KS3 Science ® Oo c 2 © f= \ a guide / » Revision guideAbout this Revision Guide ‘When i comes to getting the best results, aactice realy does make perfect! Experts have proved thet repestedly testing yourself on a topie~s0 that you practise recalling the information = is far more effective then rereading information over and over egain. And, tobe as efective 2 possible, you should space out the practice test sessions overtime. ‘This tevsion guide has been specially designed to support this approach to revision and includes five Aitferent opportunities to tost yourrelf on gach top, spaced out over time, => dU ‘These pages provide a recap of everything You Bcc need to know for each top You should read through all the information ° before taking the Quick Test at the end. This will test wheter you can recall the key facts. ‘These topicbased questions appear shortly after the revision pages for each topic and vl test whether you have understood the topic Ifyou get any of the questions wrong, maka sure you road the correct ansver carefully ‘These topic-based questions appeat later in the book, allowing you to revist the tapi anc ‘est how well you nave remembered the information. If you get ary ofthe questions wrong, make cura you road the correct anever carefully, ‘These pages feature a mix of questions for all the different topics, just like you would get ina ‘test They mill maka sure you can recall the relevant information to answer'a question without being told which topic it relates to. Be CE CRC Clomy \Visit our website a collins.co uk/collinsks3revsion and print off a set of flashcards. These pocket-sized cards feature questions and answers so that you can tast yourself on all the key facts anytime and anywhere. Yeu will alo find lots more information about the ad/antages of spaced practice and how to plan fort.KS3 ® Science » | of ¢¥\J > O SCM ela] guide and Eliot Attridge nc[= —_)KS2 Concepts Biology Calls—the Bulking Bods of ite Eating, Drinking and Breathing Getting the Energy your Body Needs Looking at Plants anc Econytem: Variation for Survival ‘Our Hoaith andthe EHfect of Orgs Chemistry Mikng, Ditehing and Separating Elements Commpounc and Reston Explaining Physical Changes Explaining Chemical changes Obtaining Useful Materials Using our Forth sustainably Physics Forces and their fects Explring Contec nd Non Contec Frcs ‘Motion on Earth and in Spoce Energy Taner ond Sound Magnetism and Eee Woves end Energy Tnsfer Mixed Test Style Questions Periodic Table Answers Giossary Index pa pe p16 p.20 p22 p40 pas p52 p64 p68 p. 100 p. 108 bei ty Revise Kasi review ae [] nw pa C] aw [ nas | we ae (T [i] na [a | [nse pe P39 p49 r a) ao | | [pss ner |_| 0 | na [| ns nor oer pa | ps p99) poe amo] pte FE) am) os ane p16 pa p17 pazCells - the Building Blocks of Life You must be able to: + Usea microscope to help understand the functions ofthe cel 4+ Remember the aiforences between animal and plant cells 4 Undeistand how substances mave into and out of cells by dlifsion ‘= Understand the organisation of ce’ Using a Light Microscope | Calls are too small to 599 with the naked eye. Using 2 light microscope helps us to see and draw cell pha dewn ser brovation withagh morons Kay Point ey deus Objectsneed to be placed on a thide, stained eee and covered with a Sane ‘coverslip, placed on the saya rosin | stage’ of the microscope, lluminated and then etaranan [foousted How Plant and Animal Cells Work + Animal and plant cells share some features but not others ‘Different pars of animal and plant calls have different functions Part Ci Ta aie ‘Membrane | Controls what enters end leaves the ell Yes | Yor ‘ytopiasm | Place where lois of chemical reactions (photosymthesi) Yes | Yes toke pce Nudeus | Stores information (in DNA) and contrls what happens Yee | Yer inthe col IMitochondtla | Release energy from food (glucose) by aerobic respiration Yer | Yer ‘Cellwall | Made from cellulose and gives rigid support tothe cell No | Yes \Vacuole | inflates the cal ike air pumped into a tyre and provides support |No | Usus to the cell Chloroplast | Contains green chlorophyllthat changes sunlight eneray into [No | Yes ‘glucose food enerayDiffusion Diffusion isone of the ways that substances enter and leave cells tran animal cll, oxygen and glucose difuse through the membrane into the cell. This‘ because there is more oxygen and glucose outside the cel than there singe, + Carbon dioxide end waste products diffuse out of the cell into the blood * Ina plant call carbon dionide diffuses in. Oxygen and glucese diffuse out. Unicellular Organisms + Unicelivlar organisms have just one call Euglena has long whipelikestructure to help it move through water. + Amoeba can make finger-ke projections to catch food. Organisation of Cells + ells of the seme type carrying out the same function ere usually grouped’ together to form a tissue, e.9. skin cells. * Different types of issue ere grouped together to form ovgens, eg. the brain + Different types of orgars sre grouped together to form ‘organ systems, ag. the nervous system. * Different types of organ systems work together to form the ‘organism, e.g. a human being + Examples of call and organ systems include: ~ Bone ces in the skeletal sjstem Blood calls in the transport system ~ Neve cells in the nervous ystem Sperm calls in the reproductive system. 1. Name one structure that ie found in plant celle animal cells, 2, Wherein a cll i energy released trom food? 3. Mame the process were molecules move from where there 4218 10 of them to where there are only 3 few, 4. Putthese words in ordes of complexity starting with ‘cell cell organism, organ, system, tise Diffusing substances always move trem where there ka lat of the substance thigh concentration) to where there is very litle (low concentration). A en en ote cells tissues organs = systems organisms ‘membrane ‘oytoplasm nucleus mitochondria cell wall vacuole chloroplast diffusion lunicelhtar organ ‘organ systemCells - the Building Blocks of Life You must be able to: 1+ Understand and oxplan the structure ofthe human reproductive system and how it wees ‘+ Krow how reproduction and fut dispersal works in a lowering plant '*) Understand why plant reproduction important to humans. Reproduction in Humans «Seal reproduction n humans inves alsa feral. ates “Males produce spetm cells in the tastes. Females produce 299 calls nthe ovary, ‘The penis deposits the sperm in the female vagina Sperm swim up through the uterus to the oviduct. Fertilization occurs vihen a sperm cell joins with an egg cell. “The fertiived egg then grows into an embryo and eventually becomes a baby. — rire (it wetter Candee ~ Menstrual Cycle + Females havea menstrual cycle lasting for about 28 days. Thisis called menstruation. + Ondays 1-5, if pregnancy has not occured, the uterus lining breaks down, tissue and blood are lost, and is replaced with new tissue + Fertilisation can enly occur on or around day 14 when ‘an 20g is released from the ovary. Gestation “+ Gestation is the process of the embryo developing in the wom, + The growing baby receives food and oxygen from the mothers blood through the placenta and umbilical cord | Therefore, if the mothor smokes and drinks alcohol the baby vill also receive some of the alcohol and nicotine. + Inhumans, gestation ends after nine months with the birth of the baby. BS X3 Since Roviion Guide) ‘Athumen foetus takes 38 weeks to grow from the cell being fertilised tow baby.Reproduction in Flowering Plants + Some flowers are insect pollinated, e.g. arose. tnsects visit flowers to collect sweet nectar “They transfer pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower “The male pollen fertilses the female egg cell. + Some flowe's are wind pollinated, e.g. oras. ‘Wind blows pollen from ene flower to another ~ Wind pollinated flowers ¢o not have a scent or nectar and petals are not brightly coloured as they do not need to attract insects ~ ‘They have a feathery stigma to catch the pollen se al eye he ener ome ecpoe re tinted pan Insecta pin Dispersal + After tertilsation, seeds davelop inside fruits. These then must bbe spread over a large area by lsperso. + Some fruit and seeds are spread by animals, e.g. some seeds hhave hooks which stick to an animal's fur Some are spead by wind. These often have wings or parachutes ‘to be carried by the breeze, e4. sycamore and dandelion seeds. Plants produce many seeds a: most fall to grow into a news plant. The Importance of Plant Reproduction + Plants provide us with most cf our food. + Without insects to polinate the flowers, many of us would starve due to lack of food. Bowes om ich two cells join together at fertilisation? 2. On which day of the menstisal cycie isa female egg releases 3. Write down the dferences btwaen an inzect pollinate! flower and a wind pollinated flower 4. Uist two ways that fruits and seecs can be dispersed Key Point Poltination the ranster of pollen by anther of ‘sperm testor 299 cell ovary uterus fertiksation| embryo aestation anther stigma pollination AlisporsalEating, Drinking and Breathing Know and explain how humans moveairintoand out of lungs ‘© Krow and understand ho cxygen and carbon diexide movebetween the blood and the lungs ‘+ Understand the effect of exercise asthma and smoking on the breathing systems Breathing + Breathing involves moving air into and out of the lungs. ‘When we breathe In, airs pushed in by air presture ‘rom the outside Ns move up and out Diphrog laters, ramos down OQ Spece nde the og incense Q This increases the Nelume ord vedes the premure OD Aiir rushes into the Tung tom oui ribs move down andin Diaphragm moves up Space inside the lungs ecreases This decreases the volume and increases the presure Airis pushed out of the lungs. Gas Exchange “© The lungs are made of millions of tiny ar sac called alveoli, = These airsacs are ~ Thin = Moist ~ Have a good blood supply = Have a large surface area, ‘ial+ Gesexchange is when: Carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the lungs to be breathed out Cnygan leaves the lungs and enters the blood. * Ges exchange heppens through the thin walls ofthe air sc. + Theexchange happens bacauie of diffusion (08 page 4) Te ingen ben eer aeogm Things that Affect our Breathing Effect on Breathing | exercise Increases lung size + Improves gas exchange. [athe + Causesbreathing tubes (oronchioles) to | narrom making breathing dificult Smoking + Damages the breathing tubes so that ‘mucus buds up, This causes a cough, makes breathing more dificult and ‘makes infections more likely. + Inthe long term can cause emphyseme and lurg cancer B Quick Test 1. Explain how the ribs and diaphragm move to make you breathe in, 2. Explain what happons to the volume and pressure inside the lungs when the rios move down and in, 3. Name-the process by which oxygen moves from the ai in our Jungs into the blood. | 4. Deserve the effect smoking har on the lange. Diffusion isthe movement of particles from a high toa low diaphraam air pressure alveol asthmaEating, Drinking and Breathing You must be able to: plan whats meant by aay et © Exlanthe energy conten of ahesty det and understand nhat happens when a henry dit becomes unbalanced 1 Koow and expan the obs of ifeent prt ofthe digestive syst, AHealthy Diet “© Aheatthy diet contains all the right proportions ofthe following substances: Eee Corbohydrate Gives the body energy Fat ‘Gives the body energy and can be stored in the body Protein Used for growth Vitamins ‘Used to help chemical reactions take place in the body Minerals Used to make bones strong and help the blood cary oxygen Fibre Helps undigested food pass quickly through the gut Water Disolvas chemicals 50 that chemical reactions can take place “© Aealthy diet also contains sufficient food to prowde us with just the right amount of eneray. Energy in food is meatured in calories or joules. 1 alorie =4.2 joules ‘A young man needs about 2500 keal per day. 2500 kcal x 4.2 joules = 10,500 k) per day. An Unbalanced Diet ‘+ Eating an unbalanced diet can cause many problems: 9 ‘When dieticians talk about calories in food they really mean kilecalories.& klocalorie s 1000 calorie. em Problem Eating too much ‘Obesity Eating too litle Starvationimalnutition [Not eating enough protein | Kwashiorkor an illness caused by severe protein deficlency. His mostly seen in developing countries. ‘Not eating enough 1 lack (or deficen) of different vitamins causes different vitamins diseases, 0.9.2 ack of vitamin C causes scurvy. Not eating enough ‘A lock of iron causes anaemia, minerals 2 lac of calcium causes soft bonesThe Digestive System + The digestive system processes food that is eaten in the mouth, Foos travel through the oscophagus, stamach, intestine and recturn unt the waste is eliminated from the anus. ‘©The pancreas aso plays a kay role indigestion by procucing digestive enzymes which help break down the food. Food in Plants Unlike animals that eat food, plants make their own food. ‘The process is called photosynthesis. Plants toke woter and minerals from the zo “They take carton dioxide from the ae ‘They use energy from the Sun to convert these substances into carbohydrates in their leaves Tare ‘water+ carbon diovide —> glucose + oxygen diorapny Quick Test 1. Name five components of healthy dt. 2. Name three possible consequences of eating an unbatanced diet. White down the different parts of the digestive system inthe order food travels through them Start with mouth 4. Describe the difference in feeding between plants end anual TET * Key Point ‘Animale eat t00d, plant | make it carbohydrate fat protein Vitamins minerals fibre washiorkor scurvy ‘oesophagus stomach intestine rectum PhotosynthesisReview Questions Key Stage 2 Concepts © 2iiivng organi have certain tings in common, the box next tothe characteristic found in al a) Copy the table below and puta tick ( living things. Hardness Nutrition Trensperent Fying Flexible Growth Reproduction Melting — 8 ') One of the characteristics of living things s movement. Human beings use askeleton to help ‘them move. The skeleton also protects different parts of the body. “Trace or sketch the diagram of the skeleton. 1) Draw a.Jon the diagram to show the position of a joint for movement. a fi) Drew e Pon the diegrem to show part of the skeleton thet protects the body a uaa’ KS9Scionco Revision Gu© teria nave many dierent properties, tack found these materials in his father's shed Z etn eam iowa Ii) maoketoat 4) Which of the three materia isthe most flexible? u 'b) Which of tho matorials is magnet? 0 Which of the materials isthe worst thermal conductor? uw «d) Which of the matarial isthe best electrical conductor? i (9) Which of tho matariais isthe hardest? w © Tris question about te Earth the Sun and the Moon, 2) Which word best desribes the shape of al tree objects? > oun caine aphorcal =) tanguar =) 1) hich ofthe flowing statements about the Sun ae conect? i) The Sun rises in the East. The Sun set in the South, Ii) The Sun i highes: in the sky at midday. 'x) The Sun has phases just ike the Moon. ¥)_ Tho Sun is losor tothe Earth than the Moon 0 Match each statement with its correct number of days seen soo ore [hetero the sin] = [The Earth ott once | [4 [The Moon etisthe tar] a] ok=» Practice Questions > Cells - the Building Blocks of Life © Mares ine part of ocelot fonction vat ca function Cytoplasm ] Inflates the cell [wes Supporsthecell | Miodiendia Temes eneray Remakes | cetwat Stoves information and contol te cell Vacuole Where chemical reactions take place Ghoropiat Controle what enters and leavera cell OO rr) © These piant cals were seen using a microscope, Make 2 labled drawing of one a hem. ro} © winich of these words describes how substances can enter or leave a call? ropes i vacuole 1) fhsion macai) Eating, Drinking and Breathing © tumans need to eat a heatiy et 2) fxplan whats meant by a healthy det. a 5) Wee dow trae things that can happen if we donot havea healthy dit. kxplan your thee anne f © 00k tthe lagram ofthe digestive stem. a) Give the correct names for each port 1-8, fa 'b) Explain what each of the parts you have labelled does. @) © Cen the dfeence betneen feeding in animale feeding in plansGetting the Energy your Body Needs You must bo ableto: ‘© «plain whac respiration Is ‘= Understend an explain aerobic and anaerobic respiration, ncl-cing the differences between them Respiration + Respiration isthe process by which organisms release energy from food. + The energy is needed to power al the chemical processes necessary for life + There are two types of respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic Respiration “+ Humane release energy from glucose and oxygon by aerobic respiration. = Carbon dioxige anc water are produced as warte products ‘lucose + oxygen —D> carbon dioxide + water + Anaerobic Respiration + Anaerobic respiration takes place in humans when not enough be Key Point ble. cnygenise + Humans can break down glucose into lactic acid. Although humans can 1 Les energy released dutinganerobic esptation saeenislak eypet 1 Lbete aur ao released, The qui camer muce pal and wean ony do this for fatiue. vey ime + ‘Getting the burn’ is when muscles produce lactic acid in ‘happens when we need reerbicrepition {tof open very anaerobes li cacreneon we hicose —> acc ac + fun afesrace + Yeost isa microorganism that can also respire without oxygen (anaerobic respiration). Yeast breaks glucose down into alcoho e KeyPoint ‘end earbon dioxide. + “Thisproces is called fermentation. Fermentation bused to produce alcoholic drinks ‘glucose —> alcohol + carbon dloxide + ii se wine alaSimilarities and Differences between LSE) Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration Key Point tie ghee ly = Both aer and Use onsen vir con metaten Prods carbon donde | |v rermerttioninyean [rsenar a cy X but not in humans. aoe rode wate zie cidrearveines Relene onoteney [wv _ |x paint can produce laced’ |, [vn amare Fut not by fementation Can produce akcohol |, |v armentationinyeast | et tin hues Coser nandetatgue [x |v respiration pou 1. What i the type of respiration tha aerobic | 2 Name tine type of respiration that re one ‘anaerobic 3. Give the type of resprat ‘glucose 44 Which type of respiration oxygen 5. Other than carbon dioxide lacticacd duty tormentatios fermentationGetting the Energy your Body Needs You must beable to: ‘© Explain the structure and function of the human skeleton ‘= Explain how muscles make the skeleton move, The Human Skeleton ‘The human skeleton has several different functions: ~ Supports the body and gives it shape. Acts 36a framework that enables muscles to move the body. Protects parts of the bod), for example, the skull protects the brain and the ribs protect the heart and lunes. ~ Makes red biood cells in the marrow ‘of the long bones, fer example, humerus ‘and femur. Joints and Muscles asin the skeleton are held together + Joints allow the skeleton to move. ints are held together by ligaments, + “The end of each bone is covered in cartilage for a smooth surface that cushions the joint. +The joint i filed with a fluid that lubricates the joint ee, opmentMuscles and Force Revise + Muscles move joints, + Muscles are attached to bones by tendons. © Each jolnt noads two muscle to make it work, This calles an antagonistic pai One muscle moves the joint in one direction. The other muscle ‘moves the joint in the opposite direction. + Muscles work by contracting and getting shorter in length. This, pulls the bone and moves the joint ‘Some muscles work in pairs callec antagonistic firs. When one muscle contract the other muscle relaxes + The force exerted by muscles can be measured in Newtons. <4 + To work out the force applied by 8 muzcle multiply the mes $869 ey lifted by its distance from the joint. vane al + The annwer is maz dtanc fom joint equals force dtance ee from the same joint. So in the diagram 10kgx30em=300 2MxSem=300 therefore the se oreo (7)= 501" S| Quick Test 1. Give four functions performed by the skeleton joint 2. Nome the tissue that ettaches bones to each other in ligament a joint, cantlage 3. Name the tsiue that attaches muscle to bone. tendon | 4 exalain what antagonistic means antagonistic pair‘You must beable to: ‘© Explainhow photosynthesis takes place = Unde Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make food. © Green plants absorb energy trom sunlight. = They use the energy to react water with carbon dioxide to make glucose. = The energy is stored in the glucose, © Oxygen is released as a waste product. = Plants use a green chemicel called chlorophyll inside chloroplasts to pertorm photosynthesis Looking at Plants and Ecosystems \dhowe green leafis adapted for photosynthesis ‘+ Understand the importance of photosynthesis to other living things When youwrite down the word equation for Tht photosyrtiesis bays waters carbon dioxide —p> glucose + oxygen include light and waters + energy a ') for fermentation in yoast alucose > + + energy e © for anaerobic respiration in humans glucore 3 energy m © explain why expiration in ving organismsisso important ea© Tre steteton ican important suc ‘Copy the table and put a tick 7) in the boxes next to each function performed by the skeleton, Carries oxygen around the body Supports the body Helps with movement ihere food Ie éigested Protects some organs Makes red blood cols whore anaerobic respiration takes place 4) © eins stow the sksletonto move entity the structures numbered 1-Sin the diagram ofthe {5} nee jin. © to0k tthe iagram ofthe human ar, a a) Explain the job cone by organ A. a) a. 1) expen the ob done organ 8 ea ©) What single word best describes these two organs? [1] Looking at Plants and Ecosystems © 2 comphea tis wonderin fr photognshes weter + > ghse + e 1) wets down two other things needed for phates to take place B © sig tetas, carn ii anid yar sh ew anal ai ait ne dependent upon each etherPractice Questions a Variation for Survival © cesar serena em asi tana ain arson ow camccnaoear at hint found oS lef ts pes rer cel a Ss Muscle a ewe ci Sperm cell £9 cell Embryo cll bi © Give the comes abet for Ato D onthe dasram Choose from the words given below (4 ucleus call gene chromosome A aecla © The graph shou variation of character ound in humans. Vaation canbe ether zens or tone Ios pi apc ARTES : Ene Our Health and the Effects of Drugs tion. By © Lock ste cutne dain ofthe human body Add labels to the drawing to show how the body prevents the entry of microbes. vy Explain the difference be:ween a medical drug and a recreational drug. By Recreational drugs can belived into three categories: depressants. stimulants and hallucinogens Give one examale of each type of drug and describe its effects on the human body. [6] ‘Many people drink alcohol excessively and smoke, Describe the possible longeterm effects (on the human body of drinking alcohol excessively end smoking. (51‘You mustbe able to: ‘+ Demonstrate arange of laboratory skills Reiie Pure and Impure Substances + In chemistry a "pure substance is one that contains only one {ype of atom or compound. ‘+ An impure substance contains more than one substance {element or compound), forming a mixture. + The substances inthe mixture are not chemically joined together soit should be easy to separate ther, + Acommon example of a mixture is sugar dissolved in water. Chromatography + Chrometoorophy separates disohed pigments in solution, e ‘the pigment in nk @ The sample mixture is loaded on a premarked line at the bottom af apiece of ehromatagrapty paper ard dipped into solvent. @ As te solvent moves up the paper it takes the citsolved pigments with it ince the pigments have citferant solubilities they travel at different speeds and so separate, @ the most soluble pigments move the furthest; les soluble igrnents move Iss fx Filtering ‘+ tration separates an insoluble solid from a ligule by passing the soldiliquid mixture through filter paper. {The filtrate isthe liquid whieh pastes through the titer paper and the solid left behind is the residue. + Excess copper oxide In copper sulfate solution can be separated by filtration. Copper sulfate is the filtrate, copper oxide isthe residue Mixing, Dissolving and Separating Represent pure substances and mixtures using simple particle pictures ‘© Apply aporopriate saparation techniques t diferent moctures Speman thus sd Sour metcrs ‘A pencil ine marke the starting point as it will ‘not mavewith the ink pigments ad eaeEvaporation + Evaporation |s used to remove the liquid part of a mixture and totea the divoled sd. + Thumtrture placed a stable coraine (9. watch las) and heated, sometimes by using a Bunsen burner. The slower the liquid al evaporates, the larger Distillation the ental that form + Liquids have aitferentbeiling points. + Bycarefuly controling the temperature of a heated mixture of two or more liquics, the quick evaporate at diferent timer. Thisisknonn as istillation, + Tre evaporated gas i cooled ack nto lquld and collect as distiate in a collecting ves +The fragrances used in perfumes are separated by dstlation, aswell asthe different part of rude ci stator eae an alee and weer ire ‘peste Seats ao weaneecehec tee 4 Meta ae! we i Quick Test solvent fitation filtrate ‘evaporation dlistilate ‘ow could you separate an insoluble solid from a ligule? Wat sie crystals are mad from rapid evaporation? What does ‘distifate’ mean? Descroe how to carry out chromatoataphy. aMixing, Dissolving and Separating ‘You must beable to: + Explain the conservation of messin reactions and changes of sate ‘+ Represent pure substancesand mixtures using particle pictures and word equations = Explain sinvlactes and olferences betwoan combustion thermal decompostion xidation and reduction, Conservation of Mass +The law of conservation of mess states that in any physical change or chemical raaction the mass after the change will be the same asthe mass before the change. “with state changes this means that the numberof particles of the substance atthe start will equal the number of particles at theend. — ns. $$, a (men drawing a particle diagrom for aliquid a least half of the parcicies omstevbestngind raat Notecses ot wowate should be touching each Sisinesiamie greenies amb es exter: ices tong “+ With a chemical reaction the atoms of the reactants are rearranged to form the products. Atoms eannot ‘disappear Combustion + Combustion isthe reaction between a fuel end oxygen. © Carbon dioxide and water are generally produced as waste Droducts when the fvel isa hydrocarbon, © Energy is released as heat and light + 056m ae cater sn nate + | Energy hs not been ‘made, thas just been released.Thermal Decomposition *+ Some compounds break down into new molecules when heated: they don't react with oxygen inthe ait. + This is called thermal decompesition. + An example is chalk, wihich has the chemical name calcium carbonate, ‘aleum carbonate =e cam onde + catbonchoxe LCi Key Point ofe — cc cee Oxidation and Reduction “= When substances gain oxygen ina reaction itis called oxidation. = Losing oxygen in a reaction is called reduction. ‘For example, carbon can becxidized to form carbon dioxie: a cebon dnc + The reaction of iron with water and onygen i special form of ‘oxidation, forming iron (i) oxide, which fs known as rust. @ 3 — cece iron + water + oxygen —> hydrated iron (I) oxide ‘+ Rusting requires oxygen and water t happens faster when salt Is dissoived in the water Quick Test 1. Brave diagrams to show the atom: in eld, liquid and ga 2. eeeribe howe calcium carbonate thermally decomposes 3. What is meant by the term oxidation? 4. What does iron have to react with ino | The coloured circles cere the seme number fon each side of the ntston tong st \ Bom ‘Oniy use the term rust for the oxidation of iron, Other metais corrode, they don't rust. Key Words ‘combustion thermal decomposition oxidation reductionElements, Compounds and Reactions ‘Youmustbe able tot ‘© Explain the structure of the periodic table including groups pads, symbols and formulae ‘© Explain differences between elements and compounds in terms ofpartiles ‘+ Describe the cfferences between physical changes and chemical reactions. The Periodic Table + The perlodic table contains all the elements that ae found in the universe. + An element is substance that contains only identical atoms +The simplest particle of an element that cannot be broken down further without losing its properties i called an atom. : +The periodic table arcanges the elements based on the atomic = number (the number of protons in the nucleus of each stor) ee and the physical and chemical properties of each element. + Each column of the periodic table is called a group, family of sents with similar physical and chemical properties. +The rowsiin the periodic table are called periods. The atomic number incteases from left to right through the period. + The mejorty of elements in the periodic table are metals the non-metals are leis common, The atomic number of elements increases sequentially in whole om rhumbers a you g0 Bw. through the table. 12 mk Ee +The periodic table used today was dovisd by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendelee. + We can use the periedic table to predict the physical and chemical properties of elements, B vs3SceneoRevisoncuide+ For example, element: in a group are very similar. Thay have Similar physical properties end chemical reections: ‘The metale in group 1 all react with water to form alkaline solutions ‘The non-metal in group 7 are good at kiling bacteria Chemical Symbols and Formulae + Elements have a name anda chemical symbol + Normally ths is one or two letters, for example Helium = He, Copper = Cu, Silver= Ag + When chomicals react and chemically join together they form compounds. + The compound is roprecerted by a chemical formula, 9g. water = 10, where twro hydrogen ators ere joined to one oxygen ator, +The number written as a subscript indicates how many of those ‘atoms are in the compounci £4. GH,0, (alucose) contains & ‘araon, 12 hydrogen and 6 oxygen atoms, Physical Changes and Chemical Reactions +A physical change is where substance changes state, e.9. water (liquid) freezing intoice (solid). + Physical changes are easy to reverse + A chemical reaction is where elements chemically join together to forma compound. + itis dificult to reverse a chemical reaction. + The compound formed has diferent properties to those of each of the original elements + Tomake it clear wnat i happening in a reaction we write a chemical equation: ‘On the left hand side we rite the reactants ~ On the right hand side we write the products formed + Amexampl ie the raaction of codium with chlorine OO: @@- C8 Ce rescues edt Ut “Take care to write only the fest letier af an clement’ symbol 2s a «capital letter, 1, Which of the following are compounds? 0, 60, 4.0 2. Wihat isthe atomic numberof an element? 3. How many hydrogen ators are in HS,” 4. How many different elements make up GH,Elements, Compounds and Reactions ‘Youmustbe abletor ‘+ Descibe the properties of metals and non-metals + Explain the reactions of metalsand metal exides with acids ‘= Understand the concopt of reaction using axidation of metals and non-metal Chemistry Properties of Metals and Non-metals a Conduct electricity and heat | Are unable to conduct electty and heat ‘Are ductile (can be drawn | Often have 3 low melting point into _| end biting point ‘ante | Ate often geses at oom cnet on wd hammered into shape) _| temperature os ‘Ae shiny Often have e lower densiy than metal ‘are sonorous ring fhe a bell wwe fi) Often have ahigh meking point and boiling point. \ Reactions of Metals + Metals react with acids to give salt end hydrogen: Hydrogen is gas, so bubbles are always produced when acid and ‘metal react. metal + acid —>- salt + hydrogen ‘+The salt formed always takes the name of the metal plus a suffix that represents the acid used in the reaction Acie Eeeeleons Hydrochloric acié | Chloride | sodium + hydrochloric acid —>- sodium chloride hydrogen Sulfuric acid | Sulfate | sodium + sulfuric acid —> sodium sulfate +rhydrogen Nitric acid trate | sodium + nittc acid —p> sodium nitrate +hydrogen Phosphoric cid | Phosphate | sodium+ phosphoric acid —>- sodium phosphate + hydrogenOxidation Reacting en clement or compound with oxygen i called oaldation. ‘The atoms that make up the elements and compounds rearrange to make a new compound, an oxide. For example: magn tum oxide tum + oxygen —>> magn “This can algo be writen as a balanced equation Abslanced equation indicates the number of stoms and how ‘hey are arranged, For example, two atoms ef magnesium react with one molecule lof oxygen to form two molecules of magnesium oxide: 2Mgls)+ Og) —> 2MGOKs) Combustion is where a fual reacts with oxygen (burns) forming ‘carbon dioxide and water, ane giving out eneray in the process: fuol + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + Si Reactions of Metal Oxides ‘Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, for example: ‘magnesium + oxygen —>> magnesium oxide “The metal oxide i called a hace and i the chemical opposite of ‘an acid Metal oxides react with acide to form 3 salt and water: ‘metal oxide + acid —p salt + water “This means that the acid has been neutralised. “The eal formed alwaye tale tha name of tra matal and the suffix from the acid, for exemple: sodlum oxide + hydrochloric acid —>- sodium chloride « water Quick Test 1. Write the word equation for the reaction between nitrogen ‘and onygen. 2. What salt i formed in the reaction between potassium and sulfuric aca? 3. Give three properties of a metal 4. Give three properties of 8 non-metal “The numbers of each atom are always the same on both sides of the formuia, ‘ductile malleable density salt ‘oxidation bese neutraliseReview Questions Variation for Survival © re greph shows variation of a character found in human 1a) What isthe name of this type of vaietion? 1b) Write down two examples of this type of variation found in humans. © Varationis very important tothe sural ofa specs. answer from the table below. ‘when environmental conditions stay the same When the environment ischenging very slowy When the environment is changing very quickly ‘Tho environment has no effect on variation © Explain the part played by ach ofthe following slr inthe understanding of DNA. 23) Watson an Cree ») Rosalind Franklin. a8 9 Science Revision Gi tH) co} Under which of the following conditions is variation most important? Puta tck next to the best tH) io} 1Our Health and the Effects of Drugs @ Belin the meaning of the folowing words @) pathogen 1) toxin © antibody ® © iar hice stfrent ype of merobe and gi an scampi of a diceave caused ty exch of them. 8 © een wy doctors ae es worse about people tking the dus caffeine and mare wore about people taking the drug cocaine. RB © Excain the citterance between addition and withdraval @ © March each atv below with a danger of doing it activty anger ] | braking ona Ting to fy off tal busing J | ‘smoking | Reduces breathing Taking ts0 tung eancer Using heroin Liver fire J = @ @ Microbes sometimes oun erty to our bod fepain how white bod els can protect our body from invasion by ioe BPractice Questions Mixing, Dissolving and Separating © Which ofthe totioning separation method would be bes for each ofthe folowing investigations? chown em te alone method omni section a sama eae ei ane ee 2 Seve enter med nd ve 05 vito He long dgrneiiow sprained oes 3,3 || a | see 0 od ) Which ofthe substances could be copper? Pf % Describe how filtration end evaporation could be used to extract salt from seamcter. © Vinnie anaysing the pigments used to colour citterent sweets using chromatography. Vinnie makes a qualitative observation on how similar the chromatograms are to each other using his eyes end judgement, Suggest what Vinnia would need to do to make a more accurate quantitative measurement © >n acwarium for keeping fish wses afte. Suggest what the filter is femoving from the water and explain how fitration works. 0 i a mElements, Compounds and Reactions @ titer sprinting a mods. When he opens atin paint he notices thet the pint has separated ino le 8) What type of a substance is the paint? 1) anvelerment i) acompound a) a micure 1 'b) When Ethan reads the label on the tin it says thet the paint contains water and titanium ‘oxide. Ttanium oxide and water are examples of what type of substance? 1) anelement i) a compound amidture 0 © wich ofthe following ae example chericl reactors? 3) chocolate melting on ot day Ia tron eplocing inthe sty 1 bread ain tosses 10 water condensing one cold window pane B © A periodic tale is shown lon, a c ©) Which letter indicates a group? tH 1b) Which letter indicates a pariod? ti ©) Which letter indicator a non-metal? 0 © icin he aterence between an eerent ahd a compound iExplaining Physical Changes You must be able to: ‘+ Describe the similarities and differences betwcen solids iqudsand gaser ‘+ Explain how changes in temperature affect the motion and sparing of particles ‘+ Explain sublimation in terms of particles. The Particulate Nature of Matter ‘All matter inthe univers is mado up of atoms, arranged in one of three states solid, liquid or ges. 1+ At the coldest temperature possible (-273°C or 0K), the atoms. have ne kinetic eneray 50 cannot move. ‘+ if heat is introduced, the atoms gain kinetic energy and so move, Solids, Liq + Solids: ‘contain atome arranged as close together as possible ~ ate therefore denser than their quid form (apart from ‘water) and cannot be compressed ~ will have a fixed shape and volume that does not depend upon the container that iti. Even though they form part ofa solid the atoms, or molecules, = still ibrate due to their kinetic nergy tia + Asthe temperature supplied to e substence increases, the {toms of molecules vibrate moro and moro + Eventually at the melting point the atoms oF molecules rearrange inte a iqu ~ asthe atoms or molecules are further apart the density will be lss than it was as 2 sold ~ if aliquid isin @ container it wil take the shepe of the ‘container that it occupies ~ the atoms or molecules move around much more then ina ‘old, but sil cannot be compressed. o + Eventually, atthe boiling point, the liquid becomes @ gas = the atoms oc molecules ina gas can move freely and wil ‘occupy all ofthe available space in a container — if not completely enciosed, the gas particles will escape ~ when a materiel cools the reverse process happens + Unlike solids and liquids, gases can be compressed, + Kinetic energy is removed from the substance, causing its movement to slew. +The substance changes from a ges into ali ‘then into 2 fold from a lguld (reezing). is and Gases Gases car still be heated further, to temperatures higher than the boiling poi. (condenses,7 Pariklesare |» Partidesare | Partidesare ‘touching eacn | momlytoucring | spaced apart cotrersoselids | each other so 50 gases con areusuallydense.| liquids cannot be | be compressed + Porticlesare kept | compressed, fond have lover Inplace by very |+ Particles are densities than strong forcesso | attracted to each | Tiquids and solids often have | otherby quite | solids. ahigh melting | strong forces. | + Parties are point + Partkles en move | attracted to each + Porticies only ‘overeschother | other by weak maveby vibrating so iquidscan take | forces. soselidshavea | theshope ofthe |+ Parties move fixe shape, container very auikkly. Sublimation + Some substances can jump from solid to gas. This is called sublimation. + Examples of sublimation include carbon dioxide (dry ie to gas) ammonium chloride and gel ait Freshener, t Quick Test 1. Vihy are mos solids denser than their liquid form? 2. Atwhat temperature do atoms stop vibrating? 3. Descrite what happens in sublimation, 4 State the citferonces between solids, liquids and gases. eid Sublimation is the ‘change from a solid direct to gas, or from a | gat to 3 sole atom linet anergy i density sublimation‘Youmust be able tor Water + Water has a number of properties that are unique, {+ When ie forms, the water molecules fine up in arogular pattern, +The water molecules are futher apart in ice than In the liquid form, and therefore solid water i less dence than liquid water, + Consequently, ce Floats on water Brownian Motion + Inthe 18005 Rebert Brown observed pollen grains suspended in ‘water under the merascape. + Heneticed that the particles were moving randomly in the ‘water, and his observation is now called Brownian motion. + Brownian motion is due to the particles suspended in a fuic caliding withthe atoms oF molecules that make up the thd Diffusion “+ Diffusion isthe narne of the process whereby molecules in a liquid or gae mix ae a result of their rancom motion, + Particles at a high concentration in one location will tend to rove to an area where they are in low concentration. + Eventually the perticls will become evenly distributed. ‘throughout the liquid or g2s. Explaining Physical Changes ‘# Desenbe the particular nature of water andthe ia/natertranstion ‘© Describe and explain Brownian motion and the diffusion of gases, ‘* Explain the process of heat conduction between particles in a conductor The pertide appearsto ‘move on ks ov, this ‘is because the water rmoteculesare so small, ‘that they are invisibleConduction + When a solid conductor, such as metal, s heated, the atoms Increase their eneray and vibrate moc. +The atoms collide with other atoms, transferring energy and ceusing them to vibrate more. +The process of conduction continues until all che atoms have teeched the same tempersture. + Iman ineulstor the energy snot pasted onta other atoms so the solid does not conduct the heat. ‘+The vibration ofthe particles increases as ther kinetic energy sonia increases. Kinetic energy is ‘+The higher the temperacure, the greater the kinetic energy and sxommarianceai Hi s0 the particles vibrate faster more movement, the ‘+The lower the temperature, the lower the kinetic energy and the particles will vibrate more slowly, —— Temperature and Particles +The hotter particles got, the more kinetic energy they have, This means particles move more and separate from each other more. + As temperature increases, pressure will increase and the density ‘will decrease, + inthe case of a balloon, the particles inside will Increase n speed «causing the pressure to increase, enlarging the balloon. Vorematot pris ince warned aloon prem depentscn eating eae eee nomelnspemre + Areaction that produces heat energy is called an exothermic reaction + A reaction that takes in energy from the environment is called an tndothermic reaction. Bowne: | 1. what will happen to the ar particles in a sealed balloon itt ‘heated? 2. What will happen to the alr paticis in a saaled balloon it Brownian motion ‘cooled? diffusion 3, Why does ic float an water concentration 4. explain how diffusion takes olace pressure‘Youmustbe able to: Explain the combustion of fuels, activation energy. Chemical Reactions ‘A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement of atoms from reactants to products, “The product that are formed have the some ators, justin Lifferent configurations. ‘There is never a change in total mass in a chemical reaction. ‘A-word equation names the reactants and products formed ina reaction, for example: reactants => product, ‘+ Apply conservation of mass to simple reactions Explain the difference batwoon a chemical and physical change Explain how a catalyst can make rezcton accur faster by reducing hydrogen + oxygen —> water Word equations do not tall us the ratios of the molecules involved. ‘Chemical equations show the chemical formula of the reactants {and products, s0 that the number of atoms and ratios involved ‘can be worked out, for example Explaining Chemical Changes \ ‘The total massing chemical reaction doesn't change. This is consorvation of ra. MO) + Ok) 24,00) KeyPoint 86° 8 — ww ‘This equation tells us that twe molecules of Fycrogen gas react with one molecule of oxygen gas to give two molecules of water ‘The state of each reactant i civen in brackets after its chemical formula: () = solid, () = gas) =Iiqui, (aq) = aqueous (which means it isin sclution, In combustion, 2 fuel gonerally reacts with oxygen to produce ‘carbon dioxide and water, and releases energy in the process, For example, burning propane gas in a camping stove: Propane + eiygen —> carbon doce + water fe SiN GIO) + 509) —> 300,19) + 48,019 oo BS ss scieneenevislonculde ‘The lange number in front of each molecule a coefficient, retells show many molecules there are overallCatalysts ‘A chemical reaction will only take place ifs set amount of, fenergy is provided. This is called the activation energy of the reaction. + Ifthe available energy is ess than the activation energy, there will not bee reaction + A catalyst isa substance that reduces the activation energy, and 40 inereates the rate of ection, + This means the reaction can take place with lower energy than normal ‘catalyst Isnelther a reactant nor a product and isnot used up inthe reaction +The name ofthe catalyst is wetter above the atrowrin the reaction to indicate that tic needed. + Catalysts are used i chericel processes all over the world, mest commonly in the exhaust systems of cas alized gon Press crater ve treakown apts Pr catalyst carbon monoxide + oxygen —p> catbon dioxide Preatalyst 20019) + O19) — 20,0) + Inblolagy.catabats ate male of protein and are called enzymes, © One example of an enzyme ie amylate in the digestion of starch into the sugar mattose: amylase starch =p maltose B Quick Test 1. What doer a catalyst do? 2. Explain activation energy 2. State the differences between word and chem Key Point Catayits are never used Up, 0 can be used again and again word equation chemical equation activation energy cataystExplaining Chemical Changes ‘You must be able to 1+) Beplain neutralisation andthe use of indicators '* Use word equations to represent and/or describe the reactions af aces ‘= Describe andl explain the uses of acids and alkalis Indicators + Inara uted to tnd out whattype of absance aches 1 inital, scientist ucovere chemicals in common plants that Vy Could change colour to ndcate ado alka for example, red I] Cothege red in acd and blue in alain condition Nin +The cnmla mu also behaves ean instr But canbe I] incorporated into paper 50 it can be transported easly. + Universal indicator (UJ) solution and paper contain a mixture of amocpore different indicators. + These indicators change colour ata specific pH. + pis a meesure of the strength of an acid or alkali «The pH scale ranges from 1 10 14 and has colour for each pH number. pote 0 —V sclis neutral ———alkals Tesnnw ow 2345 * pH probes and data loggers remove the need for indicator papers and clutions. + They measure the pH directly and are more precise then indicator paper or solutions. Acids and Bases + Allchemical can be classified as baing an ace, a base or are neutral, + Acids are a group of chemicals that have a pH loss than 7. + An.acid can chemically eect with a metal to produce hydrogen: metal+ acid —p> salt + hydrogen Ita base cssolves, ean «The chemical opposite of an acid isa base. si alkali + Bases are chemicals witha pH grester than 7.Hydrochloric acid | Human stomach 1 Ethanoic acid Vinegar 2 | ‘crus fruit 2 sulfuric acid | car battaries 1 Carbonic acid [Fey drinks a_| Name of base Cre ED Sodium hydroxide | Laboratories 4 Calcium carbonate | Chalk Sodium bicarbonate | Biarbenste of soda (cooking) Ammonia Har dyes " me Gardening products al + When a chemical is neither an acid nora base itisneutra. + Aneuteal solution has a ph of 7 Neutralisation + When en acid and a base ave mixed together, they react. ‘+ fan acid reacted with a base there will come a point where a selt and water ere mede and no more acid or base exist. + At thie point the mixture wl be neutral anc have a pH of 7. + The whole proces is called neutralisation acid + metal oxide © —> salts water acid + metal hydroxide —> salt+ water acid + metal carbonates —> salt + water + carbon dioxide In all neutralisation reactions, water is made. What can you declues if a chemical pH 57 Explain neutralisation metal Why is & pH probe ancl a dat lg than Ul pape ager better to measure pH add base neutral alkali neutralisationReview Questions Mixing, Dissolving and Separating @ Anns and Kata are caryng out cromstograpny of ink, a thay believe achequehs been forged. They are going to texto see whether the ink on the cheque ithe se the Ink ofthe suspecs pen. The resus are shown inthe cromatogram be. How many different pigments are in sample A and in sample B? a 1) Which of the samples matches the ink of the suspect’ pen? a ©) Spain why was the starting line on the chromatogram was drawn using a pencil. a © Karim isivestigating how cha (acum carbonate reacts when heated. He heats the chal fora minute at atime and then measures Rs mass. He notices thatthe mass decreases. 2) What is tho name given tothe chamical reaction Karim is observing? m 1) Complete the word equation forthe reaction given below: calcium carbonate > + a © rte the chemin quai or the eation of carbon with oxgen alElements, Compounds and Reactions © Tre cinsram shows arodel of chemical eetion, 4) Wet feet cf he cagram nds that Sees 20] 1g sienna sre &||e Py Silo ow F)|PF|| PH! 1) Suggest how the diagram indicates that "HANS + Mens nanan ‘mate hat been conserved the reaction. [1] © sian iscaryng out some experinent to tere what happens when differant meals are sxided o diferent acids Her table has some gaps. What are the reactants and products given by lttars A-£? ‘Metal [ino ‘Gas formed Zine A Zine sulfate Hydrogen ‘Magneshum Witvic ads 8 Hydrogen Potassium c Potassium eniaride | D € Wire acid Lithium nitrate rogon Hydroas Pi © For each change given bulow, decide whether it ita phyical change (Por 9 chemical change (- 4) mebting choclate 1 a bi fener ©. the sel of perfume ifsing across oom 4 jelly setting ina dish @) setting off 3 CO, fire extinguisher i © wniar ofthe totowing chemical equations iscomect? 2) Mab) + 04a) 2Mg0%9 'b) 2Ma()+ O(g) > Ma0(s) 0) 2MaGl+ 00> 2Ma0d 4) M96) + 016) > M019 0Practice Questions Explaining Physical Changes © Draw t paiciesin asi tui anda gas © saly stocking at a blue coloured gear freshener, which ublmes She cuts pee ofthe ais freshener and pus itinto a sal beaker The beaker iplced into larger beaker which Contains hot wate On the top ofthe beaker containing ar freshener she placer beaker containing ee. 2) Wat woul Sally se after a ow minutes on the underside ofthe beaker containing ke? 1) Suggest why thishenpens ‘What is meant by the term Brownian motion? ‘An iceberg floats on water. Explain what properties of water enable ice to float © cia chossing 2C0, tre eringusher when he sas the extinguisher of a vale opens ‘leasing CO, 938. ‘When a handkerchief i placed over the end of the extinguisher, solid CO, starts to build up. Which of the following best explains why this happens? Tick the correct box. 8) The CO, particles break up into Cand 0, 1) The CO, gas particles are slowed down rapidly causing a solid to form 19) The CO, gos particles slow down to form a liquid and then a slid 4) The handkerchief cools the CO, down into a solid ia’ 133 Siene Revision Guide) BI m n a a nmExplaining Chemical Changes © Werk isreocting conser neta with oxygen as He revs the to involved in the eatin a) Draw what should bein the last box, a b) What s the name of the product inthis reaction? a © Wet doese cates doin chemical reaction? Choos the best answer isi» hail eaten dow 1) remakes chemical esis happen 4 lowers the ectivation energy d) It lowers the kinetic energy a © compet the fotoning metal + acid @ + tf teri in rca Haynie si i stigaen wnat colour Wd change for ach of na ecanpac bate: a) car battery acid b) juice of a lemon © tap water d) toothpaste co) © Wot are the produc ofthe Fotowing resent? a) magnesium + hydtochloricacid = m b) copper oxide + nitvicacid > m ©) vanadium carbonate + sulfuricadd > m1Obtaining Useful Materials k ‘Youmust beable te: \ / = Usethe reactivity series to determine whether reactions are possible 4 Describe and explain how carbon is used to extract metals ay The Reactivity Series + The metals in the periodic table all exhib diferent loves of reactivity. “+ By comparing their razetions tis possible to sort them into a reactivity series. “The reactivity series shows the order of reactivity from most reactive to least reactive. Most reactive ‘All metalscould be weantare included ina reactivity series. The diagram aut here shows only 3 few Calcium mejor metals as well Magnesium a5.carbon Aluminium Corben Zine tron Lead Copper Silver Gold Pratinum Least reactive + By comparing metels on the reactivity series, chemists can precict whether a chemical reaction may happen and, if t does, hhow vigorous the reaction may be. 4+ “The reactivity series also includes the element carbon. + Carkon can have different forms and properties, such a5 dlamond and graphite + Carbon isnot a metal, ut when it sin the form of graphite it an conduct electricity, a property shared withthe metals jmornstiniiin cnphtondedecearety BS 123 SceRevbson Guide)Displacement Reactions + When a metal, orcarbon, comes into contact with a metal that Isa compound there may bo a reaction: ~ Wf the metal in the compound is higher in the reactivity ‘series than the Introduced matal,or carbon, no reaction will take piece, — ifthe metal in the compound is lower Inthe reactivity series thon the introduced metal or carbon then the introduced ‘matal will deplace the metal in the compound. ‘The greater the difference in positions inthe reactivity series, the faster and more vigorous the reaction. + For example, if ron metal was added to copper sulfate tolution: + “The reaction can be wattenas: iron + copper sulfate —> iron sulfate + copper Fol) CuOfo5) > FaEOeq) + Gut) + If copper were added to iron sulfate solution, there would be 1 reaction as copper is loner in the reactivity series than iron ‘and will not be able to displace it 1. Could copper dsplace megnesium from magnesium nitrate? ‘Which wold be faster at dsplacing zine icon of aluminium? Suggest 4 metal to dsplace sodium from sodium chloride. Explain what is meant ay the ‘roactvity series. Key Point Remember that, as well as new products being formed, there will often bbe visbie changes asa result of the reactants disappearing, oni highr thn cpp onthe rev eel tee Sigece he cope aed re fo8 se toni’ areal ‘es cl eu See Seni ee iu st, tornObtaining Useful Materials ‘You must be able to: ‘+ Describe and explain the se of carbon in the extraction of metals '* Describe the characterises and uses of ceramics, composites ‘and polymers Extracting Metals + Mary of tne first metals diecoverod by humans were low on the reactivity series + As they wore unreactive it meant that tna metals could be ‘found in their pure form, ¢.9. gold and silver and were not in a compound + Other, more reactive, metals tended to have olready reacted with othar elements, such as oxygen, to form compounds. + One of the biggest milaszones in human history ‘wes stumbling upon the displacement reaction using carbon that can be used to purity iron ore: ~ ron ishested in a furnace with carbon and limestone ~ Carbon is higher in the reactivity saries than iron so cispiaces, the iron = Molten iron is formed and the carbon joins on to the oxygen forming carbon dioxide. ‘All metas below carbon inthe reactivity series ‘an be edracted using this method. ‘athon + iron oxide —>- carbon dioxide + iron 6) + 2F90%) — > Cosa) + 2FetD) Ceramics + Ceramics are made from heating non-metallic materials at high ‘temperatures + The proverties ofthe ceramic material differ from the initial materia eg. ceramic pots are very differen to the cay used t0 ‘make them. + This ic because the high temperatures cause crystals to form on, «cooling, + By contralling the speed of cooling, different sized crystals can bbe made, 1+ Rapid cooling causes small crystals and slow cooling causes large crystals+ ifether minerals are addedte glass when itis formed, glass ceramics can be made. + Although they are often rite, these can tolerate vary high temperatures, so are often used as cookware (eg, Py1e3) oF in laboratories Material such a Polymers naad te be heated in + Itis possible to join small molecules (monomers) together in an oven to becom long chains. 3 ceramic. This san + The chained molecule consisting of repeating monomer units it irreversible proces. called a polymer. Polymers are extremely useful because they can be used to create different materials, eg, tho monemar ethane can be ‘made into polylethene) ‘+ Poly(ethena) is used to make plastic bags and bottles. EE. fH Hoa Holy in means a largenumber of, or many Composites + Acomposite is a material thet is made from two or more: different materias bonded geined) together + Thenew composite material has different cheracteritics to ‘those ofthe starting materials + Concrete first made by the Romans, is made from mixing cement with different stones. The resulting mixture s far stronger than the coment or the stones alone. + Carbon fibre is very ight and exceptionally strong compesite ‘formed from shoe of carbon fre bonded together with a resin * Carbon fibre materials are wed when strength is needed with ow weight; for example, helicopter roter blades, airplanes and kayaks Quick Test Key Words 1. Why were gold and silver amongst the fist elements discovered? ceramic 2. How would you cteate smal crystals in clay? | monomer 3. What is s composite’ polymerUsing our Earth Sustainably You must be able to: Describe the structure of the Earth ) +¢ Explain tock formation end the rock cycle ‘+ Describe the composition ofthe Earth and its atmosphere. The Structure of the Earth +The Eorth is aplenet in orbit around the Sun. + Allof the chemicals used in industry come from ‘the Earth. + Rocks make up the Solis crust ofthe Earth. ‘+The rocks in the crust contein chemical compounds and elements that can be extracted and used, The Rock Cycle + There are three types of rocks, classified according to how they formed. + igneous rock s formed from cooled magma. Ifthe magma cools rapidly, the igneous rock formed ‘cense and has small crystals, eg. basalt the magma cools slowly then the igneous rock will be les dense and have large cystab, €9. granite. we + When rocks have been subjacted to weathering and ‘erosion, pieces of rock break oft. + The sediments formed eventually sete and are subjected to large pressures from the rock above. + When material dapesited in this way forms rock itis ‘alle sedimentary rock. + Any material that can be deposited can le26 to ‘sedimentary rock, g. eroded rock material, or the cokite exeetons of mizroorganisms thet lve in the soa. + Due te the movement of the tectonic plates, rock thet ‘was on or neat the surface can be moved closer to the Ears core, + Subjected to intense heat and prossure, the structure fof the rock alte. +The altered rock becomes metamorphic rock wsMaar Composition of the Earth ‘© The chemicals in the Earth cust tend to be insoluble compounds. HH they were soluble, the ground would dissolve whenever‘ rained! Onygen «6 Silicon Eg ‘Aluminium 3 tron 5 [Other elements 3 = The atmosphere of the Earth contains very ight compounds that exist a5 gases, 2s well as very small solid particles that are light tencugh to float in tha aie Nitrogen B The composition of Some at elements ie very different argon oe in ciferent ports of the = Earth. Ris important to portent pow specify which part you | Other trace geses 0.06 are cescriting Quick Test = 1 1. What are the three types of rock Fgneous sedimentary metamorphic 3. Brow the rock oyeUsing our Earth Sustainably ‘You must beable to: ‘= Describe the carbon cycle ‘© Explain the impact of human acthty on the atmosphere © Describe what is present inthe atmosshere and hawit has changed over time ‘© Suggest why the Earths a source oflimited resources, Chemistry The Carbon Cycle + The element cerbon (C) is common on Eerth ‘+ Carbon is reactive and can form up to four bonds with different clements, often forming chains + The different reactions that carbon takes part in mean that carbon atoms move through the carbon cycle. + Changes to parts of the cycle will have an impact on other parts of the eela y and Climate Change + Human acy ca alter he balance inte carbon ace { Byremoving and burning fs ute (cae and natural 90), Carbon har wes raped fr ilions of years now related ino the atoaphore carton desi Levels of CO, are ‘lobally he highest they have been for the pas: 2 rillion years+ This carbon dioxide acts as« greenhouse gas, trapping heat trom the Sun, + The more carbon dioxide re'eased, the hotter the planet becomes the consequence of this s climate change. + In different ports of the world, the oceans get warmer. This uses changes to currents and wind patterns, and Unpredictable ond extreme weather patterns con occur ‘© Humans produce carbon cloxie through a number of activites: factories or transport (23, planes cas) using fossil Fuels ~ eating down and burning forests. ‘+ Scientific consansus indicates that the amount of carbon oxide in the atmosphere needs to be reduced, Before indusrialisation in the 1800s the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere wes 0.028%, ‘= In 2013 the level reached 0.04%hfor the fist time in the past 3 milion years. Limited Resources = Although the planet looks enormous to us and seams to have an endless supply of resources, this is not tue: Many clements that we find most useful are alo rare ~ Many of the components used in mobile phones and tablets fare made using rare earth matale ~The majority ofthe energy we use comes from non-renewable sources, such 25 com, ol end natural gas ~ Most items in households of the Westein world ere made from the products of crude ol + The finite reserves of ell are being used up, and since oil takes millions of years to form, me cannat make more. Ths mears. that we need to recycle items. ‘Recycling involves extracting parts ofa used product and making them availabe for ther processes or products, ©.9 recycling paper involves collecting the used paper, sorting it tnd then treating it to meke recycled paper + Of course, recycling uses energy to extract the materials + Manufacturers are increasingly being required by law to make the extraction and recycling of materials 2asy B Quick Test | 1. wnat do scientist believe eeausing CO, levels to 2. Winat is recycling 3. Draw the carbon cycle | a. How are humans affecting the Earths atmospher Key Point Although the media | often show both sides inhen one side he move ecentitic evden han enother Key Words carbon eyde foi uals recycling —"Review Questions Explaining Physical Changes © Tre dagram below hows the rangement of sons four diferent sustarces 4 ooo A &| me c > & op Bo 8) Which box has a substance that ita mixture of compounds? a by Which box has a substance that ould be carbon dioxide? om 2) Which box has a substance that isa pure element? a © ttiswintr and syvia hat gone to look at hor Fehpond. The water pune is steed of Thre sa layer of x ove the top ofthe pond Despite the a, the fan inthe ond are Biv and ae able sim 4) Explain what property, unique to water, has enabled the fishin the pond tosurvive. 3) 1) Sylvi's sister Hilry suggests breeking the ice and -witching the water pump back on. Explain wy thie could lead to the death of the fith in the pone. BiExplaining Chemical Changes q © 4) wit tne word equation forthe rescton of eum end chlrne a) 1) Wits the humic qurtin forthe reaction of zum, and ee, CL a © tycrogen peroxide isa chemical that acts as a bleach. To decompose hydrogen peroxide into water and exyaen the chemical manganese dioxide needs to be present, 1) Wiite the word equation for the dacomposition of hycrogen peroxide. a ) Manganese dioxide isneither @ reactant nor a product, What isthe chemical name for this type of chemical? m © 102012 Fela Baumgartner tloated in a helium balloon until ne reached a height of 39 ken before jumping out 4) The diagram below shows @ balloon that i floating. Copy the disgram and draw arrows insice the balloon to reprosent the pressure of the {8 insida and arrows representing the air pressure outside the ballocn 2 by Draw the arrangement of particles before and after the air inside the balloon was heated, olPractice Questions Obtaining Useful Materials ‘The list below isa shortened reactty series. Use it to answer the folowing questions. potassium sodium ealdum aluminium carbon in 8) Which of the metals can be extracted from their ores by reacting with carbon? by What would be the products of the displacement reaction between carbon and tin carbonate? Complete the word equation. catbon + tin carbonate > What ere the smell units celled that make up e polymer? ‘The volcanic rock bséalt is one ofthe most common racks on the Earth, feat eral cyetale that can only be saan clearly using a micrascope. Suggest how quickly basalt cooted and why it would lead to cystals ofa small size Colin is stucying the architecture of the Romen Civilisation. He reads thet the Romans were the Fist to make concrete. Concrete is made from stones and cement. Explain why concrete i 2 composite material and suggest why the Romans chose to use concrete in their buildings, rather than cement or stones on thelr own. a mUsing our Earth Sustainably © Tre rth consis of ayes. Copy the picture below and add label to identity each yer. © Tre ck ce eto ssing some labels Copy the lara and in the gaps a (31 © the turcc has provided evidence thet mart actvties ae a dec couse of ciate change. 1) What is climate chang:? 1) Wien of the following are dlrect causes of climate change? 9) using nuclear power stations it) manufacturing plat from cude cil tip geothermal anergy 1) petwol powered eas © vse ving eisimportane to eee rexourens nm eB aRForces and their Effects You must beable t Describe some causes and effects of forces / # Exalainhow object can be affected by forcat © Use force arrows to show forees acting on obj Explain the concept of moments Describe and explain Hooke's Law. What are Forces? = Forces are pushes or pulls between two objects, Force arrows can be drawn to show the direction that the force is acting in + When forces ect on en object there will be & consequence: © The abject ean become deformed, ag. stretched ar squathed The object cen warm up due to rubbing and the between the surfaces ‘The object can be pushed out of the way ~The object can previde rsstance to the motion of water oral. ————— Key Poine Balanced and Unbalanced Forces ‘You shoud early * Forces actin opposite pars and force arovrs are drawn to Identify te direction show this. forces actin using © The forces acting on an object can either be arrows This means that there wlll be | This means that there will be no change in the object. | a change in the object. >< Revco eine etaMeasuring Forces Forces are measured in Newtons (N) The stronger the force, the greater the value in Newtons Forces can be measured using a Newton mater. The size ofa force can also be measured by the size of the force's oHect. + Winen an object is stretched or squeshed the length can be measures. +The greater the force applied, the greater the stretch or squashing force. + Thereis a linger relationship between the size ofthe force and the resulting stretch (ie. thay ctange in preportion to each other) ‘This means that for every unit of force, there willbe the same cftect on the stretch (e.g. 1N causes 3 cm stretch, 2.N causes Gem stretch, 10 N causes 30cm, ete) Pivots and Moments A pivot is used to turn things = Armoment i the turning effect ofa force, and has the unit Hm. = moment = force x distance from pivot a + The further away from the sivot, the greater the moment. + This i why a long-handled serwarver can be used to open a tin of paint. Hooke’s Law + Hooke’s Law states that thestretch of a spring willbe ciecty propertional to the force applied (ie. there is 2 linear ‘lationship between then, BB ice sre stoning) LTS w Key Point The unit for force, the Newton, must ALWAYS be written with a pital N anh ost ca e100 Bowe | force Newton |Forces and their Effects ‘You must be able to: # Explain ample effects of forces on speed and direction # Calculate speed from distance and time * Explain how work s dane when a force acts.on an object and changesit + Explain how deformation involves work Forces and Motion = An object wil move in the direction a force is apolied. ‘The larger the force, the faster the object wil start to move, = Applying 2 large enough counter force in the opposite itection to an objects movernent wil cause the abject to stow down and stop, for example, a football net catching a footbs When foxes are balanced an object will continue at the same speed. An object that isn’t moving has a speed ot Dm. it ent already moving, I wil Continue to not move, + Tochange an object's sosed« force has to be aoplie. + Foran object to speed up, more force is needed in the rection of movement. Foran objectio slow down, the force has to be inthe opposite irection to the direction of movement.aera Reagoclansfec ‘Sborracecty tne erg Speed, Distance and Time “+ Speed isa measure of tho distance that an object travels in 2 civen time. speed = distance time + The faster the speed, the further the object travels in a sot period of time. + an athlete ran 100 m in 105 then: speed = 100m + 105 = 10m + The magnitude of the change in speed of an object depends on ‘the size and direction of the force that is applied. Work and Energy Changes + Inscience, work it done if aforce has acted on an abject and there hes been a change in that object. + So, if an abject ald not move at all, no work will have been done. + But.if the object moved faster or slowed down, then work will have been done + If the ebject becomes deformed (squashed! or stretched) then ‘work wll also have been done, + Work is measured in Newton maties (Nm), or Joule (. Bb Quick Test 1. Give the unit for spec ] 2. What i meant by the term work took 3. Acar drives 48 kr in 40 min, What iis sp Work is only dane ifthe ‘object changet speed! orExploring Contact and Non-Contact Forces ‘You must be able to: ‘= Explain non-contact forces between magnets and static electicty ‘= Beplan electrostatic attraction and repulsion © Deteribe the affacts oF gravity across space. Non-Contact Forces + Accontact force is applied by one object touching another. © Forces can also act over a distance. These ace called non-contact Forces, e.g. magnetism, static electricity and gravity Magnetism ‘= Magnets have two poles, North and South, = The opposite poles of e magnet attract. ‘© The same poles of a magnet repel ‘Always remember to vatite both poles on lagramé of magnate. og ateacing and ping =< | Ch fh th Static Electricity +static elec ours when an objec gains or loss electrons negative charge. + ifthe object gains electrons it becomes negative; IFitloses| lectrons it becomes positive. + if wo objects with the same charge are brought together, they will repel each other. + fan object with a negative cherge is brought near an object with positive charge, they wil be attracted. -@ @-|--0 @-| 0-9Electric Fields + When an electric current passes through a wite it produces an lect field. 4 Electric telds act across the spaces botween object that are not in contoet with one another Gravity + Gravity's force exerted by one object on another when they are near each other. + On the Earth everything is pulled to the Earths centre ‘+The Earth hae a gravitational field strength of 10N per kg. This ‘means every kilogram on Earth has a force of 10 N acting on it + vary object with mass has 2 weight, measured in N. + weight = mass x gravitational eld strength + Mass isthe measure of al the matter in an object; and hae the units ka. “On other planets and moons the gravitational field strength vill be different. The weight of an object will therefore be bifferent on each planet, but the mast wil stay the same. + All objects with mass have a gravitational oul, even people. [asthe earth i so massive, we do not notica these srevitationel pulls, ‘The further sway you are from the centre of mass causing the gravitational field, the weaker the gravitational force, For example, @ person standing on the top of Mount Everest will experience slightly less gravitational pull then a person standing in Trafalgar Square, Landon, 11. What is the difference between weight and mass? 2. Why does weight decroase with distance from the Earth? 3. What forms around « wire when electric current thaws through it? Draw two magnets repelling and ting, Key Point ‘Even in space there ‘stil gravity. When someone is ‘weightless its because everything |s falling a tho same time, Gravitational tie srength is meesured nv, i attract rapa! electric file weightExploring Contact and Non-Contact Forces ‘Yournustbe abe to: «= Exbin how pressure actin the atmosphere 1 Eeplan pressure asthe fect fee ove area © Explain wy objects oat and snk iquids and in ids Pressure + Forces can act ver an ate, inal directions pressure =fore/ area ater at the ait {+ Presute measured in Newtons per mete squared (Mi. [are leering A parson veaing snowshoes exes los pressure onthe ground | lens the unt fr ‘hana person of the sare mass weating ice skates. the moment ofa force Atmospheric Pressure ‘The atmesphere on the Earth is exerting 2 pressure on al ‘abjects on the surface ‘As an object gets higher, atmospheric pressure reduces, because ‘there is iess atmosphere pushing downward. ie coming at ef ees ine ete reves rare tice 101.98 i Pressure in Liquids + With liquids, pressure inereases with depth * The deeper an object gets, the greater te force ecting on it ue to the weight of the liquid above + The pressure atthe top ofthe bottle is ess than the pressure towards the bottom. Water pours outof the bottom hole much faser than the hole at the top.Upthrust + When an object is placed into water, the water exerts force in the opposite direction to the weight of tne abject +The term for this is upthrust. + The more dissolved salts in the water, the greater the upthrust. “Many ships have a sores of ines, called pmsl lines, painted on the hull © show how deep the ship wilsink in different waters. Fresh water a ship will sink ower whilst in very salty weter, such asin the Dead Sea, the ship il sink less due tothe increased), upthrus, Floating and Sinking +n object wil foatif the uptust equals the weight of theobjec + ifthe weight is greater than the upthrust, the object wilting. = Another important consideration is the density of the object. The greater the density, the more lixely it willbe that the weight will overcome the uothrust from the liquid and the object wil sink + Ships float even though they may weigh thousands of ko Dacause the weight is spread over a large area. Uptht dowteeset as te tage mig Why does atmospheric pressure decrease with height?” What the unit for pressure? ‘fan abject i loating with weight of 1000 N what isthe Upthruse? Foran abject to float higher in wate: what must be increased? Remember - when the forees acing on an ‘object are balanced it will continue to do what it was doing. Fits floating, Ril continue to float Key Words pressure upthrust plist ine onsityReview Questions ) Obtaining Useful Materials © whieh ofthe totlowing metas was decoveres thousands of years ago? a _ © 9) Pesce une two ofthe floning reactions il tke place iron + copper sulfate copper + aluminium nitrate Ii) iron + potassium nitrate fv) copper + siver nitrate a by For each of the reactions you selected, write the complete word equation for ‘he reaction. ei © Tre photo shows e bast furnace. A blast furnace uted to extraction fem ts oe. tholsin what happens when cacbon and ron ar reacted together Inthebiastfurace. (1Using our Earth Sustainably i @ mater tne rock description tothe ype ot roc: myn hot eae = aa sete ae rT ait is very hard and made of lots of Sean seal crystals s © ory the tte and us the words below to complete the gop, showing the abundance of slerents inthe ihosphee aluminium fron oxygen sion ‘Other elements 27 os © A oro of tircs are taking about ecrina 2) Which two riends ar giving reasons for recsing? 0 1) tte a counter argument to adress Kalu point. B— —— NADA Forces and their Effects © Four Newton meters are shown inthe diagram below: Which shows the highest smount of force? ia A r . 7: ¢ ° > 7 le le ole _ {© sendy is laying with buoning sales On the lfthand sale she he ball anon the ight se ads mos unt blones 1) Hf she add 200 9, what isthe mass ofthe ballin grams? 1 ') She now removes the ball and puts two blocks on the lefthand scale ard 300 g on ‘the right hand scale to balence it. What is the mass of one block in grams? oy © Aron is taining to cun the 800 in the Olympics. n he last race she von in t nin AB. What wat har average speed forthe 200? 2 © 205: pring open hetid ona tin of pine Caalate the tuning moment for the fore apoied me to the serendriver. 1 ‘Show your working ane give the correct unit. BI BB ---~)Exploring Contact and Non-Contact Forces © ies orings two magnets together. Tey repel a) Copy and complete the diagram to show the poles on the magnets b) What would Fiasa have to do to make the magnets attract? 4 © ekg the grovational fet stent on Eerth to be 1K, what woud ead the following mosis weigh? 1019 1859 20003 ia © The vor or fzzy inks fal Te bot has hee Noes made at pols 8 adc 2) brew what would eppen tthe flow of faxy rk at points A Band Con thebettle, It 'b) Explain vihy the flow at points A, B and Cis diferent. a © tin io seg ar we sar wa. 60 At wens ons an ae ot 250 cn end George wows sis with an ae of 350 en? Calelote the pres rtd by tah of rv on the sve aYou must be able to: © Imerpretdistance-time graphs stationary objects ‘= Explain relative motion. Describing Motion + The motion of en object the journey it takes) con be described by drawing a cistance-time graph + The axes of the graph must be labelled correctly. time is plottad on the xis Distance is plotted on the y-axis. t % we + The line of a distance-time graph represents the speed the ‘objects vavelling at: ‘Asteeper line means more distance is covered in the same ‘ume, Le the speed is fester ‘A shallower line means less distance s covered inthe samo ‘ume, Le. the speed is slower When the line is hor'zontal it means the object is not moving at all. thas stopped. + Amore complex distance-time graph appears below: ‘ene : ee, Motion on Earth and in Space © Exoain and apply concepts of balanced forces and equilibya toanalyse KeyPoint The line of @ distance ‘time graph shows the speed of en abject.Relative Motion +The motion of objects is ahvays relative tothe observer: + If two trans, A and B, are tevelling t the same speed on tracks parallel to one anather it would appear to.an abarver on either train that both tains were ato stondstil «tf ne trains were traveling on parallel tracks towrards each ‘other atthe same speed, then an observer on either of the ‘wains would got the impression that the other tain was ‘travelling at twice the speed oftheir train. + To.calculate relative valocty to an observer: If the object is moving towards the observer, add the speeds. 1 the objects moving eway from the observer, subtract the speeds. + $0 for trains moving parallel to each other: ‘Observer —> 10 me ‘Object 10.mis ‘lative velocity = 10 mvs 10 mvs = mis + For ttains moving in opposie directions: ‘Observer —>-10 mvs Object <— toms relative velocty = 10 mie + 10 ve = 20 mvs Forces in Equilibrium + When forces act in opposite directions to each other and are ‘the same size, thay are balanced or in equilibrium, + When the forces are balanced, the object wll continue to do what itis doing ~ Ifitismoving, it will move ata constant speed. — Hfitisstationary it will stay stationary. + Aspring with a 108 weight attached will stretch until the force ‘of the spring pulling the waight upwards (the reaction force) equals 10N, Quick Test 1. fan apple produces 1 N of force on a desk, it not moving ‘What isthe reaction force? 2. What can a distanes-time graph tell us? 3. One car travels eft at 70mph ard another travel right at ‘Gomph. Whats the relative spead? 4, What does the slope tell you on a distance-time graph? BD yro The petition of | observer may influence what they se. Everything is relative! bom | Velocity the same asspeed, but with direction added,‘You must be able to ‘+ Explaln differences in gravity on cifferent planets '* Explain why the Earth has seasons Space and Gravity + Grevityis a force thet gives objects weight. + Every object with mass has gravity + Gravity, however, isa relatively weak force and a very large mass is needed bafore the gravitational cul is noticed + Therefore, all planets and moons (not just Earth) have @ gravitational pl + Weight i calculated by the formulas ‘+ Exclain why day length varies on both the Earth's hemispheres, Motion on Earth and in Space / / Do not confuse mass and weight. Weight ie a force and changes depending where you ae, Mase _aliays says the seme. ‘weight = maze x gravitational field strength (9) + “The Earth has a gravitational field strength (g) of 10 Newtont per Kilogram, which is written as: g = 10NAkg + Onother planets and moors the value of g vil diffe. nets showing apron raining ae ‘soy 3 NR ote Ais Se + the gvtatonal ld stent ofr ar tape the oon in two he much gu pavkatin fld ang the Sunteopethe arth noo othe planet nt oun + Thesmrseu contunrend Rowiathecertect on gly ony vn «Me ily Wy ied wi bition of terse, al tng ta ganicconve dn tothe grata pul toms Bae foie the cove «Surging tp ono ional uring goat! pale exh ote + Btanain pce ar norm ecient the txononical nit for tare te Hh yor + Righeyearitne tance ht hts a ayo Sabnrdearasooete nor 3 lion ke.