lastly, I thank to myself for trying to complete this and for having conquered to the
end of the way I chose with a success. And I was proud of myself for not giving up even
though I had to face a lot of difficulties and challenges. And I must thank all the difficulties
and challenges that I faced while studying in this center and doing for my project to the goal
to get this Diploma in English Degree because it improved me.

References
Orange the World in 16 Days | UN Women

What is the relationship between gender inequality and domestic violence - Google Search

Causes, protective and risk factors

Changing Attitudes About Domestic Violence | Office of Justice Programs

Myanmar’s Proposed Prevention Of Violence Against Women Law - A Failure to Meet

International Human Rights Standards - Global Justice Center

how domestic violence affects children - Google Scholar

Empower Women: Fostering a new, empowered generation – Office of the Secretary-

General’s Envoy on Youth

how next generation important in domestic violence - Google Search

(DOC) CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM |

Doreen Munyati - Academia.edu

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2 Nature and Scope of Violence Against Women | Understanding Violence Against Women |
The National Academies Press

Domestic Violence Facts, Types & Effects

Key issues in domestic violence | Australian Institute of Criminology

A Study on Domestic Violence Against Adult and Adolescent Females in a Rural Area of
West Bengal

Domestic violence victimization and its association with mental distress: a cross-sectional
study of the Yangon Region, Myanmar | BMJ Open

Generational Impact of Domestic Violence

Domestic Violence: MedlinePlus

Why You Need to Stop Ignoring Domestic Violence

Table of Paper project process summary

No. Project Objectives Sources of Data/ Data analysis Expected result(s)

sample
1. To identify the effective Reading books, Content analysis Found the ways of
ways to reduce the domestic magazines, Journals, reducing the number of
violence. Facebook, You Tube, the victims and ending
Google the violence.

2. To find out the current Google, You Tube, Group work Mentioned the current
situation of the effectives of Face book, Ted Talk, analysis situation and how it
domestic on women. interviewed some impacts to women
people who
experiences on the
problem.
3. To educate the people Google, You Tube, Result analysis Explore how to liberate

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around us to get more Facebook, Ted Talk, and educate the people
knowledge about the BBC News
domestic violence.

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0