Organization of

a processor
Angelica S. Dagal
What is a processor?
The electronic circuitry within a computer that
executes the instructions of a computer
program by performing the basic arithmetic,
logical, control, and input/output (I/O)
operations defined by the instructions

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 CPU
Brain of the Computer System

Arithmetic Logic
Unit Alu + cu Control
Unit
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Different classes
of cpu registers
Registers are very fast computer memory that are
used to efficiently execute programs and
operations in computer architecture.
The main objective of a register is to
allow for quick data retrieval for
CPU processing. Even though
accessing instructions from RAM is
faster than accessing them from a
hard drive, it is still insufficient for
the CPU.

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Accumulator
▪ This is the most frequently used
register used to store data taken
from memory. It is in different
numbers in different
microprocessors

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Mar
Memory address
registers
It holds the address of the location to be accessed
from memory. MAR and MDR (Memory Data Register)
together facilitate the communication of the CPU
and the main memory.
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mdr
Memory data registers
It contains data to be written into or to be read
out from the addressed location.

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General purpose registers
(r0,r1….)
used to store temporary data during any ongoing
operation

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Pc
Program counter
is used to keep the track of
execution of the program. It
contains the memory
address of the next
instruction to be fetched.

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IR
Instruction register

holds the instruction which is just about

to be executed. The instruction from PC
is fetched and stored in IR.

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Ccr
condition code register
Condition code registers contain
different flags that indicate the status of
any operation.

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• Carry C: Set to 1 if an add operation produces a carry or a
subtract operation produces a borrow; otherwise cleared to 0.

• Overflow V: Useful only during operations on signed integers.

• Zero Z: Set to 1 if the result is 0, otherwise cleared to 0.

• Negate N: Meaningful only in signed number operations. Set to 1

if a negative result is produced.

• Extend X: Functions as a carry for multiple precision arithmetic

operations

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Data path
is a set of functional units that carry out data
processing operations.

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Organizations
and operations
of cu
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Assignment
Identify the types of Control Unit and
explain how it works. ( Own explanation)

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Types of control unit
Hardwired Control Unit - the control signals that are
important for instruction execution control are generated by
specially designed hardware logical circuits, in which it cannot
modify the signal generation method without physical change
of the circuit structure.

Micro programmable Control Unit- subsequent instruction

words are fetched into the instruction register in a normal
way. However, the operation code of each instruction is not
directly decoded to enable immediate control signal
generation but it comprises the initial address of a
microprogram contained in the control store.
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