MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,

MUMBAI

A PROJECT REPORT ON
“Collect Information of different types of Audio amplifiers and various IC’s
used in it.”
DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
Mr. Musandi Apurv G.
Mr. Bhosale Deepankar A.
Mr. Mujawar Junaid I.
Mr. Kumbhar Shravan A.
Mr. Rajmane Paras A.
Mr. Patil Namdev G.

Under Guidence Of:

Prof. H. A. Panari

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING
SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL POLYTECHNIC, MAHAGAON
ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-2023
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION,
MUMBAI (MSBTE)
SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL HOSPITAL AND RESEARCH CENTER, MAHAGAON

“SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL POLYTECHNIC”

A/P- MAHAGAON, SITE- CHINCHEWADI, TAL- GADHINGLAJ, DIST- KOLHAPUR

Certificate
This is certify that the following students of Fourth semester of Diploma Programme
in ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING of Institute SANT GAJANAN MAHARAJ RURAL
POLYTECHNIC, MAHAGAON-416503(CODE-0965) has completed Micro project on “Collect
Information of different types of Audio amplifiers and various IC’s used in it.” satisfactory in
subject DCE subject code:22482 for academic year 2022-2023 as prescribed in the curriculum.
ROLL NO. ENROLLMENT NO. SEAT NO. NAME OF STUDENT

39 Mr. Musandi Apurv

01 Mr. Bhosale Deepankar

25 Mr. Mujawar Junaid

37 Mr. Kumbhar Shravan

34 Mr. Rajmane Paras

49 Mr. Patil Namdev

Date:

Prof. H. A. Panari Prof. M. P. Patil Prof. D. B. Kesti

(Project Guide) (Head of Department) (Principal)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcome of this report required a lot of guidance and
assistance from many people and we are extremely privileged to have got this all
along the completion of my report. All that we have done is only due to such
supervision and assistance and we would not forget to thank them. We are
extremely thankful to our project guide Prof. H. A. Panari and head of Electronic
and computer Department Prof. M. P. Patil who took keep interest on our project
work and guided us all along, till the completion of our report work by providing
all the necessary information for developing a good system and for providing such
a nice support and guidance, although he had busy schedule managing the
corporate affairs. We would not forget to remember principal of Prof. D. B. Kesti
for their encouragement and more over for their timely support and guidance till
the completion of our report work. We are thankful to and fortunate enough to get
constant encouragement, support and guidance from all Teaching staffs of
ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT which
helped u s in successfully completing our report work. Also, we would like to
extend our sincere esteems to all staff in laboratory for their timely support.
 INDEX

Sr.No. Content
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Part A- micro project proposal
1.0 Rationale
2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed
3.0 Literature Review
4.0 Resources Required
5.0 Proposed Methodology

4. Part B- micro project report

1.0 Rationale
2.0 Aim of micro-project creation
3.0 Course Outcomes Addressed
4.0 Literature Review
5.0 Conclusion
6.0 Reference
 PART A: Micro project proposal
Collect Information of Different Audio amplifiers and various
IC’s used in it.
1.0 Rationale
A basic power amplifier that is designed to take input as the low strength audio signal and
generate the output signal that consists of the high strength value. This process of
amplification is utilized in the various domains where an electical signal is converted to an
acoustic signal. This type of amplifiers is known as audio amplifiers. Any circuit which
processes the audio signal has the audio amplifier both at the input and also at the output. For
example, if a microphone receives a sound wave input signal it need a pre-amplification of
the signal before processing it further and similar before sending an electrical signal to a
speaker it needs to be amplified.

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

A) To learn about Audio amplifier.
B) To know about its types.
C) Understanding the working of amplifier.
D) To learn about the IC’s used in it.

3.0 Literature Review

Audio amplifier is the basic circuit configuration that is required to amplify, the audio signal
received through a device like a microphone or the audio signal that is to be transmitted out
through a speaker/ Radio device/Wireless transmitter etc.
In early stages, in the year around 1912 vaccum tubes where used for audio amplification but
at around 1970s it was replaced by BJT and MOSFETS. ClassD power amplifiers (which
uses transistors/MOSFETS) are the most widely in audio amplification. ClassAB power
amplifiers can also be used but ClassD is more preferred because of its light weight and low
heat dissipation characteristics.
Audio amplifiers are used in many application from Radio wave transmitter, Hi-fi devices,
Home audio systems, talking toys, Robots and even in military as an acoustic weapon.
4.0 Resources required
Sr.No. Name of Resources Specification Quantity Remark
1. Desktop Computer I3 (11thgen) processor, 16GB 1 Used
Ram, 1TB HDD, 24” Monitor,
KBD, Mouse.
2. Professor Guidence of prof. H. A. Panari 1 Used
3. Internet Various websites including 1 Used
Wikipedia.

5.0 Proposed Methodology

We have just planned the below activities and then made the project by help of computer. We
distributed the work of this project into team members. As working of amplifier is complex
we have taken the help our professor to understand how it actually works.

Sr.No. Details of activity Planned Planned Name of

started finished Responsible team
Date Date members

1. Search the project and find suitable 01/03 06/03 Apurv Musandi
title.
2. Collect information of the types of 07/03 08/03 Deepankar
Audio amplifiers. Bhosale
3. Collect information of IC’s used. 14/03 17/03 Paras Rajmane

4. To show the soft copy of project to 18/03 18/03 Namdev Patil

subject teacher and correct the Shrvan Kumbhar
errors.

5. Finalise the Project. 19/03 20/03 Apurv Musandi

Junaid Mujawar
 PART B: Micro project report
Collect Information of different types of Audio amplifiers and
various IC’s used in it.
1.0 Rationale
The circuit of the audio amplifier consists of a transistor a device to apply the input signals
and a speaker at the output. The transistors are connected based on the necessity. The
important factors that need to be considered while designing a audio amplifier is gain,noise,
frequency response and distortion. Higher the gain higher will be the distortion and noise
however a negative feedback would reduce the gain of the amplifier.

2.0 Aim of Micro-project Creation

The main aim of this project is to learn about the types of Audio amplifiers and how they
actually works. By this we also get to know that which different types of IC’s are been used
in making of Audio amplifiers.

3.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

A) Working of Audio amplifier.
B) Learnt types of Audio amplifiers.
C) Circuit Diagram
D) Working of IC’s used in it.

4.0 Literature Review

An Audio power amplifier (or power amp) is an electronic amplifier that amplifies low-
power electronic audio signals, such as the signal from a radio receiver or an electric guitar
pickup, to a level that is high enough for driving loudspeakers or headphones. Audio power
amplifiers are found in all manner of sound systems including sound reinforcement, public
address, home audio systems and musical instrument amplifiers like guitar amplifiers. It is
the final electronic stage in a typical audio playback chain before the signal is sent to the
loudspeakers.
The preceding stages in such a chain are low-power audio amplifiers which perform tasks
like pre-amplification of the signal, equalization, mixing different input signals. The inputs
can also be any number of audio sources like record players, CD players, digital audio
players and cassette players. Most audio power amplifiers require these low-level inputs,
which are line level. While the input signal to an audio power amplifier, such as the signal
from an electric guitar, may measure only a few hundred microwatts, its output may be a few
watts for small consumer electronics devices, such as clock radios, tens or hundreds of watts
for a home stereo system, several thousand watts for a nightclub's sound system or tens of
thousands of watts for a large rock concert sound reinforcement system. While power
amplifiers are available in standalone units, typically aimed at the hi-fi audiophile market (a
niche market) of audio enthusiasts.
4.1 Types of Audio amplifier

1.0 Class A

The basic configuration of a class-A amplifier provides a good introduction to the amplifier
circuit. Class A Amplifier operation is where the entire input signal waveform is faithfully
reproduced at the amplifiers output terminal as the transistor is perfectly biased within its
active region. This means that the switching transistor is never driven into its cut-off or
saturation regions. The result is that the AC input signal is perfectly “centred” between the
amplifiers upper and lower signal limits as shown below.
A Class-A amplifier configuration uses the same switching transistor for both halves of the
output waveform and due to its central biasing arrangement, the output transistor always has
a constant DC biasing current, (ICQ) flowing through it, even if there is no input signal
present. In other words the output transistors never turns “OFF” and is in a permenant state of
idle. This results in the Class-A type of operation being somewhat inefficient as its
conversion of the DC supply power to the AC signal power delivered to the load is usually
very low. Due to this centered biasing point, the output transistor of a Class-A amplifier can
get very hot, even when there is no input signal present, so some form of heat sinking is
required. The DC biasing current flowing through the collector of the transistor (ICQ) is
equal to the current flowing through the collector load. Thus a Class-A amplifier is very
inefficient as most of this DC power is converted to heat.
2.0 Class B

Unlike the Class-A amplifier mode of operation above that uses a single transistor for its
output power stage, the Class-B Amplifier uses two complimentary transistors (either an
NPN and a PNP or a NMOS and a PMOS) to amplify each half of the output waveform. One
transistor conducts for only one-half of the signal waveform while the other conducts for the
other or opposite half of the signal waveform. This means that each transistor spends half of
its time in the active region and half its time in the cut-off region thereby amplifying only
50% of the input signal. Class-B operation has no direct DC bias voltage unlike the class-A
amplifier, but instead the transistor only conducts when the input signal is greater than the
base-emitter voltage (VBE) and for silicon transistors, this is about 0.7v. Therefore with zero
input signal there is zero output. As only half the input signal is presented at the amplifiers
output this improves the amplifier efficiency over the previous Class-A configuration as
shown below. In a Class-B amplifier, no DC voltage is used to bias the transistors, so for the
output transistors to start to conduct each half of the waveform, both positive and negative,
they need the base-emitter voltage VBE to be greater than the 0.7v forward voltage drop
required for a standard bipolar transistor to start conducting.
Thus the lower part of the output waveform which is below this 0.7v window will not be
reproduced accurately. This results in a distorted area of the output waveform as one
transistor turns “OFF” waiting for the other to turn back “ON” once VBE > 0.7V. The result
is that there is a small part of the output waveform at the zero voltage cross over point which
will be distorted. This type of distortion is called Crossover Distortion and is looked at later
on in this section.
3.0 Class AB

The Class-AB Amplifier is a compromise between the Class-A and the Class-B
configurations above. While Class-AB operation still uses two complementary transistors in
its output stage a very small biasing voltage is applied to the Base of each transistor to bias
them close to their cut-off region when no input signal is present.
An input signal will cause the transistor to operate as normal within its active region,
eliminating any crossover distortion which is always present in the class-B configuration. A
small biasing Collector current (ICQ) will flow through the transistor when there is no input
signal present, but generally it is much less than that for the Class-A amplifier configuration.
Thus each transistor is conducting, “ON” for a little more than half a cycle of the input
waveform. The small biasing of the Class-AB amplifier configuration improves both the
efficiency and linearity of the amplifier circuit compared to a pure Class-A configuration
above. As an introduction to the amplifier, when designing amplifier circuits, the class of
operation of an amplifier is very important as it determines the amount of transistor biasing
required for its operation as well as the maximum amplitude of the input signal. Amplifier
classification takes into account the portion of the input signal in which the output transistor
conducts as well as determining both the efficiency and the amount of power that the
switching transistor both consumes and dissipates in the form of wasted heat.
4.0 Class D

In a conventional transistor amplifier, the output stage contains transistors that supply the
instantaneous continuous output current. The many possible implementations for audio
systems include Classes A, AB, and B. Compared with Class D designs, the output-stage
power dissipation is large in even the most efficient linear output stages. This difference
gives Class D significant advantages in many applications because the lower power
dissipation produces less heat, saves circuit board space and cost, and extends battery life in
portable systems.
Overall, the choice of audio amplifier depends on the application, as different amplifiers have
different characteristics and are suited to different uses.

4.2 Applications of Audio Amplifiers

1.0 Class A Amplifiers: These amplifiers are known for their high-quality sound
reproduction, but are not very efficient and tend to run hot. They are often used in high-end
audio systems and professional recording studios.
2.0 Class B Amplifiers: These amplifiers are more efficient than Class A amplifiers but tend
to introduce some distortion into the audio signal. They are often used in car audio systems
and home theater systems.
3.0 Class AB Amplifiers: These amplifiers combine the high-quality sound reproduction of
Class A amplifiers with the efficiency of Class B amplifiers. They are often used in home
audio systems, car audio systems, and professional audio systems.
4.0 Class D Amplifiers: These amplifiers are highly efficient and compact, making them
ideal for use in portable audio devices such as smartphones and MP3 players. They are also
commonly used in car audio systems and home theater systems.
4.3 IC’s used in Audio amplifier
1.0 LM386:
The LM386 is a versatile and easy-to-use audio amplifier IC that is widely used in portable
and low-cost audio applications. One of the primary benefits of the LM386 IC is its low
power consumption, making it ideal for battery-powered audio devices. The LM386 can
operate on a power supply voltage as low as 4V and consume as little as 4mA of current,
which maximizes battery life and extends the operation time of the audio device.
Another benefit of the LM386 IC is its high voltage gain. The built-in voltage amplifier
circuit can provide a gain of up to 200, which can be adjusted by changing the value of a
feedback resistor. This feature makes it easy to match the output level of the amplifier to the
input level of the audio device, ensuring that the audio signal is clear and free from distortion.
The LM386 IC has a low distortion and noise characteristic, with a signal-to-noise ratio of
around 80dB, which ensures that the audio signal is clear and free from unwanted noise. The
LM386 IC has a simple and compact design, which makes it easy to integrate into audio
amplifier circuits. It requires only a few external components, such as coupling capacitors,
feedback resistors, and a bypass capacitor, which simplifies the circuit design and reduces the
cost. This feature makes it a popular choice for low-cost audio devices that require a small
form factor and low power consumption.
2.0 TDA2050:
The TDA2050 is a high-performance audio amplifier IC that is widely used in audio
applications. It is a monolithic integrated circuit with an output power of up to 32W and a
high-quality audio output. Here are some of the features and benefits of the TDA2050 IC in
audio amplification:
One of the primary benefits of the TDA2050 IC is its high output power. It can deliver up to
32W of output power into an 8 ohm load, which makes it ideal for medium-power audio
applications such as home theater systems, soundbars, and small PA systems. The TDA2050
IC also has a low distortion and noise characteristic, which ensures that the audio signal is
clear and free from unwanted noise. The TDA2050 IC has a simple and compact design,
which makes it easy to integrate into audio amplifier circuits. It requires only a few external
components, such as a heat sink, input and output capacitors, and a feedback resistor. This
simplifies the circuit design and reduces the cost of the audio amplifier. The TDA2050 IC is
also thermally protected, which means that it can operate at high temperatures without any
damage to the IC. It has a built-in thermal shutdown circuit that prevents the IC from
overheating and protects it from thermal runaway. This feature ensures that the audio
amplifier is safe and reliable, even in harsh operating conditions.
3.0 TPA3116D2:
TDA3116D2 is a class-D audio amplifier that is designed for high-efficiency and low power
dissipation. It is an ideal solution for audio amplification in a wide range of applications
including home theaters, multimedia systems, and portable devices. This amplifier is useful
in audio amplification due to its various features and advantages. One of the primary
advantages of TDA3116D2 is its high-efficiency conversion rate. This means that it can
convert the input power into output power with minimal energy loss, resulting in reduced
power consumption and longer battery life for portable devices. Additionally, its high-
efficiency conversion rate allows it to generate less heat, which means that it does not require
extensive cooling systems. Another advantage of TDA3116D2 is its high output power
capability. This amplifier can deliver up to 50 watts of power per channel, making it suitable
for a wide range of audio applications. The high output power capability allows it to drive
larger and more complex speaker systems with ease, resulting in high-quality audio output. In
conclusion, TDA3116D2 is a useful audio amplifier due to its high-efficiency conversion
rate, high output power capability, high SNR, and built-in protection circuitry. These features
make it an ideal solution for a wide range of audio applications, delivering high-quality audio
with minimal distortion and noise.
4.0 LM1875:
LM1875 is a high-performance audio amplifier designed for applications requiring a
combination of high output power, excellent frequency response, and low distortion. This
integrated circuit (IC) is useful in audio amplification due to its various features and
advantages.
One of the primary advantages of LM1875 is its high output power capability. This amplifier
can deliver up to 30 watts of power per channel, making it suitable for a wide range of audio
applications, including home audio systems, musical instruments, and automotive audio
systems. The high output power capability allows it to drive larger and more complex speaker
systems with ease, resulting in high-quality audio output. Another advantage of LM1875 is
its excellent frequency response. This amplifier has a flat frequency response from 20 Hz to
20 kHz, which is the human hearing range, allowing it to reproduce audio signals accurately
and faithfully. This feature makes it an ideal choice for audio enthusiasts and professionals
who demand high-quality audio. LM1875 is also known for its low distortion. With a total
harmonic distortion (THD) of less than 0.03%, LM1875 can deliver high-quality audio with
minimal distortion and noise, resulting in an accurate and clean audio output.
In conclusion, LM1875 is a useful audio amplifier due to its high output power capability,
excellent frequency response, low distortion, built-in protection circuitry, and ease of use.
These features make it an ideal solution for a wide range of audio applications, delivering
high-quality audio with minimal distortion and noise.
5.0 Conclusion
Badly designed amplifiers especially the Class “A” types may also require larger power
transistors, more expensive heat sinks, cooling fans, or even an increase in the size of the
power supply required to deliver the extra wasted power required by the amplifier. Power
converted into heat from transistors, resistors or any other component for that matter, makes
any electronic circuit inefficient and will result in the premature failure of the device.
So why use a Class A amplifier if its efficiency is less than 40% compared to a Class B
amplifier that has a higher efficiency rating of over 70%. Basically, a Class A amplifier gives
a much more linear output meaning that it has, Linearity over a larger frequency response
even if it does consume large amounts of DC power.
In the end, amplifier classes aren’t necessarily as important as some people might ascribe.
Yes, there are important differences, particularly when it comes to cost, amplifier efficiency,
and consequently weight. Certainly a 500W Class A amplifier is a bad idea, unless the idea of
using your amplifier as an oven appeals to you. On the other hand, the differences among the
classes don’t inherently define sound quality. In the end, that comes down to engineering and
implementation. we’ve been learnt great examples of all classes of amplifiers.

6.0 Reference
1. https://www.audioholics.com/
2. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/
3. https://www.wikipedia.com/
4. https://www.watelectronics.com/