MODUL • Fizik TINGKATAN 4

Unit
PENGUKURAN
1 MEASUREMENT

1.1 KUANTITI FIZIK / PHYSICAL QUANTITIES SK 1.1

SP 1.1.1 Menerangkan kuantiti fizik

Apakah itu kuantiti fizik? Kuantiti yang terdiri daripada kuantiti asas dan kuantiti terbitan .
What is physical quantity? derived U
Quantity that consists of base quantities and quantities. N
I
T
Kuantiti fizik yang tidak boleh ditakrifkan dalam istilah kuantiti asas yang
Apakah itu kuantiti asas?
lain. 1
What is a base quantity?
A physical quantity which cannot be defined in terms of other base quantities.

Kuantiti fizik yang diterbitkan daripada kuantiti asas melalui

Apakah itu kuantiti pendaraban atau pembahagian atau kedua-duanya.
terbitan?
What is derived quantity? A physical quantity which is derived from base quantities through
multiplication or division or both.

Unit metrik Unit imperial

Nyatakan perbezaan
antara unit metrik dan
unit imperial.
State the differences between
metric unit and imperial unit.
Metric unit Imperial unit
Meter, kilometer, gram, kilogram dan Ela, inci, kaki, batu, gelen dan
saat. lain-lain.
Metre, kilometre, gram, kilogram and Yard, inch, foot, mile, gallon and
seconds. others.
Sistem metrik yang mewakili satu Unit imperial ini dikenali
unit tunggal bagi sebarang kuantiti sebagai ukuran yang pernah
fizik digunakan oleh semua negara. digunakan di Britain dan
Metric system that represents one single Amerika Syarikat.
unit for any physical quantity that is Imperial unit is known as a
used by all countries. measurement that has been used in
Britain and United States.
Isikan tempat kosong di bawah dengan unit imperial yang betul:
Fill in the blanks for the correct imperial units below:
(a) (b) (c)

Inci / Inch Kaki / Foot Ela / Yard

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SP 1.1.2 Menerangkan dengan contoh kuantiti asas dan kuantiti terbitan

1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah tentang senarai kuantiti asas serta simbol dan unit S.I.nya.
Complete the table of base quantities with its symbols and S.I units.

Simbol untuk
Kuantiti asas Unit S.I. Simbol untuk unit S.I.
kuantiti asas
Base quantity S.I. unit Symbol for S.I. unit
Symbol for base quantity
Panjang meter
l m
Length metre

Mass
m kilogram kg
Jisim

Masa saat
t s
U Time second
N
I Suhu
T termodinamik
T kelvin K
1 Thermodynamic
temperature
Arus elektrik
I ampere A
Electric current

Keamatan
berluminositi
I candela cd
Luminous
intensity

Kuantiti bahan mol

Amount of n mol
mole
substance

SP 1.1.3 Memerihalkan kuantiti terbitan dalam sebutan kuantiti asas dan unit asas S.I.

2 Tentukan unit terbitan bagi kuantiti terbitan yang berikut.

Determine the derived unit for the following derived quantities.

Kuantiti Unit terbitan dari

terbitan Hubungan dengan kuantiti asas unit asas
Derived Relationship with base quantity Derived unit
quantity from base units

Luas / Area Luas = panjang × panjang Area = length × length m × m = m2

Isi padu Isi padu Volume

m × m × m = m3
Volume = panjang × panjang × panjang = length × length × length

Ketumpatan Ketumpatan Density kg

Density jisim mass = kg m–3
= = m3
panjang × panjang × panjang length × length × length

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Kuantiti Unit terbitan dari

terbitan Hubungan dengan kuantiti asas unit asas
Derived Relationship with base quantity Derived unit
quantity from base units

Halaju sesaran displacement m –1

Halaju = Velocity =
Velocity masa time s =ms

m s–1
Pecutan Pecutan = perubahan halaju Acceleration = change in velocity = m s–2
Acceleration masa time s

Berat Weight
Berat = jisim × pecutan graviti = mass × gravitational acceleration
kg m s–2
Weight U
N
I
T
Momentum
Momentum
Momentum = jisim × halaju Momentum = mass × velocity kg m s–1 1
Daya
Daya = jisim × pecutan Force = mass × acceleration kg m s–2; newton (N)
Force

kg m–1 s–2 ; N m–2 ;

Tekanan Tekanan = daya
force
Pressure =
Pressure luas area pascal (Pa)

Kerja
Kerja = daya × sesaran Work = force × displacement kg m2 s–2; joule (J)
Work

Kuasa kerja Power =

work
Kuasa = time kg m2 s–3 ; watt (W)
Power masa

Tenaga kinetik Kinetic energy

Tenaga kinetik 1 1
= × mass × (velocity)2 kg m2 s–2 ; joule (J)
Kinetic energy = × jisim × (halaju)2
2 2

Tenaga
keupayaan Tenaga keupayaan graviti Gravitational potential energy
graviti = jisim × pecutan graviti × = mass × gravitational kg m2 s–2 ; joule (J)
Gravitational tinggi acceleration × height
potential energy

Cas
Cas = arus × masa Charge = current × time A s ; coulomb (C)
Charge

Voltan = kerja
Voltan work
Voltage = J C–1 ; volt (V)
Voltage cas charge

Rintangan = voltan
Rintangan voltage
Resistance = V A–1 ; ohm (Ω)
Resistance arus current

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SP 1.1.4 Menerangkan dengan contoh kuantiti skalar dan kuantiti vector

Kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai magnitud sahaja.

A physical quantity which has magnitude only.
Berikan definisi kuantiti skalar.
[suhu, masa, laju, jarak, isi padu] • Contoh : Seorang budak perempuan berjalan sejauh 4 meter.
Define scalar quantity. Example : A girl walks 4 metres.
[temperature, time, speed, distance, • Magnitud : 4 meter
volume] Magnitude : 4 metres
• Arah : Tiada arah
Direction : No direction

Kuantiti fizik yang mempunyai kedua-dua magnitud

U
N
I dan arah .
T
magnitude
1 Berikan definisi kuantiti vektor.
A physical quantity which has both
direction
and
.
[halaju, pecutan, sesaran,
momentum, daya] • Contoh : Seorang budak perempuan berjalan sejauh
Define vector quantity. 4 meter ke arah Timur.
[velocity, acceleration, displacement,
Example : A girl walks 4 metres towards East.
momentum, force]
• Magnitud : 4 meter
Magnitude : 4 metres
• Arah : Timur
Direction : East

Kuantiti Kategori
Quantity Category

Kuantiti skalar (tiada arah disertakan pada jarak)

5m Scalar quantity (there is no direction listed for the
distance)

Kuantiti vektor (terdapat arah disertakan pada

30 cm s–1,
Pertimbangkan kuantiti-kuantiti kelajuan)
Timur
yang disenaraikan di dalam Vector quantity (there is direction listed for the
East 30 cm s–1
jadual. Kategorikan setiap speed)
kuantiti sama ada kuantiti vektor
atau kuantiti skalar. Kuantiti vektor (terdapat arah disertakan pada
Consider the following quantities listed 5 km, Utara jarak)
5 km, North Vector quantity (there is direction listed for the
in the table. Categorise each quantity
as being either a vector quantity or a distance)
scalar quantity.
Kuantiti skalar (arah tidak terlibat)
20 °C
Scalar quantity (there is no direction involved)

256 bit Kuantiti skalar (arah tidak terlibat)

256 bytes Scalar quantity (there is no direction involved)

4 000 kalori Kuantiti skalar (arah tidak terlibat)

4 000 calories Scalar quantity (there is no direction involved)

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1.2 PENYIASATAN SAINTIFIK / SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION SK 1.2

SP 1.2.1 Mentafsir bentuk-bentuk graf untuk menentukan hubungan antara dua kuantiti fizik

Lengkapkan jadual di bawah bagi bentuk graf yang menunjukkan hubungan antara dua kuantiti fizik.
Complete the table below on the shape of the graphs that shows a relationship between two physical quantities.

1 y
Kecerunan graf 2 y
Kecerunan graf
(x2 , y2) Gradient of graph Gradient of graph
(x2 , y2) Δy
∆y = y2 – y1 Δy ∆y m = Δ x
m = Δ x (x1 , y1)
(x1 , y1) ∆x y2 – y1
∆x = x2 – x1 y2 – y1 =
= (0, c) x2 – x1
0 x x2 – x1 0 x U
y berkadar terus dengan x y = mx c = Pintasan paksi-y N
y bertambah secara linear I
y is directly proportional to x dengan x y-intercept T

y increases linearly with x Persamaan linear 1

Linear equation
y = mx + c

3 y 4 y
Kecerunan graf
(0, c) (x1 , y1) Gradient of graph
Δy
∆y
(x2 , y2) m = Δ x
0 ∆x x y2 – y1 0
= x
x2 – x1
y berkurang secara linear y bertambah dengan x
dengan x c = Pintasan paksi-y y increases with x
y decreases linearly with x y-intercept
Persamaan linear
Linear equation
y = mx + c

5 y 6 y

0 x 0 x
y berkadar songsang dengan x y berkurang dengan x
y is inversely proportional to x y decreases with x

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SP 1.2.2 Menganalisis graf untuk mendapatkan rumusan siasatan

Contoh / Example

Seorang murid telah menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk menyiasat hubungan antara jisim, m bagi duit syiling
dengan isi padunya, V. Duit syiling yang berjisim 20.0 g dimasukkan secara perlahan-lahan ke dalam sebuah
silinder penyukat yang mengandungi air satu demi satu. Bacaan yang diperoleh ditunjukkan di bawah.
A student carried out an experiment to investigate the relationship between mass, m for coins with its volume, V. A coin of
mass of 20.0 g has been put slowly into a measuring cylinder of water one by one. The readings measured are shown below.

• Sekeping duit syiling serupa menyesar 3.0 cm3 air

One coin displaced 3.0 cm3 of water
• Dua keping duit syiling serupa menyesar 6.0 cm3 air
Two identical coins displaced 6.0 cm3 of water
• Tiga keping duit syiling serupa menyesar 9.0 cm3 air
U Three identical coins displaced 9.0 cm3 of water
N
I • Empat keping duit syiling serupa menyesar 12.0 cm3 air
T Four identical coins displaced 12.0 cm3 of water
1 • Lima keping duit syiling serupa menyesar 15.0 cm3 air
Five identical coins displaced 15.0 cm3 of water

(a) Rekod keputusan yang diperoleh bagi semua nilai m dan V di dalam jadual di bawah.
Record the results obtained for all values of m and V in the table below.

Jisim / Mass, m (g) 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

3
Isi padu / Volume, V (cm ) 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0

(b) Lukis graf V melawan m. / Draw the graph of V against m.

Isi padu, V / cm3

Volume, V / cm3

16

14

12

10

6 Δy = y2 – y1

2
Δx = x2 – x1
Jisim, m / g
0 20 40 60 80 100 Mass, m / g

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(c) Berdasarkan graf tersebut, nyatakan hubungan antara V dan m.

Based on the graph, state the relationship between V and m.
V berkadar terus dengan m.
V is directly proportional to m.

(d) Tentukan nilai V apabila m = 50.0 g. Tunjukkan pada graf tersebut bagaimana anda menentukan nilai V.
State the value of V when m = 50.0 g. Show in the graph how you obtained the value of V.
V = 7.4 cm3

(e) Hitungkan kecerunan, m bagi graf isi padu, V melawan jisim, m. Tunjukkan pada graf tersebut bagaimana
anda menghitung nilai m.
Calculate the gradient, m for the graph of volume, V against mass, m. Show in the graph how you calculate the value U
of the gradient. N
Δy I
m = T
Δx
y –y 1
= 2 1
x2 – x1
(15 – 0) cm3
=
(100 – 0) g
= 0.15 cm3 g–1

(f) Hitungkan luas di bawah graf berserta dengan unitnya.

Calculate the area under the graph with its unit.
Luas di bawah graf / Area under the graph
1
= × 100 g × 15 cm3
2
= 750 cm3 g

(g) Sekiranya anda memasukkan duit syiling serupa yang keenam ke dalam selinder air tersebut berapakah isi
padu enam duit syiling itu?
If you now insert the sixth identical coin into the above cylinder of water, what is the total volume of the six coins?
V = 18.0 cm3

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SP 1.2.3 Menjalankan penyiasatan saintifik dan menulis laporan lengkap melalui eksperimen bandul ringkas

Eksperimen Bandul ringkas / Simple pendulum

Experiment

Inferens Panjang bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunan bandul ringkas.

Inference The length of a simple pendulum affects the period of oscillation of the simple pendulum.

Hipotesis Semakin panjang benang bandul ringkas, semakin panjang tempoh ayunan.
Hypothesis The longer the length of the simple pendulum, the longer its period of oscillation.

Untuk menyiasat hubungan antara panjang bandul ringkas dengan tempoh ayunan.
Tujuan
To investigate the relationship between the length of a simple pendulum and its period of
Aim
U
N oscillation.
I
T
Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan / Manipulated variable:
1 Panjang bandul, l / The length of the pendulum, l

Pemboleh ubah Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas / Responding variable:

Variables Tempoh ayunan bandul ringkas, T / The period of the simple pendulum, T

Pemboleh ubah dimalarkan / Constant (fixed) variable:

Jisim ladung bandul / Mass of pendulum bob

Ladung bandul, benang 70 cm panjang, kaki retort dan pengapit, jangka sudut, jam
Bahan dan radas
Materials and randik dan pembaris meter. / Pendulum bob, 70 cm length of thread, retort stand and clamp,
apparatus
protractor, stopwatch and metre rule.

(a) Semua radas disusun seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah.

All the apparatus are set up as shown in the diagram.
(b) Panjang bandul dilaraskan supaya panjang, l = 10.0 cm. Benang
The pendulum is adjusted so that its length, l = 10.0 cm. Thread
l
(c) Bandul diayun untuk memulakan ayunan melalui sudut
yang kecil (tidak lebih daripada 10o). Ladung bandul
The pendulum bob is displaced through a small angle (not Pendulum bob
more than 10o). Kaki retort
Retort stand
(d) Masa yang diambil untuk 10 ayunan lengkap, t, diambil
menggunakan jam randik. / The time taken for 10 complete
Susunan radas
oscillations, t, is taken by using the stopwatch.
dan prosedur
Arrangement of (e) Tempoh ayunan bandul ringkas, T (iaitu masa yang diambil untuk satu ayunan
the apparatus and lengkap) dikira dengan menggunakan: / The period of oscillation of the simple pendulum,
procedure T (i.e. the time taken for one complete oscillation) is calculated by using:
Tempoh, T = Masa untuk 10 ayunan lengkap
10
Time for 10 complete oscillations
Period, T =
10
(f) Langkah (c) hingga (e) diulangi untuk panjang bandul l = 20.0 cm, 30.0 cm, 40.0 cm,
50.0 cm dan 60.0 cm.
Steps (c) to (e) are repeated with length of pendulum, l = 20.0 cm, 30.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 50.0
cm and 60.0 cm.
(g) Semua data direkodkan di dalam jadual. / All data are recorded in the table.

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Masa yang diambil untuk

10 ayunan lengkap, t (s) Tempoh ayunan
Panjang,
The time taken for 10 complete bandul, T (s)
l (cm)
oscillations, t (s) The period of T2 (s2)
Length,
oscillation of the
l (cm) tpurata
t1 t2 pendulum, T (s)
taverage
Keputusan 10.0
Results
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
U
60.0 N
I
T
1 (a) Graf T2 melawan l diplot pada kertas graf.
A graph of T2 against l is plotted by using a graph paper. 1
T2 (s2)

Analisis data l (cm)

Analysis of data 0

2 Berdasarkan graf yang diplot, nyatakan hubungan antara dua pemboleh ubah itu.
Based on the graph plotted, state the relationship between the two variables.
3 Tentukan kecerunan graf, m, bagi graf T2 melawan l. Tunjukkan cara pengiraan
dengan jelas.
Determine the gradient of the graph, m, for T2 against l. Show the calculation clearly.
4 Adakah hipotesis diterima? / Is hypothesis accepted?
Ya / Yes

Semakin panjang benang bandul ringkas, semakin panjang tempoh ayunan bertambah.
Kesimpulan
Conclusion The longer the length of the simple pendulum, the longer its period of oscillation.

Praktis SPM / SPM Practice

Soalan Objektif / Objective Questions
1 Antara ukuran berikut, yang manakah paling 2 Arus elektrik, I, diberi oleh
pendek? Electric current, I, is given by
Which of the following measurements is the shortest? Q
I=
A 2
2.45 × 10 mm t
B 2.45 × 10–3 cm Apakah unit bagi I? / What is the unit of I?
C 2.45 × 10–2 μm A C s–1 C J C–1
D 2.45 × 103 nm B C s D J C

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3 Simbol manakah menunjukkan perkaitan imbuhan

A F berkadar songsang dengan 1
yang tidak betul? t
Which symbol is not correct in representing its F is inversely proportional to 1
t
B F berkadar terus dengan 1
corresponding prefix?
t
Imbuhan Simbol F is directly proportional to 1
Prefix Symbol t
C F berkadar secara linear dengan 1
A tera T t
1
F is linearly proportional to t
B kilo L
D F berkadar secara linear dengan t
C mikro / micro μ F is linearly proportional to t
D senti / centi c
7 Rajah 2 menunjukkan graf T2 melawan l.
Diagram 2 shows a graph of T2 against l.
4 Antara berikut, yang manakah kesemuanya kuantiti
U T 2 / s2
N terbitan?
I Which of the following are all derived quantities?
T 2.5

1 A Daya, panjang, masa

Force, length, time
2.0
1.5
B Momentum, halaju, daya
1.0
Momentum, velocity, force
C Panjang, halaju, suhu 0.5
Length, velocity, temperature 0 l/m
D Arus elektrik, masa, suhu 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Electric current, time, temperature Rajah 2 / Diagram 2
Persamaan yang manakah betul bagi graf ini?
5 Unit S.I. manakah yang betul bagi kuantiti yang Which equation is correct for the graph?
diberi? A T2 = 4l C T2 = 0.2l
Which of the S.I. units of the quantities given is correct?
B l = 4T2 D l = 0.2T2
Kuantiti Unit S.I.
Quantity S.I. unit 8 Pasangan kuantiti manakah adalah benar?
Which pair of quantities is correct?
Panjang Sentimeter
A
Length Centimeter Kuantiti skalar Kuantiti vektor
Scalar quantity Vector quantity
Jisim Gram
B A
Mass Gram Mempunyai arah Mempunyai
sahaja. magnitud sahaja.
Masa Minit Has direction only. Has magnitude only.
C
Time Minute
B Mempunyai Mempunyai
Suhu Kelvin
D magnitud sahaja. magnitud sahaja.
Temperature Kelvin
Has magnitude only. Has magnitude only.

6 Berdasarkan keputusan graf pada Rajah 1, hubungan C Mempunyai Mempunyai

yang manakah adalah benar? / Based on the result of magnitud sahaja. magnitud dan arah.
the graph in Diagram 1, which relationship is correct? Has magnitude only. Has magnitude and
direction.
F/N
D Mempunyai Mempunyai arah
magnitud dan arah. sahaja.
Has magnitude and Has direction only.
1 direction.
/ s–1
0 t

Rajah 1 / Diagram 1

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Soalan Struktur / Structure Question

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan suatu eksperimen untuk menentukan hubungan antara daya, F, dengan pemanjangan, x, bagi
sebuah spring.
Diagram 1 shows an experiment to determine the relationship between the force, F, and the extension of a spring, x.

Spring

Penunjuk / Pointer
U
Daya / Force, F N
I
T

Rajah 1 / Diagram 1 1
(a) Tulis satu hipotesis yang sesuai yang melibatkan daya, F, dan pemanjangan, x.
Write a suitable hypothesis involving the force, F, and the extension, x.

x bertambah apabila F bertambah.

x increases with F.

(b) Bagaimanakah kejituan pengukuran bagi x dapat ditingkatkan?

How can the accuracy of the measurement of x be increased?

Bagi setiap nilai F, ambil sekurang-kurangnya dua bacaan bagi x. Kemudian ambil nilai purata bagi x.
Take at least two measurements of x for each value of F. Then take the average of x.

(c) Graf di bawah menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen itu.

The graph below shows the results of the experiment.
x / cm

0 F/N

Berdasarkan graf di atas, tulis satu kesimpulan terhadap hubungan antara F dan x.
Based on the graph above, write a suitable conclusion on the relationship between F and x.

x adalah berkadar terus dengan F.

x is directly proportional to F.

(d) Tulis satu langkah berjaga-jaga yang harus diambil dalam eksperimen di atas.
Write one precaution that should be taken in the above experiment.

Elakkan ralat paralaks dengan memastikan aras mata adalah sama dengan aras penunjuk.
Avoid parallax errors by making sure that the eye-level is the same as the pointer level.

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