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Unique Paper Code : 32511410

Name of the Paper : Analytical Instrumentation (Core)
Semester : IV
Name of the Course : B.Sc. (H) Instrumentation (CBCS)
Duration : 3 hours
Max. Marks : 75

Instruction for Candidates

1. There are six questions in all, out of which you have to attempt any four questions.
2. All questions carry equal marks.

Q.1. The Wien displacement law states that the wavelength maximum in micrometres for
blackbody radiation is
λmaxT = 2.90 × 103
where T is the temperature in kelvins. And Stefan’s law states that the total energy
emitted by a blackbody per unit time and per unit area is
Et =αT4
-8 2 4
where α is 5.69 × 10 W/m K . Calculate the wavelength of maximum emission of a
tungsten-filament bulb operated at 2870 K and at 3000 K.Also calculate the total
energy output of the bulb in W/cm2.What minimum requirement is needed to obtain
reproducible results with a single-beam spectrophotometer? Also compare the
operations of a single-beam spectrophotometer and a double-beam spectrophotometer.

Q.2. A serum sample is analysed for potassium by flame emission spectrometry using the
method of standard additions. Two 0.500-mL aliquots are added to 5.00-mL portions
of water. To one portion is added 10.0 μL of 0.0500 M KCl solution. The net emission
signals in arbitrary units are 32.1 and 58.6. What is the concentration of potassium in
the serum? Compare flame photometry and flame atomic absorption spectrometry with
respect to applicability of instrumentation, sensitivity, and interferences.

Q.3. Methanol and ethanol are separated in a capillary GC column with retention times of
370 and 385 s, respectively, and half widths (w1/2) of 9.42 and 10.0 s. An unretained
butane peak occurs at 10.0 s. Calculate the separation factor and the
resolution.Describe the fundamental difference between adsorption and partition
chromatography with the help of suitable examples.

Q.4. In the instrumentation of gas chromatography, identify the component which is placed
at the exit of the column and which act as a transducer and “converts the changes in
some physical property to changes in an electrical signal, that can be conveniently
recorded”. Give its complete classification and describe any one of them in detail with
the help of labelled diagram. Also list out its principal advantages and the principal
limitations.

Q.5. How does HPLC differ from GC, instrumentally? Describe two types of pumps used
in high- performance liquid chromatography. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of each?
Q.6.

Figure 1: Echellette grating

An echellette grating containing 1450 blazes per millimetre was irradiated with a
polychromatic beam at an incident angle 48 degrees to the grating normal. Calculate
the wavelengths of radiation (up to 3rd order) that would appear at angles of reflection
of 120, 110, and 0 deg (angle r, Figure 1). Why are photomultiplier
tiplier tubes unsuited for
the detection of infrared radiation? Classify different detection techniques used in IR
spectroscopy and explain the principle of any one of them.