2019 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Big Data

Evaluate Accessibility and Usability Issues of Particular China and Pakistan

Government Websites

Muhammad Bilal, Zhi Yu, Shuyi Song, and Can Wang

Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Institute of Frontier Technologies
Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Service Robot
College of Computer Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
e-mail: {mbilal, yuzhirenzhe, brendasoung, wcan@zju.edu.cn}

Abstract—Today the Web has become an essential part of
people’s life. Everyone has the right to access websites,
including seniors and disabled people. Government websites
contain public information for the whole society, but affect
mostly disabled people. In this paper, we have analyzed the
accessibility and usability issues of selected top 60 government
websites of Pakistan and China. We analyzed all websites’
loading time, page size, mobile friendliness, broken links,
HTML5 and ARIA, Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
(WCAG) 2.0 (Level A, Level AA, Level AAA) conformance,
and contrast errors through online accessible testing tools and
human inspections. We designed an interactive evaluation
framework for Web accessibility and usability, which is used
to evaluate both countries’ government websites. According to
the evaluation 22 out of 30 Chinese government websites have
less than about 50% of the accessibility issues, while Pakistan
in contrast only 12 out of 30 government websites have less
than about 50% of accessibility issues. The Chinese
government websites are much better than Pakistani
government websites with respect to accessibility and usability
features. The all-inclusive results indicate that Pakistan
government websites have poor conformance levels to meet
WCAG standards. We gave some valuable recommendations,
which will be helpful for web designers, developers and also
web users particularly disabled people performance in the
newest Artificial Intelligence (AI) area in a decent way.
Keywords-evaluation; web accessibility; usability; disabled
people; artificial intelligence (AI)
I. INTRODUCTION
The Internet has played a vital role in every aspect of
people’s lives. Everyone, including seniors and disabled
people has the right to access the Internet for using a variety
of different websites [1-3].
The Web is an essential part of people’s lives [4, 5]. It is
an important part of our education and daily life routine
work. We are faced with the urgent needs to provide access
services on the Web. To ensure each and every member of
our society receives equal rights [5-8]. The Web has
increasingly become full of multimedia contents [9].
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) plays a
vital role in delivering public service information to the
society [8, 10].
Web accessibility means that people with disabilities can
easily use the Web [4, 11]. Working under World Wide
Web Consortium (W3C), the Web Accessibility Initiative
(WAI) aims to make the Web accessible for disabled people.
The Web accessibility framework comprises of the user
interface, navigation, contents, HTML standards and
scripting for improving Web design issues of people with
disabilities [12]. There are three necessary guidelines of
WAI (called a three-pillar model for Web accessibility):
Authoring Tools Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) for
authoring tools, User Agent Accessibility Guidelines
(UAAG) for user agents, and Web Content Accessibility
Guidelines (WCAG) for Web contents receptively [13, 14].
The foundation of WCAG is based on four essential
principles: perceivable, operable, understandable, robust
and three conformance levels: A, AA and AAA [2, 11, 15,
16]. The WCAG 2.1 standard was published in June 2018.
The ATAG 2.0 was finalized in September 2015 and
UAAG was finalized in December 2015 [11, 13, 17-19].
Web accessibility components are more clearly identified in
the restructured guideline set of Web accessibility, in
accordance with the new technology that supports
implementation in a better way according to user needs [13].
Accessibility field is also considered to be an Artificial
Intelligent (AI). Due to the development of several
technologies especially designed for people with disabilities
in this present year [20].
According to the learning aspects, the main goals of Web
accessibility are: learning standards (Web accessible well-
known standards), building different abilities (multimedia
contents utilized for disabled people) and building different
devices (Web accessibility’s latest technology should be for
disabled persons, such as screen reader device) [21].
Accessibility is considered an essential part of usability [22].
The main purpose of this study is to evaluate Web
accessibility issues of China and Pakistan government
websites for providing public services to disabled people of
both countries in the same way as to the abled citizens.
China and Pakistan’s government websites accessibility and
usability aspects are examined due to a rapid increase in the
ratio of disability in both countries. In both countries, most
of the disabled individuals as intellectual as abled citizens.
Are both countries government’s websites equally
accessible by everyone including disabled persons? In this
evaluation framework, famous government websites from
both countries have been compared. How can better Web
accessibility and usability of both countries’ government
websites be evaluated?
The rest of this paper is organized in the following way:
Section 2 describes the related work of accessibility and

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usability evaluation of other countries contribution. Section
3 signifies the methodology of both countries’ government
websites accessibility and usability evaluation relevant
issues. Section 4 deliberated the results and discussion
about both countries performance. Section 5 describes the
limitations and recommendations for China and Pakistan
government websites. Section 6 concludes the main theme
of the paper and guidelines provided to designers and
developers of Pakistan government websites to perform
better in the future.
II. RELATED WORK
China is one of the largest countries within the world for
people with disability issues. According to the 2nd National
China Survey on disability, 85 millions disabled people live
in China’s cities. Due to the rapid growth of disabled
persons, China has made considerable efforts starting in
2013 on its specific Chinese government websites for
evaluating Web accessibility standard requirements
(YD/T1761-2012) [4].
The data has increasingly grown from 2012 to 2015 in
the form of board data, data science, and big data.
Underlying Web is defined with the help of this data and
applications, which supports and makes sense for everyone
requiring it and leads to accessibility research [5].
The World Health Organization (WHO) produced a
world report on disability with the collaboration of the
World Bank based on scientific evidence. This world report
produced with the support of policy makers, development
agencies, researchers, practitioners, and academians.
According to the WHO 2011 survey report, approximately
one billion disabled persons faced difficulties to access
different versatile websites. In the 2004 study illustration;
9.6% of disabled people are live in Pakistan and 7.7% in
China [23].
The Web accessibility significant problems is seriously
faced in China due to some laws and courses of Web
accessibility implemented. One of the researchers, Shi [1],
observed the accessibility of 324 Chinese local government
websites with Web accessibility standard WCAG 1.0 and
also evaluated Australian government websites. Both
Chinese and Australian government websites were
compared with each other. The results showed that Chinese
e-government websites are less accessible as compared to
Australian websites. The researchers analyzed 38 popular
Chinese government websites in 2009 in terms of the
improvement of the Web accessibility issue. In 2013,
researchers examined 50 websites that are more accessible
as compared to the 2009 analysis [1].
In Tanzania, e-government websites’ accessibility,
usability, and security aspects were evaluated through
automatic diagnostic tools such as WAVE, google speed
insight, and w3c checker [10]. WAVE is an online web
accessibility evaluation-based tool which helps the web
developers make websites contents accessible. Simply, the
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WAVE tool presents the website pages with the help of
embedded icons and indicators (Contrast errors, HTML5
and ARIA issues present) [24].
The aim of a good website is how efficient, effective,
error-free, memorable and satisfactory according to the
needs of the user is. Usability of e-government websites is
to learn easily, efficiently and the level of satisfaction is
attained effectively. The aim of a website to be usable is to
be accessible. The main factors that affect the website
usability point of view are loading speed, page size, broken
links and accessibility errors [10].
Sri Lanka’s government websites investigate usability
and accessibility guidelines through online evaluation tools
consisting of WAVE, google page speed insight, google
Mobile-Friendly test, Pingdom and PowerMapper. The
websites’ loading speed was evaluated, adaptivity to mobile
devices and basic accessibility standards as well [22].
Mobile-Friendly is an online testing tool used for checking
the website’s pages of accessibility on mobile devices [25].
The accessibility and quality of government ministry
websites were comparatively analyzed in four countries:
Turkey, Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan. In this
analysis, few ministry websites achieved AA conformance
level of accessibility and most of the websites failed in the
conformance level of A and AA. Turkish websites were
better than the other three countries’ ministry websites. In
this study, online available testing tools were used for
evaluating websites’ performance (broken links), loading
time and page size [26]. GTmetrix is used for optimizing
website with clear and easy with Google PageSpeed and
Yahoo rulesets analysis. In terms, GTmetrix is analyses
websites’ loading time and page size [27]. Dead Link
Checker is an online testing tool used for identifying the
websites’ broken links. In other words, help out developers
avoid damaging the website usability and ranking [28].
The Kyrgyz Republic 55 e-government websites were
examined in terms of accessibility, usability and security
aspects through online available testing tools such as
WebsiteOptimization and EvalAccess 2.0 [7].
Bangladesh government ministry websites accessibility
guidelines on the basis of the W3C standard were analyzed
and evaluated through online testing tools AChecker, and
EvalAccess [6]. AChecker is an online testing tool that
checks only HTML pages for conformance with respect to
accessibility standards to ensure the content is accessible for
everyone including disabled people [29].
Turkey e-government websites’ accessibility issues
were evaluated on the basis of WCAG 1.0 and WCAG 2.0
guidelines. In this evaluation 25, e-government websites of
Turkey were chosen for the disabled people. Evaluation
results showed that the accessibility priority-1 barrier was
present and the most important text alternative for the non-
text element was absent. These websites failed to update
static contents which need to be changed a dynamic one [8].
 III. METHODOLOGY
The empirical research methodology is used in our
research. The main objective of this article is evaluating
accessibility and usability issues of 60 useful e-government
websites from China and Pakistan and providing some
recommendations to designers and developers of these
websites.
In this evaluation study 30, government websites were
selected from Pakistan government official gateway address
(http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/). These websites are mostly
used by regular and disabled people in Pakistan. Similarly,
Figure 1. Subjective web accessibility and usability evaluation framework.
According to design Web accessibility and usability
evaluation framework for China and Pakistan government’s
websites issues evaluated through online testing tools and
human inspections are shown in Figure 1. In this Web
accessibility and usability evaluation framework, we used
online tools for evaluation of both countries’ websites to
reduce the cost of larger websites. First, we selected 60
government websites (30 from Pakistan and 30 from China)
and sample pages for evaluation. The page execution from
the HTML file is necessary before evaluating the pages
through online tools and human-based inspection used for
checking the level of Web accessibility and usability. In this
framework, we analyzed inclusive loading time, page size,
mobile-friendly, broken links, HTML5 & ARIA, contrast
errors and accessibility performance issues identified
through accessible testing tools. We performed systematic
analyses and compared the evaluated results of both
countries’ websites framework. We evaluated completely
all raw results in an intelligent way and provided some
suggestions to designers and developers of both countries’
websites to minimize accessibility costs of websites and
also make the evaluation possible for larger websites.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
First, we analyzed the loading time of Pakistani and
Chinese government websites through online testing tool
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the top 30 China government websites that previously
evaluated through Web automatic system by LI, Liang-
cheng in 2016 were selected [4].
The online evaluation method was conducted between
November 14, 2017, and until February 20, 2018. The main
issues of Web accessibility and usability are loading time,
page size, mobile friendliness, broken link, HTML5 and
ARIA, contrast errors, and WCAG 2.0 performance
evaluated through relevant online testing tools and disabled
human inspections. The online websites’ evaluation through
online testing tools and disabled people’s opinion
framework for both countries are shown in Figure 1.
GTmetrix. We analyzed the loading time in Hong Kong,
China test server region for way better results utilized. The
loading time is rated High, Average and Low. The
evaluated results of both countries’ websites are shown in
Table 1.
TABLE 1. HOME PAGE LOADING TIME COMPARISON
Websites Loading China Pakistan
Time Rated Government Government
(Seconds =S) Websites Websites
High (<=5 S) 21 14
Average (<=10 S) 04 10
Low (>10 S) 02 06
The loading time of Chinese government websites is
relatively better than from Pakistani government websites.
The loading time of Pakistani government websites can be
improved if the image size is optimized and lightweight
framework of CSS3 and HTML5 is used.
Next, the page size is also evaluated through the online
tool GTmetrix. The recommended page sizes for the
website are considered: high (<=12 Kb), average (<=2 MB)
and low (more than 2 MB). According to both countries’
evaluated results, no government’s website page size is
high. 19 websites’ (63%) page size is average and 11
websites (37%) page size is low in Pakistani government
websites. Compared to China; 8 websites’ (30%) page size
is average and 19 websites’ (70%) page size is low. TABLE 3. COMMON SUCCESS CRITERIA FOR LEVEL (A, AA AND AAA)
MANUAL EVALUATION (PAKISTAN WEBSITES FAILED)
Pakistani government’s websites page size is revealed to be
Checkpoints Criteria
Chinese government websites.
1.1.1 Non-text Content (Level A)
Whether both countries’ government websites are
mobile friendliness or not can be evaluated through the 1.3.1 Info. & Relationships (Level A)
online Google Mobile-friendly tool. The evaluated results 1.4.1 Use of Color (Level A)
of both countries’ government websites mobile-friendliness 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum) (Level AA)
are shown in Table 2. 1.4.4 Resize Text (Level AA)
2.1.1 Keyboard (Level A)
TABLE 2. MOBILE-FRIENDLY TEST
Mobile China Pakistan 2.2.2 Pause, Stop, Hide (Level A)
Friendly Government Government 2.4.4 Link Purpose (Level A)
Test Websites Website 2.4.6 Headings and Labels (Level AA)
Pass 09 09
Fail 14 21 3.1.1 The language of Page (Level A)
3.3.2 Labels or Instructions (Level A)
Only 30% of both countries’ government websites are 4.1.1 Parsing (Level A)
mobile friendly. In this evaluation, 6 Chinese government’s
website pages cannot be evaluated at all. The overall failure There is not even one selected Pakistani government
rate is higher in Pakistani government websites as compared website to fulfill the common success criteria of Web
to Chinese government websites. accessibility performance Level AAA. The most common
In this evaluation, the most common issues are revealed accessibility performance success criteria for Level A and
to be the viewport is not set, the text is too small to read, AA failed Pakistan government websites are explained.
clickable elements are very close together and the content is Text alternative describes the non-text content in an
wider than the screen. Pakistani government websites would equivalent way with a brief description of data. In non-text
be much more mobile-friendly if the viewport area is based content, the state faced CAPTCHA, decoration, and
on dynamic design and there is some space between the formatting form issues. Information and relationship are not
clickable elements and other the rest of the text. presented in an easy and informative method. The
Broken links of both countries’ government websites are foreground and background colors are not used easy form.
evaluated through the online testing tool Deadlink Checker. Large-scale text and images’ contrast ratio are not set
According to evaluation results, there occur more than 10 properly. The text is not sized. All keyboard functionality is
broken link errors occur on 77% of the Pakistani not available in an easy way to operate. Automatic scrolling,
government websites and 87 % of the Chinese government moving, stopping, hiding functionality are missing. Some of
websites. The most common issues in Pakistani government the links are not ambiguous. Heading and labels of some
websites are 403 Forbidden, 404 not found, -1 Invalid URL, topics are not described properly. The default language of
- 1 Timeout, 500 internal server error and 401 unauthorized. each page is not set properly. Some labels and instructions
The HTML5 and ARIA issues were analyzed through are not provided when content requires user inputs. Some
the WAVE online testing tool. According to the analyzed content start and end tag are missing in parsing? Chinese
results, 19 (63%) Pakistani government websites have no government websites both Levels (A and AA) are much
issues with HTML5 and ARIA structure, but 11 (37%) better than Pakistani government websites according to the
websites still have experience problems. According to the AChecker testing tool.
analyzed results, 24 (89%) Chinese government websites Pakistani and Chinese government’s websites are ranked
have no issues with HTML5 and ARIA structure, but 3 according to a small number of contrast errors in both
(11%) websites still have issues. These common issues are a countries’ websites shown in Table 4.
header, footer, navigation, content, ARIA tabindex, and
TABLE 4. PAKISTAN AND CHINA GOVERNMENT WEBSITES RANKING
ARIA label. The inclusive HTML5 & ARIA particular both Ranking Pakistan Government China Government
countries’ websites structure is better as compared to other Websites Websites
websites usability and accessibility issues. 1 Tourism of Pakistan Guizhou
The accessibility performance was evaluated for both 2 NDMA Hebei
3 Supreme Court of Shaanxi
countries through the online tool AChecker. According to Pakistan
evaluated results, there are more than 50 known 4 Sindh Province Shanghai
accessibility errors, which violated conformance level A, 5 Senate Liaoning
AA, and AAA checkpoints on 18 Pakistani government 6 Pakistan Railway Zhejiang
websites and 6 Chinese government websites. The most 7 NEPRA Heilongjiang
common mistakes that occur in all selected Pakistani 8 Punjab Province Henan
9 Ministry of Commerce Beijing
websites in WCAG 2.0 are shown in Table 3.
10 Nation Database Yunnan
Information System

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 11 Ministry of Religion Xinjiang 23 Ministry of Finance Jiangxi
Affairs 24 Ministry of Interior Shandong
12 Ministry of Defence Ningxia
25 National Assembly Gansu
13 IPC Hubei
14 FPSC Qinghai 26 Ministry of Foreign Sichuan
15 Government of Jiangsu Affairs
Pakistan 27 Lahore High Court Hainan
16 Ministry of Law & Tianjing 28 PTA Anhui
Justice 29 DGIP (Interior Inner Mongolia
17 Ministry of Planning & Shanxi Ministry)
Development 30 Kyber Pakhtunkhwa Jilin
18 Cabinet Guangxi
19 Federal Tibet We categorized both countries websites by ranking them
OMBUDSMAN of to represent the contrast in errors easily represnt. Both
Pakistan
20 NTC Guangdong countries’ website performance is improves if the contrast
21 Punjab Emergency Fujian errors are less. The contrast errors are shown in Figure 2.
Service
22 Ministry of Chongqing
Energy/Power

200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Contrast Error (China Government Websites)

Contrast Error (Pakistan Government Websites)

Figure 2. contrast errors of both countries websites (comparison)

Both countries’ websites are nearly balanced in contrast
errors occurring according to a comparison in Figure 2 with
the exception of some Chinese websites. The contrast errors
can be improved in Pakistani government’s websites to
diminish accessibility issues if the developers choose the
right colors combinations in websites in consideration of
disabled people. Pakistani government’s websites have
more colorful background images, text writing, forms,
buttons, links, and navigations point of view. A more
suitable way for disabled users would be a medium level
text, separation between buttons and normal text and a
white background.
V. LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The main limitations in the field are:
• The lack of awareness found in the design and
development stage in Pakistani government’s
websites on the basis of WCAG 2.0 guidelines as
compared to the Chinese government’s websites.
• Most of the Pakistani government’s websites have a
colorful background and text size that is not readable
for the user as compared to Chinese government’s
websites.
• Most of Pakistan government’s websites are static
pages (not dynamic pages) that are not suitable for
disabled users to easily access these government’s
websites as compared to Chinese government’s
websites.
• The most common violation accessibility
performance criteria of WCAG 2.0 guidelines cannot
successfully meet in both countries’ government
websites are non-text content (Level A) and Contrast
(Level AA) issues.
We recommend some guidelines on the basis of the
accessibility performance issues analyzed by testing tools.
According to the AChecker tools, results for common issues
in Web accessibility principle are highlighted in Table 3. If
designers and developers address these issues then disabled

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people can easily access these websites. We would suggest
to Pakistani government’s websites, developers, to
incorporate more dynamic web pages as compared to static
pages because web users use different devices to access
these websites. We recommend that the homepage of the
Pakistani government’s websites be simple and attractive to
all users. Web accessibility performance of Pakistani
government’s websites can be improved if the developers
follow the four main principles of WCAG 2.0 in an accurate
way.
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
This empirical research work shows that the Pakistani
government’s websites need to be improved in terms of
accessibility and usability for all members in the society. In
China 22 out of 30 government’s websites have less than 50%
issues as compared to 12 out of 30 Pakistani government’s
websites which have less than 50% issues. Chinese
government’s websites are prove to be better than Pakistani
government’s websites. Furthermore, Chinese government’s
websites’ developer properly follows WCAG 2.0 guidelines
and basic principles as compared to Pakistani government’s
websites.
In the future, we could suggest evaluating Web
accessibility and usability issues will be improve by
modifying predefined accessibility and usability
questionnaires of W3C to both countries disabled users
inquire [30]. Our design evaluation framework Web
accessibility and usability particular Pakistan government
websites will be helpful for designers, developers and also
disabled people in the future. In the future, we will plan to
develop Web accessibility evaluation-based system for
Pakistani government’s Websites analyze on the basis of
Web accessibility guidelines and standards.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Special acknowledgment is to all Zhejiang University
teachers for their support in this paper. This work is
supported by Alibaba-Zhejiang University Joint Institute of
Frontier Technologies, Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant No: LZ13F020001), National
Science Foundation of China (Grant No.
61173185,61173186) and National Key Technology R&D
Program (Grant No. 2012BAI34B01).
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