PadanaHaihindi PDF

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ISBN 978-81-7450-901-7
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IkzLrkouk
'kq#vkrh o"kksaZ esa i<+uk&fy[kuk lh[kuk vR;ar egROkiw.kZ vkSj tfVy gSA
lkekU;r% i<+us&fy[kus dks dsoy o.kksaZ] v{kjksa ;k 'kCnksa dks igpkudj mUgsa
cksyus rd gh lhfer ekuk tkrk gS tcfd okLro esa 'kks/ ;g crkrs gSa fd
i<+uk vkSj fy[kuk Lo;a esa vFkZiw.kZ jpukRed izfØ;k gSA os osQoy ;kaf=kd
dkS'ky Hkj ugha gSaA IkzkjafHkd lk{kjrk ds {ks=k eas fd, x, 'kks/ ;g Hkh crkrs
gSa fd cPPkksa dks 'kkyk ls ckgj vkSj 'kkyk ds Hkhrj Hkk"kk vkSj lk{kjrk dk
iz;ksx djus ds oSfoè;iw.kZ ,oa lkFkZd voljksa ls ykHk gksrk gSA cPPkksa dh
lk{kjrk dk fodkl djus ds fy, ;g T+k:jh gS fd mUgsa mi;qDr ifjos'k
rFkk lg;ksx miyC/ djk;k tk,A bl n`f"V ls f'k{kdksa] f'k{kd&Ikzf'k{kdksa
(vkSj vfHkHkkodksa dh Hkh) esa ;g le> cuuk T+k:jh gS fd cPPks fdl
rjg i<+uk&fy[kuk lh[krs gSaA tc cPPks vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ds 'kq#vkrh
o"kksaZ esa izos'k djrs gSa rks mUgsa ,d ,sls d{kk&d{k dh vko';drk gksrh
gS tks mUgsa fofo/ mn~ns';ksa ds fy, Ik<+us] ckrphr djus vkSj fy[kus ds
oSfoè;iw.kZ miyC/ djkrk gSA
vusd lky igys ewyr% vaxzsT+kh esa ^jhfMax iQkWj ehfuax* dk izdk'ku gks
pqdk gSA ;g iqLrd f'k{kdksa vkSj f'k{kd&izf'k{kdksa ds chp dkI+kQh yksdfiz;
jgh gSA ;g iqLrd rc Ikzdkf'kr gqbZ tc ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky;
ds lg;ksx ls loZ f'k{kk vfHk;ku ds varxZr jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj
izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ (,ulhbZvkjVh) us 2007 esa jhfMax MsoysiesaV lsy dh LFkkiuk
ds lkFk jk"Vªh; Lrj ij 'kq#vkrh i<+uk&fy[kuk ds laca/ esa laokn dks c<+kok
feykA fiNys dbZ o"kksaZ esa fo'ks"k :i ls 'kq#vkrh o"kksaZ esa i<+uk&fy[kuk ij
laokn dks xgurk vkSj foLrkj feyk gSA ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; }kjk
bl {ks=k dks fujarj ,d eq[; ljksdkj ds :i esa egROk izkIr gqvk gSA 2014 esa
ea=kky; }kjk le> ds lkFk i<+uk&fy[kuk ij î<+s Hkkjr c<+s Hkkjr* nLrkosT+k
izdkf'kr fd;k gS ftlesa 'kq#vkrh o"kksaZ esa i<+us&fy[kus dh le> dh egÙkk
cy fn;k x;k gSA
iv
î<+uk gS le>uk* 'kh"kZd iqLrd esa îBu* fo"k; ij vk/kfjr 'kks/ijd
ys[k lfEefyr gSa tks i<+us dh izfozQ;k ds dks vyx&vyx n`f"Vdks.kksa ls
ns[krs gSa ysfdu varr% le> ij vkdj osaQfnzr gks tkrs gSaA bl iqLrd esa
'kkfey 'kkL=kh; ys[kksa us vius le; esa i<+us dh lksp vkSj le> esa ewyHkwr
ifjorZu fd;k gSA
ge izks- d`".k oqQekj] iwoZ funs'kd dk fo'ks"k vkHkkj izdV djrs gSa ftUgksaus
bl vuwfnr iqLrd ds ewy vaxzsT+kh :Ik ds fodkl esa ekxZn'kZu fd;kA
^jhfMax iQkWj ehfuax* dk fganh vuwfnr :Ik î<+uk gS le>uk* rS;kj djuk Lo;a
esa vR;ar pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z Fkk] D;ksafd fganh esa î<+uk* ij laokn vHkh fodflr
gh gks jgk gSA ge izks- eatqyk ekFkqj vkSj MkW- ek/oh oqQekj dk fof'k"V :Ik
ls vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSa ftUkosQ vFkd ifjJe ls gh ;g vuwfnr :i laHko
gks ik;kA
ge izks- ch-ds- f=kikBh] funs'kd] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k
ifj"kn~ vkSj Ikzks- eatw tSu] vè;{k] izkjafHkd f'k{kk foHkkx dk vkHkkj O;Dr
djrs gSa ftudk gesa fujarj ekxZn'kZu IkzkIr gqvkA
m"kk 'kekZ
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izkjafHkd lk{kjrk dk;ZØe
izkjafHkd f'k{kk foHkkx
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jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ (,ulhbZvkjVh) î<+uk gS

le>uk* osQ fganh vuqokn ds fy, Jh vatuh Hkw"k.k] Jh izHkkdj xkrkMs]
MkW- ghjkyky ckNksfr;k] MkW- 'kksHkk flUgk] lqJh mek caly] MkW- laè;k isM.ksdj
vkSj izks- jekdkar vfXugks=kh dk vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gSA
ge fganh vuqokn dh leh{kk vkSj laiknu&dk;Z ds fy, izks- etqyk
ekFkqj] MkW- ek/oh oqQekj] MkW- iwokZ Hkkj}kt] Jh x.ks'k nkl] lqJh Jqfr iky]
'kks/kFkhZ] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] Jh 'kpsanz vk;Z] 'kks/kFkhZ] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;]
MkW- 'kfeZyk ;kno] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] fo'oHkkjrh] 'kkafr fuosQru] Ikf'pe
caxky] MkW- vrqy 'kqDyk] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] ts-,u-ih-th- dkWyst] ckank]
MkW- izoh.k dqekj] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] Ldwy vkWiQ ,tqds'ku] vksiu fo'ofo|ky;]
gy}kuh] mÙkjk[kaM] lqJh vapyk ikyhoky] vflLVsaV izksisQlj] foosdkuan
dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] Jh mRd"kZ] 'kks/kFkhZ] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;]
lqJh nhfIr pkoyk] f'kf{kdk] f'k{kk funs'kky;] fnYyh] Jh chjsanz jkor]
iQhYM odZj] f'k{kk&'kkL=k foHkkx] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; dk vkHkkj O;Dr
djrs gSaA
ge lqJh lksfudk dkSf'kd] ofj"Bijke'kZnkrk] izkjafHkd lk{kjrk dk;ZØe
dk Hkh fo'ks"k vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSa ftUgksaus î<+uk* dh lS¼kafrd le> dks
le>us&le>kus vkSj fganh Hkk"kk esa mlosQ mi;qDr vuqokn esa lgk;rk dhA
ifj"kn~ lqJh fu'kw tk;loky] twfu;j izkstsDV iSQyks] izkjafHkd lk{kjrk
dk;ZØe vkSj Jh gfjn'kZu yks/h] Mh Vh ih vkijsVj] izkjafHkd lk{kjrk dk;ZØe
osQ izfr Hkh fo'ks"k vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gS ftuds vFkd ifjJe vkSj dk;Z ds
Ikzfr vVwV fu"Bk ds dkj.k izLrqr iqLrd bl :i esa vkdkj ys ikbZ gSA
vi
fo"k;&lwph
1- iBu% euksHkkf"kd vuqeku yxkus dk [ksy& oSQuFk ,l- xqMeSu 1
oSQuFk ,l- xqMeSu dk ;g mRo`Q"V ys[k i<+us osQ nkSjku dh xbZ
xyfr;ksa osQ laca/ esa ifjorZudkjh ckr djrk gSA blesa os bl
fcanq cy nsrs gSa fd ;s dfFkr xyfr;k¡ ikBd osQ efLr"d dh
dk;Z&Ikz.kkyh vkSj mlosQ }kjk ikB dks le>us osQ fy, iz;ksx fd,
tk jgs laosQr&ra=kksa dks le>us osQ fy, >jks[ks gSaA
2- Ldhek fl¼kar osQ fy, izosf'kdk& ih- MsfoM fi;jlu 18

;g ys[k i<+us osQ lanHkZ esa ^Ldhek* dh vo/kj.kk dks le>krk gSA
bl ys[k esa flysflysokj rjhds ls n`';kRed lwpuk ls xSj n`';kRed
lwpuk] ikB~;&oLrq ls vFkZ rd igq¡pus rd dks Li"V fd;k x;k gSA
3- vFkZ dh igpku& iSazQd fLeFk 32

;g ys[k îBu* esa vFkZ dh Hkwfedk dks js[kkafdr djrk gSA ;gk¡
n`';kRed lwpuk ls xSj n`';kRed lwpuk rd vkSj ikB ls vFkZ rd
dh ;k=kk dks ozQec¼ rjhosQ ls crk;k x;k gSA
4- LowQyksa esa lk{kj cuuk lh[kuk& 'kksHkk flUgk 67

;g ys[k Hkkjrh; izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa lk{kjrk funsZ'kksa osQ iz;ksxksa
dh le> rd igq¡pus esa lgk;d fganh izosf'kdk dk O;ofLFkr vkSj
lko/kuhiwoZd fo'ys"k.k izLrqr djrk gSA
5- i<+us osQ ckjs esa& twfMFk ,e- U;weSu 78

bl ys[k esa mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls iBu esa xSj n`';kRed lwpuk
iwoZKku Hkkf"kd ladsr&ra=k vkfn dh Hkwfedk dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA
6- i<+uk dSls fl[kk;k tk,& th- cz;ku FkkWEilu

;g ys[k îBu* osQ {ks=k ds izeq[k fodklksa dh :ijs[kk izLrqr djrk 96
gSA bl ys[k esa bl fcanq ij ppkZ dh xbZ gS fd îBu* esa Li"Vr
:i ls D;k i<+k;k tk,A
vii
7- iBu izfozQ;k& lh- ihVj jLlsy 106
;g ys[k i<+us dh izfozQ;k osQ 'kkjhfjd igyqvksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ
djrk gSA bl ys[k ds ekè;e ls vk¡[kksa dh fozQ;k vkSj i<+us ds nkSjku
efLr"d esa n`';kRed lwpuk dks laxzfgr djus ds rjhds dh tkudkjh
izkIr gksrh gSA
8- i<+uk fdls dgrs gSa\& fjpMZ lh- ,aMjlu] ,yizQkbMk 135

,p- gsbZcVZ] twfMFk ,- LdkWV]
,- th- foyfdulu
(iBu ij xfBr vk;ksx ds vU; lnL;ksa ds lg;ksx ds lkFk rS;kj
dh xbZ) ;g fjiksVZ cgqr gh ljy ,oa cks/xE; rjhds ls ;g crkrh
gS fd ,d oqQ'ky IkBu D;k gksrk gSA
viii
iBu % euksHkkf"kd vuqeku yxkus dk [ksy
dSusFk ,l- xqMeSu*
vè;;u ds fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa igys ls ekStwn vke vkSj lgt&lknh ekU;rkvksa
dks fodflr gksrh oSKkfud ekU;rkvksa ds fy, jkLrk NksM+uk gksxkA ,sls iqjkus
fo'okl i<+us dh IkzfozQ;k ls laca/ j[kus okys lkfgR; dks my>k nsrs gSaA
os ekU;rk,a¡ Ik<+us ls lacaf/r 'kks/ esa Hkk"kk dh vk/qfud vo/kj.kkvksa vkSj
fopkjksa dk iz;ksx djus ls jksdrh gSaA os Ik<+uk fl[kkus ls tqM+h leL;kvksa dk
gy fudkyus esa ,slh vo/kj.kkvksa dk iz;ksx djus dh dksf'k'kksa dks HkVdk
nsrh gSaA vly esa ,sls lh/s&lk/s fo'okl lgt le> ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSa
vkSj ;gh rF; muds fujarj cus jgus dh Ikzo`Qfr dh O;k[;k djrk gSA ,d
vukSipkfjd izs{kd ds fy, ;s ekU;rk,a¡ Ik<+us ls lacaf/r rF;ksa dh O;k[;k
djus ;k iwokZuqeku yxkus esa enn djrh gqbZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA ;g ys[k ,slh gh
,d ewy Hkzkafr ls lac¼ gS vkSj ,d csgrj oSKkfud fodYi izLrqr djrk gSA
bl ys[k esa eSa bl vke ekU;rk dk [kaMu d:¡xk% î<+uk ,d lqLi"V
izfozQ;k gSA blesa v{kjksa] 'kCnksa] orZuh lajpuk vkSj Hkk"kk dh cM+h bdkb;ksa dk
dqN foLr`r] vuqozQfed Kku vkSj igpku lfEefyr gSA*
Ik<+us dh Lofud (phonic) dsafnzr i¼fr;ksa esa v{kj fo'ks"k dh igpku
djuk izeq[k gksrk gSA 'kCn dsafnzr i¼fr;ksa esa 'kCn dh igpku ij è;ku tkrk
gSA ifjfpr 'kCn ,sls ns[ks&le>s 'kCn (sight words) gSa ftUgsa fdlh Hkh
lanHkZ esa igpkuk tk ldrk gSA
bldk eryc ;g ugha gS fd ftu yksxksa us ÎkBu* ds {ks=k esa xgurk
ls dk;Z fd;k gS] os bl ckr ls voxr ugha gSa fd î<+uk* okLrfod o
vuqozQfed igpku ls dgha vf/d gSA ysfdu Îk<+us* dks ysdj ;g lkekU;
/kj.kk mi;qDr u gksrs gq, Hkh î<+us* dh le> dks ysdj gks jgs fopkj&foe'kZ
dks yxkrkj izHkkfor djrh jgh gSA
Lik'ks (Spache) 1964 bl lkekU; le> dk 'kkfCnd :i IkzLrqr djrs
gq, dgrs gSa] fd ^vius ljyre :Ik esa] Îk<+us* dks 'kCn&izR;{k.k dh Ükà[kyk
ds :i esa le>k tk ldrk gSA*
2 i<+uk gS le>uk
fyfiudkV~V (Lippincott) dh f'k{kd lanf'kZdk ^Cksfld jhfMax* (esdozSQdu

(McCracken) vkSj okWYdV~V (Walcutt)] 1063) esa v{kj&izfr&v{kj Hksn
djds i<+us dh izfozQ;k dk leFkZu djrs gq, dgk gS &^la{ksi esa] mi;qZDr
rjhds dks viukdj cPpk vkjaHk ls gh 'kCnksa dks mlh rjg ns[kuk lh[k tkrk
gS --- ftl izdkj ,d dq'ky ikBd ,d 'kCn dks lHkh v{kjksa ds lkFk laiw.
kZrk esa i<+rk gSA*
bl Hkzkafr ds LFkku ij esjs vuqlkj & î<+uk* ,d p;ukRed izfozQ;k gS
ftlesa ikBd dh vis{kkvksa ds vk/kj ij IkzR;{k lkexzh ls pqus gq, FkksMs+
cgqr miyC/ Hkk"kk&ladsr 'kkfey gksrs gSaA Ik<+us dh izfozQ;k esa tSls&tSls ;g
vkaf'kd tkudkjh c<+rh gS] i<+us esa ,sls vLFkk;h fu.kZ; Hkh fy, tkrs gSa] ftUgsa
izekf.kr Hkh djrs gSa] udkjrs Hkh gSa ;k IkfjofrZr Hkh djrs gSaA
cM+s ljy <ax ls dgsa rks ÎkBu* ,d euksHkkf"kd vuqeku yxkus dk ^[ksy*
gS ftlesa fopkj vkSj Hkk"kk dh var%fozQ;k 'kkfey gSA dq'ky iBu lgh le>
vkSj lHkh vo;oksa dh igpku ds ifj.kkeLo:i ugha gksrk] cfYd ;g ,d
dkS'ky gS ftlds varxZr ikBd lcls mi;qDr ladsrksa dks pqurk gS vkSj muds
vk/kj ij igyh gh ckj esa lVhd vuqeku yxkrk gSA fuf'p; gh] Ik<+rs le;
tks ns[kk ugha x;k gS] mldk iwokZuqeku yxkus dh ;ksX;rk i<+us dh izfozQ;k esa
egRoiw.kZ gS] Bhd mlh rjg tSls tks lquk ugha x;k gS mldk iwokZuqeku yxkus
dh ;ksX;rk ^lquus* esa egRoiw.kZ gSA
ekSf[kd :i ls i<+ jgs vis{kko`Qr ,d dq'ky cky ikBd dk mnkgj.k ysaA
IkkBd pkSFkh d{kk dk fo|kFkhZ gS tks NBh d{kk dh izkjafHkd IkkB~;&lkexzh
(gs;t] Hayes 1963) ls yh xbZ ,d dgkuh dk 'kq#vkrh vuqPNsn i<+ jgk
gS&
‘If it bothers you to think of it as baby sitting.' my father said, ‘then
don’t think of it as baby sitting. Think of it as homework. Part of
your education. You just happen to do your studying in the room
where the baby brother is sleeping, that’s all. He helped my mother
with her coat, and then they were gone.
mlus ;g dgkuh igys ugha i<+h FkhA lksp&le>dj mls dqN dfBu dgkuh
i<+us dks nh xbZA mldh i<+us dh izfozQ;k ds ckjs esa gekjh le> eq[; :i ls
mlds }kjk dh xbZ =kqfV;ksa ls cuh gS] ftUgsa eSa ewY; vk¡dus laca/h fufgrkFkksZa
iBu % euksHkkf"kd vuqeku yxkus dk [ksy 3
ls cpus ds ozQe esa ^viladsr (,sls ladsr tks okLrfod vFkZ ls vyx gksa)
(miscue)* dguk ilan d:¡xkA mldh visf{kr izfrfozQ;k,a¡ mlds lh[kus
dh IkzfozQ;kvksa dks fNik nsrh gSa] ysfdu mldh vusif{kr IkzfrfozQ;k,a¡ Hkh mlh
izfozQ;k dk ifj.kke gSaA gkyka¡fd] mls liQyrk ls ykxw ugha fd;k x;kA visf{kr
izfrfozQ;k ls muosQ HkVdko dk <ax gh bl ckr dks mtkxj djrk gSA
eSa lkeU; le> ds bl n`f"Vdks.k dks [kkfjt djrk gw¡ fd ,sls lHkh
HkVdkoksa dks =kqfV;ka¡ Hkj ekuuk pkfg,A blls Hkh vf/d bl n`f"Vdks.k dk
ekuuk gS fd ,d =kqfV ;k rks ;g n'kkZrh gS fd ikBd dks dgha&dgha dqN
ekywe ugha gS ;k fiQj og vius Kku dk mi;ksx djus esa FkksM+k ykijokg jgk
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] igys vuqPNsn esa ‘your’ ds LFkku ij ‘the’ yxkus dk
vFkZ gksuk pkfg, fd cPpk ykijokg Fkk] D;ksafd mlus mlh okD; esa igys
gh 'your' vkSj ‘the’ dks lgh&lgh i<+ fy;k FkkA bldk ;g fufgrkFkZ gS fd
gesa cPPks ls ;g ckr dguh pkfg, fd mls i<+rs le; vf/d è;ku nsus dh
T+k:jr gS ;kuh mls gjsd 'kCn ;k v{kj dks vf/d Li"V :Ik ls igpkuuk
lh[kuk pkfg,A
[kSj] vc blh mnkgj.k dks ml uT+kfj, ls ns[krs gSa tks eSaus lq>k;k gS fd
fdl Ikzdkj dh lwpuk bl fLFkfr esa vLFkk;h :Ik ls ‘the’ dks pquus ds fu.kZ;
dh vksj ys tkrh gS u fd ml fu.kZ; dks [kkfjt djus ;k Lohdkj djus dh
vksjA LoHkkfod gS fd 'your' vkSj ‘the’ ds chp cukoV dks ysdj dksbZ
dksbZ xzkfi+ Qd (graphic) laca/ ugha gSA 'kk;n gks ldrk gS fd mlus ‘the’ dks
viuh n`f"V&lhek ds Hkhrj ls gh pquk gksA ysfdu ‘the’ vkSj ‘your’ ds chp
cukoV dks ysdj ,d egRoiw.kZ xSj xzkfi+ Qd laca/ gSA nksuksa dk ,d tSlk gh
O;kdjf.kd Ikzdk;Z gS& esjh 'kCnkoyh esa ;s laKk lwpd ^fpÉ* gSaA ;k rks ikBd
us laKk lwpd fpÉ dk igys ls gh vuqeku yxk fy;k gksxk vkSj fyf[kr
lwpuk dks vuns[kk djrs gq, fdlh ,d dk iz;ksx fd;k gksxk ;k mlus ‘your’
ds fyf[kr :ikdkj dks vuns[kk dj mls mlds O;kdj.k ds ladsr ds :i esa
iz;ksx fd;k gksxkA pw¡fd vLFkk;h fodYi ds :i esa ‘the’ u rks vuqPNsn ds
vFkZ dks vkSj u gh mlds O;kdj.k dks Hkax djrk gS] blfy, mls vLohdkj
djus vkSj lq/kjus dk dksbZ dkj.k ugha gSA ;g O;k[;k vxys vuqPNsn esa fn,
x, nks leku viladsrksa (miscues) ls izekf.kr gksrh fn[krh gSA ‘A’ vkSj
4 i<+uk gS le>uk
‘his’ nksuksa dk ‘the’ ds fodYi ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA nksuksa dks
gh lq/kjk ugha x;kA gkyk¡fd ‘his’ dk fodYi 'kCndks'kh; ifjHkk"kk esa iz;qDr
gq, fof'k"V eqgkojs] ^bu n isQl vkWiQ by iQkWjP;wu* ds vFkZ dks cny nsrk
gS] ftldk ikBd ds fy, oSls Hkh izR;{k :i ls dksbZ fo'ks"k vFkZ ugha curkA
fiQygky bldk fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd cPpk vius vLFkk;h fu"d"kkZsa rd
igq¡pus ds fy, laKk lwpd fpÉksa dk iz;ksx O;kdjf.kd vkSj xzkfi+ Qd nksuksa
rjg dh lwpukvksa ds :i esa djrk gSA dqy feykdj nl i`"Bksa dh bl dgkuh
(ftldh ppkZ IkhNs dh xbZ gS) dks i<+us ds nkSjku] mlus laKk lwpd chl
fpÉ cnys] Ng 'kCn gVk, vkSj nks u, 'kCn 'kkfey fd,A mlus vius
}kjk cnys x, pkj 'kCnksa dks fiQj ls la'kksf/r fd;k vkSj ,d dks gVk fn;kA
blh Ikzdkj ds viladsrksa (miscues) esa vU; ^dk;Zdkjh 'kCn* Hkh 'kkfey
Fks (mnkgj.k ds fy,] lgk;d fØ;k,¡ vkSj foHkfDr;k¡)A og tks i<+ jgk gS]
mlds vFkZ ij ;s viladsr (miscue) cgqr de IkzHkko Mkyrs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
muosQ ckj&ckj vkus ds ckotwn] mUgsa gVk nsus ls cPps ds i<+us dh izfozQ;k esa
dksbZ mYys[kuh; lq/kj ugha gksxkA gj 'kCn dh Bhd&Bhd Ikgpku ij T+;knk
T+kksj nsus ls gks ldrk gS fd ;g IkkBd dks O;kdjf.kd tkudkjh ryk'kus ls
jksd nsa vkSj og dsoy xzkfi+ Qd tkudkjh dk gh iz;ksx djsA
‘open’ ds LFkku ij ‘hoped’ 'kCn ds iz;ksx dks Hkh v{kjksa dh igpku
esa ykijokgh vkSj vLi"Vrk ds :Ik esa le>k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu ;fn ge
bl lkekU; le> dh O;k[;k ls vkxs FkksM+k xgjkbZ esa tk,¡ rks ge ikrs gSa
fd % 1- nksuksa gh fozQ;k,¡ gSa vkSj 2- nksuksa 'kCnksa esa Li"V xzkfi+ Qd lekurk,¡
Hkh gSaA blds vfrfjDr blesa ikBd dh izsaQp&dsusfM;u f}Hkkf"kd i`"BHkwfe
ds izek.k Hkh feyrs gSa] tSlk fd ckn ds vilaosQrksa ls Li"V gS (‘arms’
dh txg ‘harms’] ‘chuckled’ ds LFkku ij ‘shuckled’, ‘choose’ ds
fy, ‘shoose’, ‘chair’ ds LFkku Ikj ‘shair’)A bu viladsrksa ds lq/kjus ds
fy, ;k rks fn[kkbZ ns jgs xzkfi+ Qd ladsrd ds vk/kj ij fy, x, vLFkk;h
pquko dks rqjar udkjk tk ldrk gS ;k ;g igpku djokdj fd ;g fodYi
'ks"k okD; dks vFkZ iznku ugha dj jgk] mls NksM+k tk ldrk gSA ‘I hoped
a dictionary…’ bldk dqN vFkZ ugha curkA (;g vFkZ&fu:i.k ds yk;d
ugha gS)A ;fn vki Bhd le>sa rks gj gky esa] ikBd viuh ml izfozQ;k dks
iznf'kZr djrk gS ftlds }kjk og yxkrkj vius vuqekuksa ;k laHkkfor fodYiksa
dh tk¡p djrk gS A
‘sounded’ ds LFkku Ikj ‘sounds’ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k] ysfdu nksuksa
'kCnksa esa varj 'kCnksa ds dsoy vkf[kjh fgLls esa gh vkrk gSA gekjh lkekU;
le> bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡pk ldrh gS fd cPpk 'kCnksa ds var ij è;ku ugha
nsrk] 'kCnksa ds var dk vLi"V mPpkj.k djrk gS ;k fiQj og ykijokg gSA
ysfdu vU; 'kCnksa ds vafre fgLls dks ysdj ,slh fLFkfr ugha gSA oLrqr%
cPpk ,d foHkfDr iz/ku vafre v{kj dks nwljs foHkfDr iz/ku vafre
v{kj ls vny&cny ysrk gSA ,slk djrs gq, og nks ckrsa iznf'kZr djrk gS&
1- ewy ,oa foHkfDr iz/ku IkzR;;ksa dks vyx&vyx djus dh viuh ;ksX;rk]
vkSj 2- O;kdjf.kd ladsrdksa ;k fpÉksa ds :i esa foHkfDriz/ku vafre v{kjksa
dk mlds }kjk iz;ksxA iqu'p% mlus ,sls viladsrksa esa lq/kj ugha fd;k gS tks
O;kdjf.kd vkSj vFkZ nksuksa dh n`f"V ls Lohdk;Z gSaA
;gk¡ ‘I’ ds LFkku ij ‘He’ dk iz;ksx loZuke IkfjorZu ds fy, loZuke
ds :i esa vFkZ dks cnyrk gSA gkyk¡fd igyk 'kCn ‘I’ FkksM+k vLi"V T+k:j gS]
ysfdu vFkZ dh folaxfr ljyrk ls fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rhA
Tkc ge bldh tk¡p djrs gSa fd ikBd us 'Might as well study word
meaning first' okD; ds lkFk D;k fd;k] rks ge ns[krs gSa fd ^Li"V ozQfed
igpku dk ekWMy* i<+us dh izfozQ;k ds vuqdwy ugha cSBrkA vfuok;Z :i ls
bl ikBd us ^vFkZ* ds fy, xzkfi+ Q; lkexzh dks v{kjksa dh cukoV ds vk/kj
ij ^fMdksM* fd;k vkSj fiQj :ikarfjr O;kdj.k vkSj ifjofrZr 'kCnkoyh ds
lkFk] ekSfyd vFkZ dks j[krs gq, vFkZ ds ekSf[kd :i dks ^,udksM* (encode)
fd;kA laHkor% tc mlus 'kCn ds vFkZ dks ^,udksM* (encode) fd;k] rc
og igys ls gh lwph esa ntZ 'kCnksa ij dke dj jgk Fkk] tgk¡ vLFkk;h p;u
dh vPNh xqatkb'k Fkh ij mlesa dksbZ lq/kj ugha fd;k x;kA
;gk¡ ,sls nks mnkgj.k fn, x, gSa ftlesa ikBd vifjfpr 'kCnksa ij dke
dj jgk gSA bu viladsrksa (miscue) esa og viuh j.kuhfr;ksa vkSj ;ksX;rkvksa
dh ,d Li"V rLohj izLrqr djrk gSA gkyk¡fd nksuksa esa gh og vliQy jgk
gSA ‘Philosophical’ 'kCn i<+us ds fy, fd, x, vius dbZ iz;klksa esa mldk
lcls igyk iz;kl vf/d mi;qDr gSA la;ksx ls] og ;gk¡ fn[kkrk gS fd
og tc pkgs Lofud v{kj&èofu la;kstuksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrk gSA ckn ds
iz;klksa esa og bl èofu la;kstu ls vkxs tkdj vU; laHkkoukvksa dh ryk'k
6 i<+uk gS le>uk
djrk gS] tSls fd ,slk dqN [kkstus dk iz;kl dj jgk gks tks de ls de
feyrk&tqyrk rks lqukbZ nsA ;g fnypLi gS fd ;gk¡ mlds ikl ,d ifjHkk"kk
rks gS] ysfdu lkFk dke djus dk dksbZ lanHkZ ugha gSA ‘Philosophical’ 'kCn
dh jkspdrk ;g gS fd og dgkuh esa dbZ ckj vkrk gSA vkxs ds iz;klksa esa
cPps us bl 'kCn dks bl izdkj cksyus dk iz;kl fd;k gS & ‘physica’,
‘physicacol’, ‘physical’, ‘philosovigu’, ‘phizzlesovigul’, ‘phizzo
sorigul’, ‘philazophgul’A mlds ikl tks Lofue tkudkjh gS mlh esa dqN
IksQjcny djrs gq, og xksy&xksy ?kwerk fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ‘fortune’ 'kCn dks
i<+us ds fy, fd, x, mlds rhu vliQy iz;kl blh izfozQ;k dks n'kkZrs
gSaA t+kfgj gS fd nksuksa 'kCn ikBd ds fy, vifjfpr gSaA og okLro esa ,sls
fdlh 'kCn dks ugha igpku ldrk tks mlus igys u lquk gksA ,sls ekeyksa esa
tc rd lanHkZ ;k lanHkksaZ esa 'kCnksa ds vFkZ dks lhfer u fd;k tk,] ikBd
'kCnksa ls muds vFkZ fudky ugha ikrkA ;g T+k:j gS fd dqN ekeyksa esa ikBd
Hkys gh 'kCn dks Bhd&Bhd igpku u Ikk, (;fn og fdlh ifjfpr 'kCn
ds mPpkj.k ls feyrk&tqyrk gks) ;k lgh mPpkj.k u dj ik,] exj 'kCn
dh lgh&lh le> rks cuk gh ysrk gSA ikBd blh IkzfozQ;k dk vuqlj.k djrs
gq, dgkuh esa ckj&ckj vk, 'kCn ‘typical’ dks gj ckj ‘topical’ i<+rk gSA
iwjk ikB i<+ ysus ds ckn IkkB ds ckjs esa mldh le> dks tk¡pus ij irk
pyk fd og bl 'kCn dk vFkZ Bhd ls tkurk FkkA fdlh Hkh o;Ld ikBd
ds lkFk ,slk gksuk tkuh&Ikgpkuh ckr gSA geesa ls lHkh ds Ikkl viuh IkBu
'kCnkoyh esa dbZ lqifjHkkf"kr 'kCn gksrs gSa] ftudk mPpkj.k ;k rks ge xyr
<ax ls djrs gSa ;k mudk iz;ksx ekSf[kd :i ls ugha djrsA
eSaus bl ikBd ds ekSf[kd IkBu ds mnkgj.k dk iz;ksx blfy, ugha fd;k
gS fd mlus tks fd;k og lHkh ikBdksa ;k mlds gemez IkkBdksa dh Hkh
[kkfl;r gS cfYd ;g n'kkZus ds fy, fd;k gS fd og fdl izdkj viladsrksa
dk bLrseky djrs gq, Ik<+us dh izfozQ;k esa euksHkkf"kd vuqeku yxkus ds
[ksy [ksyrk gSA vU; ikBdksa ds viladsr Hkh blh Ikzdkj dh lekurk,¡ vkSj
vlekurk,¡ n'kkZrs gSaA ysfdu lHkh ,d p;ukRed] vLFkk;h] IkzR;kf'kr izfozQ;k
dh vksj ladsr djrs gSa tks vly esa lkekU; :i ls le>h tkus okyh
lqfuf'pr vkSj ozQfed igpku dh IkzfozQ;k ls vyx gSA
vkb,] vc mu ?kVdksa ij djhc ls uT+kj Mkysa] ftudk euksHkkf"kd vuqeku
yxkus ds [ksy esa ikBd cM+h pqrjkbZ ls Ikz;ksx djrk gSA

LokHkkfod gS fd IkkBd ds ikl ges'kk vius laiw.kZ vuqHko] viuh Hkk"kk
vkSj fodkl'khy fopkj rks gksrs gh gSa vkSj ftudk iz;ksx og fdlh Hkh le;
i<+rs gq, djrk jgrk gSA ;gk¡ Li"V :i ls bl ckr ij è;ku fnykuk bl
Loizekfkr rF; dks crkus dh t+:jr blfy, gS] D;ksafd fdlh Hkh izdkj dk
vuqeku yxkrs gq, tks LokHkkfod fn[krk gS] og okLro esa bruh vPNh rjg
lh[k x, Kku dk ifj.kke gksrk gS fd blds mi;ksx dh izfozQ;k esa FkksM+s
gh lpsr Ikz;Ru dh T+k:jr iM+rh gSA cgqr ls Hkk"kk&iz;ksx bl Lopkfyr o
LokHkkfod Lrj rd igq¡p pqds gSaA ge esa ls cgqr ls yksx ;g ugha le>
Ikkrs fd Hkk"kk dh ^,udksfMax* (encoding) o ^fMdksfMax* (decoding) esa
O;kdj.k dk iz;ksx ge fdl izdkj djrs gSaA fIkQj Hkh Hkk"kk dk Ikz;ksx djus
okys lHkh yksx viuh jksT+kejkZ dh cksypky esa okD;&foU;kl esa mPp Js.kh
dh dq'kyrk o izoh.krk n'kkZrs gSaA
pkWELdh (1965) us Hkk"kk cksyus okyksa }kjk okD;&izLrqfr (sentence
production model) dk ,d ekWMy lq>k;k gS &
:ikarj.k :ofufed fu;e

vFkZ ladsr fo'ys"k.k vk/kjHkwr lajpuk Lofufed izfr:i ladsr
vko`Qfr 2
pkWELdh ds vuqlkj Jksrk dk okD;&fuopZu ekWMy
(sentence interpretation model) ekWMy lajpuk bl izdkj gS &
ladsr mnkgj.k vuqeku dk;Z feyku
vFkZ ladsr fo'ys"k.k

vko`Qfr 3
vr% pkWELdh ds fopkj esa] Hkk"kk esa ^,udksfMax* (encoding) dekscs'k ,d
lqfuf'pr Lrj rd igq¡p tkrh gS vkSj blds Ikfj.kkeLo:i tks ladsr feyrk
gS og vius vki esa iwjk gksrk gSA ysfdu ^fMdksfMax* esa fun'kZu dh izfozQ;k
8 i<+uk gS le>uk
dk y{; lans'k ds yxHkx lehi igq¡puk gksrk gS ftlds Ikfj.kkeLo:i feyus

okyk dksbZ Hkh ^dksMsM* ;k feyrk&tqyrk ladsr ,d Ikzdkj dk izfrmRikn
gksrk gSA
eq[kj okpu ds le; ikBd dks ,d gh le; ij nks dk;Z djus gksrs gSaA
ml ikB dks bl izdkj ekSf[kd :i ls i<+uk gksrk gS fd og ikB ds Nis
gq, laLdj.k ds lerqY; gksA ftls î<+us* ds lanHkZ esa ^ladsr* dgsaxs vkSj
lkFk gh og tks dqN Hkh i<+ jgk gS mlds vFkZ dk iqufuZekZ.k Hkh djsA eksVs
rkSj ij pkWELdh ds fuoZpu ekWMy dks (interpretation model) esa feyku
dh izfozQ;k dks eSa ^jhdksfMax* lafØ;k (recoding operation) dguk pkg¡wxkA
ikBd ^dksMsM* xzki+Qh; fuos'k dks ,d Lofufed ;k ekSf[kd vkmViqV ds
:i esa ^jhdksM* (recode) djrk gSA bl izfozQ;k esa izk;% vFkZ fdlh lhek
rd 'kkfey ugha gksrkA ^;g jhdksfMax* (recoding) fdlh ,sls O;fDr }kjk
Hkh lh[kk th ldrh gS tks ml Hkk"kk fo'ks"k dks fcYdqy Hkh ugha tkurk gksA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d ckj&feVT+kokg fd'kksj ;g le>us dh {kerk ds cxSj
fd og D;k mPpfjr dj jgk gS] fgczw fyfi dk ekSf[kd mPpkj.k rks dj
ldrk gS ysfdu fgczw fyfi dks lh[kus ds fy, fcnd ldrk gSA ysfdu tc
ikBd] ys[kd dh jpuk ds vFkZ ds iqufuZekZ.k ds fy, vFkZ&laxr fo'ys"k.k
esa tqV tkrk gS] rHkh og ^fMdksM* dj jgk gksrk gSA
eq[kj okpu esa bu nks lafØ;kvksa ds fy, rhu rkfdZd O;oLFkk,¡ (logical
arrangements) gksrh gSaA IkkBd ekSf[kd Hkk"kk ds :i esa xzkfi+ Qd fuos'k
(lwpukvksa) dks esa ^fjdksM* dj ldrk gS vkSj fiQj ^fMdksM* HkhA og
lkFk&lkFk ^fjdksM* vkSj ^fMdksM* dj ldrk gS ;k fiQj og igys ^fMdksM*
dj ekSf[kd ^vkmViqV* ds :i esa vFkZ dks ^,udksM* dj ldrk gSA
esjs vHkh rd ds 'kks/ ds vk/kj ij ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ,sls IkkBd tks
i<+us esa dqN lhek rd fuiq.krk gkfly dj pqds gSa] os pkWEldh ds Ikzfrn'kZ
ekWMy (ns[ksa vko`Qfr 3) ds leku gh lh/s xzkfi+ Qd míhidksa dks ^fMdksM*
djrs gSa vkSj fiQj mls vk/kjHkwr lajpuk dh enn ls ^,udksM* djrs gSa] tSlk
fd pkWELdh ds okD;&izLrqfr ds ekWMy (ns[ksa vko`Qfr 2) esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
mudh ekSf[kd Hkk"kk dk :i xzkfi+ Qd míhiuksa ls lh/s lacaf/r ugha gksrk rFkk
blesa 'kCnkoyh vkSj okD;&foU;kl esa :ikarj.k 'kkfey gks ldrs gSa] pkgs vFkZ
ogh jgsA ;fn mUgkasus vFkZ dks Bhd ls ugha le>k gS rks os bl cnys gq, ;k
v/wjs vFkZ dks gh ekSf[kd ^vkmViqV* ds :Ik esa le>dj ^fMdksM* dj ysaxsA
,d lkekU; Hkzkafr ;g gS fd fn, x, xzkfi+ Qd fuos'k (graphic input) dks
Lofue fuos'k ds :i esa lVhd vkSj ozQfed <ax ls ^,udksM* fd;k tkrk gS
vkSj fiQj FkksM+k&FkksM+k djds ^fMdksM* fd;k tkrk gSA bl /kj.kk ds vuqlkj
vFkZ dh ewy izo`Qfr lap;h gS tks VqdM+k&VqdM+k tqM+dj vkdkj xzg.k djrh
gSA n`'; izR;{k.k (visual perception) vè;;u Hkh blh fopkj dk leFkZu
djrs izrhr gksrs gSa fd i<+rs le; gekjk è;ku ,d fuf'pr fcanq ij dsafnzr
gksrk gS ftldk foLrkj nksuksa rjiQ cgqr ladh.kZ gksrk gSA pw¡fd bl /kj.kk dk
ekuuk gS fd i<+rs le; ge tks vFkZxzg.k djrs gSa] og ogh gksrk gS] ftl ij
ukd dh lh/ esa gekjh n`f"V osaQfnzr gksrh gS] ftls ge ûkd dh lh/* (end
of the nose) n`f"Vdks.k dg ldrs gSaA ekuk tkrk gS fd ;fn ge ukd dh
lh/ esa viuh uT+kj dk vksj&Nksj c<+k nsa rks gekjs i<+us dh xfr o dq'kyrk
c<+ tkrh gSA T+kkfgj gS] ;fn ge tYnh&tYnh ukd dks vkxs&ihNs djsaxs ;k
ukd vkSj vk¡[kksa dks ckj&ckj ihNs i<+s gq, ikB ij ys tk,¡xs rks mlls gekjh
Ik<+us dh dq'kyrk de gks tk,xh A
;g n`f"Vdks.k ml xfr dh] ftlls dksbZ vkSlr o;Ld i<+rk gS] ;k mu

vla[; ?kVukvksa dh] tks mlds Ik<+us ds nkSjku ?kfVr gksrh gSa] dh dksbZ laHkkfor
O;k[;k ugha dj ldrkA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;g n`f"Vdks.k Hkyk bl ckr dh
O;k[;k oSQls dj ldrk gS fd ,d Ikzoh.k o;Ld ikBd i<+rs le;] cfYd
Lo;a ds fy[ks gq, dks gh i<+rs le; fyf[kr lkexzh dh v'kqf¼;ksa ij è;ku
ugha nsrk ;k ;g oSQls bldh O;k[;k dj ldrk gS fd gekjk pkSFkh d{kk
dk fo|kFkhZ ns[k rks jgk gS & 'Study word meaning first,' vkSj dg jgk gS
'Study what it means?
i<+us ds lanHkZ esa ûkd dh lh/* okyk n`f"Vdks.k fcYdqy ekU; ugha gksxkA
ikBd vk/s bap esa Nis v{kj Ikj gh osaQfnzr gksdj izkIr gksus okyh tkudkjh
rd gh lhfer ugha jgrkA oLrqr% dbZ 'kks/ dk;ksZa }kjk ;g n'kkZ;k x;k gS
fd xgu :i ls n`f"V ckf/r cPps Hkh nwljs lkekU; cPPkksa dh rjg i<+uk
lh[kus esa l{ke gksrs gSaA i<+us dh izfozQ;k esa ikBd ,d ugha] cfYd ,d lkFk
rhu rjg dh tkudkfj;ksa dk bLrseky djrs gSaA fuf'pr gh xzkfi+ Qd fuos'k
(graphic input) ds fcuk iBu ugha gks ldrkA ysfdu ikBd okD;&foU;kl
10 i<+uk gS le>uk
(syntactic) vkSj vFkZ&foKku (semantic) dh tkudkjh dk iz;ksx Hkh djrk

gSA bl tkudkjh ds vk/kj ij ikBd fyf[kr fizaV esa ^D;k vkus okyk* gS &
bldk vuqeku rFkk iwokZuqeku yxkrk gSA fiQj yxk, x, vius vuqeku dh
iqf"V og vFkZ&foKku vkSj O;kdj.k laca/h tkudkjh ds vk/kj ij djrk gSA
Hkk"kk esa 'kCnkMacj rFkk ozQfed #dkoVsa] ftls ysdj ikBd tks izfrfozQ;k djrk
gS] og bl iwokZuqeku dks laHko cukrs gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd ikBd ds n`f"V&{ks=k
ds nk;js esa vkus okyh /q¡/yh ,oa vLi"V Nfo;k¡ Hkh vuqeku dks c<+kok nsus
;k mudh iqf"V djus esa lgk;rk dj ldrh gSaA
iBu&dq'kyrk ds varxZr cgqr vf/d ifj'kq¼rk rks ugha ysfdu uewus ysus
dh csgrj rduhosQa] Hkk"kk ds <k¡ps ij vf/d fu;a=k.k] foLr`r gksrs vuqHkoksa
vkSj c<+rh gqbZ vo/kj.kkRed le> ij vk/kfjr lVhd izkjafHkd vuqeku
'kkfey gksrk gSA tSls&tSls cPps ds i<+us dk dkS'ky vkSj i<+us dh xfr
c<+rh gS] oSls&oSls og de ls derj xzkfi+ Qd ladsrksa (graphic cues) dk
iz;ksx djus yxrk gSA ,sls esa ekSu iBu eq[kj IkBu dh rqyuk esa nks dkj.kksa
ls vf/d rhoz vkSj dq'ky izfozQ;k cu tkrh gS % 1-ikBd dk è;ku ekSf[kd
:i ls ^fMdksfMax* (decoding) vkSj ^jhdksfMax* (recoding) ;k ^,udksM*
(encode) djus esa ugha c¡VrkA 2- mldh i<+us dh xfr mPpkj.k dh xfr
ls ckf/r ugha gksrhA rc] okLro esa lquus dh rqyuk esa îBu* ,d vf/d
dq'ky vkSj rsT+k izfozQ;k cu tkrh gS] D;ksafd lquuk lkekU;r% Jksrk ds cksyus
dh xfr rd gh lhfer jgrk gSA
gky esa fd, x, vè;;uksa ls] ftuesa rku (pitch) dh foo`Qfr eqDr rhoz
bysDVªkWfud fjdkWfMZaxksa dk iz;ksx Ikz;ksx fd;k x;k] ls ;g Li"V gqvk fd
le> dks ckf/r fd, fcuk lh lquus dh izfozQ;k dks vf/d rhoz cuk;k tk
ldrk gSA
gkyk¡fd 'kq#vkrh ikBd dks LokHkkfod :i ls ^fMdksM* (decode) djus
ds fy, vf/d xzkfi+ Qd (graphic) tkudkjh dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj
blfy, mUgsa dq'ky ikBdksa dh rqyuk esa vf/d ltx gksus dh T+k:jr gSA
xqMeSu (1967) }kjk d{kk ,d ds ikBdksa ij fd, x, ijh{k.kksa ds lk{;
n'kkZrs gSa fd ;fn muds }kjk i<+h tkus okyh IkBu&lkexzh] ftldh Hkk"kk iw.kZ
:i ls xfBr gS rks os 'kq#vkr ls gh iBu lkexzh ls okD;&foU;kl vkSj
vFkZ&ladsrksa dh tkudkjh fudkyus yxrs gSaA
vko`Qfr 4 esa nks izkbej (izosf'kdk) dgkfu;ksa (cSV~l (Betts) 1963 vkSj
cSV~l (Betts) ,aM osYp (Welch) 1963) ds mnkgj.k oSls gh fn, x, gSa
tSlk fd mUgsa igyh d{kk dh ,d cPph }kjk ,d gh l=k esa i<+k x;k FkkA
izdV :i ls (tSls ys[kdksa dk Hkh vk'k; Fkk) izkbej dh Ikgyh dgkuh rhljs
Ikzhizkbej dh nwljh dgkuh dh rqyuk esa T+;knk vklku gksuh pkfg, FkhA fiQj
Hkh ml cPph us igyh dgkuh i<+rs gq, pdjk nsus okyh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk
fd;k] ysfdu nwljh dgkuh i<+rs gq, mUgha leL;kvksa dks c[kwch l¡Hkky fy;k A
mnkgj.k ds fy,] ‘Ride in’ esa ‘come' vkSj 'here' esa Hkze dks uksV djsaA
;g Hkze igyh dgkuh dks i<+us esa lk{; ds :i esa cPph ds vknru tqM+ko
dk izfrfuf/Ro djrk gSA 'come' vkSj 'here' nksauksa gh xzkfi+ Qd vko`Qfr ds
vk/kj ij igpkus tkrs gSaA ‘Stop and Go’ dgkuh esa tc ;s 'kCn Øfed
:i esa vkrs gSa rc ;g dfBukbZ ugha vkrhA og igyh dgkuh esa Hkh ‘and’
ds LFkku ij ‘can’ dk iz;ksx djrh gS] nwljh dgkuh i<+rs le; ,slh dksbZ
leL;k mlds lkeus ugha vkrhA ‘Ride in’ ikB esa og ‘stop’ 'kCn dks ugha
i<+ ikrh ij dqN gh {k.kksa ckn i<+s x, ‘Stop and Go’ dgkuh esa og blh
'kCn dks vklkuh ls i<+ ysrh gSA blh rjg og igyh dgkuh esa ‘Ride’ dks
‘Run’ dgrh gS ysfdu ckn okyh dgkuh esa bls Bhd dj ysrh gSA
gkyk¡fd nwljh dgkuh esa vusd viladsr (Miscues) gSa] fiQj Hkh ;gk¡
,d egRoiw.kZ varj fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA igyh dgkuh esa og 'kCn dk uke crkus
okyk [ksy [ksyrh izrhr gksrh gSA og xzkfi+ Qd vko`Qfr;ksa (graphic shapes)
dks Lofufed ladsrksa (Phonological) dh Hkk¡fr ^jhdksM* (Recode) dj jgh
gSA mlds fy, gj 'kCn izR;{k :i ls ,d vyx pqukSrh gSA
ysfdu ‘Stop and Go’ dgkuh esa viladsrksa lfgr og tks Hkh dgrh
gS] yxHkx lHkh fLFkfr;ksa esa og vFkZiw.kZ gS vkSj O;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls Hkh
Lohdk;Z gSA è;ku nsa fd tSls&tSls ‘Sue’ 'kCn dks og vPNh rjg tkuus
yxrh oSls&oSls ;g 'kCn gekjs bl vkRefo'oklh IkkBd ds fy, ‘Suzie’
cu tkrk gSA
RIDE IN STOP AND GO

Run Jimmy said, Came here, Sue,
Ride in, Sue. too
12 i<+uk gS le>uk
Look at my toy train

Run
Ride in here.
Come here. train see it go.
Here I Come, Jimmy. toy
Look at my lit/tle train go.
Can come toy
And here I Stop. Sue said, 'stop the train
Come
Stop it, here, Jimmy.
toy
toy Jimmy said, 'I can stop the train
toy
See the train stop'
too
Sue said, 'Look at my toy.
toy
It is in the train .
too
See my my liitle red toy, jimmy.
toy
It can ride in the train .
toy
Jimmy said, 'see the train go.
Look at it go.'
Suzie too
Sue said, 'look at my little red toy.
toy
See it go for a train ride.'
Suzie too
Sue said, 'My little red toy!
too
Jimmy said, my © toy is not here
too
It is not in the train.
toy
Stop the train Jimmy.
too
Stop it and look for my toy.
vko`Qfr&4
‘train’ vkSj ‘toy’ ds chp ,d vFkZlaxr (semantic) laca/ gSA gkyk¡fd
cPph ;g isQjcny dbZ ckj djrh gS] ysfdu dqN Hkh mls vius vuqekuksa dks
udkj nsus ds fy, izsfjr ugha djrk vkSj gj ckj ;g vuqeku lgh dke djrk
gSA (train) dks ‘toy’ dgus ds ckn] ,d ckj ugha] cfYd iwjh dgkuh ds
nkSjku og yxkrkj (toy) dks ‘too’ dgrh gS (tcfd okLro esa fp=kksa esa ,d
gokbZtgkT+k gS)A bldk dqN vFkZ curk ugha fn[krkA 'kks/drkZ us Hkh rc rd
;gh lkspk] tc rd fd cPph us ckn esa nksckjk dgkuh lqukrs gq, ‘little’ red
‘‘too’’ ugha cksykA rc 'kks/drkZ us iwNk ^;g ‘little’ red ‘‘too’ D;k gksrk
gS\* ^,d ,;jIysu*] mlus lgtrk ls mÙkj fn;kA bl cPph ds vuqlkj train
‘toy’ gS vkSj plan ‘too’ gSA ,slk D;ksa ugha eku ldrs\ ysfdu è;ku nsa] fd
tc ‘toy’ 'kCn ‘train’ 'kCn ls igys vkrk gS rks ;g cPph ‘train’ 'kCn dks
ugha cksyrhA igyh d{kk ds cPpksa ds lkFk ,slh leL;k rc fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS]
tc ikB esa laKkvksa dks fo'ks"k.kksa dh rjg iz;qDr fd;k x;k gksA
lkekU; le> dgrh gS] fd mls fiQj ‘come’, ‘here’, ‘can’, ‘stop’,
‘ride’ tSls 'kCnksa dk vH;kl djok;k tk, vkSj mls vxyh iqLrd i<+us u
nh tk,] D;ksafd LokHkkfod :i ls og mls i<+us ds fy, rS;kj ugha gSA
ysfdu vf/d Å¡ps Lrj dh dgkuh] viuh tfVy okD;&lajpuk] vf/d
ifj"o`Qr Hkk"kk o vFkZ ds foLrkj ds dkj.k cPph dks vius xzkfi+ Qd ladsrksa
(graphic cues) dks] vFkZxr (semantic) vkSj okD;xr (syntatic) tkudkjh
dks iwjd :i ls bLrseky djrs gq,] vf/d izHkko'kkyh :i esa iz;ksx djus
esa enn djrh gSA
cM+h fu;af=kr le> dss lkFk 'kCn&lwph vkSj o.kZekyk pkVZ ls i<+kuk okLro
esa bl cPph ds i<+us ds fodkl esa ck/k Mky ldrk gSA bl vuqPNsn ds
lekIr gksus ls igys] o`Qi;k vuqeku yxkus ij rkRdkfyd vuqHkoksa ds izHkkoksa
ij è;ku nsaA fn, x, mnkgj.kksa esa gj vuqPNsn ‘Jimmy said’ vFkok ‘Sue
said’ ls vkjaHk gksrk gSA tc cPph ‘Jimmy’ ls vkjaHk gksus okyh iafDr ij
14 i<+uk gS le>uk
vkrh gS rks og igys ls eku ysrh gS fd blds ckn ‘said’ vk,xk vkSj tc
rd vkxs dk ikB i<+us ls mldk vuqeku [kkfjt ugha gksrk] rc rd og ikB
nqckjk i<+dj vius viladsr Bhd ugha djrhA
tgk¡ rd gks losQ] iBu dh ;ksX;rk ds fodkl esa mUgas euksHkkf"kd vuqeku
yxkus okyk [ksy [ksyuk lh[kuk gh pkfg,A bl [ksy ds fu;eksa dks le>us
okys f'k{kdksa dks dkjxj rjhdksa rFkk izHkkoh lkexzh dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,
ftlls fo|kFkhZ vFkZ dks izdV djus okys ladsrksa dks pquus] Hkk"kk&lajpuk
laca/h vius Kku dk bLrseky djus o vius vuqHkoksa vkSj ladYiukvksa dk
iz;ksx djus esa l{ke gks ldsaA miyC/ lwpukvksa esa ls de vkSj T+;knk mi;ksxh
lwpukvksa esa Hksn djus ds fy, mudh enn djuh gksxhA lkSHkkX;o'k ;g mlh
izfozQ;k ds lekukarj gS ftldk iz;ksx mUgksaus ekSf[kd Hkk"kk dks le>us ds fy,
fd;k gSA tkWtZ feyj (1965) us lq>k;k gS] --- êuksHkk"kkfonksa dks è;kuiwoZd
fu"iknu ekWMy (Performance Model) ds fuekZ.k dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,]
ftlesa --- lwpuk dk ifjdfYir laxzg.k vkSj lwpuk&iz.kkyh ds ,sls ?kVd
lfEefyr gksa tks Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djus okyksa ds okLrfod O;ogkj dks míhIr
dj ldsa A*
vc eSa bl euksHkkf"kd vuqeku yxkus okyh izfozQ;k ds fy, viuk ekWMy
izLrqr djuk pkgrk gw¡] ftls ge vaxzsT+kh i<+uk dgrs gSa] o`QIk;k ;g le> ysa
fd ;g T+k:jh ugha gS fd fd ;s fcanq Øfed <ax ls ,sls gh laiUu gksaxs tSlk
fd ;gk¡ fn[kk;k x;k gSA blesa isQjcny laHko gSA
1- ikBd fizaV dks ck,¡ ls nk,¡ ljljh uT+kj nkSM+krk gqvk IkafDr&nj&IkafDr
uhps dh vksj vkrk gSA
2- og viuh vk¡[ksa ,d LFkku ij dsafnzr djrk gSA dqN fizaV rks vk¡[kksa
dh lh/ esa dsafnzr gksaxs] dqN mlds vkl&ikl ,d nk;js esa gksaxs 'kk;n
mldh vo/kj.kkRed nk;jk Hkh FkksM+k l¡djk gSA
3- vc p;u dh izfozQ;k vkjaHk gksrh gSA og vius igys ds p;u] Hkk"kk
laca/h vius Kku] viuh laKkukRed 'kSfy;ksa vkSj viuh lh[kus dh
;qfDr;ksa dh ckè;rkvksa ls ekxZn'kZu ysrk gqvk xzkfi+ Qd ladsrksa dk p;u
djrk gSA
4- og bu ladsrksa vkSj vuqekfur ladsrksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ,d
izR;{k&cks/kRed fp=k cukrk gSA dqN gn rd ;s fp=k] tks dqN mlus
ns[kk ;k tks og ns[kus dh vk'kk dj jgk gS] mlh ij vk/kfjr gksrs

gSaA
5- vc og lacaf/r okD;foU;kl] vFkZladsrksa vkSj LofuefoKku laca/h
ladsrksa ds fy, viuh Le`fr dks VVksyrk gSA ;g mls dqN vkSj xzkfi+ Qd
ladsrksa (graphic cues) dk p;u djus vkSj cks/kRed fp=kksa dks
iqufuZfeZr djus dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
6- bl fcanq ij og xzkfi+ Qd ladsrksa ls lkeatL; j[kus okys vuqeku ;k
vLFkk;h p;u dj ikrk gSA vFkZxr fo'ys"k.k tgk¡ rd laHko gks
vkaf'kd ^fMdksfMax* esa enn djrk gSA tSls&tSls og vkxs c<+rk gS]
;g vFkZ mldh vYidkfyd Le`fr esa tqM+rk pyk tkrk gS A
7- ;fn dksbZ vuqeku yxkuk laHko ugha gS rks fiQj og viuh Le`fr esa
bdV~Bs fd, gq, 'kCnksa dks ij[kdj fiQj nksckjk iz;kl djsxkA ;fn rc
Hkh dksbZ vuqeku yxkuk laHko ugha gksrk rks vf/d xzkfi+ Qd ladsrksa
(graphic cues) laosQrksa dh ryk'k esa og ikB~;&lkexzh ij ,d ckj
fiQj uT+kj Mkyrk gSA
8- ;fn og ^fMdksM* djus yk;d p;u dj ldrk gS rks og mls vius
IkwoZ p;uksa vkSj ^fMdksfMax* }kjk fodflr fd, x, lanHkZ esa vFkZxr
vkSj O;kdjf.kd Loho`Qfr ds fy, tk¡prk gSA
9- ;fn vLFkk;h fodYi vFkZfoKku (semantic) ;k okD;foKku
(syntactic) ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj Lohdk;Z ugha gksrs] rc og IkhNs
ykSVdj] iafDr Ikj nk,¡ ls ck,¡ fiQj ls ljljh uT+kj Mkyrk gS vkSj
iwjs Ik`"B ij vFkZxr (sementic) ;k okD;foU;kl (syntactic) dh
vlaxfr ds fcanq dks ryk'krk gSA tc ,slk dksbZ fcanq fey tkrk gS rks
og mlh fcanq ls i<+uk vkjaHk djrk gSA ;fn vlaxfr igpkuh ugha tk
ldh rks og fdlh ,sls laosQr dh ryk'k esa vkxs i<+rk tkrk gS tks
bl vlaxfr ds lek/ku dks laHko cuk ldsaA
10- ;fn p;u Lohdk;Z gksrk gS] rks ^fMdksfMax* (decoding) dk foLrkj
dj fn;k tkrk gS] vFkZ dks igys okys vFkZ ds lkFk tksM+ fy;k tkrk
gS vkSj ;fn vko';d gks rks igys okys vFkZ dks lek;ksftr dj fy;k
tkrk gSA blh rjg vkxs vkus okys 'kCnksa vkSj vFkZ dh laHkkouk,¡ cuk
yh tkrh gSaA
16 i<+uk gS le>uk
11- blh izdkj ;g pØ pyrk jgrk gSA

bl iwjh izfØ;k ds nkSjku nh?kZ vkSj vYidkfyd Le`fr dk fujarj mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA
eSa bl ekWMy dh tfVyrk ds fy, dksbZ {kek;kpuk ugha d:¡xkA bldh dfe;k¡
bldh tfVyrk esa ugha cfYd bl rF; esa gS fd ;g ikBdksa ds okLrfod
O;ogkj ds fy, fT+kEesnkj tfVy ifj?kVuk dk Ikw.kZ fooj.k nsus ds fy, vHkh
Hkh vi;kZIr gSA Kku dh [kkst esa ekuo dk HkkX; ,slk gh gSA tSls&tSls gekjk
Kku c<+rk gS] gekjk ljy yksd jhfr dks tfVyrk ds fy, jkLrk NksM+uk gksxkA
lanHkZ&lwph@References
Betts, Emmett A. 1963. Ride In, Time to Play. Second Pre-primer,

Betts Basic Readers. 3rd ed. Language Arts Series. American
Book. New York.
Betts, Emmett A. and Carolyn M. Welch. 1963. Stop and Go. ‘All
in a Day’, Third Pre-primer. Betts Basic Readers. American
Book. New York.
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Lecture at Project Literacy, Cornell
University, June 18.
Goodman, Yetta M. 1967. Unpublished dissertation, A
Psycholinguistic Description of Observed Oral Reading
Phenomena in Selected Beginning Readers. Wayne State
University.
Hayes, William D. 1963, My Brother is a Genius, ‘Adventures Now
and Then’ Book 6. Betts Basic Readers. 3rd ed. Emmett A.
Betts and Carolyn M. Welch, New York.
McCracken, Glenn, and Charles C. Walcutt 1963, 'Basic Reading,
teacher's ed. for the pre-primer and Primer. B. Lippincott,
Philadelphia, p.vii.
Miller, George A. 1965, Some Preliminaries to Psycholinguistics,
‘American Psychologist’, Vol. 20, No. 18.
Spache, George 1964, Reading in the Elementary School, Allyn &
Bacon, Boston, p. 12.
vvvvv
Ldhek fl¼kar osQ fy, izosf'kdk
Ikh-MsfoM ih;jlu
,d euksoSKkfud Ikz;ksx esa IkkBdksa ls ;g vis{kk dh xbZ fd ,d fyf[kr

lkexzh osQ izR;sd [kaM dks Ik<+us osQ mijkar tks fopkj muosQ eu esa mHkjrs gSa]
os mls eq[kj :i ls izLrqr djsaA uhps ,sls gh iz;ksx dh dkYifud izfrfyfi
nh xbZ gS ftlesa lkexzh dks bVSfyDl esa fn;k x;k gS&
rsy ladV osQ ckn O;kikj /hek gks x;k gSA
izfrHkkxh ikBd % ^rsy ladV] ;g fuf'pr gh fdlh rsy ls tqM+s O;kikj dk
ekeyk gksxkA ns[krs gSa & lfoZl LVs'ku\ (ugha os rks ladV osQ fnuksa esa rsT+kh
ls c<+rs gSa)] dkjsa\ (gk¡] dkjsa gks ldrh gSa)] ,slh dksbZ Hkh phT+k 'kkfey gks
ldrh gS tks eqnzk LiQhfr ls izHkkfor gks! ns[krs gSa D;k gksrk gS-------
,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd vktdy dksbZ ifj"d`Rk oLrq pkgrk gh ugha!
izfrHkkxh ikBd % ^^vgk! egaxh eksVj xkfM+;k¡! ---;k vkjkenk;d ,d okgu-
--'kk;n osQfMySd gks ldrh gSaA**
vpkud njokT+kk /M+kd ls [kqyk vkSj vPNs [kkls diMs+ Ikgus ,d ;qod
'kks:e esa vk igq¡pkA
izfrHkkxh ikBd % ^^'kk;n dksbZ lSYleSu gksxk\ ysfdu gks ldrk gS fd
laHkkfor xzkgd Hkh gks\ ----vHkh Ikrk pysxkA ns[krs gSa D;k gksrk gSA**
tkWu LVhoUl us lqcg osQ v[kckj osQ fjDr LFkku foKkiu dkWye ls uT+kj Åij
mBkrs gq, vius <hys&<kys dksV dks Bhd fd;k] ftlls mldh dehT+k dh
f?klh gqbZ ck¡g <d tk,A fiQj og ml vkneh ls feyus osQ fy, [kM+k gqvk ----
izfrHkkxh ikBd % ^^;g rks lsYleSu gh gS! yxrk gS bldk le; eqf'dy
py jgk gS_ blhfy, og fjfDr;k¡ ryk'k jgk gS] mldh 'kVZ Hkh f?klh gqbZ gS
vkSj oT+ku Hkh de gks pyk gSA bldk eryc] og nwljk O;fDr ftlus vPNs
diMs+ igus gq, gS] xzkgd gh gks ldrk gSA
mldh gkFk ls jaxh gqbZ VkbZ vkSj jkbuLVksu okyh VkbZfiu ml xgjs LysVh vkSj
dkys ifjos'k osQ chp dqN vViVh&lh yx jgh Fkh ----
Ldhek fl¼kar osQ fy, izosf'kdk 19
izfrHkkxh ikBd % esjs [;ky ls ;g O;fDr fuf'pr gh xzkgd gS vkSj mu

uo/uk<~; yksxksa esa ls gS tks rsT+kh ls vehj gq, gSaA eSa nkos osQ lkFk dg ldrk
gw¡ fd og ;k rks eflZMhT+k ;k jksYl&jkW;l [kjhnsxk] laHkor% eflZMhT+k! vkSj
og udn iSls gh nsxkA**
eflZMhT+k flMku! ^êq>s ;gh pkfg,] vkSj eSa udn iSls nw¡xkA** ml 'k[l us
ogk¡ j[ks x, lcls eg¡xs ekWMy dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gq, dgk A
izfrHkkxh ikBd % ^êSa tkurk FkkA og uo/uk<~; gSA**
ckn esa fcy cukrs gq, tkWu cqncqnk;k ^^xuher gS fd ;g lkSnk gkFk ls ugha
fudykA** ckn esa cg cksyk] ^ôg vPNh phT+kksa osQ ckjs esa D;k tkurk gS\
vkf[kj vktdy dkSu 'kkunkj ifj"d`r phT+kksa osQ ckjs esa D;k tkurk gS\** og
/hjs ls eqLdjk;k vkSj vius dke esa yx x;kA
izfrHkkxh ikBd % ^^gk¡! ;g rks ,d ludh gSA mlus 'kk;n blls csgrj fnu
ns[ks gkasxs vkSj fuf'pr :Ik ls mls csgrj xzkgd ;kn gksaxsA ,slk yxrk gS mlus
viuh fdLer ls le>kSrk dj fy;k gSA**
oSls izLrqr lkexzh osQ ckjs esa gj ikBd osQ euksfopkj (izksVksdkWy) bl
dkYifud izfrfyfi ls vyx gksaxs] ysfdu blosQ ckotwn lHkh IkkBdksa osQ
chp dqN lekurk,¡ ns[kh tk ldrh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ rkSj Ikj 'kk;n fdlh
vU; ikBd us igys fgLls osQ ckn ;g vuqeku ugha yxk;k gksxk fd ;g
dkj osQ O;kikj dh ckr gS cfYd mlus fdlh vkSj laHkkfor O;kikj osQ fy,
O;fDr;ksa @pfj=kksa osQ ckjs esa lkspk gksxkA ysfdu nwljs fgLls osQ ckn (vkSj
fuf'pr gh rhljs fgLls osQ ckn) bldh vf/d laHkkouk gS fd ikBd eg¡xh
dkjksa osQ ckjs esa gh lkspsxkA izfrHkkxh ikBd dh rjg vf/drj ikBd dHkh
lh/s fu"d"kZ rd igq¡p ldrs gSa ;k FkksM+k vkSj barT+kkj dj ldrs gSa rkfd ikB~;
lkexzh gh muosQ vFkZ dks fu/kZfjr djsA dHkh ikBd lgh vuqeku yxk,xk
vkSj dHkh xyr Hkh gks ldrk gSA
fdlh Hkh dkYifud ikBd dh fopkj&;k=kk ;g n'kkZrh gS fd lgtcks/

Lrj ij dbZ izfozQ;k,¡ dfYir ekufld <k¡ps (hypothesised mental
structures) cukrh gSaA laKku euksoSKkfud (cognitive psychologists) iBu
'kks/drkZ (reading researchers) [ mnkgj.k osQ fy, dkWfyUl (Collins)
vkSj Dohfy;u (Quillian)] 1969] dkWfyUl (Collins), czkmu (brown)
20 i<+uk gS le>uk
vkSj ykjfdu (Larkin)] 1980] fyaMls (Lindsay) vkSj ukeZu (Norman)]

1972] :esygkVZ (Rumelhart)] 1980] :esygkVZ (Rumelhart) vkSj vkjVksuh
(Ortony)] 1977] ,aMjlu (Anderson)] 1977] ih;jlu (Pearson) vkSj
Lihjks (Spiro)] 1980] bl O;k[;k dk nkok djrs gq, le>krs gSa fd yksx
Ik<+us dh izfozQ;k osQ nkSjku tkudkjh dks oSQls fozQ;kfUor] laxzghr rFkk iqu%
izkIr (retrieve) djrs gSaA ekuoh; Le`fr esa lwpuk,¡ fdl rjg laxzghr gksrh
gSa & muosQ ckjs esa ('kSaDl) osQ fLozQIV~l (Schank's scripts) (1972)]
fefULdh osQ izQsEl (Minsky's frames) (1975) vkSj :esygkVZ osQ fLdekVk
(Rumelhart's schemata) (1980_ :esygkVZ vkSj vksjVksuh) (Rumelhart
and Ortony) esa ppkZ dh x;h gSA ysfdu os ;g nkok ugha djrs fd ;s
iBu osQ fl¼kar Hkh gSaA ,.Mjlu (Anderson)] jsukWYMLk~ (Reynolds)]
'kkyVZ (Schallert) vkSj xks,VT+k (Goetz)] 1977_ fi;lZu (Pearson)] gkulsu
(Hansen) vkSj xkWMZu (Gordon)] 1978_ fi;lZu vkSj Lik;jks (Pearson and
spiro)] 1980 vkfn iBu 'kks/drkZvksa us IkkBdksa osQ laKku osQ bu fl¼karkas dks
bLrseky djrs gq, ;g le>kus dh dksf'k'k dh gS fd yksx fdl rjg i<+rs gSaA
^^rsy osQ ladV** Ikj oasQfnzr lkexzh osQ ckjs esa dbZ izfrHkkxh ikBdksa dh
IkzfrfozQ;kvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djosQ] bl ckr dks fn[kk;k tk ldrk gS fd fdl
rjg izR;sd izfrfØ;k ^Ldhek F;ksjh* osQ ,d igyw dks mtkxj dj jgh gSA
lcls Ikgys rks izfrHkkxh ikBd ikB le> gh ugha ikrk] vxj mls O;kikj]
rsy ladV] vkWVkseksckbYl] O;kikj esa vknu&iznku tSls fo"k;ksa vkSj cqjk oDr
vkSj lud tSls vuqHkoksa dh iwoZ tkudkjh ugha gksrhA Ldhek fl¼kar dh Hkk"kk
esa dgsa rks izfrHkkxh ikBd dks igys ls ekStwn Kku osQ ^LdhekVk* osQ HkaMkj
esa ls ikB fo'ks"k esa nh xbZ tkudkjh dks pquuk gksxkA ^Ldhek flysD'ku* ;kuh
Ldhek p;u vFkZiw.kZ le> fodflr djus osQ fy, ,d vge vkSj vfuok;Z
dne gksrk gSA p;u osQ ckjs esa nks iz'uksa osQ tcko fn, tkus T+k:jh gaS % d)
ikBd ^fLdekVk* osQ fdl Lo:i dk p;u djrs gSa\ [k) os mudk p;u
fdl rjg djrs gSa\
^LdhekVk* dk Lo:i D;k gS\

^LdhekVk* fl¼kar dk cqfu;knh vk/kj gS fd ekuo Le`fr vFkZlaxr rjhosQ
ls (semantically) laxfBr gksrh gS] u fd èoU;kRed ;k o.kkZuqozQe

(phonologically or alphabetically) rjhosQ lsA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks Le`fr
,d 'kCndks'k dh ctk; ,d lekarj dks'k dh rjg laxfBr gksrh gSA ge
vankT+kk yxk ldrs gSa fd lHkh fdLe dh phT+kksa osQ fy, gekjs ikl ^LdhekVk*
ekStwn gks ldrk gS] fiQj pkgs os lk/kj.k oLrqvksa (dqlhZ] uko) ls ysdj vewrZ
/kj.kkvksa (I;kj] mEehn] Mj) rd gksa_ fozQ;kvksa ([kjhnuk] dwnuk] nkSM+uk) ls
ysdj tfVy ?kVukvksa (,d lsfeukj esa fgLlsnkjh ls ysdj ,d iqQVckWy eSp
ns[kus rd) rd ;k fd tfVy fo"k;oLrq (dgkuh] miU;kl] fo'o osQ ekeys)
osQ fy, Hkh ;g laHko gks ldrk gSA iQuhZpj
ltkoVh izdk;kZRed
dqlhZ LVwy dkmp est
lhV
i'pHkkx
iSj
Hkkstu d{k vkjke d{k vkWfiQl gsrq dqlhZ
vf/dkfj;ksa ds fy, fyfidksa ds fy,
vko`Qfr 1% ^dqlhZ* dk vkaf'kd vFkZxr ra=k (Partial Semantic)usVooZQ
,d dqlhZ osQ fy, Ldhek] vko`Qfr&1 dh rjg O;ofLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;g :Ikjs[kk ftls ^vFkZxr ra=k* ;k Ldhek (dkfyUl vkSj fDofy;u] 1999)
dgrs gSa] fofHkUu ^LdhekVkvksa* osQ chp osQ vFkZxr varjlaca/ksa dks fpf=kr
djrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, dqlhZ ,d ^Ldhek* gS] ysfdu og vU; oxksZa ls Hkh
tqM+k gS (mnkgj.k izdk;kZRed IkQuhZpj) tks vius Lrj ij [kqn ^LdhekVk* gS
vkSj ^LdhekVk* osQ vU; oxhZdj.kksa (mnkgj.k IkQuhZpj) dk fgLlk gSaA dqflZ;ksa
dh Hkh viuh fof'k"Vrk,¡ (;k [kk¡ps) gSa] ftuosQ gksus ij gh mUgsa ^dqlhZ* osQ
22 i<+uk gS le>uk
rkSj igpkuk tk ldrk gSA vFkkZr] ,d dqlhZ esa fdlh izdkj dh lhV gksuh
pkfg,] mldk i'pHkkx gksuk pkfg, vkSj mlosQ fdlh fdLe osQ ik, gksus
pkfg,A ÅèoZeq[kh laxBu osQ vfrfjDr (dqlhZ ls izdk;kZRed iQuhZpj) bl
iz.kkyh esa ,d v/kseq[kh laxBu Hkh gksrk gS] tSls&Hkkstud{k dqlhZ] vkjke
dqlhZ vkfnA ifjHkk"kk osQ vuqlkj ns[ksa rks ^LdhekVk* njvly vewrZ gksrs gSa
vkSj bl otg ls fdlh [kkl dqlhZ ls lacaf/r ugha gksrs gSa cfYd fdlh
vkn'kZ dqlhZ ls lacaf/r gksrs gSa tks 'kk;n dgha gks gh ughaA ['kkscsu (Shoben]
1980)]A
oLrqvksa osQ fy, vkSj I;kj] ?k`.kk ;k Mj tSlh vewrZ vo/kj.kkvksa osQ fy,
Ldhek vDlj ^ladYiuk* tSlk Ikzrhr gksrk gSA ysfdu dk;ksZa vkSj ?kVukvksa
dk Ldhek ,d ,slk vk;ke gksrk gS tks vke rkSj ij ladYiukvksa ls lacaf/r
ugha gksrk & ftls ge midFkkRed vkSj vuqozQfed vk;ke (episodic or-
sequential dimension) dg ldrs gSaA vkd`fr&2 ,slh gh ,d Ldhek IkzLrqr
djrh gS tks ,d ladYiuk ls vf/d ,d ukVd dh rjg izrhr gksrh gSA (bl
lkn`';rk ij foLr`r fopkj osQ fy, ns[ksa :esygkVZ] 1980)A [kk¡ps (slots) ;k
ifjorZuh; [kk¡ps (variable slots) fdlh ukVd dh Hkwfedk osQ vuq:i gksrs
gSa] D;ksafd mUgsa fo'ks"k fdLe osQ rRoksa ls Hkjk tk ldrk gSA bu [kk¡pksa osQ
Hkjus osQ fy, ftu fof'k"V pfj=kksa dk p;u fd;k tkrk gS os mu vfHkusrkvksa
dh rjg gSa% ftUgsa bu Hkwfedkvksa dks vnk djus osQ fy, cqyk;k x;k gksA ;g
fof'k"V oLrq tks bl ifjorZuh; [kk¡pksa dks Hkjrh gS mls êwY;* dgrs gSaA
ik=kksa dh Hkwfedk fu/kZj.k osQ vfrfjDr] [kjhnus osQ vkjs[k ;k Ldhek esa
,sls izlax vkSj [kk¡ps gksrs gSa tks [kjhnus dh xfrfof/ osQ nkSjku ?kfVr gksrs gSaA]
ftl rjg vko`Qfr 2 osQ MkWVsM@ckWDl esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA os fdlh ukVd osQ
n`'; osQ vuq:i gSaA
inkuqozQfer laxBu (hierarchical organization) osQ vykok izLrqr Ldhek
esa dkiQh gn rd izfrlanfHkZr (cross-referencing) phT+ksa Hkh fn[krh gSa
(fi;lZu vkSj Likbjks] 1980) mnkjg.k osQ fy,] vxj [kjhn dh ^Ldhek* dk
p;u fd;k tk, vkSj [kjhnnkj dksbZ vijk/h gks] rks vijk/h osQ fy, vyx
Ldhek dks fy;k tk,xk vkSj mls [kjhn dh ^Ldhek* osQ lkFk tksM+ fn;k
tk,xkA ewY; (vfHkusrk) tks ifjorZuh; [kk¡pksa (Hkwfedkvksa) dks ,d Ldhek
esa Hkjrs gSa] os O;fDr dh laxr <ax ls laxfBr Le`fr osQ nwljs fgLls esa [kqn
[kjhnnkj foozsQrk oLrq ekè;e LFkku [kkaps
,slk dksbZ ,slk dksbZ yxHkx uxn] LVksj]

O;fDr O;fDr ftlds lc ozsQfMV ,tsalh]
dqN dkMZ] psd] ewY;
ftlds ikl ikl [kjhnus 'kks:e]
vkfFkZd ds fy, dqN MªkÝV] dtZ nÝrj
lalk/u gks gks ysu nsu
[kjhnuk
d [k x ?k M+
[kjhnkj dh T+k:jrksa
izos'k izhfrdj okrkoj.k dh tkudkjh fcozQh dk Lrj ifj.kke
vko`Qfr 2% fdlh O;fDr dh [kjhnkjh dh Ldhek dk laHkkfor vkaf'kd fp=k.k

^LdhekVk* gksrs gSaA
^LdhekVk* dk p;u oSQls gksrk gS\

vkf[kj dksbZ ikBd oSQls r; djrk gS fd fdlh fof'k"V ikB dks le>us
vkSj ;kn djus osQ fy, fdl ^Ldhek* (;k LdhekVk) dk p;u djuk gSA
dHkh&dHkh ys[kd Hkh lwpukizn gks ldrk gS] tSls ^^;g dgkuh ,d ,ssls
O;fDr dh gS tks dkj [kjhnuk pkgrk FkkA** vke rkSj ij ,d ikBd dks
vf/d ckjhd laosQrksa Ikj fuHkZj djuk gksrk gS vkSj viuh ladYiuk,¡ cukuh
gksrh gSaA
fdlh Ldhek dk p;u djus osQ fy, ikBd osQ ikl ,d lkekU; rjhdk
;g gksrk gS fd og ,d fof'k"V ewY; (mnkjg.k osQ fy, ,d Ikk=k) dks
igpkus] tks ml Ldhek osQ ,d fof'k"V ifjorZuh; [kk¡ps dks Hkj losQA fiQj
og vuqeku yxkrk gS fd og Ldhek blosQ fy, mfpr gS ;k ughaA nwljs 'kCnksa
24 i<+uk gS le>uk
esa dgsa rks ikBd dh rjiQ ls fu"d"kkZRed dne vDlj T+k:jh gks tkrs gSa
rkfd ;g r; fd;k tk losQ fd ikB~;&lkexzh fdl ckjs esa gSA
[kk¡ps@LykWV~l fdl rjg Hkjs tkrs gSa\

[kk¡pksa dks Hkjus dh IkzfozQ;k dks n`"Vkarhdj.k (instantiation) dgk tkrk gS]
ftldk mn~xe ^n`"Vkar (instance) 'kCn ls gksrk gS (vFkkZr ,d fof'k"V
mnkgj.k tks ifjorZuh; [kk¡ps esa lhfer gksrk gSA) tc ,d Ldhek dk p;u gks
tkrk gS rks [kk¡ps dks Hkjuk vke rkSj ij vklku gks tkrk gSA ,d ckj tc ;g
r; gks tkrk gS fd dgkuh ^[kjhnus* Ikj osaQfnzr gS rks fiQj 'kq#vkrh mnkgj.k
osQ izfrHkkxh osQ fy, ;g pquuk cgqr vklku gks tkrk gS fd [kjhnkj] foozsQrk]
oLrq] ekè;e vkSj LFkku tSls [kk¡pksa esa fdls ;k D;k Hkjk tk,xkA ysfdu dbZ
LykWV] LdhekVk p;u ls igys Hkjs tkrs gaS vkSj Ldhek dk p;u [kk¡ps Hkjus
osQ ckn gksrk gS (njvly] [kk¡pksa dk Hkjuk] Ldhek p;u dks fu/kZfjr djrk
gS)A [kk¡ps Hkjrs gq, Ldhek p;u dh rjiQ c<+rs gSaA
laHkkfor ik=k osQ fey tkus rd] ikBd [kk¡pksa dks vLFkk;h :i ls Hkh Hkj
ldrs gSaA fn, gq, mnkgj.k esa] lkjh lwpuk,¡ i<+us ls igys gh] îzfrHkkxh
ikBd ;g le> ysrh gS fd [kjhnkj udn nsxk vkSj dgkuh osQ izkjaHk esa gh
og r; dj ysrh gS fd ôsQfMysd* [kjhnh tk ldus okyh laHkkfor oLrq gks
ldrh gSA
T+;knkrj [kk¡ps vuqeku }kjk gh Hkjs tkrs gSaA okLro esa ikBd yxkrkj mu
[kk¡pksa dks Hkjrs jgrs gSa] ftuosQ fy, ys[kd us dksbZ êwY;* (value) ugha
fn;k gksrkA [kk¡ps Hkjus osQ fy, ikBd dk ^csgrjhu vuqeku* ;k ^laHkkfor
ik=kksa* dk p;u ftlosQ fy, ys[kd us dksbZ laosQr u fn;k gks mls default
value dgrs gSa A
vuqeku ogk¡ ij Hkh T+k:jh gksrs gSa tgk¡ ikB~;&lkexzh ,sls ifjorZuh; [kk¡ps
dh iwfrZ osQ fy, ,d laHkkfor izR;k'kh miyC/ djrh gSA tc ikBd us dgk
fd ^;gh xzkgd gksxk* rc ikB~;&lkexzh esa ,slh dksbZ ckr ugha Fkh ftlls
îkBd* ,sls fu"d"kZ rd igq¡prhA njvly] fdlh dk;Zjr Ldhek esa dkSu fdu
[kk¡pksa esa fdls ;k D;k Hkjrk gS& ;g r; djus osQ fy, vuqekuksa dh vDlj
vko';drk gksrh gSA ,slk blfy, gS] D;kasfd ys[kd ogk¡ ikBdksa dks izR;{k
lwpuk,¡ iznku ugha djrs gSa] tgk¡ ikBd vklkuh ls vuqeku yxk ldrs gaSA
vuqeku osQ ckjs esa nks 'kCn

Ldhek fl¼kar us bl ckr dks mtkxj fd;k gS fd iBu dk dke vkdfLed
:Ik ls gh 'kkfCnd (literal) gks ldrk gSA fof'k"V :i ls izLrqr lwpuk dks
mRikn osQ vuqekuksa }kjk igpkuk vkSj ;kn fd;k tk ldrk gS & gkyk¡fd fdlh
IkkB~;&lkexzh osQ vFkZ dks le>us dh IkzfozQ;k esa nfl;ksa ;k lSdM+ksa vuqeku
yxkus iM+rs gSaA Ldhek p;u vkSj n`"Vkarhdj.k (instantiation) esa vuqeku ,d
vko';d fgLlk gksrk gS (;g r; djus osQ fy, fd IkkB~;&lkexzh dk dkSu
;k D;k fdl [kk¡ps esa Bhd cSBrk gS vkSj [kk¡pksa dh iwfrZ ^fMIkQkWYV oSY;w* ls
djus osQ fy,A)
vuqeku ,d vyx <ax ls Hkh yxk;k tk ldrk gSA ,d ewY; (value) tks
,d [kk¡ps dh iwfrZ djrk gS og nwljs [kk¡ps ds fy, ^fMIkQWkYV oSY;w* osQ p;u
dks IkzHkkfor djrk gSA Åij fn, gq, mnkgj.k esa ik=k us tc vuqeku yxk;k fd
[kjhnkj êflZMhT+k* osQ fy, uxn jkf'k nsxk] mlus eè;e [kk¡ps osQ fy, ,d
fof'k"V fMiQkWYV oSY;w ûxn* r; dh] D;ksafd [kjhnkj dk [kk¡pk ûoèkuk<~;*
us Hkj fn;k FkkA njvly] vU; fdlh Hkh fdLe osQ O;fDrRo osQ fy, mldh
^fMIkQkWYV oSY;w* ^cSad dk dT+kkZ* gksrhA mlh rjg] ,d efgyk dh dgkuh osQ
lanHkZ esa tks vius vV~Bkjg nksLrksa dks Hkkstu osQ fy, ys tkrh gS vkSj fcy
dk Hkqxrku djrh gS] ml ekeys esa ekè;e osQ fy, ^fMIkQkWYV oSY;w* ûxn*
;k ^pSd* ugha cfYd ôzQsfMV dkMZ* gksxhA [kk¡ps dks Hkjuk ,d fdLe dh
var%fozQ;kRed (interactive) izfozQ;k gS & [kk¡ps dks Hkjus dk rjhdk nwljs
vU; [kk¡pksa osQ Hkjus dks izHkkfor djrk gSA
yksx vius vkjs[k ;k LdhekVk dks oSQls cnyrs gSa\

nqHkkZX; ls] Ldhek fl¼kar ^lh[kus dh IkzfozQ;k* dks le>us esa vf/d
ennxkj gksus osQ ctk; ^cks/* dks le>kus esa vf/d lgk;d lkfcr gqvk
gSA (foLrkj ls ppkZ osQ fy, :esygkVZ] 1980_ fi;lZu vkSj LiSjks] 1980
Lik;jks ns[ksa)A gkyk¡fd Ldhek fl¼kar esa lh[kus dh iz.kkyh 'kkfey gksrh gS
(:esygkVZ] osQ vuqlkj)A Ldhek fl¼kar esa lcls lk/kj.k fdLe osQ lh[kus
dks rjhosQ dks vfHko`f¼ (accretion) dgrs gSaA vfHko`f¼ dh /kj.kk fi;kts
(1952) dh ^vkRelkrhdj.k* (assimilation) dh /kj.kk vkSj fLEkFk dh cks/
26 i<+uk gS le>uk
(comprehension) dh /kj.kk ls dki+ Qh feyrh gSA tc Hkh dksbZ O;fDr fdlh

oLrq osQ Ldhek dk vuqHko djrk gS vkSj og ml Ldhek ls tqM+s n`"Vkarhdj.k
dks viuh nh?kZdkyhu Le`fr esa lfEefyr dj ysrk gS] rc&rc accretion gksrk
gSAA accretion O;fDr dks fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ;kn j[kus esa lgk;rk djrk
gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, fdlh jsLrjka esa tkus dk vuqHkoA lh[kus osQ vU; :iksa
osQ foijhr] vfHko`f¼ Ldhek dh lajpuk esa rCknhyh ugha ykrh gSA
,d nwljs fdLe dk lh[kus dk rjhdk ÎkQkbu V~;wfuax* gksrk gS (vFkkZr
lkeatL; ;k rkyesy dk;e djuk)A gkyk¡fd ÎkQkbu V~;wfuax* fi;kts ;k fLeFk
osQ lwpuk izfozQ;k;u (Information processing) osQ fl¼karksa esa dksbZ le:Ik
ugha feyrk] ysfdu bls fi;kts osQ lek;kstu (accomodation) vkSj fLeFk
osQ vf/xe (learning) esa 'kkfey dj ldrs gSaA lkeatL; osQ T+kfj, LdhekVk
osQ ?kVdksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls la'kksf/r fd;k tkrk gSA u, ifjorZuh; fjDr
LFkkuksa@[kk¡pksa dks tksM+k tkrk gS] ifjorZuh; [kk¡pksa dk :ikarj.k fd;k tkrk
gS ;k fMIkQkWYV oSY;w esa cnyk tkrk gSA mnkjg.k osQ fy,] ,d ,slk O;fDr
ftldk vkVkseksckby foozsQrk osQ :i esa flI+kZQ iq#"kksa ls gh feyuk gqvk gks]
mldk IkfjorZuh; [kk¡pk iq#"kksa dks gh vkWVkseksckby foozsQrk osQ :i esa ns[kus
;k le>us rd lhfer gksxkA tc ,slk O;fDr fdlh efgyk foozQsrk osQ le{k
vk,xk] rks mls vius ifjorZuh; [kk¡ps esa la'kks/u djuk IkM+sxk ftlls mlesa
efgykvksa dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k tk losQA
rhljs fdLe dh lh[kus dh izfozQ;k gS&iquxZBu (restructuring)A ;g rc
gksrk gS tc O;fDr u, LdhekVk osQ xBu osQ fy, iqjkus LdhekVk dks NksM+dj
miyC/ tkudkjh vkSj ubZ izkIr lwpuk dks u, LdhekVk esa lek;ksftr djsA
iqjkus fl¼karksa ;k izfrekuksa dks u;ksa ls izfrLFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA dksifuZdu
ozQkafr] U;wVu dh HkkSfrdh dk vkxeu vkSj lkis{krk osQ vkbaLVkbu osQ fl¼kar]
,sls iquxZBu osQ mÙke mnkgj.k dgs tk ldrs gSaA [dqg~u (Kuhn)] 1962]A
nSfud thou esa iquxZBu vf/d la;r Lrj ij gksrk jgrk gS & ,d pkj lky
dk cPpk lh[krk gS fd pkj iSjksa osQ lHkh tkuoj ^fcYyh* ugha gksrs vkSj
mls ?kksM+ksa] fcfYy;ksa] xk;ksa vkSj cdfj;ksa osQ fy, fo'ks"k LdhekVk cukuk IkM+rk
gS_ ,d vè;kid dk cks/ gksrk gS fd vyx&vyx fdLe dh {kerkvksa osQ
cPpksa osQ fy, vyx&vyx fdLe dh vè;kiu&'kSyh viukuh gksxh_ ;k ,d
fo|kFkhZ lh[krk gS fd ôzQefofue;rk* osQ fu;e tksM+ ls xq.kk rd lkekU;ho`Qr
gksrs gSa] ysfdu ?kVk ;k Hkkx esa ,slk laHko ugha gksrkA
iquxZBu osQ nks igyw gSaA Ldhek fof'k"Vhdj.k rc gksrk gS tc fdlh ,d
Ldhek dks izfrLFkkfir djus osQ fy, dbZ ubZ Ldhekvksa dh T+k:jr IkM+rh gSA
mnkgj.kr% tgk¡ oqQÙks dh ek=k ,d Js.kh i;kZIr Fkh] mldh txg vc pkj&pkj
miJsf.k;ksa dh ckr djuh iM+rh gSA ^Ldhek lkekU;hdj.k* rc gksrk gS tc
dbZ mi&LdhekVk esa dqN ifjorZuh; [kk¡pksa osQ rRoksa dk lk>s :i esa iz;ksx
djsa vkSj lh[kus okyksa dks bl ckr dk vglkl gks fd mUgsa ,d gh fo"k;
osQ fHkUu :Ikksa osQ rkSj ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ rkSj Ikj feFkd vkSj
uhfrdFkk,¡ nksuksa gh dgkfu;k¡ gksrh gSaA
IkBu osQ nkSjku Ldhek dks oSQls fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gS\
dbZ ckj ikBd ,d ,slh i¼fr ls tqM+rs gSa] ftls ‘top down’ ;k Ldhek
vk/kfjr inside out, ;k IkkBd vk/kfjr ;k vo/kj.kk lapkfyr izfØ;k;u
dg ldrs gSaA ;g ,d cgqr gh lfozQ; izfozQ;k;u dh Ik¼fr gS ftlesa ikBd
IkkB ls lacaf/r viuh Ldhek osQ HkaMkj dk iz;ksx djrs gq, IkfjdYiuk cukrk
jgrk gSA ;s ifjdYiuk,¡ vkxs vkus okys ikB o vU; lwpukvksa dks le>us esa
enn djrh gSaA bu ifjdYiukvksa dks dHkh iq"V fd;k tkrk gS] rks dHkh [kkfjt
gksus dh fLFkfr esa mUgsa la'kksf/r fd;k tkrk gSA vè;k; osQ vkjaHk esa fn, gq,
mnkgj.k esa izfrHkkxh ikBd us ,sls dbZ n`"Vkar j[ks ftlesa og blh fdLe osQ
izfozQ;k;u esa 'kkfey FkhA
dbZ ckj] tks ikBd fuf"ozQ; gkssrs gSa os ,slh izfØ;k dk iz;ksx djrs gSa
ftls bottom up, ;k mQij ls uhps izfozQ;k;u] ckgj ls vanj izfozQ;k;u]
IkkB vk/kfjr ;k vk¡dM+s vk/kfjr IkzfozQ;k;u dgrs gSaA bl fof'k"V Ikz.kkyh
esa] ikBd viuh jk; dks LFkfxr djrk gS vkSj fdlh fu"d"kZ ij igq¡pus ls
Ikgys ikB~;&lkexzh ls vf/d lwpuk gkfly djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA bl
Ikzdkj dk izfozQ;k;u vDlj rc gksrk gS] tc ikBd fdlh ikB~;&lkexzh dks
igyh ckj i<+rk gS] ;k tc ,d ifjdYiuk dks udkj nsrk gS vFkok ?kVukvksa
osQ ozQe dks le> ugha IkkrkA izfrHkkxh ikBd us ,sls dbZ mnkgj.k is'k fd,A
bu nks fu;a=kd iz.kkfy;ksa osQ ckjs esa lkspus dk ,d fnypLi rjhdk gS fd
^Åij ls uhps* ;k top down osQ izfozQ;k;u esa] ikBd viuh Ldhek osQ varxZr
gh dk;Z djrk gS] tcfd ûhps ls Åij* ;k bottom up okys izfozQ;k;u esa
28 i<+uk gS le>uk
ikBd ys[kd dh Ldhek osQ nk;js esa dk;Z djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS vkSj
dksbZ l{ke IkkBd ys[kd dh le> ls viuh le> osQ lkFk cjkcj laokn
djus dh izfØ;k esa nksuksa rjgksa ls vkxs&ihNs tkrk jgrk gSA
Ldhek fl¼kar dk laHkkfor iQk;nk D;k gS\

lcls egÙoiw.kZ Ikz'u ;g gS fd vè;kid vkSj ijh{k.kdrkZ fdl rjg Ldhek
fl¼kar dk bLrseky djrs gq, fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ ckjs esa csgrj tk¡p&iM+rky
vkSj funsZ'kkRed fu.kZ; ys ldrs gSa\ fi;lZu vkSj Lik;jks (1980) osQ ys[k
osQ eqrkfcd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ftu Ikk¡p izdkj dh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk
iM+rk gS] mUgsa Ldhek fl¼kar osQ <k¡ps ls le>k;k tk ldrk gSaA blesa tk¡p
vkSj funsZ'k osQ lanHkZ esa dqN fufgrkFkZ 'kkfey gSaA bUgsa ge fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ ikB
i<+dj le>us esa vliQyrk osQ ik¡p dkj.k eku ldrs gSaA bl funsZ'kkRed
fu.kZ;&izfozQ;k lajpuk (Instructional decision making framework) dk
lkjka'k vkxs IkzLrqr fd;k x;k gS &
Ldhek dh miyC/rk & ljy <ax ls dgsa rks vxj fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ ikl fdlh
fo"k; ls lacaf/r LdhekVk ugha gS] rks os ml fo"k; fo'ks"k osQ ckjs esa fd,
x, p;uksa dks le> ugha ik,¡xsA bl Ikfj?kVuk dks dki+ Qh gn rd Li"V :i
ls fn[kk;k x;k gSA (mnkgj.k ,aMjlu] Lik;jks vkSj ,aMjlu] 1978_ fi;lZu]
gkulsu vkSj xksMZu] 1978)A tkWUkLVu vkSj fi;lZu (1982) vkSj tkWuLVu
(1981) us ik;k fd i<+us dh lhfer ;ksX;rk osQ ctk; fo"k; dk IkwoZ Kku
ikB dks le>us esa vf/d lgk;rk djrk gSA iwoZKku osQ vkdyu osQ laca/
esa] ySaxj (1980) vkSj fi;lZu vkSj tkWuLVu (1978) us ik;k gS fd ‘Simple
free association’ rduhd (vuqPNsn dh eq[; ladYiukvksa osQ lkFk)
fo|kFkhZ dh fLFkfr dk ,d funkukRed fp=k IkzLrqr djrh gSA gkxsu (1979)
vkSj FkksEl (1982) us lq/kj osQ lanHkZ esa ik;k fd fi;lZu ,oa tkuLVu
(1978) osQ vFkZxr ekufp=k.k izfreku (semantic mapping paradigm)
,sls fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, vf/d mi;ksxh gks ldrs gSa] tks deT+kksj i`"BHkwfe ls
vkrs gSaA
Ldhek p;u & dqN fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ Ikkl fo"k; dk iwoZKku rks gksrk gS] ysfdu
T+k:jr osQ le; os è;ku ugha ns IkkrsA ,sls fo|kFkhZ vDlj bottom-up
izfozQ;k;u ij vf/d fuHkZj jgrs gSa vkSj bl ckr dks le> ugha ikrs fd mudk
dkSu&lk Ldhek ikB~;lkexzh dks le>us ,oa mldh O;k[;k djus osQ fy,
mi;ksxh gksxkA bl lanHkZ esa lq/kj dk;Z vis{kko`Qr ljy vkSj lh/k gksrk gSA
,slh dksbZ Hkh iwoZiBu f'k{k.k&j.kuhfr tks mfpr Ldhek dks osaQnz esa ykrh gS]
og blesa lgk;d gks ldrh gSA fo'ks"k rkSj ij bl lanHkZ esa gkulsu (1981)
vkSj gkulsu rFkk fi;lZu (1982) rFkk LVkWiQj (1969) tSls yksxksa dh lykg
dkjxj gks ldrh gSA fi;lZu vkSj tkWuLVu (1978)] gcZj (1970)] vkSj
gkUiQ (1971) vkfn dh jpukvksa esa og rduhd lekfgr gS] tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks ikB~;lkexzh osQ vf/d lfozQ; izfozQ;k;u esa leFkZ cukus esa lgk;d gksA
Ldhek dk vuqj{k.k & osQoy bl dkj.k fd fdlh ikBd osQ ikl Ldhek
miyC/ gS vkSj og vuqPNsn dks le>us osQ fy, mldk p;u djrk gS] ;g
T+k:jh ugha fd IkBu dh laiw.kZ izfozQ;k osQ nkSjku og ml Ldhek dks cuk,
j[ksxkA dbZ fo|kFkhZ bl ckr dks Hkh Hkwy ldrs gSa fd os fdl ckjs esa i<+ jgs
gSaA ;g ^Ldhek vuqj{k.k* dh leL;k gksrh gSA bl leL;k dk ,d dkj.k ;g
gks ldrk gS fd IkkBd ^bottom-up* ;k ûhps ls Åij* izfozQ;k;u ij vf/d
fuHkZj djrk gS vkSj viuk lewpk è;ku vkjafHkd ikB~;&bdkb;ksa (v{kj] Loj]
'kCn) ij vf/d osaQfnzr djrk gS ftlls ikB osQ lexz vFkZ dks le>us
osQ fy, T+k:jh ,dkxz fparu osQ fy, laKkukRed {kerk ugha cprhA nwljk
dkj.k & ^vfoosdh IkkB~;lkexzh* (inconsiderate text) [,aMjlu] vkeZczLVj
(Armbruster) vkSj oSaQUVksj (Kantor), (1980)] gS & ,slh lkexzh tks ;g
Li"V ugha djrh fd IkkB esa 'kkfey fofHkUu fopkj vkil esa fdl rjg tqM+
ldrs gSaA ek'kZy (Marshall) vkSj XykWd (Glock) (1978&1979) vkSj bjfou
(Irwin) (1980) & bu lHkh us ;g ik;k fd ;g leL;k oqQ'ky ikBdksa dh
ctk; deT+kksj ikBdksa ls lacaf/r gksrh gS tks ys[kd }kjk vkil esa tqM+us okys
lw=kksa osQ u nsus ls phT+kksa dks tksM+ ugha ikrsA
bl leL;k osQ ckjs esa fdlh vuqns'kkRed lykg dk ijh{k.k ugha fd;k
x;k gSA gky¡afd Ikjh{kkRed vuqHko ,oa dqN Ikz;ksxkRed vè;;u [mnkgj.kr%
xkMZu (Gordon) 1980_ flaxj (Singer) ,oa Mksuyku (Donlan)] 1982_
okVZysV (Bartlett)] 1978] dgkfu;ksa ,oa O;k[;kRed iBu lkexzh osQ laxBu
30 i<+uk gS le>uk
osQ laca/ esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa Ldhek osQ fodkl osQ egRo dks mtkxj djrs gSaA
bls ;k rks lqfu;ksftr Ikz'u rduhdksa osQ T+kfj, ;k fiQj iBu lkexzh esa lfp=k
IkzLrqfr osQ mi;ksx }kjk fu"ikfnr dj ldrs gSaA
^bottom-up* ;k ûhps ls Åij* osQ IkzfozQ;k;u ij vR;f/d fuHkZjrk &
^bottom-up* izfozQ;k;u Ik¼fr ij vR;f/d fuHkZj djuk taxy esa jgrs gq,
isM+ksa dks u ns[k Ikkuk gSA ,sls ikBd ekSf[kd IkBu esa xyfr;k¡ dj ldrs gSa]
D;ksafd mudk è;ku vFkZ ls vf/d xzkfi+Qd y{k.kksa (graphic features) ij
gksrk gSA lkFk gh os iwoZKku ij vk/kfjr mÙkj nsus ctk; fli+Z Q IkkB esa ls
'kkfCnd mÙkj gh ns Ikkrs gSaA ftu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ,slh vknr gh cu xbZ gS mudh
lgk;rk djuk vklku ugha gksrkA cqfu;knh rkSj Ikj mUgsa nks phT+kksa dks lh[kus
dh vko';drk gksrh gSA igyk] IkBu ls Hkh ogh vFkZ èofur gksuk pkfg,] tks
lquus ls gksrk gSA nwljk] vkSj ikB dh lgh le> osQ fy, dHkh&dHkh ikB ls
ckgj osQ Kku ij Hkh fuHkZj gksuk iM+rk gSA ^folaxfr [kkstus dh rduhd*] osQ
T+kfj, mUgsa igyk fcanq fl[kkus dh fn'kk esa dqN izxfr gqbZ gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
,slh ikB~;&lkexzh nh tkrh gS] ftlesa vlaxr 'kCn] okD;ka'k ;k okD; gksrs gSa
vkSj mUgsa mu 'kCnksa dks gVkus osQ fy, dgk tkrk gS tks vuqPNsn osQ vuqdwy
u gksaA T+kkfgj&lh ckr gS fd os bl dke dks rc rd ugha dj losaQxs tc
rd fd os ugha tkusaxs fd ikB~;lkexzh dk lanHkZ D;k gSA vFkkZr tc rd og
^top down* ;k Åij ls uhps izfozQ;k;u ls lapkfyr u gksaA nwljs fcanq osQ
fy,] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ,sls iz'u fn, tkrs gSa] ftlosQ mÙkj osQ :Ik esa fodYi
fn, x, gksaA fiQj muls IkwNk tkrk gS fd dkSu&lk tokc IkkB~;&lkexzh ls
fudyk gS vkSj dkSu&lk ughaA varr% mUgsa ;g vk¡dus osQ fy, dgk tkrk gS
fd dkSu&ls mÙkj mfpr gSa rkfd ;g n'kkZ;k tk losQ fd dHkh&dHkh ikBd
}kjk viuh le> ls fn, x, mÙkj] IkkB~;&lkexzh esa fn, mÙkjksa dh rjg gh
mi;qDr gksrs gSA
^top down* izfozQ;k;u ij vR;f/d fuHkZjrk & ;g laHko gS fd fo|kFkhZ
Ldhek ij vk/kfjr (top down) izfozQ;k;u Ikj vR;f/d fuHkZj gksaA ,sls
fo|kFkhZ ekSf[kd rkSj ij iBu esa xyfr;k¡ rks djrs gSa] ysfdu mlls vFkZ
IkzHkkfor ugha gksrkA muosQ tokc] Hkys gh Bhd yxrs gksa ij mu tokcksa ls
;g irk py tkrk gS fd iBu lrgh rkSj ij ;k ykijokgh ls gqvk gS ;k
IkkB~;&lkexzh dks fcuk Ik<+s gh tokc fn, x, gSaA Hkys gh fo|kFkhZ }kjk
fudkyk x;k ^lkjak'k* gj ifjfLFkfr esa lgk;rk dj ldrk gS] ysfdu bldk
,d xaHkhj uqdlku rc gksrk gS tc ikB dks è;kuiwoZd Ik<+us dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA (mnkgj.kr% iz;ksx djus] funsZ'kksa dks le>us] dfork] ewY;kadu osQ
fy, iBu vkfn osQ nkSjkuA) dHkh&dHkh ys[kd osQ Ldhek osQ nk;js esa dke
djuk vko';d gksrk gSA
,slh izo`fÙk;ksa dk eqdkcyk djus osQ fy, dbZ rjhosQ viuk, tkrs gSaA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Ikz'uksÙkj izo`fÙk esa lg;ksx djus osQ fy, mUgsa mUgha dk;kZsa esa
yxk;k tkrk gS (ikB dh lgk;rk ls vkSj fcuk lgk;rk ls lgh mÙkj dks
[kkstuk) tks ^bottom-up approach* ij vfrfuHkZj jgus okys fo|kFkhZ djrs
gSa] ysfdu bl vH;kl dk y{; fHkUu gksrk gSA
bu fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, ;g le>uk vko';d gksrk gS fd IkkB~;&lkexzh esa ls
tokc nsuk dksbZ xyr dk;Z ugha gSA tgk¡ Bhd ls u i<+ ikus dh leL;k gksrh
gS] ogk¡ ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks tfVy funsZ'k fn, tkrs gSa vkSj fjDr LFkku Hkjus tSls
vH;kl fn, tkrs gSa] ftlesa izLrqr mÙkj vFkZlaxr rjhosQ ls fn, x, IkzR;qÙkj dks
fpg~fur djrs gSaA (tSls pyuk] mNyrs gq,] yk¡?kuk] iSj ?klhV dj pyuk)]
ysfdu muesa fli+Z Q ,d gh lgh vFkZokgd gksrk gSA (mnkgj.kr% lwtu bruh
[kq'k gqbZ fd og ikdZ esa ls ------------pyh xbZ A)
fu"d"kZ osQ rkSj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ^Ldhek fl¼kar* fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh iBu laca/h leL;kvksa ls tw>us osQ fy, mi;ksxh midj.k gSA fo|kFkhZ
fdl rjg le>rs gSa ;k fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ugha le> ikrs budh :ijs[kk
cukdj f'k{kd fofHkUu i¼fr;ksa dk fodkl dj ldrk gS tks mi;qZDr IkBu
laca/h leL;kvksa dk funku dj losQA
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process. Harper and Row, New York.
Thomas, S.1982. A comparison of different approaches to vocabulary
instruction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University
of Wisconsin.
vvvvv
vFkZ dh igpku
iSzaQd fLeFk
'kCnksa dh igpku osQ fy, v{kjksa dh IkwoZ igpku gksuk T+k:jh ugha gS] [kklrkSj
ls mu 'kCnksa dh rRdky Ikgpku osQ fy, ftuls os Ikfjfpr gSa vkSj tks 'kCn
muosQ ifjfpr 'kCn HkaMkj (sight vocabulary) dk fgLlk gSaA v{kjksa dh iwoZ
Ikgpku rHkh izklafxd gksrh gS tc 'kCnksa dks rRdky igpkuk u tk losQ_ og
Hkh dqN gn rd ghA bl Ikgpku dh izklafxdrk bl ckr dh laHkkouk ij
fuHkZj djrh gS fd ikBd osQ ikl lanHkZ vkSj vU; phT+kksa dh fdruh lwpuk
gSA bu fodYiksa dks fp=k la[;k 1 esa fn[kk;k x;k gS&
vc eSa ;g fn[kkuk pkgrk gw¡ fd vFkZiw.kZ le> osQ lkFk Ik<+us osQ fy,
(ftls eSa ikB esa vFkZ dh Ikgpku dgw¡xk) 'kCnksa dh IkwoZ Ikgpku vko';d
ugha gSA 'kCnksa o v{kjksa dh iwoZ igpku djus esa tks y{k.kksa osQ fo'ys"k.k
dh izfozQ;k (Feature Analytic process) gksrh gSA ogh n`';kRed lwpuk ls
rRdky vFkZ le>us osQ fy, Hkh bLrseky dh tk ldrh gSA vFkZ dh igpku
osQ fy, dHkh&dHkh eè;LFkrk ;kuh chp dh dM+h dh Hkh T+k:jr gksrh gS]
D;ksafd dqN dkj.kksa ls ikB~;&lkexzh dk rqjar vFkZ fu/kZfjr ugha fd;k tk
ldrkA fiQj Hkh izR;sd 'kCn dh iwoZ igpku osQ }kjk laHkkfor vFkksZa osQ ckjs
esa fu.kZ; ysus dk iz;kl djuk dki+Qh gn rd O;FkZ gksxk vkSj mlosQ liQy
gksus dh xqatkb'k de gSA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa ftl rjg rqjar 'kCn dh igpku djuk vosQys v{kj dks
Ikgpkuus ij fuHkZj ugha gS] mlh rjg vFkZ dks rRdky igpkuuk ,d vosQys
'kCn dks igpkuus ij fuHkZj ugha djrk gSA nwljs rjhdksa dks fp=k la[;k 2 esa
Ikznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA blosQ rdZ dks rhu pj.kksa esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA
1- rRdky vFkZ dh igpku dj yh xbZ gS] bls n'kkZuk & lkekU;r% ikBd
'kCnksa dh igpku ls igys vFkZ dh igpku dj ldrs gSa vkSj dj ysrs
gSaA
2- vFkZ dh rRdky igpku fdl Ikzdkj dh tkrh gS] bls izLrkfor djukA
n`';kRed lwpuk osQ v{kj dh 'kCn dh igpku
y{k.kksa dks fo'ys"k.k igpku
vFkZ dh igpku
rRdky
fp=k 1 % rRdky rFkk eè;LFkrk ;kuh chp dh dM+h }kjk 'kCn dh igpku
n`';kRed lwpuk osQ v{kj dh eè;LFkrk 'kCn dh eè;LFkrk vFkZ dks

y{k.kksa dks fo'ys"k.k igpku igpku igpkuuk
rRdky
rRdky
fp=k 2 % rRdky rFkk eè;LFkrk }kjk vFkZ dks Ikgpkuuk

33
34 i<+uk gS le>uk
3- vFkZ dh rRdky Ikgpku djuk oSQls lh[kk tk,] bl ij ppkZ djukA

vafre Hkkx esa eSaus la{ksi esa] vFkZ igpkuus osQ fy, eè;LFkrk ;k lh/s
vFkZ dks u le> Ikkus dh fLFkfr esa ikBd D;k djrk gS] bldh ppkZ dh gS]
Îk<+us* esa vFkZ dk iz;ksx

ikBd ges'kk izR;sd 'kCn dks Ikgpkuus osQ fy, vFkZ dh lgk;rk yssrs gSa u
fd 'kCnksa dks igpkudj vFkZ le>us dh esgur djrs gSaA ;g ckr igys gh
iznf'kZr dh tk pqdh gSA
eSa ;gk¡ ml iz;ksx dk mnkgj.k ys jgk gw¡ ftlesa n'kkZ;k gS fd ,d Nih gqbZ
iafDr Ikj uT+kj Mkyus ls] tks fd ,d lsosQaM i<+us osQ cjkcj gS & ,d ikBd
pkj ls Ikk¡p 'kCn igpku ldrk gS] c'krsZ os lkFkZd ozQe esa gksaA vxj 'kCn
,d&nwljs ls lac¼ u gksa rks ikBd vk/s 'kCn Hkh ugha igpku ikrk gSA ijarq
,d lkFkZd ikB ls nwljs fodYiksa dks de djus osQ fy, IkkBd xSj n`';kRed
lwpuk dk pquko dj ldrk gSA ,slk blfy, rkfd fnekx ,d lsosQaM esa ftruh
n`';kRed lwpuk dks xzg.k dj ldrk gS] de ls de mlls nksxquk dj ik,
vkSj bl rjg nks&,d 'kCnksa dh txg ij pkj ;k ik¡p 'kCnksa dh igpku dj
ik,A ikBd osQ ikl tks xSj n`';kRed lwpuk igys ls gksrh gS] og osQoy
vFkZ gks ldrh gS ;k fiQj og xSj n`';kRed lwpuk ml fdlh rjhosQ dk iwoZ
Kku gks ldrh gS ftl rjg fdlh Hkk"kk esa 'kCn la;ksftr gksrs gSa vkSj tks u
osQoy O;kdj.k osQ vuqlkj gksrh gS] cfYd ftldk dksbZ eryc Hkh gksrk gSA
lrr ljksdkj& ;g le>kuk cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gS fd ftl fLFkfr dh vHkh

ppkZ dh xbZ gS mlesa ikBd yxkrkj vFkZ x<+rk gSA lkFkZdrk ,d iafDr esa
ekStwn gj 'kCn dks igpkuus dh izfozQ;k dks c<+kok nsrh gSA ,slk ugha fd
ikBd 'kCn&igpku&;qfDr ls igys fdlh okD; esa osQoy ,d ;k nks 'kCn dh
igpku djrk gS vkSj mlosQ ckn 'ks"k dk lkFkZd vuqeku yxkrk gS] ekuks okD;
esa bu 'kCnksa dk nwljs 'kCnksa ls dqN laca/ u gksA OkkLro esa] Bhd ;gh Ikz;ksx
fn[kkrk gS fd ;fn nks 'kCnksa dh Ikgpku djus ls nwljksa osQ ckjs esa laosQr feyrk
gks] rc nwljs 'kCnksa dh Ikgpku djus osQ fy, dksbZ le; ugha cpsxkA ftuesa
dksbZ lkFkZd laca/ u gks] ,sls vlac¼ 'kCn cgqr ls cgqr nks gksaxsA tgk¡ 'kCnksa
dk ozQe lkFkZd gksrk gS ogk¡ 'kq: ls vkf[kj rd gj 'kCn dk vFkZ le>uk
vFkZ dh igpku 35
vklku gks tkrk gSA Bhd mlh rjg ftl rjg IkzR;sd 'kCn dh lkFkZd igpku
rHkh gks ikrh gS tgk¡ 'kCnksa dh izR;sd bdkbZ dk vius vki esa vosQys dksbZ
egÙo ugha gSA vFkZ le>us dh izfozQ;k esa vokafNr (vkSj vlaHko) fodYi
igys gh gVrs jgrs gSaA
ftl mnkgj.k dh vHkh&vHkh ppkZ dh xbZ gS og ,sfrgkfld gSA bldk
o.kZu igyh ckj ,d 'krkCnh iwoZ fd;k x;k FkkA ,d rjg ls rF; ;g gS fd
i<+rs le; gj ckj vFkZ izR;sd 'kCn dh igpku esa lgk;rk djrk gSA ;fn
ge 'kCn esa fNis laHkkfor vFkZ osQ ckjs esa iwoZ varnZ`f"V osQ fcuk vk¡[k ew¡ndj
,d osQ ckn ,d osQoy 'kCn&igpku ij gh tqVs jgsaxs rks lkFkZd <ax ls i<+uk
vlaHko gks tk,xk] vk¡[kksa dh xfr ij fd, x, vè;;u ;g crk ldrs gSa
fd oqQN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vk¡[ksa FkksM+h nsj osQ fy, lkjs ;k vf/dka'k v{kjksa ij
fVd ldrh gSa] ysfdu ;g rF; vizklafxd gSA vk¡[ksa ,d le; esa ,d 'kCn
gh ns[k ldrh gSa] ijarq efLr"d 'kCnksa dks ,d vFkZiw.kZ lewg esa ns[krk gSA
/heh xfr dk iBu dq'ky iBu ugha gS] D;ksafd bldh izo`fÙk gksrh gS fd ;g
n`f"V dks lhfer dj nsrk gS] vYidkyhu Le`fr ij vfrfjDr cks> Mkyrk gS
rFkk ikBd dks Hkk"kk dh vusdkFkZrk esa my>k nsrk gSA tks Hkk"kk lkFkZd ugha
gS] mls tYnh&tYnh i<+uk cgqr dfBu gSA ;fn vki fuEufyf[kr x|ka'k i<+us
dh dksf'k'k djsa rks [kqn bldk vuqHko dj ldrs gSa%
Be might words those what into insights prior no with, another
after word one identify to striving blindly, along laboured we if
impossible be would reading because. read we time every replicated
is words individual of identification the facilitates meaning that fact
the, sense a in but.
eq>s mEehn gS fd ftu 'kCnksa dks vHkh vkius i<+us dh dksf'k'k dh gS os
vaxszT+kh osQ lkFkZd okD; gSa] D;ksafd fiNys vuqPNsn esa eSaus [kqn bldk bLrseky
fd;k gSA i+QoZQ osQoy ;g gS fd ;gk¡ bls mYkVs ozQe esa fy[kk gSA ftl xfr
,oa ljyrk ls vki fdlh okD; dks lh/s ,oa mYkVs ozQe esa i<+ ldrs gSa]
og osQoy bl ckr ls fu/kZfjr gksrk gS fd vkius mlosQ vFkZ dks le>k gS
;k ughaA ;fn vkius blh vuqPNsn dk eq[kj okpu fd;k rks laHkor% vkidks
,slk gh lqukbZ nsxk tSlk LowQy esa <sj lkjs ^voqQ'ky ikBd* dks lqudj yxrk
gSA ;s ^voqQ'ky ikBd* uhjl vkSj ,djl Loj esa ,d&,d djosQ 'kCn dks
36 i<+uk gS le>uk
igpkuus osQ fy, tw>rs jgrs gSa] ekuks gjsd 'kCn vosQyk gks vkSj mldk
,d&nwljs ls dksbZ ysuk&nsuk u gksA ,sls cPps ;g ekurs gSa vkSj 'kk;n mUgsa ;g
crk;k Hkh tkrk gS fd vFkZ dh fpark djuk ckn dh ckr gSA 'kCn dks lgh
<ax ls igpkuks] vFkZ rks vius vki esa le> esa vk tk,xkA mUgsa 'kk;n ;g
ugha crk;k tkrk gS fd vFkZ ls 'kCnksa dh Ikgpku esa enn feyrh gSA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, izlkj.kdrkZ] tks fd ,d is'ksoj IkkBd gSa& mUgsa vkxs D;k
i<+uk gS& mldh igys ls le> cuk ysus dk egÙo tkurs gSa blfy, os i<+us
osQ igys vius vkys[k dks ljljh fuxkg ls ns[k ysuk pkgrs gSaA fdlh miU;kl
;k rduhd laca/h fdrkc dks Ik<+rs gq, vkxs n`f"V Mky nsus ls Hkh mlosQ ekSu
iBu esa enn feyrh gSA gesa ,d vankT+kk yx tkrk gS fd vkxs D;k gksxk vkSj
fiQj tgk¡ T+k:jh gks] IkhNs tkdj ge fdlh fo'ks"k fcanq dks i<+ ldrs gSaA rsT+kh
ls i<+us ls fdlh fo"k; dh ,d le> cu tkrh gSA /heh xfr dk iBu ;kn
djus ;k foLr`r o.kZu ij xkSj djus osQ fygkT+k ls T+k:jh gks ldrk gSA ysfdu
;g rHkh laHko gS tc vki mldk vFkZ le> pqosQ gksaA blosQ Bhd myV vFkZ]
iBu laca/h dqN dk;ksZa esa O;o/ku Hkh Mkyrk gSA izwiQjhMj ;fn IkBu lkexzh
osQ vFkZ ij è;ku nsus yxsa rks muls eqnz.k dh xyfr;k¡ vusn[kh gks tk,¡xhA os
'kCnksa rFkk mudh orZuh ij è;ku nsrs gSa fd D;k gksuk pkfg, u fd bl ij fd
okLro esa D;k gSA blfy, dHkh&dHkh izwiQjhMj [kklrkSj ij vkys[k dks mYVs
ozQe esa i<+rs gSa rkfd os ,d ,d 'kCn vkSj mldh orZuh Ikj è;ku ns losQa]
vFkZ ij ughaA fdarq os ,slk djrs gSa rks vFkZ dh folaxfr;k¡ utjankT+k gks tkrh
gSaA mudh bl nqfo/k ls ;g ckr mtkxj gksrh gS fd ,d&,d 'kCn ij è;ku
nsuk vkSj vFkZ ij è;ku nsuk oSdfYid gSA nksuksa i<+us osQ leorhZ igyw ugha gSaA
i<+rs le; vFkZ dk igys ls Ikz;ksx esa ykuk ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd
tc izR;sd 'kCn dks igpkuuk T+k:jh gksrk gSA tSls T+kksj&Tk+ksj ls i<+rs le;]
rc U;wure n`';kRed lwpuk dk mi;ksx gksxkA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:Ik vDlj
xyfr;k¡ gksaxhA ;fn IkkBd dks bldk igys ls gh ;g vankT+kk gks fd 'kCn D;k
gksxk rks mls ml 'kCn dh iqf"V djus osQ ckjs esa vkSj le; yxkus dh T+k:jr
ugha gSA blhfy, cgqr vuqHkoh ikBd Hkh fdlh ,dne vyx ls fn[kusokys
'kCn dks xyr i<+ nsrs gSa vkSj blesa dksbZ cgqr ubZ ckr ugha gSA tSls fy[kk gks
‘announced’ ;k ‘reported’] ysfdu mls ‘said’ i<+ fn;k tkrk gS] ysfdu
mlls vFkZ esa dksbZ [kkl varj ugha iM+rkA
vFkZ dh igpku 37
i<+us dh 'kq#vkr djus okys dh Hkh vDlj Bhd ;gh izo`fÙk fn[krh gSA
;g fn[kykrk gS fd cPps tc Ik<+uk lh[krs gSa] rHkh os vFkZ dks tkuus dk
iz;kl djrs gSa (vOoy rks T+k:jh ;g fd mUgsa i<+us dh tks lkexzh nh xbZ gS]
mlosQ lkFkZd gksus dh xqatkb'k gksA) bl Ikzdkj dh xyfr;ksa dks dHkh&dHkh
vilaosQr (miscues) dgk tkrk gS u fd xyrh@pwd] rkfd mlls ;g cks/
ugha gks fd mlesa dqN cqjk gS (xqMeSu] 1969)A lgh rjg ls ugha i<+uk &
;g iBu n'kkZrk gS fd IkzkjafHkd ikBd /kjkizokg i<+us okys ikBdksa dh rjg
gh Ik<+us dk Ikz;Ru djrs gSaA mudk è;ku eq[; :i ls 'kCnksa dh Ikgpku dh
txg ij vFkZ fudkyus dh vksj gksrk gSA fuLlansg IkzR;sd 'kCn ij cgqr de
è;ku fn;k tkrk gS rks dHkh&dHkh mldk ifj.kke ;g gksrk gS fd mldk vFkZ
gh cny tkrk gSA gk¡] vFkZ osQ lkFk Ik<+us dk lcls cM+k ykHk ;g gksrk gS fd
IkkBd viuh xyfr;ksa osQ izfr tkx:d gks tkrs gSa vkSj ;g tkx:drk vkus
ls vFkZ ij vlj iM+rk gSA ;g tkx:drk le> vkSj vFkZ osQ laca/ dks vkSj
iq[rk dj nsrh gSA vPNh rjg i<+ ikus vkSj Bhd ls u i<+ ikus okys cPpksa
esa ,d egRoiw.kZ varj ;g ugha gS fd vPNs ikBd de xyfr;k¡ djrs gSa]
cfYd ;g gS fd ikBd viuh xyfr;ksa dks nqckjk i<+rs gSa vkSj xyfr;ksa dks
lq/kjrs gSaA tks cPps vFkZ osQ lkFk ugha i<+rs muosQ è;ku nsus ;ksX; xyfr;ksa
osQ izfr Hkh tkx:d gksus dh laHkkouk Hkh de gksrh gSA
vFkZ dh Ikzeq[krk& dksylZ (Kolers)us (1966) ,d fof'k"V mnkgj.k osQ }

kjk ;s crk;k fd fdl rjg vFkZ izR;sd 'kCn dh Ikgpku osQ LFkku ij Ikzeq[krk
ik ysrk gSA vaxzsT+kh ,oa izsQap Hkk"kk dks izokg ls i<+us okys f}Hkk"kh yksxksa dks
,slh vFkZiw.kZ ikB~;&lkexzh nh xbZ ftlesa vaxzsT+kh ls izsa+Qp osQ gj nks&rhu 'kCnksa
esa isQj&cny fd;k x;k FkkA ysfdu mlesa vFkZ fufgr Fkk mnkgj.k osQ fy, %
His horse, followed de deux bassets, faisait la terre resonner
under its tread. Des gouttes de verglas stuck to his manteau. Dne
violente brise was blowing. One side de I’horizon lighted up,
and dans la blancheur of the early morning light, iI aperut rabbits
hopping at the bord de leur terriers.
ftu yksxksa us ;g vuqPNsn i<+k] os Bhd ls i<+dj le> ik,A ijarq os
mls iwjk i<+us osQ ckn ;g ;kn ugha j[k losQ fd dkSu&ls 'kCn vaxzsT+kh Hkk"kk
38 i<+uk gS le>uk
esa Fks vkSj dkSu&ls iz+asQp Hkk"kk esa FksA lcls vf/d mYys[kuh; gS fd mUgksaus
cgqr tYnh&tYnh ,d Hkk"kk osQ 'kCn osQ fy, nwljh Hkk"kk dk mfpr 'kCn
IkzfrLFkkfir fd;k FkkA mUgksaus 'kk;n porte i<+k tgk¡ 'kCn Fkk &door ;k hand
i<+k tgk¡ 'kCn main fn;k x;k FkkA vFkZ lgh IkzkIr fd;k x;k] ijarq Hkk"kk
xyr FkhA bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd os izR;sd 'kCn dks fcYdqy ugha ns[k
jgs FksA va'k iw.kZr% iwokZuqekfur ugha fd;k tk ldrk FkkA ijarq mUgksaus vuqeku
ls 'kCnksa dks ns[kk rFkk vFkZ dk Ikrk Bhd mlh rjg yxk fy;k ftl rjg
vaxzsT+kh dk oDrk 2000 dks ns[kdj le>sxk ^nks gT+kkj* tcfd izsa+Qp ;k oDrk
blh eqfnzr vad dks ns[kdj le>sxk ^M~;wDl feysl*A
igys tks ppkZ dh tk pqdh gS] mlesa ,d egÙoiw.kZ vkSj 'kk;n eqf'dy
fcanq ;g gS fd fdl 'kCn dk bLrseky gqvk gSA fcuk Bhd&Bhd ml ij
è;ku fn, 'kCnksa dk vFkZ fudkyuk eqefdu gSA nwljh rjg ls dgk tk, rks
tc ^door’ fy[kk gksrk gS rks ge mldk eryc ^njokT+kk* le> tkrs gSaA
blosQ fy, ml 'kCn dks T+kksj ls cksyus dh T+k:jr ugha gksrh gS vkSj u gh ge
vius dks ;g crkrs gS fd ;g 'kCn ‘door’ gSA fy[ks gq, 'kCn lh/s&lh/s
vFkZ dk cks/ djkrs gSaA os ekSf[kd Hkk"kk osQ fy, eè;LFk ugha gSaA vaxzsT+kh
esa ,d ;g mnkgj.k cM+k lki+Q gS ftlesa ,d gh èofu okys 'kCnksa osQ fy,
fHkUu&fHkUu orZuh gS] tSls ^their’ vkSj ‘there’ gSA The children left their
books behind….. bl okD; esa orZuh dh pwd [kkstuk vklku gS] D;ksafd
blesa tks ^their’ 'kCn vkrk gS mldk vFkZ okD; ls esy ugha [kkrkA ^Their’
vkSj ^there’, ‘read’, vkSj ^reed’, ‘So’, ‘Sew’ vkSj 'sow’ osQ chp dk varj
Li"V gSA ;g blfy, ugha gS fd fHkUu orZuh fHkUu èofu dks cryk jgh gS]
D;ksafd ,slk gS ughaA ;g varj blfy, Li"V gS fd 'kCnksa dk fHkUu :i jax]
fHkUu&fHkUu vFkZ dks crykrk gSA IkzR;sd 'kCn dh n`';kRed cukoV lh/s vFkZ
dh vksj laosQr djrh gSA
ikBd lh/s&lh/s vFkZ fudkyus osQ fy, i<+ ldrs gSa] i<+rs gSa vkSj mUgsas
i<+uk gh pkfg,] ;g rF; phuh Hkk"kk tSlh fyf[kr Hkk"kk esa Li"V gSA phuh
Hkk"kk fdlh fo'ks"k èofu&O;oLFkk ij vk/kfjr ugha gSA bl ij rdZ djuk
csdkj gksxk fd mlesa vkus okyk fyf[kr izrhd ^k* ?kj osQ fy, iz;qDr phu
dh jktHkk"kk eaSMfju dk gS ;k ogk¡ dh ikjaifjd Hkk"kk ôsQaVuhT+k* dk gSA ;g
cgl blfy, csdkj gS fd ;g izrhd lh/s ,d vFkZ dk laosQrd gSA bl
vFkZ dh igpku 39
le; esjk nkok ;g gS fd dksbZ Hkh fyf[kr Hkk"kk lh/s vFkZ osQ fy, gh i<+h
tkrh gS] tSls phuh Hkk"kk i<+h tkrh gSA dqN fyf[kr Hkk"kk,¡ dekscs'k fdlh
ekSf[kd Hkk"kk dh èofu&O;oLFkk ls tqM+h gksrh gSa] ;g dkiQh gn rd la;ksx
dh ckr gSA de ls de ikBd osQ fy, rks ,slk gh gSA tSlk fd eSus igys
lq>k;k Fkk & okD; esa vku sokys v{kj eqefdu gS fd iwjh rjg ls ys[kd
dh lgwfy;r osQ vk/kj ij pqus x, gksaxsA fu'p; gh bldk dksbZ izek.k ugha
gS fd /kjkizokg i<+us okys Ikfjfpr 'kCnksa dks igpkuus osQ ozQe esa gh v{kjksa
dh igpku djsaA de ls de vaxzsT+kh Hkk"kk dh orZuh vifjfpr 'kCnksa dh
igpku osQ fy, vi;kZIr gSA fyf[kr Hkk"kk lh/s vFkZ dh vksj laosQr djrh
gS] bldk tks eSa vafre mnkgj.k ns jgk gw¡] og T+;knk iSuk gS] D;ksafd ;g
mnkgj.k fnekxh pksV okys ejhtksa osQ vè;;u ls vk;k gSA blesa ns[kk x;k
fd ^lVhd* 'kCn pquus esa vleFkZ yksx Hkh ill dks sick, city dks town
vkSj ancient dks historic i<+ jgs Fks ftudk vkil esa dksbZ fj'rk u FkkA
¹ek'kZy (Marshall) ,oa U;wdksEc (Newcombe)] 1966º vFkok injure
dks hurt, quiet dks listen vkSj fly dks air ¹'kSfyl (Shallice) ,oa okfjaxVu
(Warrington)] 1975º Ik<+ jgs FksA
vocks/ vkSj vfuf'prrk esa deh

eSaus ;g crkus dk iz;kl fd;k gS fd /kjkizokg Ik<+us okyksa vkSj i<+us dh
'kq#vkr djus okyksa & nksuksa osQ fy, 'kCnksa dh igpku esa vFkZ dks nks rjhosQ
ls izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA ,d rks ;g fd ozQekuqlkj 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ osQ T+kfj,
vyx&vyx 'kCnksa dh igpku gksrh gS ftlesa vis{kko`Qr de n`';kRed lwpuk
dk bLrseky gksrk gSA nwljs ;g fd ,d&,d 'kCn dks lVhd rjhosQ ls igpkuss
cxSj fyf[kr 'kCnksa dks le>k tk ldrk gSA vkerkSj ij vFkZ dh igpku
osQ nksuksa Ikgyw ,d lkFk dke djrs gSaA ge dki+Qh de n`';kRed lwpuk dk
bLrseky djosQ ikB dks le>rs gSaA ,d&,d 'kCn dks igpkuus osQ fy, ftruh
n`';kRed lwpuk dh T+k:jr gksrh gS] ;g mlosQ eqdkcys de gksrh gS vkSj
njvly blesa ,d&,d 'kCn dks igpkuus osQ nksukas igyw leku izfozQ;k dks
n'kkZrs gSa& ikBd dks vFkZ x<+us dh IkzfozQ;k esa mlls lacaf/r lokyksa (vFkok
iwokZuqekuksa) dks è;ku esa j[kdj tks fu.kZ; ysus gksrs gSa mlesa U;wure n`';kRed
lwpuk dk bLrseky djus dh IkzfozQ;kA
40 i<+uk gS le>uk
bl vè;k; esa eSa le> osQ i;kZ; dh rjg ,d FkksM+s vViVs ls ^vFkZ dh
Ikgpku* in dk iz;ksx dj jgk gw¡A eSa bl rF; dks js[kkafdr djuk pkgrk
gw¡ fd ,d ikBd fdlh IkkB dk vFkZ ftl rjg x<+rk gS og mlh ikB osQ
vyx&vyx v{kjksa ;k 'kCnksa dh igpku x<+us dh izfozQ;k ls drbZ fHkUu ugha
gSA bldh txg eSa vis{kko`Qr iqjkus euksoSKkfud in vk'kadk (apprehension)
dk Hkh bLrseky dj ldrk gw¡ rkfd vFkZ dks tSls le>k tk jgk gS] mls
ge idM+ Ikk,¡A ysfdu blls le> vkSj v{kj o 'kCn&igpku osQ chp dh
lekurk /q¡/yh iM+ tk,xhA cks/ osQ ckjs esa vyx ;g gS fd ikBd vFkZ x<+us
osQ fy, mB jgs iz'uksa dks vFkZ&xzg.k osQ fy, bLrseky djrs gaS u fd v{kjksa
vkSj 'kCnksa osQ fy,A vFkZ dh igpku in&cks/ osQ ,d lfozQ; izfozQ;k gksus
ij cy nsrk gSA lrgh lajpuk esa vFkZ fo|eku ugha jgrk gSA ikBd ikB ls
tks vFkZ xzg.k djrs gSa] og ges'kk tks os igys ls tkurs gSa vkSj tks os tkuuk
pkgrs gSa& osQ lkis{k esa gksrk gSA bl ckr dks nwljh rjg ls le>k tk ldrk
gS fd cks/ dh izfozQ;k esa ikBd dh vfuf'prrk dks de djuk 'kkfey gSA
iz'u iwNuk rFkk muosQ mÙkj izkIr djuk ;gh os fopkj&fcanq gSa tks igys gh
v{kjksa rFkk 'kCnksa dks igpkuus dh ifjppkZ esa ykxw fd, tk pqosQ gSaA ikBdksa
osQ ikl vFkZ osQ ckjs esa Li"V laosQr gksuk pkfg,A
ikB~;&lkexzh osQ ,d vuqPNsn dks de ls de rhu rjhdksa ls le>k tk
ldrk gS] tSls fdlh o.kZekyk osQ v{kjksa dh Ükà[kyk osQ :i esa] fdlh fo'ks"k
Hkk"kk osQ 'kCnksa dh Ükà[kyk osQ :i esa vFkok Kku ;k le> osQ fdlh lanHkZ
esa vFkZ dh vfHkO;fDr osQ :i esaA ijarq IkkB osQ vuqPNsn esa buesa ls dqN
Hkh ugha gksrk] vxj gksrk Hkh gS rks fdlh gn rd gh ewy :i ls fyf[kr
ikB~;&lkexzh (x|ka'k) i`"B ij L;kgh&fpg~ukas dk leqPp;u gS ftUgsa O;kid
:i ls n`';kRed lwpuk] Li"V y{k.kksa vkSj mQijh lajpuk osQ fofHkUu :Ikksa esa
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ikB~;&lkexzh esa ls v{kj] 'kCn ;k vFkZ esa ls ikBd tks
Hkh ns[krk ;k le>rk gS] og mlosQ vius iwoZKku (xSj n`';kRed lwpuk) ij
fuHkZj djrk gS tks ikBd iBu osQ nkSjku ykrk gS vkSj mu fufgr iz'uksa ij
fuHkZj djrk gS tks og iwN jgk gksrk gSA ikB~; lkexzh ls IkkBd tks okLrfod
lwpuk <aw<rs gSa (;k tks izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa) og vFkZ x<+us esa mudh ewy
vfuf'prrk dh fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
bl le; tks ckr dh tkus okyh gS ml ij è;ku nhft,A mnkgj.k osQ fy,
vFkZ dh igpku 41
Consider, for example …okD; osQ ,d va'k dh n`';kRed lwpuk o.kksZa

osQ ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysus esa mi;ksxh gksrh gSA tSls fd igyk o.kZ C gS] nwljk
o.kZ O gS] rhljk N gS] vkSj blh izdkj pkSFkkA nwljk rjhdk ;g gS fd blh
n`';kRed lwpuk dk iz;ksx ;g fu.kZ; ysus esa fd;k tk ldrk gS fd Ikgyk
'kCn Consider, gS] nwljk 'kCn gS& for rhljk 'kCn gS& Example blh rjg
vkxsA ikBd mUgha n`';kRed lwpukvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq,] mUgha fof'k"V
y{k.kksa esa ls mudk p;u djrk gS] fdarq bl ckj og 'kCnksa dks ns[krk gS u
fd o.kksZa dksA IkkBd D;k ns[krs gSa & bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd os vius
laHkkfor iz'u ;k vfuf'prrkvksa osQ vk/kj ij D;k ns[kuk pkgrs gSaA var
esa oLrqr% mUgha n`';kRed lwpukvksa dk mi;ksx okD; osQ vFkZ osQ laca/ esa
fu.kZ; ysus esa fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa u rks 'kCnksa dks vkSj u gh v{kjksa dks
vyx&vyx :i esa ns[kk tk,xkA ;g Li"V :i ls dguk vklku ugha gS fd
vFkZ osQ ekeys esa D;k igpkuk tk jgk gS] cfYd vo/kj.kkRed dfBukbZ osQ
dkj.k ;g dguk eqf'dy gksrk gS fd vFkZ D;k gS] D;ksafd O;k[;k djus osQ
fy, iz;ksx esa yk, x, 'kCn Ik;kZIr ugha gksrsA ,slk blfy, ugha gS fd IkkBd
fufgr vFkZ ls gVdj dqN vkSj lksp jgs gksaA IkkBd mUgha n`';kRed lwpukvksa
osQ lzksr dk mi;ksx djrs gq, o.kZ ;k 'kCn dh ctk; vFkZ osQ ckjs esa viuh
vfuf'prrk dks de djrk gSA
tSlk fd ge igys gh ns[k pqosQ gSa] o.kksZa ;k 'kCnksa dh Ikgpku osQ fy,
n`';kRed lwpuk fdruh gS& ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd ikBd osQ
Ikkl iwoZ vfuf'prrk dk nk;jk fdruk gS ,oa ikBd osQ efLr"d esa fof'k"V
fodYiksa dh la[;k fdruh gS (rFkk ikBd fy, x, fu.kZ; osQ ckjs esa fdruk
fo'oLr gksuk pkgrk gS)A vaxzsT+kh o.kZekyk osQ vkdkj (typeface) dks è;ku
es j[krs gq,] pkgs os NksVs v{kj gksa ;k cM+s gksa] ;g vklkuh ls dgk tk
ldrk gS fd vf/dre la[;k osQ fodYi 26 gh gksrs gSaA ,sls gh ;g n'kkZuk
Hkh vklku gS fd izR;sd v{kj dks igpkuus osQ fy, n`';kRed lwpuk dh
vko';drk de gksrh tkrh gSA tSls&tSls ,d o.kZ osQ fodYi de gksrs tkrs
gSa] oSls&oSls IkkBd dh vfuf'prrk de gksrh tkrh gSA ftrus de fodYi
gksaxs mruh gh rsT+kh ls ;k vklkuh ls ge v{kj igpku tk,¡xs] D;ksafd de
fodYiksa esa ls p;u djuk vklku gks tkrk gSA ;g dguk vklku ugha gS fd
'kCn osQ T+;knk ls T+;knk fdrus fodYi gksaxs] D;ksafd igys og ikBd osQ
42 i<+uk gS le>uk
fodYiksa dh lhek ij fuHkZj djsxkA ijarq fiQj Hkh ;g n'kkZuk dfBu ugha gS
fd tSls&tSls ikBd dh vfuf'prrk ?kVrh tk,xh] oSls&oSls 'kCn dks igpukus
osQ fy, n`';kRed lwpuk dk nk;jk Hkh ?kVrk tk,xkA ;fn gekjs ikl gT+kkjksa
osQ ctk, de fodYi] gkas rc 'kCn dks de fof'k"V y{k.kksa ls Hkh Ikgpkuk
tk ldrk gSA var esa ;g dguk fcYdqy vlaHko gS fd ikBd osQ ,d [kaM
osQ vFkZ osQ fy, fdrus lkjs fodYi gks ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ;g iw.kZr% ikBd
ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd og D;k <w¡<+ jgk gSA ijarq iBu rc vklku o rsT+k xfr
ls gksrk gS] tc ikBd ikB~;lkexzh dks vFkZiw.kZ Ikkrk gS u fd tc ikBd
dks mls le>us esa la?k"kZ djuk iM+sA ,d vuqPNsn osQ ckjs esa ikBd osQ ikl
vfuf'prrk ftruh de gksxh gksxh] vuqPNsn dks le>us osQ fy, mruh gh
de n`';kRed lwpukvksa dh vko';drk gksxhA
xSj n`';kRed lwpukvksa dk iz;ksx& igys fn, x, izR;sd mnkgj.k esa xSj
n`';kRed lwpukvksa osQ iz;ksx ls IkkBdksa dh vfuf'prrk dks igys ls de
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftu n`';kRed lwpukvksa dk izfozQ;k;u fd;k tkuk gS
mls lhfer fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d ikBd dk v{kjksa ls feydj cus 'kCnksa
osQ ckjs esa ftruk vf/d iwoZKku gksxk] izR;sd v{kj dks igpkuus osQ fy,
mruh gh de n`';kRed lwpukvksa dh vko';drk gksxhA iwOkZKku Ikj vk/kfjr
vuqekuksa ls vokaNuh; fodYiksa dks igys ls gh gVk;k tk ldrk gSA blh rjg
ikBd fdlh Hkk"kk osQ O;kdj.k rFkk vFkZiw.kZ inac/ksa esa 'kCnksa osQ ,d lkFk
vkus osQ ckjs esa ftruk vf/d tkurk gS rFkk ftl fo"k; Ikj vkSj ftl Hkk"kk
esa ppkZ dh tkuh gS&mldh iwoZ tkudkjh gksus ls mls 'kCnksa dks Ikgpkuus osQ
fy, mruh gh de n`';kRed lwpukvksa dh vko';drk gksxhA ;g¡a ckn okys
mnkgj.k esa vFkZ dk iz;ksx xSj n`';kRed lwpukvksa osQ :Ik esa fd;k x;k gS
tks 'kCnksa dks igpkuus osQ fy, n`';kRed lwpukvksa dh ek=kk de dj jgk gSA
cgqr&ls yksx fdlh miU;kl ;k lekpkj&i=k osQ ys[k dk vFkZ gT+kkj 'kCn
Ikzfr feuV dh nj ls le> ldrs gSa tks fd mudh laHkkfor xfr ls pkj xquk
rsT+k gksrh gS] ;fn os gj 'kCn dks vFkZ dh lgk;rk osQ lkFk Ikgpkurs gq, i<+saA
;g ,d Hkzkafr gS fd bl rjg dh rhoz xfr osQ iBu esa IkkBd gj pkj 'kCn
esa ls ,d 'kCn dks gks igpku ikrk gS vkSj ;g mldk lkj le>us dh i;kZIr
lwpuk nsrk gSA Ikjarq ;g n'kkZuk cgqr vklku gS fd ,d vuqPNsn dks vPNs
vFkZ dh igpku 43
<ax ls le>us osQ fy, pkj esa ls ,d 'kCn dk vFkZ le> ikus ek=k ls cgqr
vf/d enn ugha fey ik,xhA ,d fi+QYe leh{kk osQ ys[k ls gj pkSFkk 'kCn
;gk¡ fn;k tk jgk gS % Many..........been.......face.........business............
........sour........if..........to..........A x|ka'k dks le>uk vkSj eqf'dy gksxk
;fn pqus x, 'kCn lewg esa gksa vkSj muosQ chp dki+Qh varj gksA ;fn gj
pkSFks 'kCn dh ctk; gj pkSFkk v{kj fn;k x;k gks rc vuqPNsn fdl ckjs esa
gS& ;g le>uk vf/d vklku gks tk,xkA fiQj Hkh esjk rdZ gksxk fd gT+kkj
'kCn izfr feuV Ik<+ ikuk osQoy rHkh laHko gksxk tc foyksiu (omisssion)
lajpuk (featural level) ds Lrj ij gksA ,d dq'ky ikBd dks IkzR;sd 'kCn
esa ls ,d va'k ek=k dh gh igpku djus dh vko';drk iMs+xh ;k ,slk uk
Hkh gks] ;fn os lHkh y{k.k ,d gh o.kZ esa osaQfnzr gksaA
;g ugha lkspuk pkfg, fd fyf[kr lkexzh dk vFkZ le>us osQ fy, dksbZ
Li"V y{k.k gksrs gSa tks v{kj ,oa 'kCnksa osQ Li"V y{k.kksa ls vyx gksaA mnkgj.k
osQ fy, ^?kj* rFkk ^vkokl* esa HkkSfrd :i ls tks lekurk,¡ gaS] os vFkZxr
y{k.kksa (semantic features) }kjk i`"B ij ge eqfnzr :i esa ns[kuk rks pkgrs
gSa ij gksrh ugha gSaA Tkgk¡ rd vFkZ dk laca/ gS] ftu dkj.kksa ls n`';kRed
y{k.k ;k cukoV foy{k.k gksrs gSa] Bhd mUgha dkj.kksa ls os IkzR;sd v{kj vkSj
'kCn osQ fy, Hkh foy{k.k gksrs gSaA ;s os fodYi gSa tks igys ls gh vFkZ x<+us
dh izfozQ;k esa ikBd dh vfuf'prrk osQ :Ik esa ekStwn jgrs gSaA blh Ikzdkj
osQ y{k.kksa ;k cukoV dk iz;ksx v{kj 'm' dks v{kj 'h' ls vyx djus osQ
fy, fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj 'kCn mouse dks 'kCn house ls vyx djus esa
Hkh! ;gh y{k.k (we went to the mill) vkSj (we went to the hill) okD;
osQ vFkZ dks Hkh vyx djsxkA ;g dguk laHko ugha gS fd os D;k fof'k"V
y{k.k ;k cukoV gSa ftls IkkBd vyx&vxy vFkksZa dks Ikgpkuus osQ fy,
Ikz;ksx esa ykrk gSA ;g bl ckr Ikj fuHkZj djsxk fd ikBd D;k <w¡<+ jgk gSA
fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa v{kjksa ;k 'kCnksa osQ y{k.kksa dh O;k[;k djuk laHko ugha
gSA bl rF; ls ;g fLFkfr vkSj Hkh tfVy gks tk,xh fd ge ugha crk ldrs
fd vkf[kj vFkZ D;k gSA
vFkZ x<+uk& fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk dh vkarfjd lajpuk (deep structure) rFkk
vkrafjd lajpuk (surface structure) osQ chp esa vR;f/d varj ;k [kkbZ
44 i<+uk gS le>uk
gksus dh otg ls vFkZ 'kCnksa ls ijs gksrk gSA ;g dksbZ ugha dg ldrk gS fd
vFkZ lkekU; :i ls D;k gksxkA ;g dksbZ ugha crk ldrk fd ,d 'kCn fo'ks"k
;k 'kCn&lewg dk vFkZ D;k gSA ge osQoy vFkZ osQ fy, nwljs 'kCn gh lq>k
ldrs gSa tks fd vius vki esa ckg~; lajpuk gksxhA vFkZ vius vki ckgj
ugha vk ldrkA vFkZ dks IkfjHkkf"kr djus dh vleFkZrk ,d lS¼kafrd nks"k ;k
oSKkfud :Ik ls utjankT+k djus dh ckr ;k vuns[kkiu ugha gSA gesa ;g vk'kk
ugha djuh pkfg, fd fdlh fnu dksbZ vn~Hkqr [kkst dh tk,xh fd vFkZ D;k
gS_ ftlls ge ;g le> tk,¡xs fd vFkZ vkf[kj D;k gSA eSa fiQj ls nksgjk nw¡
fd vFkZ dks 'kCn&tky esa ugha ck¡/k tk ldrkA
dksbZ ikBd fy[ks gq, 'kCn êsT+k* dk vFkZ fliZ+Q blfy, ugha le>rk]
D;ksafd cksypky dh Hkk"kk dk ;g 'kCn T+kksj ls ;k eu gh eu cksyk x;k gSA
D;k Lisfu'k Hkk"kk osQ eslk (Mesa) 'kCn dks vius vki eu gh eu esa cksy
ysus ek=k ls mldk vFkZ le> tk,¡xs\ ,sls gh ge fy[ks x, ;k cksys x, 'kCn
êsT+k* dks ugha le> ik,¡xsA ;fn ge ,sls dgsa fd pkj iSj] Åij ls lery
lrg okyk ,d IkQuhZpj ;k fiQj gekjs fnekx esa vFkZ osQ fy, dksbZ vU;
ifjHkk"kk lw>s] D;ksafd mls le>us osQ fy, ifjHkk"kk Hkh Lohdk;Z gksuh pkfg,A
;fn ge Hkk"kk osQ tky ls eqDr gks ik,¡xs rks gh dksbZ le> ;k O;k[;k cu
losQxhA le>us osQ fy,] vly esa tks 'kCn gSa os fyf[kr :Ik esa gSa ;k cksys
x, gSa] vFkZ dh n`f"V esa xkS.k gh gksrs gSaA
lkekU; :i ls Ik<+rs le; ge izR;sd 'kCn dh vyx ls igpku ij è;ku
ugha nsrs] D;ksafd ml le; ge 'kCnksa osQ ckjs esa ugha lksp jgs gksrs gSaA fyf[kr
Hkk"kk (cksypky dh Hkk"kk) dh rjg ikjn'khZ gksrh gSaA ge okLrfod 'kCn ls
dgha vkxs vFkZ x<+rs gSa] vkSj tc rd vFkZ esa Li"V vlaxrrk uT+kj ugha vkrh
vFkok le>us esa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha vkrh gS rc rd 'kCnksa ij gekjk è;ku
ugha tkrkA (ge dc 'kCnksa ij tkucw>dj fo'ks"k è;ku nsrs gSa] mnkgj.k osQ
fy, tc xgjkbZ ls dfork ikB djrs gSa] ij igyh ckr rks ;g gS fd ;g ,d
vyx rjg dk iz'u mBkus dk ifj.kke gSA 'kCn dks tks èofu ge ns ldrs gSa
og mudh 'kkfCnd O;k[;k esa lgk;d ugha gksrh vkSj og Ikwjd ;k oSdfYid
Hkko ;k vFkZ dks Hkh LFkkfir ugha djrhA)
eq[kj vkSj ekSu iBu& gkyk¡fd eq[kj iBu osQ fy, 'kCnksa dh Ikgpku vko';d
vFkZ dh igpku 45
gS] ijarq eSaus ;g Li"V djus dh dksf'k'k dh gS fd bl izdkj 'kCnksa dks

igpkuuk igys ls vFkZ dh iwoZ igpku Ikj fuHkZj djrk gSA Loj ^cks/* ls ihNs
jg tkrk gS rFkk dqN gn rd ges'kk gh okLrfod IkkB ls vyx gks tkrk gSA
'kCnksa ;k fiQj inca/ksa dk Hkh mi;qDr vFkZ osQ lkFk LFkkiUu (substitution)
dj nsus osQ Ikzfr okLro esa ikBd tkx:d ugha gksrkA eq[kj iBu djrs le;
Hkh ikBd dk eq[; ljksdkj vuqPNsn dks le>us ls gS A fyf[kr ikB~;lkexzh
vkSj î<+uk* nksuksa osQ vk/kj Ikj viiBu (misreading) dks tSls& 'kCnksa dk
LFkkiUu osQoy ,d Jksrk gh crk ldrk gSA vkerkSj ij bl Ikzdkj dk viiBu
rc ugha gksrk tc 'kCn vFkZiw.kZ lkexzh dk fgLlk ugha gkssrs gSaA Ikjarq ,slk
dksbZ rjhdk ugha gS ftlls ge ,ddh vFkok vlaxr lwph (arbitrary list)
ds 'kCnksa esa vFkZ dks [kkst ldsa ;k mldk iz;ksx blosQ vykok ,slh fLFkfr
esa vkerkSj ij ikBd cM+s vkjke ls izR;sd 'kCn dks Li"V :i ls igpkuus
osQ fy, i;kZIr n`';kRed lwpukvksa dks vPNh rjg ls le> ysrs gSa ('kCnksa
dks vFkZ nsus dh ctk; osQoy ,d uke fn;k tk jgk gS) D;ksafd /hjs&/hjs
i<+us ls gkfu dh dksbZ laHkkouk ugha gksrhA T+kksj&T+kksj ls i<+us dh rjg gh eu
gh eu esa i<+uk ;k vius vki osQ fy, i<+uk] vFkZ dks le>us esa dksbZ [kkl
enn ugha dj ldrkA okLro esa T+kksj ls i<+uk vkSj eu gh eu Ik<+uk] i<+us
dh ,d lkekU; xfr vkSj Loj osQ mrkj&p<+ko ls rHkh laHko gS tc vki
dh igys ls le> cuh gqbZ gksA 'kCn ;k inca/ osQ fdlh fgLls dks eu gh
eu Ik<+rs gq, fdlh 'kCn ;k inca/ osQ fdlh fgLls dks lquus ls vFkZ le>us
esa dksbZ enn ugha feyrh cfYd blls rks gekjh i<+us dh xfr /heh gksrh gS
vkSj vFkZ le>us esa O;o/ku gh gksrk gSA vFkZ x<+us dh izfozQ;k dks uqdlku
igq¡pk, fcuk cqncqnkdj i<+us dh vknr dks (sub vocalise) NksM+k tk ldrk
gS (gk;ZfMd ,oa iSfVªuksfop] 1970)A blosQ vfrfjDr vf/drj O;fDr ftruk
lksprs gSa mruk eu gh eu ugha Ik<+rs gSaA vxj ;g lquus dh dksf'k'k djsa fd
D;k ge eu esa i<+ jgs gSa rks ge fuf'pr :i ls ekSu iBu djus yxsaxsA ge
vius ekSu IkBu dks dHkh lqu ugha Ikkrs ij bldk eryc ;g ugha fd ge
lnSo gh ekSu iBUk djrs jgrs gSaA ge ekSu iBUk djrs gh D;ksa gSa\ gks ldrk
gS ;g vknr gekjs cpiu ls gks] tc gels Å¡ps Loj esa i<+us dh vis{kk dh
tkrh FkhA ,d f'k{kd dks ;g ekywe jgrk gS fd cPps dke dj jgs gSa tc
mudh m¡xfy;k¡ lgh rjhosQ ls ykbuksa osQ lkFk vkxs c<+ jgh gSa vkSj muosQ gksaB
46 i<+uk gS le>uk
gkFkksa dh xfr osQ fglkc ls gh fgy jgs gSaA eu gh eu i<+us dk ,d i+Qk;nk

;g gS fd os 'kCn nksgjkus esa enn djrs gSaA ,sls 'kCn tks le> esa ugha vkrs
;k mudk eryc ugha fudy ikrk] mUgsa vYi Le`fr esa cuk, j[krs gSaA Ikjarq
,sls ekeyksa esa eu gh eu i<+uk vFkZ xzg.k djus dh {kerk osQ vHkko dk
laosQr nsrk gSA tc Ik<+uk dfBu yxus yxs vkSj ge iwokZuqeku de yxk Ikk,¡
rks gekjh izo`fÙk eu gh eu i<+us (sub vocalise) dh gks tkrh gSA
IkwokZuqeku vkSj vFkZ& lkekU;r% ikBd fyf[kr lkexzh dks fcuk dqN lksps&le>s
;k fcuk fdlh iwoZ mn~ns'; osQ vkSj fcuk vk'kk osQ fd ikB ls D;k vFkZ
fudkysxk] ugha i<+rsA IkkBd lkekU; :i ls v{kjksa ;k 'kCnksa dks igpkuus dh
vis{kk vFkZ dks <¡w<+rs gSaA ftl rjg IkkBd vFkZ <¡+w<+rk gS] og lHkh laHkkoukvksa
ij u rks fopkj djrk gS] u gh ek=k ,d osQ fy, fcuk lksps&le>s vuqeku
yxkrk jgrk gS cfYd vis{kko`Qr lokZf/d mi;qDr fodYiksa esa ls iwokZuqeku
yxkrk gSA bl rjg IkkBd efLr"d dh lhfer lwpuk lalk/u izfozQ;k ls mcj
ikrs gSa rFkk Hkk"kk dh fufgr vLi"Vrk ls Hkh! IkkBd lh/s gh ikB ls vFkZ
fudky ldrs gSa] D;ksafd os ,d mEehn osQ lkFk vFkZ dks <¡+w<+rs gSaA ;g fof/
lkekU; :i ls mruh gh LokHkkfod] fujarj vkSj Ikz;kljfgr gS ftruh fd tc
ge vius thou osQ fdlh vuqHko ls dksbZ vFkZ fudkyrs gSaA ge gj ml NksVh
tkudkjh dks tks gekjh bafnz;k¡ gekjs efLr"d dks ns jgh gSa] mls le>us esa ugha
tw>rs tSlk fd ge dgsa fd ^^;g ,d dqlhZ gS**] ^^;g ,d Vscy gS] dqlhZ
og gksrh gS ftl ij eSa cSB ldrk gw¡ ** cfYd vius ifjos'k osQ mu igyqvksa
dks [kkstrs gSa tks gekjs thou dks vFkZiw.kZ cukrs gSa] fo'ks"kdj gekjs mn~ns';ksa
vkSj fgrksa osQ lanHkZ esa! le> dk eryc ;g ugha gS fd ge fujZFkd phT+kksa
dks Hkh uke nsa vkSj muosQ ifj.kkeksa esa ,d vFkZ <+w¡<+us osQ fy, tw>sa] cfYd
le> dk eryc ges'kk gh ,d vFkZiw.kZ nk;js dh izfozQ;k esa yxs jguk gSA
vFkZ xzg.k djuk lh[kuk

blosQ fy, fdlh fo'ks"k Li"Vhdj.k nsus dh vko';drk ugha gS fd cPps
fdl rjg fyf[kr IkkB~;&lkexzh ls vFkZ xzg.k djuk lh[krs gSa] D;ksafd blesa
dksbZ fo'ks"k izfozQ;k 'kkfey ugha gSA cPps LokHkkfod :i ls vFkZ le>us dh
dksf'k'k djrs gSaA muosQ fy, ,slh Hkk"kk lh[kus dk dksbZ egÙo ugha gS ftlls
vFkZ dh igpku 47
dksbZ vFkZ ugha fey jgk gks] pkgs og Hkk"kk ekSf[kd gks ;k fyf[krA os cksyh
xbZ Hkk"kk dk cks/ vFkZ&xzg.k djus osQ }kjk djrs gSa] 'kCnksa dh èofu ij è;ku
ns dj ughaA
cks/ ls vis{kk
cPpksa }kjk cksyuk lh[kus dh izfozQ;k osQ nkSjku vFkZ dh izkFkfedrk dk ,d
mÙke mnkgj.k gS& tc cPps udy djus dk iz;kl djrs gSa rks os vFkZ dh
udy djrs gSa u fd ,slh èofu;ksas dh tks muosQ fy, fujZFkd gSaA
esduhy (1967) us ,d ek¡ rFkk cPps osQ chp okrkZyki dk mYys[k fd;k
gS tks bl izdkj gS &
Child: Nobody don’t like me.
Mother: No, say “Nobody likes me.”
Child: Nobody don’t like me.
(eight repetitions of this dialogue)
Mother: No, now listen carefully, say “Nobody likes me”.
Child: Oh! Nobody don’t likes me.
;gk¡ rd fd tc cPpksa dks Hkk"kk&vH;kl dk izn'kZu djus osQ fy, dgk
tkrk gS rks os ;g vis{kk djrs gSa fd vH;kl vFkZiw.kZ gksxkA igys fn, x,
mnkgj.k osQ cPps osQ leku ;fn mUgsa vFkZ osQ ctk; ckg~; lajpuk ns[kus dks
dgk tk, rks mUgsa fn, x, dk;Z dks le>us esa cgqr le; yxrk gSA
vFkZ [kkstus ds fy, cPpksa dks ^foijhr@myV* crkus dh vko';drk ugha
gksrh ;kuh Hkk"kk dh lajpuk dks le>kus dh T+k:jr ugha gSA cPPks lgt ,oa
LokHkkofd :Ik ls vFkZ <w¡<+ ysrs gSaA ;g Ikzeq[k :i ls mudh Hkk"kk lh[kus dh
LoHkkfod (rFkk ,dek=k) izfozQ;k gSA os fdlh ,sls 'kksj ;k vkokT+k ij è;ku
ugha nsrs tks muosQ fy, vFkZiw.kZ ugha gksrhA
ftl rjg cPpksa dks fyf[kr vFkok ekSf[kd Hkk"kk esa vFkZ ns[kus ;k crkus dh
vko';drk ugha gksrh gS] mlh rjg vFkZ <a¡w<+us osQ fy, fdlh fo'ks"k rjhosQ
dks lh[kus dh vko';drk Hkh ugha gksrh gSA blosQ vykok i<+rs le; vkus
okyh eq[; dfBukb;k¡& yxkrkj vLi"Vrk] lhfer n`f"Vdks.k rFkk ;knnk'r
ij vR;f/d cks> dh laHkkouk,¡ fo|kFkhZ dks ek=k Lej.k djokrh gSa fd iBu
dk vk/kj iwokZuqeku gh gksuk pkfg, vkSj lHkh fo|kFkhZ tks vius ifjos'k dh
ekSf[kd Hkk"kk le>rs gaS] mUgsa iwokZuqeku esa Hkh fuiq.k gksuk pkfg,A
fuf'pr :i ls i<+rs le; le>dj i<+uk fl[kkus osQ fy, fdlh
48 i<+uk gS le>uk
fo'ks"k O;k[;k dh vko';drk ugha gSA vFkZ x<+uk dksbZ u;k dkS'ky ugha gS
ftls i<+us osQ fy, lh[kk tk, cfYd og dqN Hkh lh[kus dk vk/kj gSA
vDlj LowQyksa esa ,slk gks ldrk gS fd cPpksa dks le> dk oSi;Z (reverse
of comprehension) fl[kk;k tk,A i<+rs le; ^vfuf'prrk* dh fLFkfr esa
vFkZiw.kZ ^vuqeku* yxkus ds ctk; lgh ^fMdksM* djus osQ funsZ'k fn, tkrs gSaA
muls ,slh lkexzh o vH;kl&dk;Z osQ }kjk lh[kus dh vis{kk dh tk ldrh
gS tks [kklrkSj ij xSj n`';kRed lwpuk osQ iz;ksx dks fu#Rlkfgr djrs gSa ;k
jksd nsrs gSaA fu'p; gh fyf[kr Hkk"kk dh le> vkSj ekSf[kd Hkk"kk dh le>
;k vU; izdkj dh ?kVukvksa esa varj gks ldrk gSA ;s izfozQ;kxr varj ugha gSaA
IkkBd dks fyf[kr ikB~;lkexzh osQ fof'k"V y{k.kksa dh enn ls iwokZuqeku fl¼
djus vkSj vfuf'prrk nwj djus dh T+k:jr gSA cPpksa dks fyf[kr ikB osQ
fof'k"V y{k.kksa vkSj muesa fufgr vFkZ ls buosQ lg&lca/ ls ifjfpr djkus dh
vko';drk gS] tSls cksy&pky dh Hkk"kk osQ fu;e fl[kk, ugha tk ldrs oSls
gh fyf[kr Hkk"kk osQ fof'k"V y{k.k o vFkZ x<+us esa Hkh budk iz;ksx fl[kk;k
ugha tk ldrkA blh Izkdkj vkSipkfjd funsZ'k u osQoy vuko';d cfYd
vlaHko gSaA fyf[kr va'k ls vFkZ izkIr djuk osQoy vFkZiw.kZ IkBu osQ vuqHko
ls gh izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS] Bhd mlh rjg tSls cPps viuh cksyus dh
{kerk dks vFkZiw.kZ Hkk"kk lqudj o iz;ksx esa ykdj fodflr djrs gSaA vkSj
tc rd fo|kFkhZ vius vki le> osQ lkFk i<+us esa l{ke ugha gks tkrs rc
rd os Li"Vr% mlh ij fuHkZj djrs gSa tks muosQ fy, i<+k tkrk gS ;k de
ls de ml enn ij fuHkZj gksrs gSa tks mUgsa iBu osQ nkSjku feyrh gksA
vuns[kk djus dk vf/dkj

;g vafre fcanq gSA fo'ks"krkSj ij izkjafHkd ikBdksa osQ fy, gh ugha cfYd fdlh
Hkh IkkBd osQ fy,A ;g vko';d ugha gS fd os tks Hkh i<+us dk iz;kl dj
jgs gSa] muesa IkzR;sd ckr dk vFkZ le>saA dksbZ Hkh o;Ld tc dksbZ miU;kl
vkSj dksbZ vU; foLr`r IkkB lkexzh ;k dksbZ lwph vFkok foKkiu Ik<+rs gSa
rc mUgsa ;g Lora=krk gksrh gS fd os ikB dk dksbZ cM+k [kaM NksM+ nsa rFkk os
cgqr lkjs NksVs&NksVs fooj.kksa dks vuns[kk dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ;k rks fooj.k
os le> ugha Ikk jgs gksrs ;k os mudh #fp ;k vko';drk osQ vuq:Ik ugha
gksrsA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd cPps tc cksypky dh Hkk"kk lh[k jgs gksrs gSa
vFkZ dh igpku 49
rc os LosPNk ls o;Ldksa osQ okrkZykiksa ,oa Vsyhfotu dk;ZozQeksa dh ckr osQ

gj ,d 'kCn dk vFkZ fudkys fcuk gh mudk vuqlj.k djrs jgrs gSaA cPpksa
dk è;ku cuk, j[kus osQ fy,] dFkkud dh idM+] lkekU; #fp rFkk dqN
vFkZiw.kZ fgLlksa dh enn ls le> cukus dh ;ksX;rk Hkh dki+Qh gksrh gSA bl
rjg ls vkaf'kd :Ik ls le>h gqbZ lkexzh gh okLro esa lh[kus dk vk/kj gSA
dksbZ Hkh IkkBd cksypky ;k fyf[kr Hkk"kk osQ fdlh igyw ij rc rd è;ku
ugha nsrk] tc rd fd mlesa dqN u;kiu u gksA ;fn cPpksa dks iBu lkexzh
dk cgqr&lk fgLlk le> esa ugha Hkh vkrk rc Hkh mlls mUgsa dksbZ i+QdZ ugha
iM+rk] D;ksafd mUgsa dqN u;k o jkspd [kkstus osQ volj fey jgs gksrs gSaA
CkPpksa dh bl ;ksX;rk dks izk;% ljkgk ugha tkrk fd os tks le> ugha ldrs
mls vuns[kk dj osQoy mls gh i<+rs gSa] ftls os le> ikrs gSaA
cPpksa dks le> esa u vkus okyh ckr dks vuns[kk djus dk vf/dkj mudh
Lora=krk esa ls 'kk;n lcls igyh Lora=krk gksrh gS ij nqHkkZX;o'k] fo|ky; esa
izos'k djrs gh ;g fNu tkrh gSA blosQ LFkku ij] è;ku ml vksj fn;k tkrk
gS ftls cPps le> ugha Ikkrs rFkk ftlls vkxs dh lh[kus dh IkzfozQ;k muosQ
fy, vkSj pqukSrhiw.kZ gks tk,A cPpksa dks tks le> esa vk tkrk gS mls ^^cgqr
vklku** dgdj ,d rjiQ dj fn;k tkrk gSA foMacuk ;g gS fd cgqr lkjh
iBu lkexzh tkucw>dj fujFkZd cukbZ tkrh gSA Li"V gS fd ,slh fLFkfr;ksa
esa osQkbZ jkLrk ugha cprk ftlls cPps IkkB esa vFkZ <+w¡<+us o igpkuus dh bl
viuh bl ;ksX;rk dks fodflr dj losQa rFkk mlls ykHk mBk losQaA
varfuZfgr vFkZ dh igpku

lkekU;r% ikB osQ iBu esa izR;sd 'kCn ;k laHkkfor oSdfYid vFkksZa dh
tkudkjh osQ fcuk rRdky ;k lh/s vFkZ fudkyk tk ldrk gSA gkyk¡fd dbZ
fLFkfr;ksa esa ,slk Hkh gksrk gS tc fdlh ikB ;k fdUgha 'kCnksa dk vFkZ rRdky
le> esa ugha vkrkA bu voljksa ij 'kCnksa dh vFkZiw.kZ Üka`[kyk dks lexz :i
esa le>us ls Ikgys izR;sd 'kCn dh igpku djrs gq, varfuZfgr ;k eè;LFk
vFkZ dks tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;gk¡ nks mnkgj.kksa ij fopkj
fd;k tk ldrk gSA igyk] laiw.kZ 'kCn Üka`[kyk esa varfuZfgr vFkZ dh igpku]
tSls&inca/ vkSj okD;A nwljk] dHkh&dHkh vyx&vyx 'kCnksa esa varfuZfgr ;k
eè;LFk vFkZ dh igpku djukA
50 i<+uk gS le>uk
eSaus igys gh ;g rdZ fn;k gS fd igys izdj.k dh laHkkouk cgqr de gSA

izR;sd 'kCn osQ vFkZ dks lkFk&lkFk j[kdj okD; dk laiw.kZ vFkZ ugha le>k
tk ldrkA izR;sd 'kCn esa vFkZ osQ dbZ vk;ke gksrs gSa vkSj muosQ oSdfYid
O;kdjf.kd izdk;Z gksrs gSa blfy, vFkZ dh iwoZ vis{kk osQ fcuk] vFkZ le>us
dh 'kq#vkr gksus dh Hkh cgqr de laHkkouk gksrh gSA blosQ vykok n`';kRed
lwpuk izfozQ;k;u vkSj Le`fr dh lhekvksa ls mcjuk dfBu gksrk gSA ;fn
ikBd ;g ekuus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS fd iBu lkexzh osQ izR;sd 'kCn vius
vkl&ikl osQ 'kCnksa ls Lora=k gS vkSj dbZ gT+kkj fodYiksa esa ls pqus x, gSa rks
gks ldrk gS fd dqN iBu&fl¼kar vkSj iBu&funsZ'k osQ dbZ rjhosQ bl /kj.kk
ij vk/kfjr yxrs gksa fd fyf[kr ikB~;lkexzh osQ vFkZ dh le> vyx&vyx
,d&,d 'kCn ls gksrh gS] fiQj rks bl fo"k; ij ppkZ dk dksbZ vFkZ gh ugha
gSA bl izdkj ls vFkZ x<+us dk ;g iz;kl vl{ke vkSj vliQy iz;kl ekuk
tkuk pkfg,A
ijarq eè;LFk ;k varfuZfgr vFkZ Ikgpkuus dk ,d vkSj vk'k; Hkh gS & tgk¡
Ikwjs vuqPNsn dk vFkZ rks le> esa vk jgk gks] ij laHkor% mlesa ls dksbZ ,d
'kCn vifjfpr gks vkSj le> esa u vk jgk gksA ;g IkBu dh vf/d lkekU;
rFkk mi;ksxh fo'ks"krk gSA bl izdj.k esa Ikz'u ;g ugha gS fd vyx&vyx 'kCn
osQ vFkZ ls iwjs vuqPNsn osQ vFkZ dh lajpuk dk iz;kl fd;k tk,] cfYd Ikwjs
vuqPNsn osQ vFkZ osQ ekè;e ls izR;sd 'kCn dk laHkkfor vFkZ fudkyk tk,A
;g laHko rks gS gh] lkFk gh dkIk+Qh gn rd] ftl rjg ls ge Hkk"kk lh[krs gSa]
mldk vk/kj Hkh gSA T+;knkrj Ik<+s&fy[ks yksxksa dh vf/dre 'kCnkoyh iBu ls
gh vkuh pkfg, (ukxh] gjeu ,oa ,aMjlu] 1985)A i<+uk lh[kus dh 'kq#vkr
djus osQ fy, ;g T+k:jh ugha gS fd igys dbZ gT+kkj 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ tkusaA
ewyr% T+k:jh ;g gS fd ml fyf[kr lkexzh ftlosQ }kjk lh[kus dh vis{kk dh
tk jgh gS] ml lkexzh osQ 'kCnksa o lajpukvksa ls lkekU; :i ls ifjfpr gkas]
vkSj osQoy ;gh lc ughaA ;g ckr vR;f/d vlaxr izrhr gksrh gS fd iBu
}kjk lh[ks x, cgqr ls 'kCnksa dh gekjh le> dk Js; gT+kkjksa ckj iz;ksx esa
yk, x, 'kCndks'k dks fn;k tkuk pkfg, ;k ml O;kfDr dks ftlus gesa ml
'kCn osQ vFkZ crk,A okLro esa ge Ikw.kZ ikB~;lkexzh ls gh vFkZ le> ikrs gSaA
iBu osQ nkSjku ge cM+s lgt :Ik ls u, 'kCn lh[k tkrs gSa ftudk vFkZ
;k lanHkZ ge igys ls gh Hkyh&Hkk¡fr tkurs gSa] fdarq ge muosQ lgh mPpkj.k
vFkZ dh igpku 51
osQ izfr vk'oLr ugha gksrs] ;kuh vukSipkfjd izek.k ;g gS fd ;s 'kCn geus
osQoy lquus ;k cksyus ek=k ls ugha lh[ksA eSa ;gk¡ 'kCnksa dk mYys[k dj jgk
gw¡] tSls& penelope (penny-loap?)] misled (mizzled? Myzelled?)] rFkk
gist (guest dh rjg ;k jest?) rFkk 'kk;n slough (slough) rFkk orgy
(orgi) A blosQ vykok vkSj Hkh vufxur fons'kh 'kCn ;k fdlh osQ uke rFkk
LFkku gks ldrs gSaA ;gk¡ ij eSa facky-tious 'kCn ls tqM+h ?kVuk (pious ds
lkFk tious dh y; ) osQ ckjs esa dguk pkgrk gw¡A tc eSaus vius fe=k dh ek¡
ls fdlh volj ij blosQ ckjs esa iwNk rc mUgksaus dgk fd vktdy facky-
tious iz;ksx esa ugha vkrkA esjs fe=k us ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd mls ;kn ugha
gS fd vafre ckj mlus ;g 'kCn dc lquk Fkk vkSj mlus eq>ls mldk vFkZ
iwNkA ek¡ us crk;k & A little sarcastic or supercilious fiQj vpkud esjs
fe=k dks dqN lw>kA mlus dgk & ^;kn vk;kA rqEgkjk eryc facetious ls
gS\* ek¡ us dqN lkspdj tcko fn;k] ûghaA gkyk¡fd bu nksuksa 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ
feyrs&tqyrs gSaA* ek¡ us vkxs crk;k] ^^vxj ge è;ku nsa rks eq>s ugha yxrk
fd eSaus facetious 'kCn dks dHkh dgha fy[kk ns[kk gksA*
fu%lansg] loky ;g gS fd esjh fe=k dh ek¡ dks fakcy-tious 'kCn dk
lgh vFkZ dgk¡ ls irk pyk] ftls u rks mUgksaus dHkh lquk] vkSj fuf'pr gh
u dHkh fdlh ls iwNkA bldk mÙkj ;g gksuk pkfg, fd mUgksaus mlh rjhosQ ls
lh[kk tSls geesa ls cgqr ls yksx lh[krs gSaA ge lkekU;r% vifjfpr 'kCn ds
lanHkZ esa miyC/ tkudkjh dks vius IkwoZKku ls tksM+rs gq, ml vifjfpr 'kCn
ds vFkZ dks le>rs gSaA lanHkZ ls eè;LFk ;k varfuZfgr vFkZ dh igpku Bhd
oSls gh gksrh gS tSls vkerkSj ij izoh.k IkkBd vuk;kl vdlj djrs gSaA ;g
osQoy le>us dk gh ugha vfirq lh[kus dk Hkh vk/kj gksrk gSA
ikB dh lkekU; le> osQ gLr{ksi osQ fcuk u, 'kCnksa dks lh[kuk ,d nwljk
mnkgj.k gS ftlls fd cPps rFkk vU; lHkh ikBd fujarj i<+dj gh i<+uk
lh[krs gSaA iBu osQ ifj.kkeLo:i tks 'kCn&HkaMkj fodflr gksrk gS og laHkkO;
vFkZ vkSj u, 'kCnksa dks mPpkj.k dk fu/kZj.k djus osQ fy, Kku dk LFkk;h
vk/kj iznku djrk gSA ;fn vki auditor vkSj visual nksuksa 'kCnksa dk vFkZ
,oa mPpkj.k tkurs gSa rc vkidks ,d u, 'kCn tSls & audio visual dks
cksyus vkSj le>us esa dfBukbZ u osQ cjkcj gksxhA Ikw¡th ftruh vf/d gksxh]
mruh gh rsT+kh ls og c<+sxh & pkgs os 'kCn gksa ;k HkkSfrd laink! Ik<+us osQ
52 i<+uk gS le>uk
fy, O;kid vkSj mi;ksxh Sight vocabulaty ;k ifjfpr 'kCnkoyh dks

xzg.k djus dk lcls mÙke rjhdk gS &le> osQ lkFk Ik<+ukA ;fn IkkB~;&lkexzh
vFkZiw.kZ gS rks eè;LFkrk vkSj lh[kuk vius vki gks tkrk gSA
eqn~ns
,d pfpZr eqn~nk ;g gS fd lkekU; Ik<+us dh IkfjfLFkfr esa [kkl 'kCnksa dks
fo'ks"k :i ls] ,d le; esa ,d&,d djosQ igpkuk tk, ;k fdlh okD;ka'k]
okD;] ;k vuqPNsn dk igys vFkZ xzg.k fd;k tk,A Ikzk;ksfxd :Ik esa bl rjg
osQ eqn~nksa dks gy dj ikuk dfBu gS & ;g izekf.kr gS fd tgk¡ vk¡[ksa osaQfnzr
gSa vko';d ugha fd IkkBd mlh osQ ckjs esa lksp jgk gSA ,d ladYiuk osQ
:i esa vFkZ dk fparu djuk fdlh Hkh voLFkk esa dki+Qh dfBu gSA vFkZ dks
vk¡[kksa dh fLFkfr ls fpfßr djus dh dksf'k'k djuk&ml vè;;u osQ le:i
gS tSls Nqjh rFkk dk¡Vs dh xfrfof/ dk vè;;u dj Ikkpu&fozQ;k dks le>ukA
tSlk fd ge yxkrkj ns[krs vk jgs gSa fd cPpksa dks î<+uk oSQls fl[kk;k
tk,* dh /kj.kk,¡ cgqr xgu gSa vkSj ;gh /kj.kk,¡ i<+us dh izo`Qfr osQ cgqr
ls fooknksa dks vkxs c<+krh gSaA
lkjka'k
IkBu dk vk/kjHkwr mn~ns'; le> osQ lkFk Ik<+uk gSA ;g i<+us dh IkzfozQ;k
esa nks rjg ls enn Hkh djrk gSA vFkZ dh rRdky Ikgpku izR;sd 'kCn dh
iwoZigpku dks vuko';d cuk nsrh gSA iwjs vuqPNsn dks le> osQ lkFk i<+uk
'kCnksa dks le>us esa enn djrk gS vkSj T+k:jr gks rks izR;sd 'kCn dks Ikgpkuus
esa Hkh enn djrk gSA eè;LFkrk osQ T+kfj, vFkZ dh igpku djus ls ladhZ.k
n`f"Vdks.k] Le`fr ij cks> o vLi"Vrk dh laHkkouk c<+rh gS] D;ksafd ;g
n`';kRed lwpuk ij vf/d fuHkZj djrk gSA
fVIif.k;k¡
vFkZiw.kZ lanHkZ dk izHkko
vFkZiw.kZ <ax ls Ik<+uk] Ik<+us dh izfozQ;k esa 'kCnksa dh mfpr igpku dks ljy
cukrk gSA iBu esa 'kCnksa dks igpkuus esa vFkZiw.kZrk Li"V :i ls vge Hkwfedk
fuHkkrh gS] ftlls 'kCnksa dks lanHkZ ls vyx ns[kus dh ikBd dh vfuf'prrk
vFkZ dh igpku 53
de ls de 12 Bits (leku vFkZ okys laHkkO; fodYiksa esa ls 4096 osQ

cjkcj) gks tkrh gS o lanHkZ esa ns[kus Ikj 8 Bits (256 fodYi) ls Hkh de
gks tkrh gSA tc 'kCn lanHkZ osQ lkFk gksrs gSa rks mueas vfuf'prrk de gksrh
gS vkSj tc lanHkZ osQ fcuk gksrs gSa rks mlessa vfuf'prrk vf/d gksrh gSA
vFkZiw.kZrk blh vfuf'prrk dks ?kVkrh gSA bl Lrj ij v{kjksa dh ckr djuk
vizlkafxd gS] D;ksafd tc vFkZiw.kZ IkkB i<+k tkrk gS rc lekU;r% v{kjksa
ij è;ku ugha fn;k tkrkA ysfdu ekunaM osQ :i esa tc lanHkZ vFkZiw.kZ gksrk
gS rc v{kjksa dh vfuf'prrk 4-7Bits ls ?kVdj eqf'dy ls 1 Bit rd vk
tkrh gS vkSj fyf[kr lkexzh esa ,d iafDr dk cks/ 4 xquk c<+ tkrk gSA ;fn
lnaHkZ vFkZiw.kZ gks rks u osQoy ,d gh ckj ns[kus esa nksxqus 'kCnksa dks igpkuk
tk ldrk gS cfYd mlls lwpuk izØe.k (Information Processing) vkSj
Le`fr esa vVdus okys fcanqvksa ij dkcw gks tkrk gSA lkFk gh vlaxr fodYiksa
ij fopkjdj vLi"Vrk dh leL;kvksa vkSj ckg~; cukoV ,oa vFkZ osQ chp
dh [kkbZ dks igys gh gVk fn;k tkrk gSA lanHkZ dk izHkko osQoy blfy,
ugha gksrk] D;ksafd ;g ekStwn gksrk gS cfYd blfy, gS fd ;g vFkZiw.kZ gks
ldrk gS o izR;sd 'kCn dh vfuf'prrk vuqozQfed lef/drk (sequential
redundancy) dk iz;ksx djrs gq, de dj nsrk gSA laanHkZ IkzR;sd 'kCn
osQ vFkZ ij vadq'k yxkrk gSA ;g vadq'k gh vuqozQfed lef/drk la?kfVr
djrs gSa] ftldk rHkh bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gS tc og iwoZKku o xSj
n`';kRed lwpuk osQ :Ik (Non Visual Information) esa izfrfcafcr gks o
ikBd ftudk iz;ksx djus esa l{ke gksA ;gh dkj.k gS fd eSa bl ckr ij
cy nsrk gw¡ fd lanHkZ dks ml 'kCn ls tqM+s lHkh Hkko lwpdksa osQ lkFk t:j
vFkZiw.kZ gksuk pkfg,A ;fn ,d fo'ks"k lanHkZ ikBd dh le> ls ijs gS ;k fdlh
u fdlh otg ls ikBd lef/drk dk ykHk mBkus esa fgpdrk gS vkSj IkBu
1
;gk¡ Hkk"kk osQ lanHkZ dh ckr gks jgh gS] ikB~;&lkexzh esa 'kCnksa dk lewg] ijarq
'kCn fLFkfrijd lanHkksZa osQ vk/kj ij Hkh pqus tk ldrs gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ,d
(Toothpaste Tube) VwFkisLV V~;wc ij D;k fy[kk tk, ml lanHkZ esa oSdfYid 'kCn
lewgkssa dh la[;k dkiQh de gS vkSj dkiQh gn rd vanktk yxk;k tk ldrk gS ftlesa
xzg.kdrkZ dh vis{kkvksa dk Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ lanHkZ gksrk gSA ¹vkWylu (Olsan) 1970º
osQ vuqlkj 'kCnksa dk p;u o mUgsa vFkZ nsuk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd IkkBd o
Jksrk D;k tkuuk pkgrs gSaA
54 i<+uk gS le>uk
osQ fdlh Hkh igyw osQ fy, ftruh n`';kRed lwpuk (Visual Information)
dh T+k:jr gksrh gS] mls de gksus ugha nsrk] ,slh fLFkfr esa lanHkZ ,dne
fujZFkd gks ldrk gS vkSj osQoy dkxT+k osQ i`"B ij izrhdksa dh ,d csrjrhc
O;oLFkk dh rjg gks ldrk gSA
vFkZiw.kZ lanHkZ] ftl in dk eSa iz;ksx djrk vk jgk gw¡] 'kCnksa dh
lqfuf'prrk (word occurrence) (fdlh okD; esa fdl O;kdjf.kd dksfV
dk dkSu&lk 'kCn vk,xk) Ikj nks rjhdksa ls vadq'k yxkrk gS &okD;&foKku
vkSj vFkZfoKku (Syntactic vkSj Semantic) osQ ekè;e lsA ,d le; ij
fdlh 'kCn fo'ks"k ij nks rjg dh lhek,¡ gksrh gSa ftls ,d ys[kd pqurk gS
;k IkkBd vuqeku yxrk gSA (ys[kdksa ij vU; vadq'k Hkh gksrs gSa] tSls lhfer
'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksx ftUgsa ikBd ls le>us dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA) ge D;k
dguk pkgrs gSa (Semantics), vkSj oSQls dguk pkgrs gSa (Syntax)& ges'kk
'kCnksa dk p;u lhfer djrs gSaA eSaus bl ppkZ esa okD;&jpuk (Syntax) vkSj
vFkZfoKku (Semantics) osQ IkzHkko dks vyx&vyx djus dh dksf'k'k ugha
dh gS] D;ksafd bls lgh <ax ls djus dk rjhdk eq>s ugha feyk gSA lS¼kafrd
fo'ys"k.kksa ls ;g rdZ izLrqr fd;k x;k fd bu nksuksa dks vyx ugha fd;k
tk ldrk] D;ksafd cxSj vFkZ osQ O;kdj.k dh ckr djuk O;FkZ gksxkA VªkbleSu
(Triesman) (1969) us iz;ksxksa osQ vk/kj Ikj bu nksuksa dks Li"V dk Ikz;kl
fd;k vkSj ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd lkekU; Hkk"kk esa okD;&foKku ?kVd
(Syntactic component) vFkZfoKku ?kVd (Semantic copmponent) osQ
v/hu jgrk gSA
,sls 'kks/ksa dh dksbZ deh ugha gS tks ;g n'kkZrs gSa fd 'kCn&igpku ij
vFkZiw.kZ lanHkZ osQ xq.kkRed izHkko gksrs gSa tks i<+us dh izfozQ;k dks lqxe cukrs
gSaA okLro esa blosQ fojks/ esa dksbZ izek.k ugha gSA ijarq bl 'kks/ dk mnkgj.k
nsus ls igys ,d ewyHkwr fcanq ij cy nsuk T+k:jh gS fd i<+us esa osQoy
'kCnksa dh igpku 'kkfey ugha gksrhA ;g lk/kj.k fopkj izrhr gks ldrk gS
ysfdu vFkZiw.kZ lanHkZ osQ ckjs esa cqfu;knh ckr gS fd lanHkZ IkBu dks gh
vFkZiw.kZ cukrk gS vkSj 'kCnksa dh igpku dks vuko';d cukrk gSA ;g dguk
fd vFkZiw.kZ lanHkZ vyx&vyx 'kCnksa dh igpku vklku cukrk gS mruk gh
vizklafxd gS ftruk ;g rF; fd 'kCnksa esa vyx&vyx v{kjksa dks igpkuuk
vf/d vklku gS_ 'kks/ osQ izek.k osQoy vFkZiw.kZ lanHkZ osQ izHkko dks n'kkZrs
vFkZ dh igpku 55
gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd T+kksj&T+kksj ls i<+rs le; Hkh] ftlesa 'kCnksa dh Bhd&Bhd

igpku T+k:jh gksrh gS] vFkZiw.kZ vankT+kk yxkuk ,d egRoiw.kZ iwoZis{kk gSA ;fn
'kCnkas dh IkwoZ le> lhfer gks rks T+kksj&T+kksj ls i<+uk eqf'dy gksrk gS vkSj
;fn 'kCnksa dh igpku dks izkFkfedrk nh tk, rks le> esa n[ky nsuk gksxk
(Howe and Singer 1975)A 'kkjds vkSj fe'kSy (Sharkey and Mitchell
1985) ;g crkrs gSa fd vFkZiw.kZ lanHkksZa esa 'kCnksa dh igpku vDlj U;wure
gksrh gS vkSj mldk iwokZuqeku eqf'dy gksrk gS] [kkldj tc lanHkZ vius vki
,slk ^vkys[k* gks ftldk vankT+kk yxkuk vklku gksrk gS ;k nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa
fd tc lanHkZ ,d Ikfjfpr O;k[;k gksA
ysoh (Levy 1978) us crk;k fd fyf[kr Hkk"kk osQ 'kCnksa dks cnyuk FkksM+s
le; osQ fy, ;kn j[kus okys dk;ksZa ij izHkko ugha Mkyrk & ;gk¡ rd fd
cgqr de le; osQ fy, Hkh vFkZ dks cpk, j[kk tkrk gS u fd [kkl 'kCnksa
dksA dHkh&dHkh lanHkZ gesa HkVdkrs gSa] ;g iqu% vFkZ dh {kerk vkSj iwokZuqeku
osQ egRo dk izek.k gSA dkjisaVj vkSj MsueSu (Carpenter and Daneman
1981) us ''Garden Path'' (xkMZu ikFk) ikB~;&lkexzh osQ dbZ mnkgj.k fn,
gSa ftlesa lanHkZ us enn djus osQ LFkku ij xqejkg fd;k gS] tSls& “Cindrella
could not go to the ball. There were tears in her dress".
EkklZy (Marcel 1978) ftls ^^vopsru** iBu dgrs gSa mlosQ ^^vpsru**
IkzHkko rd dks mUgksaus fn[kk;k gS & tc yksxksa dks ugha irk gksrk fd dksbZ
ikB~;lkexzh mlosQ lkeus ykbZ xbZ gS rc os osQoy lwpuk gkfly djrs gSaA
(D;ksafd ;s brus de le; osQ fy, muosQ lkeus dkSa/k vkSj fiQj ^^Nqik fy;k
x;k**)A ysfdu ,d rjg ls lcls vf/d eqf'dy vkSj o`Qf=ke IkBu dks ;fn
NksM+ nsa rks lkjk iBu ^^vpsru** gksrk gS_ gks ldrk gS fd geus D;k i<+k &
ge ;g tkurs gksa ysfdu bl ckjs esa lpsr u gksa fd ge î<+* jgs gSaA
lanHkZ 'kCnksa dh Ikgpku dks oSQls lqxe cukrs gSa] blosQ mnkgj.kksa osQ fy,
eksVZu (Morton 1969, 1982), Dyhu vkSj Dyhu (Klien and Klien
1973) vkSj fLeFk vkSj Liksj (Smith and Spoehr 1974) dks ns[ksaA bl
vè;k; esa fn, x, rdksZa dk lkj tkuus osQ fy, fLeFk vkSj gksEl (Smith
& Holms 1971) dks ns[ksaA vFkZiw.kZrk osQ IkzHkko dks fn[kkus okys lacaf/r
vè;k;kas esa jksFkdksiQ vkSj dkWVus (Rothkopf & Coatney 1974) crykrs gSa
fd IkkB~;lkexzh esa ikBd ftu lwpukvksa dh vis{kk djrk gS mlls mlosQ
56 i<+uk gS le>uk
Ik<+us dh xfr fu/kZfjr gksrh gS vkSj jksFkdksiQ o fcfyaXVu (Rothkopf and

Billington 1974) crykrs gSa fd tc fdUgha [kkl lokyksa dk tokc [kkstk
tkrk gS vkSj og fey tkrk gS rc le> esa c<+ksrjh gksrh gSA fLeFk vkSj
DySeSu (Smith and Kleiman 1979) us dbZ iz;ksxksa dk lkj izLrqr fd;k gS
vkSj mUgksaus cryk;k gS fd iwoZorhZ lanHkZ vkxs vkus okys 'kCnksa osQ laHkkfor
vFkZ dks fdl rjg ls fozQ;k'khy djrk gSA dkjisaVj vkSj tLV (Carpenter
and Just 1975] 1977) bl ckr dks Ikj[krs gSa fd oSQls Ik<+us esa lkekU;r%
igys ls Kkr lwpuk vkSj ubZ lanHkZ;qDr lwpuk dk tqM+ko gksrk gS (tks fiQj ls
bl ckr dks n'kkZrs gSa fd ^lh[kuk* vkSj ^le>* dks vyx&vyx ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA)A ØkmMj vkSj osxuj (Crouder and Wagner 1971) crykrs
gSa fd ikB~;lkexzh esa [kkl 'kCnksa dh Ikgpku djus esa ikBd nwljs 'kCnksa osQ
vFkZ dh enn ysrs gSa_ blosQ fy, xksYMfLeFk fiQyhIl (Goldsmith Philips
1989) dks Hkh ns[ksaA
dksgu (Cohen 1970) vkSj ukblj ,oa cSyj (NeiseerAnd Beller
1965) us iz;ksx osQ vk/kj Ikj crk;k gS fd fcuk 'kCnksa dh igpku osQ Hkh
vFkZ ik;k tk ldrk gSA 'kCn lwfp;ksa esa [kkstus osQ dkeksa esa mUgksaus fn[kyk;k
fd ,d oxZ dk mnkgj.k (tSls dksbZ iwQy) [kkstus esa ml oxZ osQ ,d [kkl
'kCn (tSls 'daisy') dks [kkstus ls vf/d le; ugha yxsxkA bl izdkj osQ
[kkstus osQ dke esa ewyr% lwph esa ls vlac¼ phT+kksa dks gVkuk T+k:jh gksrk gSA
(cgqr dqN ml rjg tSls Telephone Directory esa ftu ukeksa dks ge ugha
[kkst jgs gksrs mu ukeksa dks ge rsT+kh ls NksM+rs tkrs gSaA) ;s dke fn[kykrs gSa
fd fdlh 'kCn dks igpkuus osQ fy, ;g r; djuk T+k:jh ugha gS fd ftl
[kkl oxZ esa (fodYiksa dk lewg) gekjh fnypLih gS ml oxZ esa og ugha
vkrkA LizSfTkal] ySiQu vkSj fI+kQ'kj (Spragins, Lefton and Fisher 1976)
us n'kkZ;k fd vFkZ esa igys ls bruh {kerk gksrh gS fd ;g [kkst esa gLr{ksi
djsxk tgk¡ okLro esa vFkZ vizklafxd gksA ukblj (Neisser 1967) us bl
rjg dbZ [kkst laca/h dkeksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh gS] bldk Ikqujh{k.k ekfVZu
(Martin 1979) esa ns[ksaA ,d 'kks/ ftldk 'kh"koZQ gS “Meaning in visual
search” tks iBu osQ ckjs esa ugha gS] mlesa ikWVj (Potter 1975) crykrs gSa
fd n'kZd rLohjksa dks mlh lVhdrk vkSj rsT+kh ls igpkurs gSa tc os igys
ls mldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ tkurs gSa (mUgsa uke ;k 'kh"kZd nsrs gq,] tSls ûko*)
vFkZ dh igpku 57
n'kZd rLohjksa dks mlh lVhdrk ls vkSj rsT+kh ls Ikgpkurs gSa ftl rjg os rc
Ikgpkurs tc os rLohjksa dks igys ls ns[k pqosQ gksrs gSaA eSoQuhy vkSj fyafMx
(McNeill & Lindig 1973) n'kkZrs gSa fd ekSf[kd Hkk"kk ij lanHkZ osQ izHkko
mlh rjg jgrs gSa tSls fd fyf[kr Hkk"kk esa jgrs gSa (feyj] ghl vkSj fypVu
(Miller, Heise and Lichten, 1951 dks Hkh ns[ksa)A
lanHkZ ,oa iwokZuqeku

dqN fopkjd (theorists) ;g rdZ nsrs gSa fd lanHkZ ,oa iwokZuqeku iBu
esa vis{kko`Qr cgqr de Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA ijarq esjh vis{kk] mUgksaus bu inksa
dk cgqr ladh.kZ vFkksZa esa iz;ksx fd;k gSA mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij LVSuksfop
(Stanovich)] 1992 us vk¡[kksa dh xfr osQ vè;;u osQ vk/kj ij fu"d"kZ
fudkyk fd ^lanHkZ&izHkko* U;wure gksrk gS] D;ksafd n`';kRed lwpuk cM+h rsT+kh
ls n`f"V foLrkj&{ks=k osQ osaQnz esa xfrZdk (foveal Area) {ks=k osQ ckgjh Hkkx
dks /q¡/yk dj nsrh gSA blls igys LVSuksfod (Stanovich 1986) dk ;g
nkok Fkk fd Ikzokg ls Ik<+us okys ikBdksa dh vis{kk deT+kksj ikBd iwokZuqeku Ikj
vf/d fuHkZj gksrs gSaA ijarq eSa lanHkZ dks vyx :i esa ns[krk gw¡A ;g ikB~;&oLrq
ds fdlh ,d fcanq Ikj IkkBd dh cuh le> ls tqM+h gS tks fd Ikgys ns[kh
gqbZ ikB~;&oLrq vkSj vkxs vkus okyh oLrq ij iM+h n`f"V ls vkSj fodflr gks
tkrh gSA bl rjg dk vfxze Kku] tks fd izkFkfed :i ls n`';kRed dh
vis{kk xSj n`';kRed gksrk gS] ikBd dh vfuf'prrk dks de dj iBu dks
lqxe cukrk gSA vke rkSj ij ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ^îwoZ&vuqeku** dks Guess
vankT+kk yxkus osQ leku vFkZ esa le>k tkrk gSA ;g izokgiw.kZ rjhosQ ls Ik<+us
okys ikBdksa dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, ,d ,slk in gS ftlls eSa lger ugha
gw¡A esjh le> ls IkwokZuqeku dh ifjHkk"kk gS& vlac¼ fodYiksa dks igys gh
gVk nsukA ;fn ikBd ikB~;&lkexzh dh Hkk"kk vkSj fo"k;&oLrq ls ifjfpr gksrs
gSa rks bl vuqHkoh ikBd dk iBu vkSj izHkko'kkyh gksrk gSA ,d ckj fiQj
lc dqN ikBd osQ mn~ns';ksa vkSj mlosQ yphyk gksus vkSj p;u dh vkT+kknh
ij fVd tkrk gSA
vyx&vyx rjg osQ vè;;uksa }kjk ;g n'kkZ;k x;k gS fd vkjafHkd iBu
esa lanHkZ osQ bLrseky esa cPpksa dh rRijrk ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyrh gS fd cPpksa
dks vFkZ rd igq¡pus ls jksdk ugha tk ldrkA (;fn mUgsa bl izdkj dh
58 i<+uk gS le>uk
vuqefr gks)] mnkgj.k osQ fy, Dyhu ,oa Dyhu vkSj cfVZuks (Klein, Klein
and Bertino 1974)] xksfyudkWiQ (Golinkoff 1975@1976) rFkk Mksgfjax
(Doehring 1976)] esdiQjySaM ,oa jksg~Ml (McFarland and Rhodes
1978)] jksflaldh] xksfyudkWiQ rFkk dqfd'k (Rosinski, Golinkoff and
Kukish 1975) dks Hkh ns[ksa ftUgksaus ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk gS fd vFkZ tkuus
osQ fy, cPps [kqn dks jksd ugha IkkrsA ;g fdlh dke osQ ifj.kke esa gLr{ksi
dj ldrk gS] D;ksafd cPps bls vuns[kk ugha dj ldrsA ,sls vè;;u ;g Hkh
fn[kkrs gSa fd lanHkZ osQ bLrseky vkSj i<+us dh {kerk nksukas lkFk&lkFk gksa rks
mudh lkFk&lkFk o`f¼ gksrh gSA vDlj bl laca/ dks bl rF; ls tksM+k tkrk
gS fd csgrj ikBd lanHkZ dk vf/d bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA bl laHkkouk ij
de fopkj fd;k tkrk gS fd lanHkZ dk bLrseky csgrj ikBd cukrk gSA i<+us
dh {kerk vkSj lanHkZ dk bLrseky bu nksukas laca/ksa dks le>us osQ fy, Dys
vkSj bEySd (Clay and Imlach 1971) lSE;qYl] cSth vkSj pSu (Samuels,
Begy and Chan 1975-1976) dks Hkh ns[ksaA cPpksa dh xyfr;ksa osQ fo'ys"k.k
osQ fy,] bls ¹xqMeSu (Goodman)] “i<+us dh izfØ;k osQ >jks[ks** dgrs gSaA
xqMeSu (Goodman 1965-1969), oScj (Weber 1968) vkSj Dys (Clay
1969) dks Hkh ns[ksaA cPpksa osQ =kqfViw.kZ iBu laca/h vè;;u bl egRoiw.kZ rF;
dks mtkxj djrs gSa fd cgqr lkjh xyfr;k¡] [kkldj csgrj ikBdksa }kjk dh
tkus okyh xyfr;k¡ lanHkZ osQ vFkZ dks cuk, j[krh gaS vkSj ;g Hkh fd vFkZ dks
cnyus okyh xyfr;k¡ vDlj vFkZ osQ fy, i<+us okys cPpksa }kjk ckn esa [kqn
ls lq/kj yh tkrh gSaA blfy, os ,slh xyfr;k¡ ugha gSa ftu ij cgqr vf/d
fpark dh tk,A tks cPps ek=k 'kCnksa dks i<+rs gSa] laHkor% bldk dkj.k ;g gS
fd funsZ'k osQ nkSjku ^^lVhdrk** ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA ,sls cPps mUgsa fcuk
tkus fujFkZd xyfr;k¡ dj ldrs gSaA
èofu esa ^fMdksM*(decode) djus dh fdlh laHkkouk osQ fcuk flI+kZQ vFkZ }
kjk cPps dk i<+uk lh[kus dk :<+ mnkgj.k vfuok;Zr% gsysu osQySj dk gksxkA
gsaMjlsu (Henderson 1976) ,d Jo.k ckf/r cPps dk izlax crkrs gSa ftlus
ukS eghuksa esa] Ng lky dh mez esa 4400 eqfnzr 'kCnksa dks igpkuuk lh[kk
FkkA bl cPps us ;g lc vFkZiw.kZ lanHkZ esa gkFk osQ laosQrksa dks eqfnzr 'kCnksa ls
tksM+dj lh[kk FkkA ewyr% ;g cPps dh Lor% ftKklkvksa dh otg ls gqvkA
boksYV (Ewoldt 1981) us ;g fn[kyk;k fd Jo.k ckf/r cPps mlh rjg ls
vFkZ dh igpku 59
i<+ ldrs gSa ftl rjg ls lquus esa l{ke cPpsA
nksgjh izfØ;k
iBu ij iz;ksx vk/kfjr 'kks/ esa le> osQ ckjs esa lcls yksdfiz; ekU;rk bl
/kj.kk ij oasQfnzr gS fd efLr"d esa ,d ^vkarfjd 'kCn&lewg* (internal
lexicon) gksrk gS tks ekufld 'kCndks'k dk izeq[k osaQnz gksrk gSA ge ftu
'kCnksa dks i<+rs gSa] mudk vFkZ vkarfjd 'kCn&lewg esa ns[krs gSaA vo/kj.kk ,d
:id gS u fd O;k[;kA ;g bldh O;k[;k ugha djrh fd vkarfjd ifjHkk"kk,¡
oSQls le>h tkrh gSa rFkk p;u djus dh {kerk] iwokZuqeku yxkuk vkSj ikBd
vkerkSj ij tks vU; dk;Z djrs gSa& mudh blesa xqatkb'k ugha jgrhA okLro esa
;g fopkj dqN fuf'pr O;k[;kvksa dks izfrckf/r djrk gS] tSls ^le>* fdlh
volj ij fp=kkRed ;k laosnukRed fcac ;k ,d HkkSfrd izfrfØ;k gks ldrh
gSA ^le>* fLFkfr dh ctk; ,d izfØ;k gS vFkok Hkk"kk esa vFkZ dk l`tu
fd;k tkrk gSA vkarfjd 'kCn&lewg dh vo/kj/k ^le>* osQ ewy jgL; dks
Ikwjh rjg ls mtkxj ugha djrkA vHkh rd ;g /kj.kk gS fd ,slk 'kCn&lewg
okLro esa ekStwn gS ftls izk;% eku fy;k tkrk gS vkSj ml ij dksbZ cgl
ugha gksrhA ;g vklkuh ls eku fy;k tkrk gS fd vkarfjd 'kCndks'k ls ^^gksrs
gq,** vkSj igpkurs gq, 'kCnksa dks le>k tkrk gSA ;g ,d cM+h lS¼kafrd
mi;ksfxrk gSA ;g y{; dh izd`fr ij fopkj fd, fcuk vk¡[k ,oa le> osQ
chp dkYifud ^jkLrksa* ij ppkZ djus dk ekSdk nsrk gSA le> dks ^'kCndks'k
rd igq¡p* ekudj vklkuh ls [kkfjTk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Hkk"kkfonksa }kjk vkarfjd 'kCn&lewg ij dbZ foe'kksZa esa ls iQksMj (Foder 1979)
vkSj euksoSKkfud ekjVksu (Morton 1969) vkSj jscsu vkSj ijisQêðh (Reiben
and Perfetti 1991) dks ns[ksaA feyj vkSj isQyckWe (Miller and Fellbaum
1991) vaxzsT+kh osQ okLrfod 'kCn&lewg jpuk dh o`gr leL;kvksa ij ppkZ
djrs gSa& lkFk gh 46]000 izfof"V;ksa dk MsVk csl laKk osQ 26 fofHkUu lksiku
ozQe laca/ksa dks 'kkfey djrk gSA blesa 10 Lrjh; xgu vkSj mUgsa vyx djus
okyh fof'k"Vrkvksa dh de ls de 3 Jsf.k;ksa] tSls& fgLls] xq.k vkSj dk;Z Hkh
'kkfey gSaA fiQj Hkh bl rjg dk vFkZ lajpukxr fo;kstu izpfyr gSA (feyj
vkSj tkWuluys;MZ] 1975) dks Hkh ns[ksaA ¹eSddkSfyl (McCawleys, 1968)
º ds ,d izfl¼ mnkgj.k kill = cause become not alive osQ lkFk jkfcUlu
60 i<+uk gS le>uk
(1975) osQ vartkZr O;kdj.k fl¼karksa dk Hkh migkl gqvkA jkfcUlu ;g

fookn mRiUu djrs gaS fd D;k Hkk"kkfoKku foKku gS (vFkok gksuk pkfg,)
A jkfcUlu Hkk"kk ds ewy vo;oksa esa ifj.kr djus dh vo/kj.kk dks nks"kh
Bgjkrs gSa ftls os ^Hkk"kkxr ijek.kqokn* (linguistic atomism) dgrs gSaA
iQksMj dgrs gSa fd vf/dka'k 'kCnksa dks ewy vo;oksa esa ifj.kr ugha fd;k
tk ldrkA IkQksMj(Fodor 1981) dgrs gSa fd ;fn yksx 50]000 'kCnksa dks
tkurs gSa rks T+k:j 50]000 osQ djhc ^^vkfne vo/kj.kk,¡** gksaxh tks vo';
gh tUetkr gksaxhA
nksgjh izfØ;k osQ fl¼kardkj n`';kRed lwpuk ls vkarfjd 'kCnlewg rd
tkus osQ fy, nks jkLrs ns[krs gSa &izR;{k (;kuh 'kCn vkSj vFkZ osQ chp dk
vckf/r jkLrkA ;g izLrqr fdrkc osQ lkekU; n`f"Vdks.k osQ leku gS] ysfdu
vfuok;Z :i ls leku fn'kk esa ugha gS) vkSj nwljk gS & èoU;kRed fjdkWfMZaxA
fopkj ;g gS fd vkarfjd 'kCnlewg esa u osQoy vFkZ jgrs gSa cfYd orZuh
vkSj mPpkj.k] okD;&jpuk laca/h dk;ksZa osQ ckjs esa lwpuk,¡ vkSj laHkor% ukuk
izdkj osQ y{k.kkRed fooj.k Hkh jgrs gSaA ;s lc mlosQ oSdfYid rjhosQ gSa
fd igpku vkSj mRifÙk (fy[kuk vkSj orZuh) nksuksa esa vkarfjd 'kCnlewg dk
izos'k oSQls gks ldrk gSA
vf/dka'k 'kks/drkZvksa us nksuksa ekxksZa dks laHko crk;k gSA ysfdu izR;sd
us vyx&vyx ckrksa ij cy fn;k gSA dqN fl¼kardkj tSls (Gough and
Walsh) dk rdZ gS fd vkarfjd 'kCndks'k rd osQoy èoU;kRed jkLrk
gh tkrk gSA iBu vaxszT+kh fgTts ds ladsrk{kj ;k chtys[k dh (cfYd xw<+
fyfi dks le>us)fMdksfMax (dwV [kksyus) dh ,d izfØ;k gSA ,gjh (Ehri
1992) nkok djrh gSa fd orZuh ds iSVuZ ds T+kfj;s 'kCn&lewg rd igq¡pk tk
ldrk gS vkSj ;g T+k:jh ugha gS fd blds fy, èoU;kRed :i esa fjdksfMax
(recoding) oQh vfuok;Zr% ugha gS (tks vkerkSj ij vFkZ dh igpku osQ
lkFk miyC/ gks gh tkrk gS)A ,gjh (Ehri 1992) bls n`';&èoU;kRed
ekxZ (visual-phonological route) dgrh gSa] tks fd îzR;{k&igq¡p* (direct
access) osQ fy, Hkh bLrseky gksrk gSA os bldk izek.k nsrh gSa fd ^ns[kdj
i<+uk lh[kus okys* cPps ^,e ,l osQ* (Mask) dks lh[kuk vklku ikrs gSa
vkSj 'kCn dks MASK dh rjg ;kn djrs gSa ctk; 'uhe' tSlh euekuh orZuh
osQA gkyk¡fd ugha i<+us okys cPps ,slk ugha djrsA ;g Li"V gS fd 'kCnksa dh
vFkZ dh igpku 61
igpku djus esa orZuh laca/h (orthographic) tkudkjh dk bLrseky gksrk

gS tSls fd vaxzsT+kh esa leku&èofu okys 'kCn (homophones) ‘their’ vkSj
^there’ esa Hksn djukA orZuh&lajpuk (orthographic structure) (ftldk
'kkfCnd vFkZ gS & n`';&cukoV)in izk;% orZuh (spelling) dh vksj laosQr
djrk gqvk ekuk tkrk gS u fd mPpkj.k ds ekxZn'kZd ds :i esaA gkyk¡fd
orZuh&lajpuk (orthographic structure) 'kCn osQ vkdkj vkSj mlosQ y{k.k
laca/h fooj.k dh vksj Hkh laosQr dj ldrk gSA 'kCnksa dks lexz :i esa ns[kuk
vkSj mUgsa v{kjksa dh O;oLFkk osQ :i esa ns[kuk] vyx&vyx ;k lewg osQ :i
esa] ;g lc n`';&foU;kl osQ :i esa gSA
oSu vkMZu] tkulu ,oa gsy (Van Orden, Johnson and Hale 1998)
us loZlgefr ls vius Ikzdk'ku dks 'Word Identification in Reading
Proceeds from Spelling to Sound to Meaning' dk uke fn;kA ckoZQj]
VkstZlu] oSxuj (Barker. Torgeson, Wagner 1992) us rhljh d{kk esa Ik<+us
okys 87 cPpksa ij ik¡p ijh{k.k fd, & le;&lhek ds fcuk vkSj le;&lhek
essa 'kCn&igpku] 100 'kCnksa okys vuqPNsnksa dk eq[kj vkSj ekSu iBu] eux<+r
vFkZghu 'kCnksa (non-words) dks i<+us dh lVhdrkA bu ik¡pksa ijh{k.kksa esa
cPpksa us orZuh laca/h dkS'ky dk iz;ksx fd;kA eux<+ar vFkZghu 'kCnksa (non-
words) dks i<+us esa 5% ls ysdj ikB~;&lkexzh dks eq[kj :Ik esa i<+us esa
20% rd orZuh laca/h dkS'ky dk bLrseky ik;k x;kA mUgksaus ^èoU;kRed
izde.k dkS'ky* (phonological processing skill) dks ,d vf/d
egRoiw.kZ dkjd osQ :i esa ik;kA ysfdu mUgksaus bl ckr dks ntZ ugha fd;k
fd cPps tks funsZ'k xzg.k dj jgs Fks] ;g muls lacaf/r gS ;k ughaA flMucxZ
vkSj edDyhysaM (Siedenberg and McClelland 1989) ;g rdZ IkzLrqr djrs
gSa fd 'kCn dh igpku esa èoU;kRed lwpuk ds izR;{k iz;ksx esa vfuok;Z :i
ls ysf[ke&Lofue (grapheme-Phoneme) osQ esy dk bLrseky T+k:jh ugha
gSA cfYd ;g 'kCnksa osQ orZuh laca/h (orthographic) vkSj èoU;kRed izLrqfr
osQ lg izlj.k (covariance ) esa lkaf[;dh; fu;ferrk dk ifj.kke gSA
ijI+kSQVh (Perfetti 1985) xkWiQ (Gough) osQ ^Hkk"k.k vfHkys[ku uewuk (Speech
recording Model) dks Lohdkj ugha djrsA os ekurs gSa fd ;g laHko rks
gS ij T+k:jh ughaA ijI+kSQVh vius mikxe (approach) dks ekSf[kd fuiq.krk
fl¼kar dgrs gSaA êkSf[kd fuiq.krk* dk vFkZ gS& Hkk"kk vkSj iBUk ds Hkk"kk
62 i<+uk gS le>uk
laca/h igyqvksa Ikj è;ku ,oa Le`fr lalk/u dk vkoaVu djus dh dq'kyrkA bl
lanHkZ esa vFkZ bldk vFkZ gS & oko~Q (Speech)A ijI+kSQVh i<+us dks vyx&vyx
vusd îzfozQ;kvksa* esa foHkkftr djrs gSa] tSls& 'kCnksa dh igpku] 'kCn rd
igq¡p (lexical access)] Ldhek rd igq¡p (schema access)] vFkZxzg.k dh
izfozQ;k rFkk milxhZ; ,udksfMax (prepositional encoding) vkSj vFkZrRo
,oa Lofud dksM dks lfØ; djukA ikBd bu cgqizfØ;kvksa dk bLrseky
^dwV&O;oLFkk* (coding system) dks lh[kus dh T+k:jr ls izsfjr gksdj
djrk gSA os fo'ks"k :i ls dkjisaVj rFkk tLV(Carpenter and Just 1981)osQ
'kks/ ij Hkjkslk djrs gSa fd izk;ksfxd iBu dh fLFkfr;ksa esa] vf/dka'k 'kCnksa ij
cy fn;k tkrk gS & NksVs dh vis{kk cM+s 'kCn ij] ifjfpr dh vis{kk vf/d
vifjfpr 'kCn Ikj rFkk ,d okD; esa 'kCnksa dh vis{kk vafre 'kCn ij vf/dA
jsuj rFkk iksykRlsd (Rayner and Pollatsek 1989) lh/s&lh/s
ysf[ke&Lofue (Grapheme Phoneme access) igq¡p osQ Ik{k/j gSa] ,d
vk{kfjd ;k lexz 'kCnksa osQ ughaA ,d yacs rduhdh rFkk fooknkLin ys[k
esa oSu vkMZu] iSfuaxVu vkSj LVksu (Van Orden, Pennington and Stone
1991) us fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa dk foLr`r lanHkZ nsrs gq, jsuj rFkk iksykRlsd
osQ bl i{k dks udkj fn;kA os bls lkaosQfrd euksHkk"kfoKku ‘subsymbolic
psycholinguistic’ ls cnyuk pkgrs gSaA ;g ^tfVy laca/okn* (complex
connectionism) vkSj lgp;Z vf/xe (Covariant learning) ij vk/
kfjr gSA blesa lac¼rk dh egÙkk dks tk¡pk tkrk gSA ;g ys[k fo'ks"k :i
ls îzkjafHkd izsj.kkRed ,udksafMx* ls lacaf/r gSA tcfd ys[k dk 'kh"kZd
nwljs nkoksa osQ chp fu'p;iwoZd ;g nkok ugha djrk fd bldh fo"k;oLrq
î<+us* ls lacaf/r gSA okYVlZ] dkseksMk rFkk vkcZdy (walters, kemoda
and Arbuckle 1985) izk;ksfxd izek.k nsrs gSa fd dq'ky iBu esa Lofufed
vfHkys[k dh Hkwfedk cgqr NksVh&lh gksrh gS rFkk ;g vuko';d gksrh gS
tc rd fd foLr`r Le`fr dh T+k:jr u gksA IkBu osQ fy,] nksgjh fof/;ksa osQ
fl¼kar dh de rduhdh vkykspuk osQ fy, gsaMjlu ((Henderson, 1984)
rFkk cSju LVªkslu (Baron and Strawson, 1976) osQ ys[k dks ns[kk tk ldrk
gSA
Ikzk;% ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd fyf[kr Hkk"kk dks cksy ysus ls
fMdksfMx (owQV dks [kksyuk) (Decoding) ;k fjdksfMax (Recoding) ls
vFkZ dh igpku 63
fyf[kr 'kCnksa dk vFkZ Lor% fudy vkrk gSA ij cksys x, 'kCn dks Hkh
le>us dh T+k:jr gS] D;ksafd fy[ks gq, 'kCnksa dh vis{kk os vf/d vLi"V
Hkh gks ldrs gSaA i<+us dh izfozQ;k esa Lofufed ekxZ (phonological loop)
dks 'kkfey djuk le> cukus dh n`f"V ls ,d vfrfjDr dne gS] ,d lgt
laf{kIr (Shortcut) rjhdk ugha gSA
'kjhjfozQ;k foKku osQ izek.k

iBu osQ lanHkZ esa vFkZ le>us osQ izHkko IkzR;{k :i ls efLr"d osQ iwoZorhZ
vè;;uksa ls izkIr gksrs gSaA
ihVjlu ,V-,y- (1989) us 'PET' (Positron Emission Tomographic)
}kjk efLr"d esa jDr osQ cgko osQ Ikzfr:i.k }kjk mu {ks=kksa dh igpku dh gS
tks o;Ldksa esa ekSf[kd o fyf[kr 'kCnksa dh izfozQ;k esa 'kkfey gksrs gSaA muosQ
ifj.kke ;g crkrs gSa fd Lofue vfHkys[ku (phonological recording) osQ
fcuk Hkh n`';kRed :i ls izLrqr 'kCnksa ls vFkZ vkSj mPpkj.k&{ks=kksa rd dk ,d
lh/k laca/ gSA leku fu"d"kZ ij Ikgq¡pus osQ fy, jk;'ksy (Raichle 1990)
us foLr`r :i ls lkekU; Hkk"kk fof/;ksa dk bLrseky fd;k gSA ftu O;fDr;ksa
ij tk¡p dh tk jgh Fkh] mUgsa cksys o fy[ks gq, 'kCnksa osQ ckjs esa lkspus ds
fy, dgk x;k&tc muosQ efLr"d dh p;kip; xfrfof/;ksa (metabolic
activity) dk vfHkys[k jsfM;ks/ehZ IknkFkksZa osQ bLrseky ls ih bZ Vh] (PET)
}kjk f=kvk;keh :i ls (Three Dimensionally) fd;k tk jgk FkkA
iksluj rFkk dkj (Posner and Carr 1992) us efLr"d osQ izfr:i.k
fp=k.k osQ rjhdksa] laKkukRed xfrfof/;ksa] tSls&i<+rs le; è;ku dh vof/]
'kkfCnd igq¡p (lexical access) ij è;ku nsus osQ vè;;u esa bu rjhdksa
dh mi;ksfxrk dks le>us osQ fy, leh{kk dhA mUgksaus ;g crk;k fd PET
izfr:i.k fp=k.k ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd tc okLrfod 'kCn vkSj mfpr <k¡ps
okys d`f=ke 'kCn (orthographically well-structured pseudowords) Ik<+s
tkrs gSa rks efLr"d osQ dqN fgLls (lkekU;r% ck;k¡ n`f"V&{ks=k) fozQ;k'khy gks
tkrs gSaA ysfdu csrjrhc ;k ;w¡ gh dksbZ Hkh v{kj ;k tfVy n`';kRed lajpuk,¡
(Pattern) Ik<+rs le; efLr"d osQ ;s fgLls fozQ;k'khy ugha gksrsA vFkZ fudkyus
dh izfozQ;k esa izhizQuVy dksjVsDl (Prefrontal Cortex) 'kkfey gksrk gSA
Lofue foKku ;k mPpkj.k dh IkzfozQ;k esa fofHkUu Vsaiksjy {ks=k (Temporal
64 i<+uk gS le>uk
areas) 'kkfey gksrs gSaA fu%lansg ;s lHkh vè;;u fu"iknu] vFkZ&fu.kZ; vkSj
laca/ LFkkfir djus esa cgqr tfVy gaSA eksVs rkSj Ikj ;g izekf.kr fl¼karksa dk
vuqeksnu djrs gSa fd 'kCn dh fofHkUu fo'ks"krkvksa dk efLr"d Ikz.kkfy;ksa
osQ vyx&vyx tfVy lewgksa }kjk laxBu gksrk gSA okfjaxVu vkSj 'kSysl
(Warrington and Shallice) us raf=kdkeuksoSKkfud (Neuropsychological)
rF;ksa osQ vk/kj ij ;g rdZ fn;k gS fd 'kCn&:Ik (word form) dk
vFkZfoKku O;oLFkk (semantic system) ls vfHkxeu gksrk gS tks vFkZiw.kZrk
dk lzksr ekuk tkrk gSA
IkBu osQ n`';kRed i{kksa vkSj n`';kRed cks/ osQ tfVy raf=kdkoSKkfud
(Neurological) vk/kj osQ laca/ esa gq, vè;;u ij foyksT+k] Ød vkSj
dksjdkWl (Willows, Kruk And Corcos 1993) us ,d O;kid laikfnr ys[k
izLrqr fd;k gSA os ;g f'kdk;r djrs gSa fd gkyk¡fd izR;{k rkSj ij i<+uk
,d n`';kRed xfrfof/ gS] ysfdu Lofufed tkx:drk (Phonological
awareness) tSls fo"k;ksa dh rqyuk esa Ik<+us ds bl i{k ij cgqr de è;ku
fn;k tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd ;g ,d lVhd voyksdu gS] ysfdu fiQj Hkh laikndksa
us Ik<+us dh IkzfØ;k ds ,d igyw ij T+;knk T+kksj nsrs gq, iwoZKku rFkk lh[kus
,oa vFkZ dh lkekftd izo`Qfr osQ egRo dks vi;kZIr igpku nh gSA lSdM+ksa
vè;;uksa] ftudk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] esa ls vf/dka'k [kkl rkSj Ikj u Hkh
gksa rks Hkh izkFkfed :Ik ls bl ij osaQfnzr gSa fd vk¡[ksa D;k djrh gSaA fuf'pr
:i ls ,sls 'kks/ dh rqyuk esa ftlesa mn~ns'; rFkk Hkk"kkxr lhek,¡ 'kkfey
gksa &vk¡[ksa D;k djrh gSa & dsoy mls le>us ij dsafnzr 'kks/ dk;Z vf/d
dfBu] LkaHkor vizko`Qfrd gks tkrk gSA dksygkVZ (Coltheart 1987) us 700
Ik`"Bksa ds lkjka'k esa iBu osQ Ikzk;ksfxd rjhosQ] 'kCnksa dks igpkuuk] okD;ksa dk
vFkZ le>uk rFkk vk¡[kksa dh xfr laca/h fcanq 'kkfey fd, gSaA
eq>s ;gk¡ mYys[k djuk pkfg, fd ,sls lHkh vè;;u dk Hkk"kkarj.k cgqr
lko/kuhIkwwoZd djuk pkfg,A eSa mu vè;;uksa }kjk n'kkZ, tk jgs efLr"d osQ
^Jo.k&{ks=k* ls lger ugha gw¡ vFkok okLro esa i<+us osQ nkSjku laiw.kZ efLr"d
mifjorZuh; :i ls lfozQ; gksrk gS ;k rks nq"izHkko osQ :i esa ;k iwjs tokc osQ
fgLls osQ :i esaA xgu lS¼kafrd eqn~ns] fparu dh izo`Qfr rFkk efLr"d osQ dke
djus osQ rjhdksa vkfn dks gy fd, tkus dh vko';drk gS] blls igys fd
vFkZ dh igpku 65
euksoSKkfud ls euksoSKkfud ?kVukvksa dk vfrjsd gksA ÎkBu dk euksfoKku*

iqLrd dh leh{kk ftlesa raf=kdkeuksfoKku ij vR;f/d cy fn;k x;k gSA
vk¡[kksa dh xfr;ka
fo'ks"k :i ls] tc IkBu&xfr c<+rh gS rc fLFkj.k (fixation) gksus dh fLFkfr
o fof'k"V ozQe fo'oluh; ekxZn'kZd ugha gSa fd ikBd oSQls vFkZ xzg.k djrk
gSA (Bhd mlh rjg ftl rjg vlrr rjhds ls gekjh uT+kj ds ?kweus ds
ckotwn gekjs efLr"d esa iwjs dejs dk ,d lexz vkSj LFkk;h fp=k.k gksrk gSA
gkyk¡fd gekjh ?kwerh uT+kjsas bl ckr dk dksbZ fo'ks"k ladsr ugha nsrh gSaA) fiQj
Hkh] tLV ,oa dkjisaVj (Just and Carpenter 1980) us fLFkj.k&fcanqvksa osQ
vk/kj ij iBu dk u;k fl¼kar izLrqr djus dk nkok fd;k gSA fLFkj.k rFkk
vFkZxzg.k laca/h vU; ppkZvksa ds fy, dksylZ (Kolers 1976)] dhjSl rFkk
tLV (Kieras and Just 1984) tLV ,oa dkjisaVj (Just and Carpenter
1984) js;uj (Rayner 1983) rFkk xzksuj] esddksUdh rFkk esUt (Groner,
McConkie and Menz 1985) ns[ksaA js;uj rFkk ekWfjl (Rayners and Morris
1992) ;g nkok djrs gSa fd Ikz;ksx ;g n'kkZrs gSa fd ^vFkZlaca/h iwoZ&izde.k*
(semantic pre-processing) iBu esa vk¡[kksa dh xfr dks fu;af=kr ugha djrk
gSA bl ckr ds Hkh lk{; ns[ksa tk ldrs gSa fd vk¡[kksa dh xfr ij gq, iz;ksx
iBu osQ ckjs esa dqN ugha dgrsA
mi&LojksPpkj.k (sub-vocalization)
,MiSQYV (Edfeldt 1960) us fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd oqQ'ky ikBd deT+kksj IkkBd
dh vis{kk êkSu iBu* esa de 'kkfey gksrs gSA os ;g Hkh ekurs gSa fd dfBu
x|ka'k dh vis{kk vklku x|ka'k esa mi&LojksPpkj.k de gksrk gSA (ftlesa eq>s
yxrk gS fd ogh js[kkafdr dkjd izfrfcafcr gksrk gS& deT+kkssj ikBd osQ fy,
lHkh x| dfBu gksrs gSa)A Dyseu (Kleiman 1975) cgqr lko/kuhiwoZd fd,
x, ,d fu;af=kr vè;;u esa fn[kkrs gSa fd Hkk"k.k dk vfHkys[ku [kkl 'kCnksa
('kkfCnd igq¡p) dks le>us osQ fy, vko';d ugha gS ijarq og rc mi;ksxh
gksrk gS tc ^vFkkZRed ,dhdj.k* (semantic integration) fd;k tkrk gS ;k
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] tc ,d vYidkyhu Le`fr osQ Åij Hkkjh Hkjde ek¡x j[k nh
tk,A cSMyS] ,yfMªt ,oa yqbZl (Baddeley, Eldridge and Lewis 1981) us
66 i<+uk gS le>uk
rdZ fn;k fd ;|fi mi&LojksPpkj.k osQ }kjk Le`fr esa enn feyrh gS] iz;ksxksa
esa vuqfpr mPpkj.k dh vko';drk,¡ vYidkfyd Le`fr dks [kjkc dj nsrh
gSaA LokWulu (Swanson 1984) us Hkh fn[kk;k fd mi&LojksPpkj.k dh vko';drk
Le`fr ij Hkkj c<+us ls c<+rh tkrh gS (ftls mUgkasus Lofufed ^jhdksfMax*
(Phonological recoding) dgk gS) mnkgj.k osQ fy, ^vFkZ xzg.k djus okys
iz'u* osQ lanHkZ esaA ;g vko';drk Hkh ;qok IkkBdksa esa T+;knk gksrh gS ;k rc
tc iBu dfBu gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa Lofefud ^jhdksfMax* ls Ikgys
gh vFkZ xzg.k djus dh fozQ;k gks tkrh gS] fdlh nwljh rjg ls 'kCnksa dk
vFkZiw.kZ mi&LojksPpkj.k ugha gks ldrk A Ikx (Pugh 1978) rhoz iBu rFkk
mi&LojksPpkj.k dks gVkuk

nksuksa dh ppkZ djrs gSa vkSj fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd dksbZ Hkh vFkZ xzg.k djus
esa ck/k ugha MkyrkA
vvvvv

LowQyksa esa lk{kj cuuk lh[kuk
'kksHkk flUgk
vkT+kknh osQ igys osQ fnuksa ls gh Hkkjr esa T+;knk ls T+;knk yksxksa dks lk{kj cukus
osQ y{; dh vkdka{kk jgh gSA oSls] y{;ksa vkSj okLrfodrk osQ chp cM+h [kkbZ
gSA gkyk¡fd ;gk¡ lk{kjrk dk izfr'kr c<+k gS] ysfdu tula[;k esa fuj{kjksa dh
oqQy la[;k esa deh ugha vkbZ gSA okLro esa] vkt ;g igys ls dgha T+;knk
gks pqdh gSA lk{kj le>s tkus okys vf/dka'k yksx (tux.kuk osQ mnkj ekudksa
osQ dkj.k) tks Hkh i<+rs gSa] mldk vFkZ le>us esa l{ke ugha gksrsA bl fLFkfr
dks ysdj fd, x, vè;;u vkerkSj ij ?kj ls lacaf/r dkjdksa dh Hkwfedk
dks mtkxj rks djrs gSa] ysfdu lk{kjrk dh fujk'kktud fLFkfr dks le>us osQ
fygkT+k ls gesa LowQy ls lacaf/r dkjdksa ij Hkh leku :Ik ls è;ku nsus dh
T+k:jr gSA (oqQekj] 1992)
gekjs ns'k esa lk{kj cukus osQ fy, lqfo/k,¡ miyC/ djkus dh izkFkfed
fT+kEesnkjh LowQyksa Ikj gS] tks vf/dka'k cPpksa osQ fy, lh[kus dk ,dek=k LFkku
gSA gky¡kfd Hkk"kk&f'k{kk Ikj ppkZ djrs le; Hkh lk{kj cuuk lh[kus ij de
è;ku fn;k tkrk gSA izkjafHkd vkSj ekè;fed f'k{kk dh jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ %
:ijs[kk (,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] 1988) tks fd pfpZr LowQyh f'k{kk dh jk"Vªh;
IkkB~;p;kZ (,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] 2000)dk IkwoZorhZ nLrkosT+k gS] esa Hkh lk{kj cuuk
lh[kus dks cgqr de LFkku fn;k x;k gSA ;g nLrkosT+k cl bruk gh dgrk gS
fd] ^îzkFkfed Lrj osQ vkjafHkd nks lkyksa esa ----- cPps dks viuh ekr`Hkk"kk@
izknsf'kd Hkk"kk esa i<+uk&fy[kuk lh[kus osQ cqfu;knh dkS'ky gkfly djus
esa enn djuh pkfg,A** (i`"B la[;k] 22) ;g nLrkosT+k mPpkj.k] Loj osQ
mrkj&p<+ko] lqys[k vkSj orZuh osQ lkFk&lkFk cgqr la{ksi esa le> dk mYys[k
djrk gSA lk{kj cuuk lh[kus dks brus Hkh gyosQ rjhosQ ls ugha ysuk pkfg,]
D;ksafd lk{kj cuus esa vliQyrk gj rjg osQ 'kSf{kd foLrkj esa lh[kus dh
izfozQ;k ij vlj MkysxhA
Hkkjr osQ izkFkfed LowQyksa esa i<+uk&fy[kuk lh[kus ls lacaf/r lkexzh vkSj
mlosQ funsZ'kksa dh xq.koÙkk dks ns[kuk T+k:jh gSA LowQyksa esa vè;kiu dk osaQnz&fcanq
LowQyksa esa lk{kj cuuk lh[kuk 67
ikB~;iqLrosQa gSa] iQyLo:i ikB~;iqLrdksa osQ fo'ys"k.k ls Ikrk pysxk fd LowQyh

lanHkZ esa cPps lk{kj cuuk lh[kus osQ fy, fdl rjg osQ funsZ'k xzg.k djrs
gSaA izLrqr ys[k vkjafHkd d{kkvksa esa bLrseky gksus okyh IkkB~;iqLrdksa fganh
izosf'kdkvksa (Primers) ij osaQfnzr gSA
vf/dka'k Hkkjrh; d{kkvksa esa lk{kj cukus osQ fy, izosf'kdkvksa dk bLrseky
fd;k tkrk gS] ftUgsa [kklrkSj ij i<+uk fl[kkus osQ edln ls rS;kj fd;k tkrk
gSA cky lkfgR; tSlh nwljh iBu lkexzh osQ vHkko esa Ik<+uk fl[kkus esa ;s
izosf'kdk,¡ egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA izosf'kdk,¡ lk{kjrk dh IkkB~;p;kZ dk
vk/kj cukrh gSa vkSj ;g fu/kZfjr djrh gSa fd muosQ }kjk oSQls i<+k;k tk,A
,slh fLFkfr esa bldh vf/d laHkkouk gS fd xSj&lk{kj i`"BHkwfe ls vkus okys
cPpksa dks osQoy blh rjg osQ ikB ns[kus&lquus dks feysa vkSj bUgha ikBksa osQ
vk/kj ij i<+uk&fy[kuk lh[kus dh dq'kyrk gkfly dj os Ik<+uk lh[kus osQ
fo"k; esa viuh jk; cuk ysaA ,d ,sls ns'k esa] tgk¡ LowQyh thou osQ vkjafHkd
o"kksZa esa gh LowQy NksM+ nsus okyksa (drop out) dh nj cgqr vf/d gS vkSj
lk{kjrk nj cgqr de gS] bu IkkBksa dh Hkwfedk dgha T+;knk egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh
gSA blfy, budk ewY;kadu cgqr lko/kuh ls fd, tkus dh T+k:jr gSA izLrqr
ys[k esa] eSaus ekStwnk fganh izosf'kdkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k gS vkSj Ik<+us dh
tks lkexzh os miyC/ djkrh gSa] mudh xq.koÙkk dks vk¡dk gS vkSj ppkZ dh gS
fd D;k okdbZ ;s ikB NksVs cPPkksa osQ i<+uk&fy[kuk lh[kus esa enn djrs gSaA
ikjaifjd :i ls] i<+us dh ladh.kZ vo/kj.kkRed le> ;g Fkh fd i<+uk
^fMdksfMax* dh izfozQ;k gSA ;kuh fyf[kr Hkk"kk dk ekSf[kd (èoU;kRed)
lekukFkhZ [kkstuk gh î<+uk* gSA lk{kj cuuk lh[kus osQ lanHkZ esa tks iz/ku
n`f"Vdks.k Fkk (i<+uk lh[kus osQ fy, rS;kj gksuk) mlosQ vuqlkj Îk<+uk lh[kus*
dks ^fMdksM djuk* lh[kus osQ :i esa ns[kk x;k A T+kkfgj rkSj ij] rc i<+uk
lh[kus osQ fy, fn, tkus okys funsZ'kksa dk fufgrkFkZ Fkk& ^fMdksfMax* esa fuiq.krk
gkfly djukA i<+us ls tqM+s gq, midkS'kyksa esa ,d&,d djosQ fuiq.krk gkfly
djus ij ^fMdksfMax* esa fuiq.krk fey tkrh FkhA blosQ vykok] i<+uk lh[krs
le; Hkk"kk osQ iz;ksxkRed i{k dh ctk; mlosQ vkSipkfjd i{k ij T+kksj nsus
dh izo`fÙk Fkh ¹Vhy (Teale)vkSj lYT+kch (Sulzby)] 1986ºA
;fn lkexzh dh n`f"V ls ns[ksa] rks bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd bu izosf'kdkvksa osQ
ikBksa dk v{kj rFkk èofu;ksa osQ bnZ&fxnZ jpk x;k Fkk vkSj cPpksa ls ;g vis{kk
68 i<+uk gS le>uk
dh xbZ Fkh fd os v{kj o èofu osQ chp rkyesy cSBkus esa egkjr gkfly
djsa rFkk 'kCnksa dks ^fMdksM* djus (mudk vFkZ le>us) osQ fy, v{kjksa vkSj
èofu dks feykuk lh[ksaA bl rjg osQ lkexzh&fuekZ.k osQ IkhNs ;g ekU;rk Fkh
fd î<+uk lh[kuk* uhps ls mQij tkus dh izfozQ;k (Bottom-up approach)
gSA ftlesa NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa ls ,d lexz curk gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh vyx&vyx
VqdM+ksa dks ozQe'k% lh[kdj lexz dks lh[k ldrk gSA
gky osQ o"kksZa esa Ik<+us osQ bl uT+kfj, dks pqukSrh nh xbZ gSA ,d oSdfYid
uT+kfj, ûoksUes"kh lk{kjrk* (emergent literacy) us iz/kurk gkfly dh
gSA tks fd i<+us vkSj fodkl dh ,d fHkUu vkSj O;kid vo/kj.kk ij
vk/kfjr gSA lk{kjrk vc osQoy ^fMdksfMax* osQ :i esa gh ugha cfYd Ik<+us
dh Ikwjh fozQ;k osQ :i esa ns[kh tkrh gS] ftlesa le>uk Hkh 'kkfey gSA (eslu
(Mason) vkSj flUgk] 1993)A uoksUes"kh lk{kjrk dk uT+kfj;k ,sls vFkZiw.kZ
ikBksa ls laokn djus dh odkyr djrk gS] i<+uk&fy[kuk lh[kus] ftuesa vly
mís';ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk vkuan Hkh feys & ;g uT+kfj;k Hkk"kk osQ osQoy èofu i{k
ij è;ku ugha nsrk] cfYd Hkk"kk osQ lHkh i{kksa (vFkZ laca/h] okD;&foU;kl
laca/h vkSj vko`Qfr&èofu laca/h) Ikj cy nsrk gSA
bl ckr dk vuqns'kkRed fufgrkFkZ ;g gS fd cPps lh[kus dh izfozQ;k esa
lkFkZd :i ls 'kkfey gksa] u fd èofu;ksa dks ozQec¼ lh[kus dh fuiq.krk
gkfly djsa] tSlk fd Ikgys dk uT+kfj;k FkkA bl izdkj osQ lh[kus dks c<+kok
nsus osQ fy, vusd izkekf.kd fozQ;kdyki Hkh lq>k, x, gSaA ghcVZ (Hiebert)
(1994) osQ vuqlkj izkekf.kd fozQ;kdyki cPpksa dks vkuan vkSj vkilh
ckrphr osQ fy, lk{kjrk dk rRdky iz;skx djus esa enn djrs gSaA ;s LowQyksa
esa lk{kj cukus okys funsZ'kksa osQ <jsZ ij pyus okys fozQ;kdyki ugha gSa] ftlesa
fd lk{kjrk dk Hkfo"; osQ fdlh ,sls mi;ksx osQ edln ls VqdM+ksa esa vH;kl
djk;k tk,] ftls ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k x;k gksA (i`- 391)A blosQ lkFk gh
Ik<+us&fy[kus dks lh[kuk rc vf/d vklku gks tkrk gS tc og le>cw>
;qDr gks] fnypLi gks vkSj izklafxd gksA (xqMeSu (Goodman)] 1986)A
bl uT+kfj, esa lgt Hkk"kk osQ ,sls ikBksa osQ bLrseky dk lq>ko fn;k x;k gS
ftudk vankT+kk yxk;k tk losQ vkSj os fnypLi Hkh gksa] yfdu mudh Hkk"kk
igys dh rjg cukoVh fdLe dh u gksA
izLrqr ys[k esa] uoksUes"kh lk{kjrk osQ uT+kfj, ls gky gh esa izdkf'kr fganh dh
nl izosf'kdkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA fo'ys"k.k osQ igys pj.k esa IkkBksa
dh lajpuk vkSj muesa i<+uk&fy[kuk lh[kus dks ysdj tks iwoZ /kj.kk,¡ dke
dj jgh gaS] mudh igpku dh xbZ gSA fo'ys"k.k dk nwljk pj.k bu IkkBksa dh
fo"k;oLrq] 'kSyh vkSj jkspdrk osQ Lrj dk vkdyu djrk gSA
(v) ikBksa dh lajpuk & buosQ fo'ys"k.k ls irk pyrk gS fd ikjaifjd èofu
Ik¼fr Ikj T+k:jr ls T+;knk fuHkZjrk gSA izosf'kdkvksa osQ lHkh vè;k; oqQN
[kkl&[kkl o.kksZa (fo'ks"k :i ls Lojksa) osQ bnZ&fxnZ x<+s x, gaSA lkekU;r%
os fganh o.kZekyk osQ ozQe esa fn, x, gaSA 'kk;n gh dgha og ozQe cnyk gSA
lHkh Ikzosf'kdkvksa esa] vè;k;ksa dh 'kq#vkr 'kCnksa dh lwph (dHkh&dHkh fp=kksa
osQ lkFk) ls gksrh gSA 'kCnksa dk p;u èofu;ksa dh lekurk osQ vk/kj ij
fd;k x;k gS vkSj fo"k;oLrq osQ fglkc ls mudk vkil esa dksbZ tqM+ko ugha
gSA mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij & (v) dkj] Hkkr] lkxj] ljdkj] nek] 'kke] ryokj]
lky vkSj dkyk & ;s 'kCn ,d gh ikB esa lwphc¼ gSa] D;ksafd mu lcesa ^vk*
èofu gS (tSls dkj esa ^vk* dh èofu)A (f'k{kk Hkkjrh] i`- 12) (c) feBkl]
flrkj] ckfj'k] ikfy'k] rfd;k] fcyko] nkfguk] fyiQkIkQk] [kfV;k] fVfd;k]
ukfj;y] 'kfuokj] jfookj] lkbfdy & bu 'kCnksa dks ,d gh ikB esa fn, tkus
dk vk/kj ;gh gS fd bu lcesa ^b* Loj gS (Kku xaxk izosf'kdk] i`- 37)A
cPpksa dks bu 'kCnksa dks Ik<+uk (mPpkj.k djuk) gksrk gS vkSj fiQj mUgsa oqQN
okD; i<+us osQ fy, fn, tkrs gSaA 'kCnksa dh lwph lkekU; :i ls dki+Qh yach
gksrh gS (,d gh izosf'kdk easa yxHkx 84 'kCn)A 'kCnksa dk p;u èofu osQ
vk/kj Ikj gksrk gS u fd vFkZ osQ vk/kj IkjA 'kCnksa esa fo"k;xr tqM+ko ugha
gksrk gS vkSj vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij Hkh os vlac¼ gksrs gSaA blfy, Ik<+us dk
,dek=k mn~ns'; ;kaf=kd rjhd ls èofu dk vH;kl Hkj djuk gksrk gSA ;fn
dksbZ mu 'kCnksa dks i<+us dk iz;kl djrk gS rks urhtk cgqr Fkdk&ÅckÅ
gksrk gSA
vè;k;kas esa 'kCnksa dh lwph osQ ckn oqQN okD; fn, x, gSaA bu okD;ksa dh
jpuk mu o.kksZa vkSj Lojksa dh ls dh xbZ gS] ftUgsa cPpk rc rd lh[k pqdk
gksrk gSA bu okD;ksa esa fdlh o.kZ fo'ks"k ls cuusokys yxHkx lHkh ;k vf/
dre 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,& ljyk
b/j vkA ckT+kkj tkdj xktj dk gyok ykA ekrk dk dguk ekuA ued er
[kkA jek viuk le; [kjkc er djA ckT+kkj tkdj cknke yk (f'k{kk Hkkjrh
70 i<+uk gS le>uk
Ikzosf'kdk] i`-13)A bu okD;ksa esa vf/drj ,d 'kCnksa esa ^vk* Loj gS] tcfd
ckdh 'kCn fiNys vè;k;ksa esa lh[ks tk pqosQ gSaA buesa ^b* ;k ^vks* Loj dk
bLrseky ugha gqvk gS] D;ksafd os vkxs osQ vè;k;ksa esa vk,¡xsA ;gk¡ èofu;ksa
dk vH;kl vkSj ^fMdksM* djuk lh[kuk gh izkFkfed mn~ns'; gSA ;g vf/d
egRoiw.kZ ugha gS fd ikB dk vFkZ D;k gS] izk;% okD; ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gq,
ugha gSa (bl ij vkxs foLrkj ls ppkZ dh tk,xh)A oqQNsd IkkBksa esa o.kZ&èofu
osQ lkFk fo"k;OkLrq dk Hkh è;ku j[kk x;k gS] tSls& cky Hkkjrh Ükà[kyk dh
fdrkcsaA
pw¡fd Hkk"kk dh mit èofu fo'ks"k osQ }kjk funsZf'kr ugha gksrh gS] blfy,
muosQ vk/kj Ikj cuk, x, IkkB cgqr gh vlarks"ktud cus gSaA fo"k;oLrq] 'kSyh
vkSj jkspdrk dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij bu IkkBksa osQ lkFk rhu izeq[k leL;k,¡ uT+kj
vkrh gSa& fujFkZdrk] vLokHkkfod Hkk"kk vkSj v#fpdj@vizklafxd fo"k;oLrqA
(c) fo"k;oLrq &
fujFkZd IkkB & èofu fo'ks"k dk bLrseky djus dh ckè;rk jgus osQ
dkj.k Ikwjs ikB osQ vFkZ dks uT+kjvankT+k dj fn;k tkrk gS] ftldk
urhtk gksrk gS izk;% vViVs ls ikBA izR;sd ikB esa fn, x, okD;ksa
dks Hkh blh roZQ osQ vk/kj Ikj x<+k tkrk gSA 'kCnksa dh lwph vkSj
dHkh&dHkh okD;ksa dk Hkh fo"k;oLrq ls dksbZ tqM+ko ugha gksrk gSA
muosQ p;u dk ,dek=k vk/kj èofu gksrk gS] vFkZ ughaA iwjs IkkB dh
lajpuk vFkZ osQ izfr ?kksj mis{kk n'kkZrh gSA mi;qDr èofu ;kstuk esa
okD; tc rd lVhd cSBrs gSa] rc rd blls dksbZ eryc ugha gksrk
fd mu okD;ksa ls dksbZ vFkZ fudy jgk gS ;k ughaaA
vViVs okD;& izosf'kdkvksa esa vViVs okD;ksa osQ vusd mnkgj.k gaSA
èofu fo'ks"k osQ iz;ksx dh ckè;rk rFkk vFkZ dh iw.kZ vuns[kh osQ
dkj.k] vthcks&xjhc okD;ksa dh jpuk dh xbZ gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ]
(d) izosf'kdk,¡ ^v* (tks fd Loj Hkh gS) o.kZ fl[kkus okys ikB ls 'kq:
gksrh gSaA mUgsa fcuk ek=kk okys 'kCnksa osQ :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA
muesa Hkys gh la;qDr O;atu u gksa] ysfdu Loj jgrs gSaA
dgA bZ'k dgA vksl dgA (cky eatjh] i`- 13)
vke ij p<+A (nhiw fganh jhMj] i`- 17)
,d vkSjr vkbZA og Nr ij xbZA [kVey idM+ dj mrj vkbZA (Hkk"kk

lkxj izosf'kdk] i`- 20)
([k) ^b* ij vk/kfjr ikB& fxykl flj ij er j[kA (banz/uq"k Loj
ekyk] i`-19)
(x) ^vks* ij vk/kfjr ikB& eksVs ?kksMs+ ls MjksA NksVs&?kksMs+ ls Mjuk mfpr
ugha gSA (Hkk"kk cks/] i`- 38)
(?k) ^j* ij vk/kfjr ikB& liZ er cuA (Hkk"kk lkxj izosf'kdk] i`-14)
vlac¼ ikB& ikBksa dk fo"k;oLrq ls tqM+ko ugha gksus dks dkj.k Hkh
fujFkZdrk dks c<+kok gSA blesa Hkh 'kCnksa vkSj okD;ksa dks x<+s tkus dk
vk/kj èofu gS] vFkZ ugha A pw¡fd lHkh okD; ,d&nwljs ls iwjh rjg
Lora=k gksrs gSa] blfy, ikBd dks i<+rs le; muosQ lanHkZ ls dksbZ
lgk;rk ugha feyrhA ;fn ikBd okD; dks i<+ Hkh ik, rks Hkh ;s ikB
vFkZ&fuekZ.k esa ennxkj ugha gksrsA tSlk fd vkxs fn, x, mnkgj.kksa
ls Li"V gS &
(d) ^v* Loj ij vk/kfjr ikB& vksl ij pyA iFk ij er FkdA ty
Fky uHk ij er FkdA vc py ;K djA (ljl 'kCn cks/]i`-8)
([k) ^bZ* Loj ij vk/kfjr ikB& ohj cuA rhj pykA xhr xkA yM+dh
unh xbZ A og eNyh yk,xhA
tyijh dh dgkuh dg A yM+kbZ er dj A
cdjh Hkkxh A gkFkh vk;k A yM+dh fxjh A
phy mM+h A ukuh dh NM+h fudy iM+h A (fganh jhMj] i`-13)
vkerkSj ij izosf'kdkvksa osQ vkjafHkd ikBksa esa vlac¼ okD;ksa dh
la[;k vf/d gS D;ksafd muesa lhfer Loj o.kksZa dk bLrseky fd;k
tkrk gS A
x) v/wjh dgkfu;k¡& dHkh&dHkh dqN okD; lac¼ ls fn[krs gSa] ysfdu
dgkuh osQ rkj tqM+s jgas ;k dgkuh dks vkxs c<+k;k tk,] bldh ckè;rk
ys[kd eglwl ugha djrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,&
v) ^m* Loj ij vk/kfjr ikB& ,d dNqvk FkkA og ;equk unh ij x;kA
dNqvk iqy ij p<+ x;kA og cgqr /heh pky pykA cqycqy vkA
iqQj& iqQj djrh mM+rh tkA (f'k{kk Hkkjrh] i`-19)
bl izlax esa dgkuh dks v/wjk gh NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA vafre nks okD;ksa
72 i<+uk gS le>uk
dk igys osQ okD;ksa ls dksbZ ysuk&nsuk ugha gSA nqHkkZX;o'k] ,sls ikBksa
dh deh ugha gSA bu ikBksa esa vFkZ dh tks vuns[kh dh xbZ gS] og
xaHkhj fpark dk fo"k; gSA i<+us dk eryc D;k gS] mls ysdj ;s ikB
osQoy xyr /kj.kk cuk ldrs gSa vkSj dqN ugha A bu ikBksa dks i<+us
esa vo'; gh dfBukbZ gksxh] D;ksafd i<+uk rks vFkZ xzg.k djus dh
fozQ;k gS vkSj ;s ikB mudh xqatkb'k gh ugha j[krs A
'kSyh&o`Qf=ke Hkk"kk& (d) osQoy èofu ij è;ku fn, tkus dk urhtk
;g gksrk gS fd Hkk"kk dk <jkZ cM+k cukoVh gks tkrk gSA okD; izk;%
VwVs&iwQVs gksrs gSa vkSj muesa izokg ugha gksrkA ,slk vkjafHkd ikBksa esa
vf/d fn[krk gS] D;ksafd ogk¡ pqfuank o.kksZa osQ iz;ksx dks ysdj ncko
vf/d gksrk gS A
okD;ksa dh jpuk lhfer èofu;ksa dk bLrseky djosQ gh gksrh gS]
tks rc rd lh[kh tk pqdh gksrh gS] ^vkvks] [kkuk [kkvks* ikB dk
fuEufyf[kr va'k blh ckr dks n'kkZrk gSA
vkvks] deyk vkvksA vkvks] enu vkvksA [kkuk cu x;k A ehjk dks
lkFk ykvks A vkvks] [kkuk [kkvksA lc feydj [kkuk [kkvks A vkvks]
ehjk dks lkFk ykvksA vkvks] [kkuk [kkvksA ekrk th nky&pkoy nksA
yks ehjk] nky&pkoy yksA lkx yks] pVuh yksA enu] jksVh yks] jk;rk
yksA [kkuk pck&pckdj [kkvksA (cky Hkkjrh] Hkkx&1 i`-36&37)
([k) ikB esa yxkrkj ifjorZu fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ikB
vkns'kkRed okD;ksa dh Üka`[kyk ls cnydj o.kZukRed okD; ij vk
tkrk gS vkSj fiQj nksckjk vkns'kkRed okD;ksa dh Üka`[kyk 'kq: gks tkrh
gSA ikBksa esa ,slk ckj&ckj fn[kuk lkekU;&lh ckr gSA ftlesa i<+us dk
vuqHko cM+k csrqdk&lk gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ^m* Loj o.kZ ij
vk/kfjr ikB nsf[k, &
iqy ij tkA xqelqe uk jgA xqu&xqu er djA Nqidj ckr er lquA
dqyh lkeku yk;kA njokT+kk [kqyk FkkA equequ vkokT+k lqudj vkbZA
lkeku nqdku dk FkkA mldk HkkbZ xqfM+;k yk;k FkkA og cgqr [kq'k
gqbZA cqf<+;k dgkuh lqukrh FkhA xqykc pquA gkiqM+ dk lkcqu ykA equequ
iqy ij cVqvk uk j[kA eqfu dh dqfV;k tkA cqf<+;k :bZ ykbZA diM+k
cquA (banz/uq"k Loj ekyk] i`- 27)
;gk¡ ikB vkns'kkRed okD;ksa dh Üka`[kyk ls 'kq: gksrk gS vkSj o.kZukRed

okD;ksa esa rCnhy gks tkrk gS] mlosQ ckn fiQj ls vkns'kkRed okD;ksa
ij ykSV vkrk gSA
(x) fganh esa dqN èofu;ksa dk yxkrkj cgqr vf/d iz;ksx ugha gksrk gS]
tSls ^Í*A fiQj Hkh o.kZekyk esa gksus osQ dkj.k bl ij ikB cuk, tkrs
gSaA mu ikBksa esa cgqr laLo`Qrfu"B fganh fn[krh gS] pw¡fd 'kCnkoyh osQ
fygkt ls ;g vklku ugha gS] blfy, gSjkuh gksrh gS fd cPps ,sls
ikB dk D;k vFkZ le>saxsA mnkgj.k osQ fy, &
fdlh ls ?k`.kk er djksA r`.k e`x dk Hkkstu gSA e`x o`{k ij ugha p<+
ldrkA i`Foh osQ tho&tarqvksa ij o`Qik djks A fdlh ij O;FkZ nks"k er yxkvksA
(Kku xaxk izosf'kdk] i`- 66)
;g ikB ^Í* èofu ij vk/kfjr gSA bl èofu dk iz;ksx djus dh

vfuokZ;rk osQ dkj.k csgn laLd`rfu"B vusd 'kCn ikB esa bLrseky gSa] tSls
&r`.k] e`x o`{k] O;FkZA bu lHkh 'kCnksa osQ LFkku Ikj vklku ls 'kCn fganh esa
bLrseky djus osQ fy, ekStwn gSa] ftuls cPps Hkh vf/d ifjfpr gSaA ysfdu
bUgha 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djus dh vko';drk fliZQ blfy, gS] D;ksafd buesa ^Í*
èofu dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA bl èofu dks ikB esa txg nsus osQ fy, 'kCnksa ls
ifjp; ;k mudh dfBurk osQ Lrj dh vuns[kk dj nh tkrh gS A
;g Li"V gS fd ikB fy[krs le; ys[kd 'kSyh dh nf`"V ls iBuh;rk dks
egRo ugha nsrs gSaA ftu nckoksa osQ pyrs os ikBksa dh jpuk djrs gSa] mlls
mudk ys[ku vfuok;Z :Ik ls cukoVh gks tkrk gSA T+kkfgj gS fd ,sls ikBksa ls
i<+uk&fy[kuk fl[kkus esa ck/k iM+sxh] D;ksafd lgt] LokHkkfod Hkk"kk cPpksa
dks i<+rs le; gS Hkk"kk laca/h vius iwoZKku dk bLrseky djus esa enn djrh
gSA Hkk"kk dk ,slk Lo:Ik ftlls cPps iwjh rjg vifjfpr gksa rFkk ftlesa dksbZ
izokg u gks] cPpksa dks lk{kj cukus osQ lk/uksa ls dkVdj ,dne vyx dj
ldrk gSA i<+uk lh[k jgs cPpksa dks lk{kjrk osQ T+kfj, vifjfpr ekè;e ,oa
dfBu Hkk"kk ls tw>uk gksxkA
vizklafxd@uhjl ikB& blosQ fy, 'kk;n gh dHkh iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS fd
dksbZ ikB cPPkksa osQ fy, izklafxd gks ;k jkspd gksA tSlk fd igys Hkh dgk
74 i<+uk gS le>uk
tk pqdk gS fd lkFkZd ikBksas dh jpuk osQ fy, cgqr de iz;kl fd;k tkrk
gS] blfy, ikBksa dks vizklafxd vkSj uhjl gksuk gh gSA tc fdlh [kkl fo"k;
ij Hkh ikBkas dh jpuk dh dksf'k'k dh tkrh gS] rc Hkh os 'kk;n gh fnypLi
gksrs gksa] D;ksafd ys[ku 'kSyh vkSj dFkk&rRo ij cgqr de è;ku fn;k tkrk gSA
(d) vdlj ikBksa esa vkns'kkRed okD;ksa dh Hkjekj gksrh gSA tSls] ^vks*
Loj ij vk/kfjr ikB dk fuEufyf[kr va'k blh ckr dks n'kkZrk gS&
<ksy ctkvksA pksj HkxkvksA 'kksj u epkvksA ikB'kkyk pyksA fdrkc
[kksyksA cksydj i<+ksA ns[kdj fy[kksA rksrs dks jke&jke jVus nksA dksV
iguksA Vksih iguksA eksVj ykvksA (fganh jhMj i`- 19)
yxHkx lHkh izosf'kdkvksa esa] blh 'kSyh esa ikB fy[ks x, gSaA ;g 'kSyh
cPPkksa osQ ,sls vkMacj dks n'kkZrh gSA ftlesa cPps vkns'kksa dk ikyu
djus osQ fy, foo'k gSaA bldh laHkkouk de gh gS fd ,sls ikB cPpksa
dh fnypLih c<+kus okys ;k i<+us yk;d yxsaA
([k) dHkh&dHkh mudk ygT+kk cM+k gh nk'kZfud vkSj uSfrdrkiw.kZ gksrk gSA
bldh cgqr de mEehn jgrh gS fd ,sls ikBksa esa cPpksa dks vkuan
vk,xk] tSls & fu/Zu esa bZ'oj osQ n'kZu djA ci+ZQ dh rjg fueZy cuA
fuHkZ; jgA 'keZukd ekxZ ls cpA tqeZ er djA ckr dk eeZ le>A
(Hkk"kk lkxj izosf'kdk] i`- 14)
(x) fo"k;oLrq ls laxfr j[kus okys ikBkssa rd esa vdlj u eT+kk jgrk gS
vkSj u gh jlA muesa dFkk rRo dk vHkko jgrk gS vkSj ikB dks jkspd
cukus dh fpark ugha dh tkrhA cky lkfgR; osQ eqdkcys ;s ikB cgqr
deT+kksj lkfcr gksrs gSaA bldh mEehn de gh gS fd ,sls ikBksa dks
i<+us osQ fy, cPps mRlkfgr gksaxs ftUgsa cPpksa osQ uT+kfj, ls rS;kj ugha
fd;k x;k gks ;k ftlesa mudh fnypLih dh dksbZ lkexzh ugha gksA
bu ikBksa ls irk pyrk gS fd èofu osQ izfr ,dek=k yxko osQ dkj.k
Hkk"kk osQ vU; igyw vNwrs jg tkrs gSaA i<+us vkSj lk{kj cuuk lh[kus
dh izfozQ;k esa tks ekU;rk fufgr gS] og i<+us (i<+us dh rS;kjh)
dks ysdj uoksUes"kh lk{kjrk osQ vk/qfud fopkjksa osQ eqdkcys] iqjkus
fopkjksa osQ vf/d uT+knhd gSA ;g roZQ fn;k tk ldrk gS fd ;s ikB
i<+uk&fy[kuk lh[kus dks c<+kok nsus osQ ctk; mls gh ckf/r djrs
gSaA blls cPpksa rd ;gh lans'k igq¡prk gS fd i<+uk ,d fujFkZd vkSj
uhjl xfrfof/ gS ftldk uk rks mudh fT+kanxh ls dksbZ tqM+ko gS vkSj

tks uk gh ml Hkk"kk ls esy [kkrh gS] tks Hkk"kk os igys ls tkurs gSaA
;g lans'k [kkldj mu cPpksa osQ fy, [krjukd gS] ftudk Ldwy osQ
ckgj lk{kjrk ls cgqr de okLrk iM+rk gS vkSj tks lk{kj cuus osQ
fy, iwjh rjg ls Ldwyksa ij gh fuHkZj gSA
laKkukRed n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh ;s ikB leL;kvksa ls f?kjs gSaA igys midkS'kyksa
dks lh[kuk vkSj fiQj vFkZiw.kZ ikBksa dks i<+us osQ fy, mUgsa ,d&,d dj
tksM+us dk bartkj djuk] 'kk;n gh i<+uk lh[kus dks dksbZ le>iw.kZ rjhdk gSA
i<+us osQ fy, mUgsa ,d&,d dj tksM+us dk bartkj djuk] 'kk;n gh i<+uk
lh[kus dk dksbZ le>iw.kZ rjhdk gSA i<+us osQ eq[; iz;kstu (ekStwnk lanHkZ esa
vkuan) dh iwjh rjg vuns[kh dj nh xbZA ;s ikB fuf'pr gh cPpksa ls ;g
vis{kk djrs gSa fd os igys i<+uk lh[k ysa rFkk Hkfo"; esa deh mu dkS'kyksa
dk iz;ksx djus dh izrh{kk djsaA
gkyk¡fd lk{kjrk ,d egRoiw.kZ eqík gS] fiQj Hkh ;g vk'p;Z dh ckr gS

fd lk{kjrk dks dkjxj cukus okyh izfozQ;kvksa dks bruh dBksjrk ls uT+kjvankT+k
fd;k x;kA ,slk ugha gS fd fl¼kar cukus esa izxfr vkSj lk{kj cuuk lh[kus
esa 'kks/] ;gk¡ rd fd blls tqM+s uT+kfj, esa vkus okys cM+s cnyko] dksbZ gky
dh ?kVuk,¡ gSaA rc loky mBrk gS fd ftl ns'k esa lk{kjrk bruk cM+k eqík
gS] ogk¡ bu cnykoksa ij è;ku vkf[kj D;ksa ugha fn;k x;kA lk{kjrk laca/h
vk/qfud uT+kfj, Hkkjr esa vuqns'kkukRed ekgkSy dks vkf[kj izHkkfor D;ksa ugha
dj ik, gSa \
blfy,] lk{kj cuuk lh[kus dh izo`Qfr ij ppkZ djus osQ fy, vkSj Ldwy
esa bls fdlh roZQlaxr fcanq ij 'kq: djus osQ fy, ;g cgqr vko';d gS fd
uoksUes"kh lk{kjrk osQ uT+kfj, osQ vk/kj ij Bksl ifjorZu fd, tk,¡A bls Hkh
fiQj ls ifjHkkf"kr djus dh T+k:jr gS fd ,d vklku ikB dk eryc D;k gSA
;fn dksbZ ikB ,d le; esa osQoy ,d èofu i<+kus dk y{; ysdj pyrk gS]
rks og ikB vklku ugha gSA bl ys[k esa tks mnkgj.k fn, x, gSa] os rks fuf'pr
gh ;g n'kkZrs gSa fd ;g i¼fr ikB dks cPpksa dh igq¡p ls nwj ys tkrh gSA
76 i<+uk gS le>uk
Goodman, K. 1966. What’s Whole in Whole Language? Heinemann,

Portsmouth. NH.
Hiebert. E.H. 1994. Becoming Literate Through Authentic Tasks:
Evidence and Adaptations, in R.B. Ruddell. M.R. Ruddell,
and H. Singer (eds.). Theoretical Models and Processes of
Reading (4th ed., pp.391-413). IRA, Newark.
Kumar, K. 1992. What is Worth Teaching? Orient Longman, New
Delhi.
Mason, J.M. and S.Sinha. 1993. Emerging Literacy in the Early
Childhood Years: Applying a Vygotskin Model of Learning
and Development. In B. Spodek (ed.), Handbook of Research
on the Education of Young Children. Macmillan, pp.137-150,
New York.
National Curriculum for Elementary and Secondary Education: A
Framework.1988. NCERT, new Delhi.
Teale, W. and E. Sulzby.1986. Introduction: Emergent Literacy as
a Perspective for Examining How Young Children Become
Writers and Readers, in W.Teale and E. Sulzby (eds.),
Emergent Literacy: Writing and Reading.pp.vii-xxv. NJ:
Ablex.Norwood.
Primers, Bhasha Bodh.1998. Teesra Kadam. Neeta, New Delhi.
(na/nd). Deepu Hindi Praveshika. Deepu Prakashan, Delhi.
(na/nd). Gyan Ganga Praveshika. Suman Prakashan, New Delhi.
Bakshi, G.D. Bhasha Sagar Praveshika. Trisea Publicaitons,
Saharanpur, India.
Jaishree, R. 1998. Bal Manjri Varnamel. Bharati Bhavan, Patna.
Malhotra, M. Saras Shabda Bodh. Holyfaith International,New
Delhi, India.
Mehta,R. Indradhanush Swar Mala. Delhi: Three Star Publications,
India.
Rani, R. 1991. Hindi Reader, Part O. Bharati Bhavan, Patna.

Vidyalankar, A., S. Ludra and S. Verma.1997. Bal Bharati. Bhag
1. NCERT, New Delhi.
Vikal, K. and A, Dhingra.1999. Shiksha Bharati Praveshika. Sony
Publications, New Delhi.
vvvvv
Îk<+us* osQ ckjs esa

T;wfMFk ,e- U;weSu
yacs le; ls vè;kid fo|kfFkZ;kas osQ ÎkBu osQ izokg* dks ysdj fpafrr jgs
gSaA ;g Li"V gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks muosQ iwjs fo|ky;h thou osQ nkSjku IkBu
osQ laca/ esa fujarj lqfu;ksftr funsZ'k nsrs jgus dh vko';drk gS] D;ksafd
vf/dka'k fo|kFkhZ i<+us osQ fy, nh xbZ fofHkUu iBu&lkexzh dks 'kk;n
Bhd ls le> ugha ikrsA fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ iBu&Ikzokg esa lq/kj vaxzsT+kh ;k fIkQj
Hkk"kk d{kkvksa osQ f'k{k.k Ikj gh fuHkZj ugha djrk cfYd egRoiw.kZ ;g gS fd
IkBu&funsZ'kksa dks laiw.kZ ikB~;p;kZ esa LFkku fn;k tk, iBu dkS'ky osQ fodkl
dks izksRlkfgr djus osQ fy, lkspuk gksxk fd ge funZs'kksa dks IkkB~;p;kZ osQ
vuqdwy dSls cuk,¡A lkFk gh iBu&funsZ'kksZa dks fo"k;xr vè;kiu esa lkek;ksftr
djus osQ mu rjhdksa dks Hkh [kkstuk gksxk tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ i<+us osQ fy,
vko';d iwoZKku fodflr djus esa lgk;d gksa] ftlls fo|kFkhZ og lc i<+
ldsa tks ge mUgsa i<+us osQ fy, nsuk pkgrs gSaA
pfy,] i<+us dh izfozQ;k Ikj fopkj djus dh 'kq#vkr djsasA vke /kj.kk ;g
gS fd iBu&izfozQ;k dh 'kq#vkr fyf[kr lkexzh ls gksrh gSA vko`Qfr ua-1 dks
è;ku ls ns[ksaA Ikgyh uT+kj esa vko`Qfr le> esa ugha vkrhA ,slk D;ksa gS\ bl
Ik`"B dks ns[kus ls gekjh vk¡[ksa rks lwpuk xzg.k dj jgh gSa ij fiQj Hkh dqN
,slk gS tks NwV x;k gSA ;gk¡ mu O;k[;kRed lwpukvksa dk vHkko gS] ftudk
gksuk T+k:jh FkkA ;fn eSa vkils ;g dgw¡ fd ;g vko`Qfr ,d 'kCn gS rks vkieas
ls dqN yksx mls 'kCn osQ :Ik esa ns[ksaxsA ;fn blesa ;g lwpuk Hkh tksM+ nw¡ fd
;g 'kCn dkys jax dh i`"BHkwfe ij li+sQn ls fy[kk x;k gS rks dqN vkSj yksx
Hkh bls le> ik,¡xsA vkSj gks ldrk gS fd vkidks le>kus osQ fy, eq>s ;g
crkuk iM+s fd ;g 'kCnART gS vkSj rc vki bl vko`Qfr dks igpku ik,¡xsA

78 i<+uk gS le>uk
vko`Qfr&1
;g mnkgj.k ns[kus osQ laca/ esa bl cqfu;knh ckr dh vksj ladsr djrk gS
fd ^ns[kuk* ek=k ,d n`';kRed izfozQ;k ugha gS ¹dksykZl (Kolers)] 1969º
vkSj u gh Ik<+ukA dqN lwpuk,¡ ge viuh vk¡[kksa }kjk fyf[kr lkexzh ls izR;{k
:Ik ls xzg.k dj ysrs gSaA IkSzQad fLeFk (1971) us bls ^n`';kRed lwpuk* dgk
gSA ij ;g lwpuk dk ,dek=k lzksr ugha gSA cgqr&lh lwpuk,¡ gekjs efLr"d esa
;knnk'r osQ :i esa lafpr jgrh gSa] ftudk ge i<+us osQ le; mi;ksx djrs gSaA
pw¡fd ;s lwpuk,¡ gekjh vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus ugha gksrha blfy, fLeFk (1971) bUgsa
^xSj n`';kRed lwpuk,¡* dgrs gSaA ge tks dqN Hkh i<+ jgs gSa] mls le>us osQ
fy, fyf[kr lkexzh osQ izR;sd fgLls dks igpkuuk vfuok;Z ugha gSA gekjh xSj
n`';kRed lwpuk,¡ (mnkgj.k osQ fy, ifjos'k osQ ckjs esa gekjh tkudkjh vkSj
Hkk"kk o mldh lajpuk osQ ckjs esa le>) fyf[kr lkexzh osQ izfr n`f"Vdks.k
dks izHkkfor djrh gS rFkk gekjh le> dks c<+kus esa fo'ks"k ;ksxnku nsrh gSA
uhps fn, x, fyf[kr fpg~u }kjk bls le>us dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA
B
bl vko`Qfr dh le> mlosQ Ikz;ksx osQ lanHkZ Ikj fuHkZj djrh gSA bl mnkgj.k
esa ns[ksa%
;gk¡ ge bls ,d v{kj dh rjg ns[krs gSa] tc ;g bl izdkj vk, rks&

Îk<+us* osQ ckjs esa 79
ge bls nks vadksa osQ :i dh rjg ns[krs gSa! n`';kRed lwpuk rks ,d&lh gh
gS Ikjarq vFkZ esa varj dk dkj.k xSjn`';kRed lwpuk,¡ gSaA
l{ke IkkBd cuus dh izfozQ;k osQ nkSjku iwoZKku osQ iz;ksx }kjk lVhd]
izklafxd] eqfnzr ladsrksa dk p;u dSls djsa] ;g dkS'ky fodflr gksrk gSA iBu
lkexzh ij gesa fdruk è;ku nsuk gS ;g gj fLFkfr esa ,d&lk ugha jgrkA ;fn
gekjs Ikkl xSj n`';kRed lwpuk,¡ miyC/ gSa rks eqfnzr lkexzh ij vis{kko`Qr
vf/d è;ku nsus dh t+:jr ugha gksxhA blosQ foijhr ;fn iwoZKku i;kZIr ugha
gS rks izR;sd Ik`"B dks i<+us osQ fy, vf/d le; o iz;kl dh t+:jr gksxhA
iBu lkexzh osQ fo"k; esa Ikgys ls ftruh vf/d tkudkjh gksxh î<+uk* mruk
gh vklku gks tk,xk vkSj iwoZ tkudkjh ftruh de gksxh] le>uk mruk gh
dfBu gksxkA
fyf[kr Hkk"kk dks le>us osQ fy, gekjs }kjk iz;qDr vo/kj.kkRed lwpuk,¡
cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA cgqr ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks pkgs os NksVs gksa ;k cM+s]
fo|ky;ksa esa nh tkus okyh lkexzh i<+us esa dfBukbZ vkrh gSA ,slk blfy,
ugha gS fd os i<+uk ugha tkurs cfYd ,slk blfy, gS] D;ksafd muosQ Ikkl
^xSjn`';kRed lwpukvksa* dk vHkko gSA i;kZIr xSjn`';kRed lwpuk,¡ u gksuk
,d vke ckr gSA
fuEufyf[kr vuqPNsn ij xkSj djrs gSa&
“In this example the modulation to E isA passing modulation. The
suspension in the inside voice is helpful inAvoiding the cadential
effectAt each final chord of the pattern. The first transposition
moves downA major thirdAnd the second downA minor third, it
being impossible to divide the interval ofA perfect fifth (from the
intitial key, G-sharp, to the desired destination, C-sharp) into two
equal parts [Piston 1962.]
ftl rjg ^ÂRT** fpg~u o 13 dh la[;k ;k B dk vkHkkl djkus okys nks
mnkgj.k geus ns[ksA bl vuqPNsn dks le>us osQ fy, ftl rjg dh lwpuk,¡
80 i<+uk gS le>uk
gesa pkfg,] os bl i`"B ij miyC/ ugha gSaA bl vuqPNsn dks le>us osQ fy,
gesa Loj&ozQe dh dqN tkudkjh gksuk vko';d gSA ;|fi gesa ;g vkHkkl gks
tkrk gS fd ge laxhr osQ ckjs esa i<+ jgs gSa] ijarq Loj&laxfr dks le>us osQ
fy, iz;qDr IkfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa dh tkudkjh osQ vHkko esa ikB dk vFkZ gekjs
fy, jgL; gh cuk jgrk gSA
egÙoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd gekjk l{ke ikBd gksuk ;k u gksuk vkSj ikB ls
tqM+ ikuk eq[; :i ls gekjs iwoZKku ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ,d l{ke ikBd Hkh
i<+rs le; dfBukbZ eglwl dj ldrk gS] vxj mlosQ ikl IkwoZKku de gks
;k u gksA fLFkfr blosQ foijhr Hkh gks ldrh gS ;kuh de l{ke ikBd Hkh
vklkuh ls i<+ ldrs gSa ;fn os fdlh ifjfpr fo"k; ij i<+ jgs gksaA
n`';kRed vkSj xSjn`';kRed lwpuk osQ chp dk ;g varj dk funsZ'kksa dks fdl
izdkj IkzHkkfor djrk gS \
ge ;g tkurs gSa fd iwoZKku osQ lkFk ikB i<+uk vklku gksrk gSA ;g
lqfuf'pr dj ysa fd i<+us ls igys muosQ ikl Ik;kZIr fo"k;xr iwoZKku gSA ge
fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, iBu dks ljy dj ldrs gSa vxj ge mUgsa iwoZKku vftZr
djus osQ fy, izsfjr djsaA pw¡fd gekjh le> ubZ&ubZ tkudkjh dks iwoZKku ls
tksM+us dh ;ksX;rk Ikj fuHkZj djrh gS] blfy, gesa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks i<+us osQ
fy, t+:jh vo/kj.kkRed i`"BHkwfe fodflr djus esa lgk;rk djuh pkfg,A
ge fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks iwoZKku fodflr djus esa fdl izdkj enn dj ldrs
gSa& blosQ dbZ rjhosQ gks ldrs gSaA gekjs funsZ'kksZa osQ fodYi bl ckr ij
vk/kfjr gksaxs fd fo|kFkhZ igys ls fdruk tkurs gSaA dqN fLFkfr;ksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dk lkekU; Kku le> cukus osQ fy, i;kZIr gksrk gSA T+k:jr bl ckr dh gS
fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk è;ku ml rji+Q fnyk;k tk, tks os Ikgys ls tkurs gSaA ;g
djus osQ fy, ,d mi;ksxh rjhdk ;g gksxk fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk fo"k; ij
lkewfgd ppkZ djokdj mUgsa vius ikl miyC/ tkudkjh ls voxr djok;k
tk,A blls os lfozQ; :i ls i<+us esa l{ke gksaxsA lkewfgd ppkZ osQ nkSjku tks
tkudkfj;k¡ mHkjdj vk,¡xh] i<+uk muosQ }kjk lapkfyr gksxkA lkewfgd ppkZ
osQ nkSjku mBk, x, loky mUgsa tokc [kkstus osQ fy, i<+us dks izsfjr djsaxsA
vkerkSj ij f'k{k.k] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks u;k Kku fodflr djus esa enn nsus ls
lacaf/r gksrk gSA dbZ fLFkfr;ksa esa O;kogkfjd] thouksi;ksxh vuqHko Ikznku
djuk vf/d lgk;d fl¼ gks ldrk gSA ;fn fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks tarqvksa dks ikl
ls è;kuiwoZd ns[kus o mudh iztkfr;ksa dks fo'ysf"kr djus dk volj Ikgys

feyk gks rks os tho&tarqvksa osQ oxhZdj.k osQ ikB dks vklkuh ls i<+ ldsaxsA
xf.kr dh iqLrdssa mu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vf/d ljyrk ls le> esa vk,¡xh ftUgksaus
xf.kr dh vo/kj.kkvksa dks izR;{k :i ls le>k gSA blh rjg bfrgkl osQ
dfBu vè;k; dks le>uk ljy gks tk,xk ;fn blosQ iwoZ] dky fo'ks"k ls
lacaf/r_ miU;kl dks i<+k tk, ;k ml dky fo'ks"k Ikj dksbZ fi+QYe ns[kh tk,
vFkok dky fo'ks"k ls lacaf/r oLrqvksa dk vè;;u fd;k tk, vkSj mu ij
ppkZ dh tk,A
iwoZKku vftZr djus dk ,d vU; rjhdk î<+uk* Hkh gSA ,d fo"k; ls
lacf/r tkudkjh nwljs fo"k; dks i<+us esa lgk;d gks ldrh gSA tks tkudkjh
ge igys i<+dj gkfly djrs gSa og vkxkeh IkkBksa osQ fy, vk/kj curh gSA
dHkh&dHkh fdlh tfVy fo"k; dks i<+us ls Ikgys ml ij fy[kk dksbZ ljy
va'k] tfVy vuqPNsn dks Ik<+us esa lgk;d gks ldrk gSA tgk¡ fopkj tfVy
gksa vkSj le>us esa dfBu gksa ogk¡ dbZ lzksrksa }kjk IkzkIr tkudkfj;ksa dk bLrseky
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ml fo"k; osQ izfr vke le> cukus esa lgk;d gks ldrk gSA
;g lgk;d lkexzh mu brj IkqLrdksa ls Hkh izkIr gks ldrh gS] tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks izR;{kr% ugha Ik<+uh gSA vko';drkuqlkj ;g vè;kidksa }kjk Hkh fy[kh
tk ldrh gSaA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa IkBu&izokg fodflr djus osQ fy, 'kCnksa dh igpku ;k 'kCn
fo'ys"k.k ls dgha vkxs è;ku nsus dh vko';drk gSA ;fn ge ikB dks i<+us
ls igys mls le>us vkSj vFkZ&xzg.k djus esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lgk;rk djsa rks
ge muosQ iBu dkS'ky dks dgha vf/d izHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA gesa bl ckr
dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd ikBd osQ ikl xSj n`';kRed lwpukvksa dh ek=kk gh
iBu dks dfBu ;k ljy cukrh gSA ;fn ge fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fdlh iwoZKku dks
lqfuf'pr fd, fcuk mUgsa i<+us osQ fy, dgrs gSa] rc ge muosQ fy, iBu
dks dfBu cukrs gSaA ;fn ge fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk è;ku muosQ }kjk vftZr iwoZKku
dh vksj vkdf"kZr djsa] iwoZ vftZr vo/kj.kkvksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj bl ckr
dk vuqeku yxk ldsa fd ge dgk¡ igq¡p ldsaxs lkFk gh ge mUgsa ewrZ vuqHko
miyC/ djkus osQ fy, le; fudky ldsa] mUgsa mlh fo"k; ij fofo/ iBu
lkexzh miyC/ djk ldsa rc ge IkBu dks vklku cuk ldsaxsA
vc rd geus xSjn`';kRed lwpukvksa o iwoZKku dks lkekU; Lrj Ikj le>us
82 i<+uk gS le>uk
dh dksf'k'k dh gSA vc gesa mldh fof'k"V izo`Qfr dh vksj è;ku nsuk gksxkA
vc gesa Hkk"kk osQ ladsr ra=k dk] tks fd Hkk"kk dh le> esa lgk;d gS]
fo'ys"k.k djuk gksxkA pfy,] ,d okD; ls 'kq#vkr djrs gSa %
Jimmy lived in a small
Ekku yhft,] ;g okD; gesa Ik`"B dh vafre iafDr esa feykA Ik`"B iyVus ls
Ikgys gh gesa bl okD; osQ vxys 'kCn dk iwokZuqeku gksus yxrk gSA mnkgj.k
osQ fy, tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa fd ;k rks laKk gksxh ;k fo'ks"k.k] D;ksafd nwljs
'kCn tSls fozQ;k] fozQ;k fo'ks"k.k] dkjd vkfn fo'ks"k.k osQ ckn ugha vkrs gSaA
okD; dqN bl rjg dk ugha gksxkA
Jimmy lived in a small eat
;k
Jimmy lived in a small of
gekjh mEehn fdlh LFkku osQ uke] fuokl LFkku osQ uke ;k ,sls gh fdlh
o.kZukRed 'kCn dh gksxhA
Jimmy lived in a small white.
vxys 'kCn osQ laKk ;k fo'ks"k.k gksus dk IkwokZHkkl gekjs Hkk"kkxr Kku dk
fgLlk gSA 'kCnksa dk iwokZuqeku djus dh {kerk okD;&lajpuk osQ gekjs Kku
ij vk/kfjr gSA Hkk"kk iz;ksx djus osQ ;s O;kdjf.kd fu;e gesa viuh lgt
cqf¼ ls izkIr gksrs gSaA
ge ;g Hkh tku tkrs gSa fd vxyk 'kCn ^,yhisaQV* ;k ^VsyhiQksu* ugha gksxk
vkSj u gh laHkor% ;g ^lcejhu* gksxk] D;ksafd bl lanHkZ esa ;g vFkZlaxr
ugha gS] Hkys gh ;g laKk gSA vkSj u gh ;s mu LFkkuksa dh vksj bafxr dj jgs
gSa tgk¡ lkekU;r% yksx jgrs gSaA gekjk Hkk"kk;h Kku] o muosQ vFkksZa dk IkwoZKku
gekjs 'kCnksa osQ p;u dks lhfer djrk gSA
vxj ge blh mnkgj.k esa dqN vkSj tksM+sa&
Jimmy lived in a small c.
vc ge laHkkfor mÙkj osQ dqN vkSj vuqeku yxk ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ge
tkurs gSa fd lkekU;r% vaxzsT+kh Hkk"kk esa ^C* osQ ckn vxyk o.kZ dHkh Hkh b,
f , k g ugha gks ldrsA ijUrq c osQ ckn s ;k n, h, I ;k r dh ge vis{kk dj
ldrs gSaA gekjk vaxzsT+kh Hkk"kk orZuh fo"k;d lgt Kku Hkk"kk osQ Ik<+us vkSj
fy[kus ls vftZr gksrk gSA vkSj ;g gesa 'kCnksa osQ ozQe dk iwokZuqeku yxkus esa
enn djrk gSA

cabin
church
Jimmy lived in a small
clearing
craft
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] Ik<+us dh fozQ;k esa ge Hkk"kk&lajpuk] okD;&foU;kl]
vFkZfoKku] orZuh fo"k;d vius Kku dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA okD;&foKku gesa
okD;ksa dh lajpuk dk Kku nsrk gS ftlls gesa 'kCnksa osQ laca/ dk Ikrk pyrk
gS vkSj gekjk O;kdjf.kd p;u lhfer gks tkrk gSA 'kCnkFkZ ,oa vFkksZa osQ Kku
dk fuekZ.k vFkZfoKku dgykrk gS vkSj vFkZxr ladsr (semantic cues) lhfer
lajpuk esa mi;qDr vFkksZa dk vuqeku yxkus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA fdlh Hkk"kk esa
lkekU;r% ik, tkus okys orZuh laca/h iSVuZ ôrZuh fo"k;d foKku osQ varxZr
vkrs gSaA ;s gesa fof'k"V 'kCnksa osQ p;u osQ vuqeku yxkus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA
lwpuk osQ bu lzksrksa ;kuh Hkkf"kd ladsr&O;oLFkk dk mi;ksx n`';kRed lwpuk
osQ lkFk laca/ tksM+us osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ge ftruk vf/d okD; laca/h]
vFkZ laca/h vkSj orZuh fo"k;d Kku dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] gesa eqfnzr lkexzh
ij mruk gh] de fuHkZj jguk iM+rk gSA ,slk blfy, gS] D;ksafd ge IkwokZuqeku
yxk ldrs gSaA ge i<+rs le; Hkkf"kd ladsr O;oLFkk dk mi;ksx iwokZuqeku
djus] viuh vis{kkvksa dh iqf"V djus osQ fy, djrs gSaA vkSj bl rjg ge ubZ
tkudkfj;ksa vkSj iwoZ tkudkfj;ksa dks lek;ksftr djrs gSaA
It was still dark but there was a faint suggestion of a grey
luminosity in the east as we felt our way through the bordering
poplar bluffs to be the slough.
Through the blurred screen of leafless trees, I behold the living
silver of the slough, miraculously conjured out of the dark mists. The
shimmering surface was rippled by the slow walking movements of
the green-winged teal.
As the dawn approached, the red glare of the morning sun fell
on the immaculate mirror of the slough; and then the ducks came
to the pond with a great whoosh. They came in such numbers that it
seemed the slough would be too small to hold them all.
bl x|ka'k esa ,slk 'kCn -slough- ugh gS ftls geesa ls cgqrksa us Ikgys ugha
tkuk gksxkA
84 i<+uk gS le>uk
ge vius okD;&foU;kl osQ Kku osQ vk/kj ij ;g crk ldrs gSa fd ;g

'kCn ^laKk* gS] D;ksafd mlosQ vkxs The yxk gS] tks laKk dk lwpd gSA ge
bl 'kCn osQ vFkZ osQ ckjs esa Hkh dqN dg ldrs gSaA ge ;g Hkh crk ldrs
gSa fd ;g txg IksM+ksa ls f?kjh gqbZ gS ftlesa vHkh iÙks ugha gSa] D;ksafd ;k rks
vHkh lnhZ gS ;k clar dh 'kq#vkr gSA
bldh lrg ij cr[kksa osQ rSjus ls gypy gks jgh gSA vFkZfoKku (Symantic)
osQ ladsrksa ls ge ;g le> ldrs gSa fd ;g LFkku fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ
ljksoj ;k NksVh >hy gksxhA
geesa ls cgqrksa us] bl 'kCn dks dHkh lquk ugha gksxkA ijarq bl mnkgj.k
osQ ckn gesa blosQ mPpkj.k osQ ckjs esa dqN vankT+k gks tkrk gSA ;g cough,
though, rough, plough ;k though esa ls fdlh ,d dh rjg gks ldrk
gSA blosQ mPpkj.k dh vfuf'prrk gesa blosQ vFkZ dks tkuus ls ugha jksdrhA
vFkZ le>us osQ fy, mPpkj.k dk Kku t+:jh ugha gS] D;ksafd vFkZ dk fuekZ.k
ge vFkZ&foKku ,oa Hkkf"kd ladsr dh lgk;rk ls dj pqosQ gksrs gSaA
;g mnkgj.k bl ckr Ikj cy nsrk gS fd 'kCnksa osQ mPpkj.k ij è;ku nsus ls
os le>us osQ egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z ls HkVd tkrs gSaA fdlh 'kCn dks ,d vLFkk;h
mPpkj.k ns nsuk gj fLFkfr esa laHko gSa] vkSj okD; jpuk ,oa vFkZKku ls tqMs+
ladsr 'kCnksa osQ izfr gekjh le> c<+kus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
vDlj funsZ'k bl iwoZ /kj.kk ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSa fd ;fn ge fdlh 'kCn
dks cksy ldrs gSa] rc ge mls le> Hkh ysaxsA ,slk ml fLFkfr esa rks laHko
gks ldrk gS fd geus dksbZ 'kCn dHkh lquk gks vkSj ge mls Ikgpkurs Hkh gksaA
ysfdu dbZ ,sls Hkh 'kCn gksrs gSa ftudk iz;ksx geus igys dHkh ugha lquk gksrk]
mudk mPpkj.k Hkj dj ysuk gesa le>us esa enn ugha djsxkA i<+us ls Ikgys
ge okD;&foU;kl vkSj vFkZ ladsr }kjk vFkZ dk vuqeku yxkrs gSa vkSj i<+rs
le; ge iwoZKku dh iqf"V djrs gq, u, Kku dks vftZr djrs gSaA
ge iBu laca/h funsZ'kksa osQ fy, Hkk"kk ladsr O;oLFkk dk mi;ksx fdl Ikzdkj
dj ldrs gSa\
eSa cy nsuk pkgrk gw¡ fd eSa bl ckr dk leFkZu ugha djrk fd ge vius
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkkf"kd ladsr O;oLFkk osQ ckjs esa vkSipkfjd rjhosQ ls Ik<+k,¡]
D;ksafd eSa fo'oLr ugha gw¡ fd bl izdkj osQ Kku dks Li"V djus ls mUgsa
dksbZ fo'ks"k ykHk gksxkA ftl izdkj /kjk izokg i<+us osQ fy, Hkkf"kd ladsr
O;oLFkkvksa osQ ckjs esa ckr dj ikuk vko';d ugha gS mlh izdkj ckrphr
djus osQ nkSjku ge tks djrs gSa mldk fo'ys"k.k o o.kZu djus ls ge vPNs
oDrk ugha cu tkrsA
f'k{kdksa osQ fy, i<+us dh izfozQ;k dks le>uk egRoiw.kZ gS ftlls os ,slh
funsZ'kkRed fLFkfr;k¡ jp ldsa ftuesa fo|kFkhZ vius ikl mIkyC/ foLr`r Kku
dk iz;ksx djus osQ fy, mRlkfgr gksaA
okLro esa ge bl ckr dks eglwl gh ugha dj ikrs fd gekjs vusd
fo|kFkhZ cgqr lVhd :Ik ls okD;&foU;kl ladsr&O;oLFkk dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls vius iz'uksa osQ lgh mÙkj ik ysus ij ge ;g eku ysrs gSa fd
mUgsa os lc vo/kj.kk,¡ le> esa vk xbZ gSa] tks ge fl[kkuk pkgrs gSaA ysfdu
os fcuk le>s Hkh] lgh 'kCn ozQe] O;kogkfjd 'kCn] foHkfDr iz/ku 'kCn vkSj
fojke&fpg~uksa dk Ikz;ksx djosQ mÙkj rks ns ldrs gSa] muesa le> dk fiQj Hkh
vHkko jgrk gSA
mnkgj.k osQ fy,&
In scrangle, wizzets were crailing because most furples were
glinking a targ of pranialism. This targ of pranialism was the result
of many pranial fwumps wanting their own persts.
Why were wizzets in Scrangle crailing?
Because most furples were glinking a targ of pranialism. Why
was thereA targ of pranialism?
Because many pranial fwumps wanted their own persats. Is the
following situation, in which students are sked to read and answer
questions about the text, very different?
In Europe, tensions were rising because most countries were
experiencingA surge of nationalism. This surge of nationalism was
the result of many national groups wanting their own governments
(Tail and Mould, 1973. P. 307).
;s mÙkj okD;&lajpuk dks fu;af=kr djus dh ;ksX;rk dks iznf'kZr djrs gSa ij
fdlh ladYiuk dh le> dks ugha crkrsA
;fn gesa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks Hkkf"kd ladsr&O;oLFkk osQ ckjs esa vkSipkfjd :i ls
ugha crkuk gS] rc ge ,d fuiq.k ikBd cuus esa mudh enn dSls dj ldrs
gSa\ ge bldh 'kq#vkr bl ckr ij T+kksj Mkydj dj ldrs gSa fd iBu&fozQ;k
86 i<+uk gS le>uk
esa î<+us* dh gj fLFkfr dk y{; ^le>uk* gSA

ge mudh enn ;g fo'okl fnykdj dj ldrs gSa fd x|ka'k dk vk'k;
le>us osQ fy, mUgsa gj ,d 'kCn dks igpkuuk T+k:jh ugha gSA gesa fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks Hkkf"kd ladsr O;oLFkk osQ iz;ksx osQ izfr tkx:d cukus vkSj fujFkZd iz;ksx
ls tqM+s fu.kZ; ysus esa Hkh mudh lgk;rk djuh pkfg,A
ikBd fdl rjg osQ fu.kZ; ys ldrs gSa ;g le>uk Hkh t+:jh gSA xSj
n`';kRed lwpukvksa dk ,d vkSj i{k eq[; :i ls lgt cks/ ls tqM+k gSA tc
gekjk lkeuk fdlh vifjfpr phT+k ls gksrk gS rc ge vius vki ls ;g ugha
dgrs fd vc ge D;k djsas\ tc ge i<+rs gSa rc ge ;g fu.kZ; djrs gSa
fd dc gesa ihNs tkuk gS dc gesa iqu% iz;kl djuk gS vkSj dc dSls vkxs
c<+rs jguk gSA bl rjg osQ fu.kZ;ksa dks IkBu j.kuhfr (reading strategies)
dgrs gSa ¹xqMeSu ,oa cosZQ (Burke)] 1980ºA
iBu j.kuhfr;k¡ vk/kjHkwr :i ls rhu rjg dh gksrh gSaA ge IkwokZuqeku yxkrs
gSa fd vkxs D;k vk jgk gSA ge vius vuqekuksa dh iqf"V djrs gSa vkSj tc
gekjh vis{kk,¡ Bhd ugha gksrh gSa rc mUgsa lq/kjrs gSaA ge ubZ tkudkfj;ksa dks
ekStwnk Kku osQ lkFk ,dho`Qr djosQ vkxs c<+krs gSaA
iwokZuqeku yxkus dh j.kuhfr dqN ;k lHkh ladsr&O;oLFkkvksa ls miyC/
lwpukvksa osQ vk/kj ij vis{kkvksa dks tUe nsrh gSaA j.kuhfr;ksa dh iqf"V bl
ckr ls gksrh gS fd tks ge Ik<+ jgs gSa mldk dqN vFkZ fudy jgk gS ;k ughaA
,dhdj.k djus dh j.kuhfr esa i<+us osQ nkSjku vius iwoZKku esa u, vFkksZa dks
'kkfey djus dh tfVy izfozQ;k 'kkfey gSA ge vifjfpr 'kCnksa osQ vFkkasZ]
tfVy fopkjksa vkSj laca/ksa dks ,dho`Qr djrs gSaA ge izR;sd ladsr&O;oLFkk
ls izkIr tkudkjh osQ vk/kj ij vuqeku yxkrs gSa] mldh iqf"V djrs gSa vkSj
lHkh ladsr O;oLFkkvksa dks vk/kj cukdj ,dho`Qr djrs gSaA
pfy, bl vuqPNsn dks ns[krs gSa &
dk uke lqudj vDlj yksxksa osQ jksaxVs ---(lk¡i] edfM+;k¡] tkasd] gR;k]
[kM+s gks tkrs gSa ;q¼] egaxkbZ)
;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gS] D;ksafd ;s T+;knkrj (gR;k] ;q¼ vkSj egaxkbZa izk.kh u

uqdlku u Ikgq¡pkus okys vkSj jkspd gksus osQ dkj.k dkV nsaA)
izk.kh gksrs gSaA
eknk balkuksa dh rjg gh vius cPpksa ('kk;n lk¡i djrs gkas] tksad vkSj
dh ns[kHkky djrh gSA edfM+;k¡ rks vaMs nsdj pyh tkrh
gSaA)
vius cPpksa dks muosQ thou (eq>s ugha yxrk eknk lk¡i vius
osQ igys nks lIrkg rd j[krh gSA cPpksa dks lkFk j[krh gS)

lHkh Lru/kjh thoksa dh rjg gh (lk¡i LRku/kjh ugha gksrs gSa)
vius cPpksa dks nw/ fiykrh gS vkSj
è;ku j[krh gSA

tks f'k'kq nks lIrkg dk gks tkrk gS (Lru/kjh i'kq] Ika[k% pexknM+\)
mlosQ ia[k mM+us osQ yk;d gks tkrs gSaA
,d ------------osQ Ika[k vuks[ks gksrs gSaA (pexknM+)

og vly esa ,d Ikryh Ropk gS tks
mlosQ gkFk] 'kjhj vkSj iSj rd iSQyh (eq>s ;g ugha irk Fkk)
gksrh gSA

------------dh mM+us dh vknrsa vk'p;Ztud
gksrh gSaA gkykafd os jkr osQ v¡/sjs esa
mM+rs gSa fIkQj Hkh fdlh phT+k ls ugha
VdjkrsA--------- v¡/sjs esa ns[k ugha ldrs
ij muosQ ikl ,d fo'ks"k bafnz; gksrh gS
tks mUgsa fdlh Hkh phT+k ls Vdjkus ls
igys lpsr dj nsrh gSA**
vuqPNsn ;g n'kkZrk gS fd ge dSls vuqeku yxkus] Ikqf"V djus rFkk ,dho`Qr

djus dh j.kuhfr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bl rjg osQ vuqPNsn i<+us ls ge ;g
88 i<+uk gS le>uk
le> Ikkrs gSa fd ikB dks lexzrk esa ns[kus ls vFkZ dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA eqfnzr
lkexzh esa uewuksa osQ vk/kj ij ikBd vius vuqeku dks iq"V djrk gS vkSj vkxs
vkus okys vFkZ dk vuqeku yxkrk pyrk gSA vuqPNsn ls izkIr tkudkjh osQ
vk/kj ij laHkkfor vFkksZa dh iqf"V ;k viqf"V dh tkrh gSA fofHkUu laHkkoukvksa
dks tk¡pus osQ ckn&lk¡i] edfM+;k¡] egaxkbZ&ia[kksa osQ lanHkZ ls ge ;g eglwl
djrs gSa fd ge pexknM+ksa osQ ckjs esa i<+ jgs gSaA pexknM+ ,dek=k Lru/
kjh gS tks mM+ ldrs gSaA bl tkudkjh osQ vk/kj ij ge fjDr LFkku osQ 'kCn
osQ vFkZ dks LFkkfir djrs gsaA vuqPNsn dk 'ks"k fgLlk vFkZ dh iqf"V djrk
gS] lkFk&lkFk ubZ tkudkjh dh izfriqf"V vkSj mUgsa ,dho`Qr djus dk volj
iznku djrk gSA ;g IkzfozQ;k fujarj vkSj IkjLij lkeaTkL; osQ lkFk nksuksa Lrjksa
ij dke djrh gSA
ge Ikzokge; IkBu dkS'ky fodflr djus esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lgk;rk fdl
izdkj dj ldrs gSa\ vifjfpr 'kCnksa osQ vojks/ ls tw>us esa enn djuk bldk
,d eq[; mn~sn'; gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd vf/drj det+ksj IkkBd ;g lksprs
gSa fd i<+uk ,d ,slh izfozQ;k gS ftlesa gj 'kCn dh lgh igpku dh tkrh
gSA os vkerkSj ij vifjfpr fcanqvksa@'kCnksa ij #d tkrs gSaA
,slh ifjfLFkfr esa muesa ls dbZ ikBd mls ^cksyus dh* vliQy dksf'k'k
djrs gSa vkSj bl nkSjku os ;g Hkwy tkrs gSa fd os D;k i<+ jgs FksA gesa
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g le>kuk gksxk fd laiw.kZ vFkZ izR;sd 'kCn dks Ikgpkuus ij
fuHkZj ugha djrkA gesa mUgsa eglwl djkuk gksxk fd fdlh vifjfpr 'kCn dk
lkeuk djus ij os vusd fodYi pqu ldrs gSaA
Oks Hkh l{ke IkkBdksa dh rjg gh &
yy Oks bl vis{kk esa Ik<+uk tkjh j[k ldrs gSa fd vkxs vkus okys fgLls
'kk;n mUgsa dqN vkSj tkudkjh miyC/ djk,¡xsA
yy Oks ,d lkFkZd 'kCn dks rc rd LFkkfir djus dh dksf'k'k dj ldrs
gSa tc rd fd dksbZ vkSj tkudkjh mls cnyus dks u dgsaA
yy Oks ;g ns[kus osQ fy, iquiZBu djus dh dksf'k'k dj ldrs gSa fd dqN
,slk u NwV x;k gks tks vFkZ&fuekZ.k esa enn dj ldrk gksA
yy Oks rRdky dksbZ fu.kZ; u ysus dk iSQlyk dj vkxs Ik<+rs jgsa vkSj ;fn
egÙoiw.kZ gks rks ckn esa bl vifjfpr va'k dh vksj ykSV ldrs gSaA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa gesa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vuqeku yxkus] iqf"V djus rFkk ,dhdj.k
djus osQ fy, IkzksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A

vifjfpr fLFkfr esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vFkZiw.kZ izfrLFkkiu fl[kkus osQ fy,
lekukFkZd izfrLFkkiu (synonym substitution) uked xfrfof/ fo'ks"k :i
ls mi;ksxh gks ldrh gSA (xqMeSu ,oa cdZ 1980) bl xfrfof/ esa IkkBdksa dks
fdlh Hkh vifjfpr va'k dks lkFkZd va'k ls cnyus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k
tkrk gSA blesa lanHkZ ls vFkZ cukus ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vFkZfoKku (semantic) vkSj okD;&foU;kl (syntactic) dks
,dho`Qr dj ,d ;Fkksfpr fodYi nsus osQ fy, ckè; fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
xfrfof/ n'kkZrh gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh xSj&n`';kRed tkudkjh ikB dh O;k[;k
djus esa iz;ksx dh tk ldrh gSA ;g Hkk"kk osQ c`gn [kaMksa ij dk;Z djus osQ
fy, Hkh IkzksRlkfgr djrh gSA ;gk¡ eqfnzr lkexzh ij fuHkZj jgus osQ ctk; vFkZ
Ikj viuk è;ku osaQfnzr djus esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh enn dh tkrh gSA
;g xfrfof/ NksVs lewgksa osQ lkFk vf/d IkzHkkoh <ax ls dh tkrh gSA lcls
igys izR;sd fo|kFkhZ dks ekSu iBu osQ fy, dgk tkrk gSA fiQj gj lewg
lkFk i<+rs gSA mUgsa gj js[kkafdr 'kCn osQ fy, de ls de nks fodYi fy[kus
osQ fy, dgk tkrk gS vkSj mu Ikj ckn esa ppkZ dh tkrh gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk
IkkB dh le> cukus osQ nkSjku vFkZ&fuekZ.k dh ppkZ bl xfrfof/ dk lcls
egRoiw.kZ Ik{k gS] D;ksafd ;gk¡ fo|kFkhZ IkkB dh O;k[;k djus dk Ikz;kl djrs
gSaA ;g ifjppkZ mUgsa ;g le>us osQ ;ksX; cukrh gS fd vFkZ laizs"k.k osQ dbZ
rjhosQ gks ldrs gSaA ftu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks i<+us esa fo'ks"k fnDdrsa vkrh gSa muosQ
fy, fdlh Ikfjfpr dgkuh ;k ijh dFkk dk va'k nsuk mi;ksxh jgrk gSA vf/d
izoh.k IkkBdksa osQ fy, fdlh ikB~;&iqLrd ls mfpr va'k fy;k tk ldrk gSA
pfy, bl x|ka'k dks ns[krs gSa &
The sea is our ecosystem of last resort. Destroy or seriously
impair the oceansAnd we obliterate not only the diverseAnd
bountiful life harboured there, but, ultimately, ourselves as
well.A dead ocean portends dead earth. Most marine experts
are profoundly distributed about this possibility.
For millennia, man believed that the sea was a bottomless
pit into which his offal could be dumped endlessly because
the oceans recycled the products of life on earth with ease.
However, everytime we put something in or take something
90 i<+uk gS le>uk
out, it has an impact. Despite its vast self-healin ability,

scientists are learning how vulnerable the sea really is.
(adapted from fisher, 1977).
vc ge 'kCnksa dks cnyus dk iz;kl djrs gSa &
The sea is our ecosystem of last resort. Destroy or seriously
impair (spoil, damage, injure) the oceans and we obliterate (wipe
out, exterminate, destroy) not only the diverse and bountiful life
harboured (which lives,which is sheltered or protected) there but
ultimately (finally, in the end, eventfully), ourselves as well. A dead
ocean portends (means, threatens, foreshadows) a dead earth. Most
marine experts are profoundly disturbed about this possibility.
For millennia, man believed that the sea was a bottomless pit into
which his offal (garbage, waste, rubbish) could be dumped endlessly
because the oceans recycled the products of life on earth with ease.
However, everytime we put something in or take something out, it
has an impact (an ability), scientists are learning few vulnerable
(fragile, defenseless, open to damage) the sea really is.
è;ku esa j[ksa fd ;g T+k:jh ugha gS fd cnyko ,d gh 'kCn dk gksA geus
tks i<+k gS mls le>us osQ iz;kl esa gesa dHkh&dHkh iwjs eqgkojs ;k okD; dks
iquO;ZofLFkr djus dh t:jr iM+rh gSA ;g fozQ;k ikB esa fdlh vifjfpr
va'k dks ifjfpr va'k ls cnyus dks oS/rk iznku djrh gSA blls fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks vifjfpr 'kCnksa osQ izfr muosQ Mj ij dkcw Ikkus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
,d vkSj xfrfof/ gS] ftldk mn~ns'; Hkh blh rjg dk gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks dqN vifjfpr 'kCn] okD;] vuqPNsn] ;gk¡ rd fd iwjs IkkB dks IkzHkkoh
<ax ls le>us] O;ofLFkr djus esa lgk;rk fey losQA (MksjkFkh okWRlu }kjk
fodflr Reader Selected Miscues, felkSjh fo'ofo|ky;)A ;g xfrfof/
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ikBd osQ :i esa vifjfpr oLrqvksa ls lkeuk gksus ij mUgsa
vusd fodYiksa osQ miyC/ gksus osQ ckjs esa tkx:d djkrh gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
,d vuqPNsn nsdj mls EkkSu :i ls i<+us dks dgk tkrk gS ,slk djrs le;
mu va'kksa dks js[kkafdr djus dks dgk tkrk gS tks mUgsa le> esa u vk jgs gksa
;k ftu ij muosQ eu esa loky gksaA Ik<+us osQ mijkar os ,d&,d dj vius
js[kkafdr Hkkx ij ppkZ djrs gSaA js[kkafdr va'kksa esa D;k egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj D;k
ugha] D;k mudh le> dks izHkkfor djrk gS ,oa D;k ugha ml ij fopkj
djus osQ fy, mUgsa izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA bl ppkZ osQ nkSjku fo|kfFkZ;kas
dks bl ckr osQ fy, Hkh izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gS fd os Li"Vhdj.k osQ fy,
iquikZB djsaA bl xfrfof/ osQ fy, rF;kRed ;k dkYifud ikB~;&lkexzh dk
mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
;g xfrfof/ n'kkZrh gS fd i<+us esa vFkZ&fuekZ.k fufgr gSA lkekftd
vknku&Ikznku ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g tkuus esa lgk;rk feyrh gS fd Ik<+us ls
lHkh yksx ,d tSlk vFkZ ugha fudkyrs gSa] vkSj mudh O;k[;k muosQ iwoZKku
ls fu/kZfjr gksrh gSA ;g ppkZ vke lgefr cuus vkSj vLi"V Hkkx osQ lkewfgd
:i ls vFkZ&fufeZr djus osQ volj nsrh gSA
Xkfrfof/ ;g Hkh crkrh gS fd le>us osQ fy, i`"B ij fy[ks gj 'kCn
dks igpkuuk T+k:jh ugha gSA ;g fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g Hkh crkrh gS fd fdlh
vifjfpr va'k dk vFkZ laiw.kZ dks le> ysus ij fufeZr dj ldrs gSaA
Reader Selected Micues (ikBdksa }kjk pqus x, vilaosQr) dh xfrfof/
"Not understanding/" (u le>us) dks oS/rk iznku djrh gSA ;g vifjfpr
dks le>us osQ fy, le>s gq, dk iz;ksx djus dh bPNk fodflr djus esa
lgk;rk djrh gSA
gekjk ljksdkj fli+ZQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vifjfpr 'kCnksa dh #dkoVksa ls fudkyuk
gh ugha gS cfYd ftu tfVy fopkjksa vkSj laca/ksa osQ ckjs esa os i<+ jgs gSa] mUgsa
,dho`Qr djus esa enn djuk Hkh gSA bafM;kuk ;wfuoflZVh dh ftjkse gLVZ }kjk
fodflr 'Say Something' (dqN dgks) xfrfof/ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks muosQ Kku
vkSj ikB esa nh tkudkjh osQ chp dk laca/ <¡w<+us esa lgk;rk djrh gSA bl
xfrfof/ esa fo|kFkhZ vius lkFkh pqurs gSaA gj fo|kFkhZ osQ Ikkl ikB~; lkexzh
dh ,d Ikzfr gksrh gSA i<+us ls igys fo|kFkhZ ;g r; dj ysrs gSa fd os dSls
i<+saxs& ekSf[kd] ckjh&ckjh ls] ,d lkFk ;k ekSu vkSj os fdruk i<+dj #dsaxs
vkSj izfrfozQ;k nsaxsA blosQ ckn fo|kFkhZ i<+rs gSa vkSj iwoZfu/kZfjr LFkku ij
^dqN dgus* osQ fy, #drs gSaA ;g ^dqN* muosQ loky gks ldrs gSa ftu ij
os ckrphr dj ldrs gSa] i<+s gqq, Ikj izfrfozQ;k gks ldrh gS ;k vU; lzksrksa ls
IkzkIr ,slh tkudkjh gks ldrh gS tks i<s+ gq, dk leFkZu ;k mldk izfrokn
djsA i<+dj ppkZ dj ysus osQckn vU; fo|kFkhZ tksM+ksa osQ lkFk viuh varn`Zf"V
vkSj O;k[;kvksa dk vknku Ikznku dj ldrs gSaA
Say Something (dqN dgks) fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ,d va'k esa nh xbZ lwpuk dks
92 i<+uk gS le>uk
vius IkwoZKku ls tksM+us osQ fy, i<+us dk volj nsrh gSA i<+rs le; ppkZ]
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g le>us dk volj iznku djrh gS fd nwljs fo|kFkhZ fyf[kr
Hkk"kk dk D;k vFkZ fudkyrs gSaA Kku dh ;g lk>snkjh le> osQ fodkl esa
lgk;d gksrh gSA
dksyafc;k_ felkSjh dh ,d f'k{kd dSjsy fxfyl }kjk fodflr ,d vU;
xfrfof/ Hkh blh mn~ns'; dks iwjk djrh gSA vuqeku yxkvks] Ik<+ks] izfrfozQ;k
nks] loky iwNks (Estimate, Read, Respond, Question) bl xfrfof/ esa
fo|kFkhZ p;fur lkexzh dks ljljh ut+j ls ns[kus ls 'kq#vkr dj vuqeku
yxkrs gSa fd os dqN FkksM+h cgqr le> osQ lkFk fdruk Ik<+ ldsaxsA blosQ ihNs
dkj.k ;g gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g ns[kus nsa fd vDlj os ftruk vuqeku
yxkrs gSa mlls dgha T+;knk le>rs gSaA blosQ ckn os p;fur lkexzh i<+rs gSaA
fo|kFkhZ ;g r; dj ldrs gSa fd os Lora=k :i ls i<+saxs] tksM+s cukdj Ik<+saxs]
ekSf[kd ;k ekSu iBu djsaxs] ppkZ osQ fy, #dsaxs ;k lh/k iwjk i<+saxsA vc os
IkkB osQ fo"k; esa muosQ fopkj ls mUgksaus D;k lh[kk& bl ij IkzfrfozQ;k O;Dr
dj nksgjkrs vkSj ppkZ djrs gSaA bl fcanq ij fo|kFkhZ lkexzh osQ fdlh i{k
ls lacaf/r ,d lkekU; Ikz'u fy[krs gSa] ftlesa mudh #fp gksrh gS ;k tgk¡
mUgsa yxrk gS fd vFkZ vLi"V gSA os lkFkh ls iz'uksa dk vknku&iznku djrs
gSa vkSj Ikz'uksa osQ ekSf[kd ;k fyf[kr mÙkj nsrs gSaA ,d ckj fiQj ;g xfrfof/
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks] tks os tkurs gSa vkSj tks mUgksaus ml ikB fo'ks"k ls lh[kk] blosQ
chp dk laca/ le>us esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
bu lkjh xfrfof/;ksa osQ }kjk eSaus tks dguk pkgk] mlesa lkekU; :Ik ls
^le>* osaQnz esa gSA bl lanHkZ esa ;g egÙoiw.kZ gS fd ge ;g loky mBk,¡]
ftldk laca/ vusd f'k{kdksa ls gSA D;k ;g T+k:jh ugha gS fd fo|kFkhZ
lgh&lgh i<+us yk;d cusa\ T+;knkrj f'k{kd bldk vk'k; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh bl
;ksX;rk dks ekurs gSa fd i`"B ij tks dqN gS os mls lgh&lgh nksgjk ldsaA
bldk mÙkj ;g gS fd dksbZ ys[k D;k dguk pkgrk gS& bldh O;k[;k yksxksa
rd Ikgq¡pus osQ fy, gS] eqfnzr lkexzh dks è;ku ls ns[kus dh ugha vfirq fyf[kr
Hkk"kk osQ xSj n`';kRed lwpuk osQ laiknu dh vko';drk gSA IkzR;sd xfrfof/
esa bl ckr ij cy fn;k gS fd i<+uk ,d O;k[;kIkjd izfozQ;k gSA tSls gh
fo|kFkhZ] fujarj Ik<+us okyk ikBd curk gS og ;g T+k:jh loky IkwNus dk
tksf[ke mBkuk lh[krk gS fd ^^D;k bldk esjs fy, dqN vFkZ gS\** os lgh
'kCn dh de ls de ijokg djus vkSj l`tukRed vFkZ dh T+;knk ls T+;knk

Ikjokg djuk lh[krs gSaA os eqfnzr lwpukvksa Ikj fuHkZj ugha jguk pkgrs vkSj
bls lwpuk dk ,dek=k lzksr ugha ekursA bloQh ctk, os Hkk"kk vkSj nqfu;k dh
viuh tkudkjh osQ vk/kj ij ikB~;&lkexzh dks ij[krs gSaA lacaf/r lwpuk]
pkgs mldh iqf"V gks ;k u gks& os mlh osQ vk/kj Ikj vFkZ dk fuekZ.k djrs
gSaA os O;k[;k djus vkSj vFkZ iwjk djus dk dke djrs gSaA lkekftd laokn tks
gj xfrfof/ dk vfoHkkT; i{k gS] O;k[;kvksa dh rqyuk dk lk/u miyC/
djkrk gS vkSj ikB ls Hkh tksM+rk gSA gesa ;g le>us dh t+:jr gS fd ys[kd
dk vk'k;] vkilh vknku&iznku vkSj O;k[;kvksa dh rqyuk ls irk pyrk gSA
,d f'k{kd osQ ukrs gesa è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd ;s fo|kFkhZ gh gSa ftUgsa [kqn
vFkZ dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA ,d leku vuqPNsn dks i<+us okys nks vyx&vyx
O;fDr dHkh ,d tSlh O;k[;k Ikj ugha igq¡p ldrsA gekjh O;k[;k,¡ gekjs
iwoZ Kku ls izHkkfor gksrh gSa vkSj blh fy, ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gksrh gSaA gekjh
Hkwfedk vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij viuh O;k[;k,¡ yknuk ugha vfirq mUgsa viuh
vo/kj.kkvksa osQ fuekZ.k esa lgk;rk djuk gSA ;fn ge pkgrs gSa fd gekjs
fo|kFkhZ izokg osQ lkFk i<+us okys ikBd cusa rks gesa mUgsa vifjfpr 'kCnksa vkSj
ladYiukvksa dks tkuus osQ fofHkUu rjhosQ viukus osQ fy, IkzksRlkfgr djuk
gksxkA ge mudh enn bl izdkj djsa rkfd os lanHkZ] ladsrksa (okD;xr rFkk
okD;foU;klxr) osQ izfr vf/d ls vf/d lpsr jgsa vkSj ,d rnFkZ vk'k;
dk fuekZ.k dj ldsaA T+k:jh ;g Hkh gS fd ge fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls IkkB osQ ckjs esa
foLrkj ls iwNus ls igys mlosQ lanHkZ esa lkekU; le> cukus osQ fy, funsZf'kr
djssaA vxj ge fof'k"V ckrksa ij cy nsrs gSa rks cgqr laHko gS os 'kCnkFkZ tkuus
rd gh lhfer jg tk,¡xsA gesa bl rjg dh xfrfof/;ksa dk vk;kstu djuk
pkfg, ftlesa fo|kFkhZ xyrh gksus ij Hkh] fcuk ladksp osQ iwN ldsaA
uhps nh xbZ Hkk"kk&dgkuh dgkuh ,d ,slk mnkgj.k gS ftlesa ge
;g ns[k ldrs gSa fd gesa i<+us osQ ckjs esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh le> osQ fodkl
osQ fy, mudh fdl izdkj lgk;rk djuh pkfg,A eSa ,d ckj ik¡poha d{kk
osQ ,d fo|kFkhZ osQ lkFk i<+ jgk Fkk ftls Ldwy esa fdlh rjg dh ijs'kkuh
FkhA eSaus mls i<+us osQ fy, ,d vuqPNsn fn;k ftlesa dbZ 'kCn NksM+ fn, x,
FksA mlus vuqPNsn fy;k] mls ns[kk vkSj dgk& ^êSa bls ugha i<+ ldrk] blesa
dqN 'kCn NksM+ fn, x, gSaA** vkSj eSaus lykg nh fd fdlh rjg dksf'k'k djksA
94 i<+uk gS le>uk
mlus eq>s bl rjg ns[kk tSls eSa dksbZ ew[kZ gw¡A blosQ ckn mlus i<+uk 'kq:
fd;k vkSj tc mlus i<+uk lekIr fd;k] rc eSaus iwNk & crkvks rqeus ;g
dSls fd;k \ vius pgjs ij vk'p;Z osQ Hkko osQ lkFk mlus dgk& ^^;s 'kCn
esjs fnekx ls vius&vki fudy vk,A**
Fisher, A. 1977. “The Living Sea”. International Wildlife, 7(3),

4-10.
Goodman, Y. and C. Burke.1980. Reading Strategies : Focus on
comprehension. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
Kolers, P. 1969. “Reading is only incidentally visual”. in : Goodman,
K.S., and J.T. Flemming (eds.), Psycholinguistics and the
Teaching of Reading. International Reading Association.
Newark, Del.
Piston, W. Harmony.1962. 3rd ed. W.W. Norton and Co., New York.
Smith, F. 1971. Understanding Reading. Hold, Rinehart and Winston,
New York.
Tait, G.E. and V. Mould. 1973. One Dominion, 2nd ed. McGraw-
Hill Ryerson Ltd., Toronto.
vvvvv
Îk<+uk* oSQls fl[kk;k tk,
Tkh czk;u FkkWEilu
f'k{k.k osQ nks eq[; igyw gSa & iszj.kkRed ,oa lwpukRedA Ikzsj.kkRed Ikgyw dk
laca/ lh[kus okys dh fuf'parrk vkSj lh[kus osQ izfr mldh yxu dks c<+kok
nsus ls gSA lwpukRed igyw dk laca/ mlosQ Kku vkSj dkS'ky dks foLrkj
nsus ls gSA f'k{k.k osQ laca/ esa tks leh{kk ;gk¡ izLrqr dh xbZ gS mldk laca/
f'k{k.k osQ nwljs Ikgyw ls gS tks pqfuank vk/qfud 'kks/ksa Ikj ,sfrgkfld vkSj
varjkZ"Vªh; ifjizs{; dks izLrqr djrh gSA blesa Ldwy osQ izkjafHkd o"kksZa esa cPpksa
dh LokHkkfod izxfr ij cy nsus osQ lkFk&lkFk cPpksa dks Ik<+uk lh[kus esa
vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk Hkh fT+kØ fd;k x;k gSA
izkjafHkd fodkl
19oha lnh ls yxHkx rhu gT+kkj o"kZ igys ls o.kZekyk i¼fr Îk<+uk* fl[kkus
dh ewyHkwr i¼fr jgh gSA bl i¼fr esa cPPkksa dks lcls igys o.kZekyk osQ
vyx&vyx v{kjksa dh igpku djkbZ tkrh gSA blosQ ckn nks v{kj okys
'kCnka'k] tSls& âb,eb,ib,ob,up;ba,be,bi,bo,bu;ac,…’vkfn fl[kk,
tkrs gSaA blesa bu v{kjksa dks ,d&,d djosQ ekSf[kd :i ls uke nsuk vkSj
fiQj 'kCnka'k osQ :i esa mPpkj.k djuk fl[kk;k tkrk gSA blh izfozQ;k osQ
lgkjs cPpk igys NksVs 'kCn vkSj fiQj NksVs&NksVs x| i<+us yx tkrk Fkk] tks
ml le; osQ 'kS{kf.kd mn~ns';ksa esa vius egÙo osQ vk/kj ij pqus tkrs Fks]
mnkgj.k osQ fy, ^ykWM~lZ izs;j* (Lord’s Prayer) ;k ^ØhM* (Creed)A
cPPks vxj dksbZ 'kCn ugha tkurs Fks rks mlosQ fgTts djrs Fks vkSj ckn esa iwjs
'kCn i<+rs Fks ¹Msfol (Davies)] 1973ºA
19oha lnh osQ mÙkjk/Z esa o.kZekyk i¼fr (Alphabetic Method)dk egÙo
de gksus yxk ¹fLeFk (Smith)] 1965ºA U;wthySaM] tgk¡ lk{kjrk cgqr de
Fkh] ogk¡ lnh osQ vafre n'kd esa f'k{k.k&Ik¼fr ij ,d iqLrd izdkf'kr dh
96 i<+uk gS le>uk
xbZ ¹iQuhZ (Farnie), 1895ºA bl iqLrd essa o.kZekyk i¼fr osQ rhu fodYi
izLrkfor fd, x,& Lofud i¼fr (phonic method)] ftlesa cPPkksa dks
izR;sd v{kj dh lcls lkekU; èofu fl[kkbZ tkrh Fkh] mnkgj.kkFkZ bun dk
mPpkj.kA ;fn cPPkksa dks dksbZ eqfnzr 'kCn ekywe ugha gksrk Fkk rks mUgsa fl[kk;k
tkrk Fkk fd Ikgys izR;sd o.kZ dh èofu dk flyflysokj mPpkj.k djsa vkSj
mlosQ ckn vuqeku osQ vk/kj ij èofu;ksa dks tksM+dj ,slk 'kCn cuk,¡ tks
igpku esa vk losQA nwljk fodYi Fkk& (look and say) ^ns[kks vkSj dgks*
A bl i¼fr esa cPpksa dks fl[kk;k tkrk Fkk fd Ikwjs ,d 'kCn dks ,d bdkbZ
osQ :i esa ns[ksa rFkk i<+sa vkSj blosQ vyx&vyx v{kjksa Ikj è;ku u nsaA iQuhZ
us ftl rhljs fodYi dks f'k{kdksa }kjk viuk, tkus ij cy fn;k Fkk] og
rhuksa i¼fr;ksa osQ ^loksZÙke fcanqvksa* dks tksM+dj cuk rjhdk FkkA bl oSdfYid
Ik¼fr esa igys o.kZ fy[kk, tkrs Fks] fiQj ^ns[kks vkSj cksyks* i¼fr dks viuk;k
tkrk Fkk vkSj blosQ ckn Lofud i¼fr (phonic method) dks viukrs gq,
tgk¡ T+k:jr gksrh Fkh] o.kkZsa dh èofu;ksa dk Hkh Kku djk;k tkrk Fkk (iQuhZ]
1895)A
19oha lnh osQ ckn ls Ik<+uk lh[kus osQ izfr >qdko dHkh fo'ys"k.kkRed
Lofud i¼fr (phonic method)rks dHkh yphys ^ns[kks vkSj dgks* (look
and say)i¼fr osQ chp jgkA 16oha lnh esa vkbdylsej (Ickelsamer)
}kjk teZu Hkk"kk dh i<+kbZ osQ fy, Lofud i¼fr (phonic method)
vkSj gkVZ (Hart) }kjk vaxzsT+kh Hkk"kk dh i<+kbZ osQ fy, o.kZekyk Ik¼fr dh
rqyuk esa dgha vf/d LokHkkfod i¼fr osQ :i esa Ikzfrikfnr fd;k x;kA
fiQj Hkh Lofud i¼fr (phonic method) dks 19oha lnh ls igys vf/d
yksdfiz;rk ugha feyhA ;gh gky ^ns[kks vkSj dgks* Ik¼fr dk gqvk tks teZuh
esa yqchul (Lubinus) }kjk 17oha lnh osQ 'kq: esa fodflr dh xbZ vkSj ckn
esa dksesfu;l (Comenius) }kjk bLrseky esa ykbZ xbZ ¹Msfol]1973_ gSMTkqd
,aM ,yj (Hladczuk and Eller)] 1992 vè;k; 24ºA
19oha lnh osQ var esa ^ns[kks vkSj dgks* i¼fr dh rqyuk esa okD;&i¼fr
dks fo'o Hkj esa vf/d Lohdkj fd;k x;kA ysfdu vesfjdk us ^ns[kks vkSj
dgks* i¼fr dh vuq'kalk dhA bl Ik¼fr osQ i{k esa roZQ ;g Fkk fd Hkk"kk
î<+uk* dSls fl[kk;k tk, 97
dh igpku iw.kZ bdkb;ksa osQ :i esa dh tkuh pkfg, tks fopkjksa dks vfHkO;Dr
djrh gSA vr% i<+uk fl[kkus dh 'kq#vkr v{kjksa vFkok 'kCnksa ls ugha cfYd
okD;ksa dh bu iw.kZ bdkb;ksa osQ vFkZiw.kZ iBUk ls dh xbZ (fLeFk]1965)A
bl {ks=k esa fd, x, dk;Z vkSj Ikzeq[k ;ksxnku
lk{kjrk ls tqM+h xfrfof/;ksa dh lac¼rk
19oha lnh osQ 'kq#vkr ls ysdj yxHkx rhu n'kdksa rd vesfjdk dh okD;
i¼fr dh rqyuk esa fo'o Hkj esa dgkuh dFku i¼fr (story method) T+;knk
yksdfiz; jghA cPpksa osQ î<+uk* lh[kus dh 'kq#vkr izkekf.kd lkfgR; dh
dgkfu;k¡ lquus ls gqvk djrh FkhA tc rd cPPkk dgkuh osQ ekSf[kd :i ls
ifjfpr ugha gks tkrk Fkk] mlls fyf[kr lkexzh Ik<+us dh dksf'k'k ugha djokbZ
tkrh Fkh (fLeFk]1965)A mlosQ ckn 1960 vkSj 1970 osQ n'kdksa esa î<+uk*
lh[kus dh ^Hkk"kk vuqHko Ikz.kkyh* (Language experience approach) dk
dbZ vaxzsT+kh Hkk"kh ns'kksa esa izHkko cuk jgkA bl izz.kkyh esa iBu dks cPps }kjk
igys ls gh gkfly fd, x, Hkk"kk&dkS'kyksa osQ foLrkj osQ :Ik esa ns[kk x;k
FkkA lkFk gh bl iz.kkyh esa vFkZiw.kZ laizs"k.k osQ :i esa iBu osQ mn~ns'; ij
fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;k FkkA
vkt dh ^lexz Hkk"kk i¼fr* (whole language approach) va'kr% bl

Hkk"kk&vuqHko dk gh ifj.kke gSA bl lexz Hkk"kk&iz.kkyh esa vFkZiw.kZ laizs"k.k
vkSj lk{kjrk laca/h mu xfrfof/;ksa dh laiw.kZrk vkSj v[kaMrk Ikj vf/d cy
fn;k tkrk Fkk] ftlesa cPPks lfØ; :i ls Hkkxhnkj jgrs gSaA i<+uk lh[kus dk
vkjaHk djus okys IkkBdksa lfgr lHkh ikBdksa dks izkekf.kd lkfgR; i<+us dh
lykg nh tkrh gS (xqMeSu] 1989)A okLro esa vktdy ;gh i¼fr baXySaM]
vejhdk] dukMk vkSj U;wT+khySaM esa vyx&vyx Lo:iksa esa izHkkodkjh gS
(Hladczuk & Eller, 1992)A :l esa ,d izk;ksfxd iBu dk;ZozQe fodflr
fd;k x;k gS ftldk mn~ns'; lkfgR; dks dyk ekurs gq, IkkBdksa dks f'kf{kr
djuk gS (Hladczuk & Eller, 1992 vè;k; 20)A gSfjl(1993) us vesfjdh
lanHkZ esa iBu&funsZ'kksa dh lkfgR; vk/kfjr i¼fr;ksa ls mRiUu gq, eqn~nksa dh
leh{kk dhA bl Ik¼fr esa lkfgR; Ikj bruk cy fn;k x;k fd bls ^lexz
lkfgR; i¼fr* dguk T+;knk csgrj gksxkA
98 i<+uk gS le>uk
LVkgy (Stahl) vkSj feyj (Miller) (1989) us vesfjdk osQ mu vè;;uksa

dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k gS ftuesa Hkk"kk&vuqHkoksa dh iBu miyfC/;ksa dh vkSj
lexz Hkk"kk dk;ZozQe (Whole Language Programme) dh rqyuk ^csly
jhMj* dk;ZozQe ls dh xbZA ^csly jhMj dk;ZØe* vis{kkd`r de izkekf.kd
vkSj pj.kc¼ iBu lkexzh Ikj cy nsrk gSA blesa fo'ys"k.kkRed f'k{k.k&i¼fr
dk vf/d bLrseky fd;k tkrk gS tks Lofue vkSj lanHkZjfgr 'kCnksa ij vk/
kfjr gSA bl laca/ esa ,d jkspd fu"d"kZ lkeus vk;k fd bl lanHkZ esa fd,
x, l?ku 'kks/ksa us buesa ls fdlh Hkh f'k{k.k i¼fr osQ i{k esa izek.k izLrqr
ugha fd,A bu ifj.kkexr rqyukvksa esa os eqn~ns] tSls& ikBdksa }kjk ikB dk
Lo;a ewY;kadu djuk vkSj lkfgR; osQ izfr dyk osQ :i osQ izfrfØ;k djuk
vkfn 'kkfey ugha fd, x,A
;gk¡ ,d Ikzeq[k eqn~nk ;g gS fd D;k cPps vius Ldwy osQ IkzkjafHkd o"kksaZ
esa brus l{ke gksrs gSa fd os vius IkBu&vuqHkoksa osQ fy, fdlh ekunaM dks
O;ogkj esa yk losQa vkSj tk¡p dh ,slh izfØ;k cuk losaQ tks lkfgfR;d d`fr
ij mudh jk; dks iq"V djus esa lgk;d gksA D;k os bl ;ksX; gksrs gSa fd vius
iBu&vuqHkoksa dks ,d Li"V mn~ns'; dk :i ns losaQ vkSj bUgsa vyx&vyx
ifjizs{; ls tksM+ losaQA filsaV (pinsent) us iBu&vuqHkoksa ij cPpksa osQ
fopkj laca/h 'kks/ lkfgR; dh leh{kk dhA mUgksaus ;g leh{kk fo"k;&oLrq]
ys[kd vkSj vU; ikBdksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls dhA 'kks/&leh{kk osQ ifj.kke ;g
bafxr djrs gSa fd nl o"kZ dh mez ls cPpksa dks lkfgfR;d ewY;kadu djus
dh 'kq#vkr djokbZ tk ldrh gSA bl mez ls bl izdkj dk f'k{k.k muosQ
fy, ykHknk;d gksxk tks lkfgR; osQ dyk :i osQ Ikzfr mudh vkykspukRed
izfrfozQ;k osQ fodkl esa lgk;d gks losQA
'kCn igpku
20oha lnh esa yxkrkj fo'ys"k.kkRed vkSj oSf'od i¼fr;ksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa
osQ ckjs esa ;g cgl tkjh jgh fd cPpksa dks fyf[kr 'kCnksa dh igpku
fl[kkus dk rjhdk D;k gks\ ;g ,d&nwljs ls vfr fHkUu o.kZ&foU;klksa
(alpbhabetic orthogrophies) okyh Hkk"kkvksa] tSls fd vR;f/d O;ofLFkr
^loksZ&ozQks,f'k;u* vkSj ^gaxqy* (nf{k.k dksfj;k dh)_ dki+Qh gn rd fu;fer
teZu vkSj :lh (Mkmfuax 1988] vè;k;&2) o.kZ&foU;kl rFkk vaxzsT+kh

o.kZ&foU;kl] ftlesa dqN xw<+ okD;&foU;kl laca/ Fks] vkfn osQ fy, ppkZ dk
eqn~nk cuk gqvk gSA phuh Hkk"kk osQ iBu&f'k{k.k esa Hkh ;g vge eqn~nk gS fd
og î<+uk* fl[kkus osQ fy, ml fo'ys"k.kIkjd rjhosQ dk bLrseky djs tks ,d
rjg osQ mPpkj.k vFkok vkSj ,d rjg dh n`';&lajpuk okyh fyfi;ksa@v{kjksa
dks feykrs gq, pyrk gS vFkok nwljh vf/d O;kid i¼fr viuk, ftlesa
v{kjksa dh igpku ,d vFkZiw.kZ lanHkZ esa NksVh&NksVh dgkfu;ksa osQ ekè;e ls
djokbZ tkrh gS (Hladczuk & Eller, 1992 vè;k;&4)A
oSdfYid èofuijd i¼fr;ksa dks blfy, ykxw fd;k x;k rkfd cPpksa dks
,sls rjhosQ crk, tk losaQ ftuesa os vifjfpr fyf[kr 'kCnksa dks igpkuuk
lh[k losaQA la;qDr jk"Vª vesfjdk esa 1920 rd èofu&v{kj laca/ dks vusd
ckj 'kCnksa osQ lkekU; v{kj&èofu dk fun'kZu djrs gq, fl[kk;k tkrk jgk gSA
mnkgj.k osQ fy, sun, saw,sat vkfn eqfnzr 'kCn fn[kkdj f'k{kd }kjk izR;sd
'kCn dk mPpkj.k Ikgyh èofu dks [khaprs gq, fd;k x;k tks rhuksa 'kCnksa esa
leku gSA ,d&,d Lofue (phoneme) ls cM+h orZuh okyh lajpuk dk Hkh
bLrseky fd;k x;k] tSls f'k{kd us Ikgys 'at' èofu&laosQr ls Ikfjfpr djok;k
vkSj fiQj crk;k fd oSQls mlesa vU; v{kj tksM+dj sat, bat, fat vkfn 'kCn
cuk, tkrs gSaA bl Ikzdkj dh fo'ys"k.kijd Lofud (phonic) dh ij[k
xsV~l(1928) us vius vè;;uksa esa dhA
lh[kus dh xfr dks izHkkfor djus okyh Lofud i¼fr (phonic methods)
f'k{k.k&dk;ZØeksa dh rqyuk lexz Hkk"kk&iz.kkyh dk;ZozQeksa ls dh tkrh jgh gSA
ftuesa bl rjg dh ckrksa Ikj cy ugha fn;k tkrk (mnkgj.k osQ fy, iwQjeu]
IkzQkafll] uksoh ,aM fycjeu] 1991)A nqHkkZX; ls ,sls vè;;uksa esa fofHkUu
i¼fr;ksa osQ chp osQ vusd oSdfYid fcanqvksa dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k] tSls
& 'kCn&HkaMkj dh fofHkUurk] muosQ fl[kk, tkus dh xfr] f'k{kdksa Ikj izHkko]
f'k{k.k≤] f'k{k.k vkjaHk djrs le; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk LrjA
gky gh osQ dqN vè;;u vc miyfC/ osQ ifj.kkexr Lrjksa ij mruk

è;ku u nsdj bl ckr dh tk¡p dj jgs gSa fd tc ikBd ,d gh Lrj dh
100 i<+uk gS le>uk
IkBu&miyfC/ gkfly dj pqosQ gksrs gSa] rc D;k fofHkUu f'k{k.k&Ik¼fr;ksa osQ

chp izfozQ;kvksa vFkok lh[kus osQ rjhdksa esa varj vkrk gS ;k ugha (tkWuLVu]
FkkWEilu] ÝySpj&fiQyu rFkk gkWyhxu] 1995] vè;k;&3)A mnkgj.k osQ fy,
dkuSyh] tkUlVu vkSj FkkEilu us ik;k fd Ikk¡p&Ng lky osQ cPps] ftUgsa
Lofud i¼fr (phonic method) vkSj dgkuh lqukdj feyh&tqyh iz.kkyh osQ
ekè;e ls fl[kk;k x;k Fkk] os lexz Hkk"kk dk;ZØe okys cPPkksa dh rqyuk esa
iwjh rjg vifjfpr phT+kksa] fu;fer] Nn~e 'kCnksa] tSls& 'blum’ dks T+;knk vPNh
rjg ls i<+ ik,A ijarq vfu;fer o.kZ&èofu O;ogkj okys lkekU; 'kCnksa] tSls
'sword’ dks de dq'kyrk ls i<+ ik,A Lofud i¼fr osQ ekè;e ls i<+k,
x, cPps le> osQ lkFk i<+us osQ fygkT+k ls iQk;ns esa jgsA ftldk dkj.k ;g
gks ldrk gS fd Ik<+us dh /heh xfr dh otg ls os 'kCn dh ckjhfd;ksa Ikj
vf/d è;ku ns losQ gksaxsA
'kCnksa dh Ikgpku osQ fy, lexz&Hkk"kk Ikz.kkyh (Whole Language-

Approach ) osQ i{k/j vkerkSj ij ;g lykg nsrs gSa fd f'k{kd cPpksa dks
bl ckr osQ fy, izsfjr djsa fd os i<+s x, ikB osQ lanHkZ ls vFkZ dk vuqeku
yxk,¡A 'kks/ksa ls dki+Qh gn rd ;g lkeus vk;k gS fd oLrqr% bldk mYVk
gksrk gS vkSj Ikfjfpr 'kCnksa dh Ikgpku djus esa ikBdksa }kjk lanHkZ dks de gh
egÙo fn;k tkrk gS ¹ijiQsV~Vh (Perfetti)] 1995ºA vifjfpr u, 'kCnksa dks
i<+us esa fo'ks"k rkSj ij 'kq#vkrh nkSj osQ ikBdksa dks lanHkZ ls dqN ykHknk;d
lwpuk rks vo'; feyrh gS ¹fudylu (Nicholson)] 1991ºA Ikjarq vDlj
blosQ lkFk&lkFk ikBd dks v{kj&èofu }kjk izkIr lwpuk dk Hkh bLrseky
djuk iM+rk gSA ;g fl¼ gks pqdk gS fd U;wT+khySaM esa lexz Hkk"kk&Ik¼fr
osQ ekè;e ls i<+k, x, cPpksa osQ lkFk ,slk gh gqvk gS ¹Vaej ,aM pSieSu]
Tunmer and Chapman) 1997ºA iBu&dkS'ky osQ fodkl osQ nkSjku cPps
ftu izfozQ;kvksa ls xqT+kjdj 'kCnksa dks igpkuuk lh[krs gSa] muosQ ckjs esa lafpr
izek.kksa ls ¹,gjh (Ehri)] 1994º iBu&f'k{k.k laca/h vuq'kalk,¡ ykHkdkjh
gks ldrh gSaA
Ok.kZekyk fl¼kar
Ik<+us dh 'kq#vkr osQ fy, 16oha lnh esa teZuh esa vkbdyflej (Icklesamar)
us f'k{kdksa ls vkxzg fd;k fd os ;g ns[ksa fd balku us lcls Ikgys î<+uk*

oSQls lh[kk gksxk vkSj ;g Hkh ns[ksa fd v{kj Kku nsus ls igys cPpksa dks ;g
fl[kk,¡ fd oSQls mPpfjr 'kCnksa dks fnekx esa Lofue bdkb;ksa (constituent
phonems) esa foHkkftr djosQ ns[kk tk ldrk gS (Msfol] 1973)A fiNyh
lnh osQ eè; esa :l esa mf'kULdh us ^fgLVksfjd eSFkM* dh vuq'kalk dhA ;g
rjhdk bl ckr ij vk/kfjr Fkk fd o.kZØe O;oLFkk dk rFkkdfFkr vkfo"dkj
oSQls gqvk ¹Mkmfuax] 1988] cuZcs (Burnbay)dh leh{kk Hkh ns[ksaAºA pw¡fd ;g
vkfo"dkj ml vewrZ èoU;ka'k dh [kkst ij fuHkZj djrk gS tks fdlh Hkk"kk osQ
cksypky osQ 'kCnksa dk fgLlk gksrs gSaA vr% cksys tkus okys 'kCnksa osQ bl igyw
dks lh[kuk cPps osQ Îk<+uk* lh[kuk dk Ikgyk dne gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,
cPpksa dks Lofue dh Ikgpku ,d fo'ks"k vkjafHkd èofu Ikj vk/kfjr ekSf[kd
'kCnksa dks pqudj djokbZ tk,] tSls & 'K' ls 'kq: gksus okys dbZ ekSf[kd
'kCnksa dk p;u djsa vkSj fiQj IkzLrqr ekSf[kd 'kCnksa osQ igys Lofue vkSj
vkf[kjh Lofue dh Ikgpku djsaA ;g ^fgLVksfjd eSFkM* O;ogkj esa larks"ktud
:i ls ykxw ugha gks ik;kA gkyk¡fd :l esa 1960 vkSj 1970 osQ n'kdksa Eksa
,ydksfuu }~kjk izfrikfnr IkBu&vuqns'ku ;kuh Ik<+us ls lacaf/r fgnk;rsa nsus
osQ dqN ,sls gh u, rjhosQ fodflr fd, x, ¹Mkmfuax (Downing) 1973]
Mkmfuax] 1998 vè;k; 22ºA
o.kZekyk fl¼kar dk Kku fd 'kCnkas esa v{kj O;ofLFkr :i ls 'kCnksa dh

èofu;ksa esa vkrs gSa & bl v{kj èofu Kku ls c<+dj gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, tSls
cPps ;g lh[k ldrs gSa fd ‘buh’ v{kj ‘b’ osQ fy, ,d vuqdwy èoU;kadu
gSA fiQj Hkh ;fn os ‘job’ vkSj ‘crob’ tSls 'kCnksa esa fo|eku leku Lofue dks
ugha igpku ikrs rks ;g ugha ekuk tk losQxk fd mUgksaus o.kZekyh; fl¼kar
lh[k fy;k gSA lkekU; izxfr osQ fy, ;fn î<+uk* lh[kus dh 'kq#vkr esa bl
fl¼kar dk Kku vko';d ekuk tkrk gS rks f'k{kd dks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk
gksxk fd Lofue dh Ikgpku cPpksa dks f'k{k.k osQ 'kq#vkr esa gh djok;k tk,A
,sls Kku osQ fy, D;k rc rd barT+kkj fd;k tk, tc rd cPpk vius vki
,slk djuk ugha lh[k tkrk ;k fiQj f'k{k.k esa Li"V rkSj ij bldk vH;kl
djok;k tk,\
102 i<+uk gS le>uk
vkLVsªfy;k esa ck;uZ vkSj iQhfYMax ckUlZys (1995) (Byrne and Fielding-
Barnsley 1995) us crk;k fd Lofue Lo:iksa dk Kku Ldwyh f'k{k.k 'kq:
gksus ls igys pkj lky dh mez ls 'kq: dj ckjg gÝ+rs rd djok;k tk
ldrk gSA gkyk¡fd nks&rhu o"kksZa dh Ldwyh f'k{kk osQ ckn osQ Ikjh{k.k esa ik;k
x;k fd 'kCnksa dks v{kj dh èofu ls tksM+dj i<+us okys bl lewg dk izn'kZu
nwljs fu;af=kr lewg osQ eqdkcys csgrj ugha Fkk (fu;fer fgTtksa okys fujFkZd
'kCnksa dks ;g lewg T+k:j csgrj i<+ ldkA)A blosQ foijhr cky vkSj CySpeSu
(1991) us fl¼ fd;k fd Lofue igpku osQ lkFk v{kjksa dh èofu dk
izf'k{k.k lkr gÝ+rksa rd fn;k x;k rks ik¡p o"kZ osQ cPPkksa dks blls ykHk gqvk
vkSj os fu;fer fgTtksa okys lkekU; 'kCnksa (v{kj&èofu f'k{k.k osQ vk/kj
ij jfpr) dks vklkuh ls Ik<+ losQA bl vè;;u esa vesfjdk osQ fdaMjxkMZu
dk;ZozQe osQ cPpksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k Fkk ftUgsa O;ofLFkr iBu&funZs'k ugha
fn, x, FksA ;g ckr laHkor% vk'p;Ztud gS fd ;g ykHk ml fLFkfr esa Hkh
ik;k tk ldk tc vifjfpr] u, 'kCnksa dh Ikgpku esa cPpksa dks o.kZekyk osQ
fl¼kar dk bLrseky djuk ugha fl[kk;k x;k FkkA gks ldrk Fkk fd O;ogkj
esa ykus dh j.kuhfr;ksa dk f'k{k.k ifj.kkeksa esa vkSj csgrjh ykrkA Vuej vkSj
pSieSu us bl êSVkdkWXusfVo vizksp* ;kuh ijklaKkukRed izz.kkyh dh O;k[;k
dh gS tks vifjfpr 'kCnksa dh igpku esa cPpksa osQ lqfu;ksftr Kku ls laca/
j[krh gSA
le>dj i<+uk
cPpksa osQ vf/dka'k dkS'ky ftUgsa le> osQ lkFk i<+us (reading
comprehension) osQ varxZr j[kk tkrk gS] bldk Hkh iBu osQ lkFk dksbZ
lh/k laca/ ugha ns[kk x;k (FkkWel] Vaej ,aM fudylu] 1993)A ;gk¡ izeq[k
eqn~nk ;g gS fd lqLi"V f'k{k.k }kjk eqfnzr ikB dks le>us osQ dkS'ky dks
c<+kok fn;k tk ldrk gS vFkok ughaA dbZ ns'kksa eas ;g cgl dk eqn~nk jgk
gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, tkiku esa le> osQ lkFk i<+us dh dbZ iz.kkfy;k¡ vf/d
lqLi"V vkSj fo'ys"k.kkRed jgh gSa tcfd dqN oSf'od :i ls O;kid jgh
gSa (Mkmfuax] 1973)A o"kZ 1980 ls vesfjdk esa le> osQ lkFk i<+uk fl[kkus
osQ ml uewus esa vf/d #fp yh tkrh jgh ftuesa cPpksa dks dbZ j.kuhfr;ksa
ls Ikfjfpr djok;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g crk;k tkrk gS fd mu fof/;ksa dk dc
vkSj D;ksa bLrseky fd;k tk, (Mksy MiQh] Vksgyj ,aM fi;lZu 1991] fi;lZu
,aM iQhfYMax] 1991)A
vesfjdk esa dbZ 'kks/drkZvksa us ;g lqfuf'pr djus dk iz;kl fd;k gS
fd D;k ,sls rjhosQ okLro esa fl[kk, Hkh tk ldrs gSa vkSj D;k fo|kFkhZ
mlh fo"k;&{ks=k dh vifjfpr lkexzh ij mu rjhdksa dks liQyrkiwoZd ykxw
Hkh dj ldrk gS\ dqN gh vè;;u bl izdkj osQ gSa tks iz.kkyh&foKku osQ
l?ku ekunaMksa osQ lehi gksa (izSlyh vkfn lc] 1989)A jSiusy vkSj oksUukdkV
(1985) us ik;k fd ukS o"khZ; cPpksa dks ;g fl[kk;k tk ldrk gS fd le>
dks tk¡pus okys iz'uksa osQ fy, lwpuk ikB esa Hkh lqLi"V gks ldrh gSA og
ikB osQ vyx&vyx Hkkxksa ls izkIr lwpuk osQ vk/kj ij vuqekfur Hkh dh tk
ldrh gS vkSj ;g Hkh fd gks ldrk gS blosQ fy, ikBd dks vius iwoZKku
dk lgkjk ysuk iM+sA M~;wbT+k] dkj ,aM iSVcxZ (1987) us ik;k fd nl o"khZ;
cPpksa dks ;g fl[kk;k tk ldrk gS fd ikBxr lwpuk dks vius Kku ls oSQls
lefUor djsa vkSj (dqN gn rd ;g Hkh) ikB dh lajpuk ij oSQls è;ku nsaA
le> osQ lkFk Ik<+uk lh[kus dh bl iz.kkyh dks ysdj dbZ 'kadk,¡ vkSj
vkifÙk;k¡ gSaA ,d rks ;g fd ;fn cPpksa esa i<+us osQ izfr #>ku gS vkSj os
viuh le> osQ Åij osQ ikB dks ugha i<+ jgs gSa rks bl izdkj osQ rjhdksa osQ
izf'k{k.k dh dksbZ vko';drk gh ugha jg tkrh (dkoZj]1987)A nwljh vkifÙk
;g gS fd fofHkUu rjhdksa dk bLrseky dc vkSj dgk¡ fd;k tk,& bl my>u
esa iM+dj gks ldrk gS fd og ikB dh le> ij lgh rjg è;ku u ns losaQ
¹fi;lZu ,aM iQhfYMax (Fielding)] 1991ºA ,d vkSj vkifÙk ;g gS fd ;s
i¼fr;k¡ d{kk esa f'k{kd vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ chp cgqr ,drjiQk&lh jgh gaS
vkSj buesa nks rjiQk f'k{k.k vFkok f'k{kdksa dh fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ izfr tokcnsgh
vkfn dk LFkku ugha jg tkrk gSA izSlyh (Pressley) vkSj vU; (1992)
us bl [kkl vkifÙk osQ lek/ku :i esa ,d ,slh f'k{k.k&fof/ osQ ckjs esa
crk;k gS tks fopkjksa osQ lkj ek=k dh fpark rd lhfer u jgdj ikBdksa
dh vyx&vyx izdkj dh O;k[;kvksa vkSj mudh laosxkRed rFkk dykRed
izfrfØ;kvksa dks Hkh mfpr LFkku nsrh gSA
104 i<+uk gS le>uk
Hkkoh fn'kk,¡
vc ,slk eglwl fd;k tkus yxk gS fd 'kq#vkrh ikBd o.kZØe fl¼kar
dks dbZ vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls xzg.k vkSj bLrseky dj ldrk gSA fo|kFkhZ
vifjfpr fyf[kr 'kCnksa dks ^cksyus* osQ fy, v{kj&èofu&fl¼kar dks lkekU;r%
i<+k, mnkgj.kksa osQ :i esa bLrseky dj ldrk gSA nwljk rjhdk ;g gS fd
'kq#vkrh ikBd o.kZekyk fl¼kar osQ vifBr mnkgj.k vius vki (Lo&f'k{k.k)
gh le> ys ;k v{kj&èofu Øe osQ laca/ dks LokHkkfod :Ik ls iBu 'kCn
HkaMkj esa 'kkfey djrs pysaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, sit, cat, not tSls 'kCnksa esa vafre
v{kj vkSj èofu leku gSA ball, fall, wall &buesa dqN v{kj Hkh leku gSa vkSj
èofu;k¡ HkhA v{kj&èofu uewuksa osQ bl Lo&vftZr Kku osQ lgkjs cPpk u, 'kCnksa
dks igpkuuk lh[k ldrk gS (FkkWEIlu] dkWVªSy (cottrell) ,aM ÝySpj&fyu
(Fletcher-Flinn)] 1996] FkkWEIlu ,aM fudylu)A o.kZØe fl¼kar osQ
bLrseky dk ,d rhljk rjhdk Hkh gSA fo|kFkhZ feyrs&tqyrs 'kCnksa dk lgkjk
ys ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, vifjfpr 'kCn Hump dh Ikgpku osQ fy,
og rRdky jump 'kCn dk bLrseky dj ldrk gSA cPPks dh lkn`'; laosQrdksa
osQ bLrseky dh {kerk ij gky gh osQ vè;;u osQ vk/kj ij 'kq#vkrh ikBdksa
dks feyrs&tqyrs 'kCnksa ;k lkn`';ewyd 'kCnksa }kjk f'k{k.k nsus ij lgefr
cuh gqbZ gSA nqHkkZX; ls blosQ i{k/jksa us bl fofnr lk{; dh mis{kk dh gS fd
'kq#vkrh i<+kbZ osQ Lrj ij feyrs&tqyrs 'kCnksa }kjk f'k{k.k v{kj&èofu f'k{k.k
dh rqyuk esa de izHkkoh gksrk gS ¹lfyou (Sullivan), vksdkMk (Okada)
,aM uhM~jes;j (Niedermeyer)] 1971ºA 'kCn&igpku esa lkn`';ksa osQ izHkkoh
vkSj lqfo/ktud bLrseky osQ fy, cPps dks Ikgys vius ifBr&'kCn&Kku
ls feyrs&tqyrs 'kCn <w¡<+ fudkyus gkaxsA fo|kFkhZ dk tc rd IkfBr 'kCn
Kku HkaMkj foLr`r ugha gksxk rc rd lkn`';rk dk bLrseky lhfer gh gksxkA
Lofud f'k{k.k (phonics teaching) cPpksa dks o.kZØe ;k o.kZekyk
fl¼kar osQ dqN lhfer mnkgj.kksa dh gh tkudkjh ns Ikkrk gSA vHkh rd ;g
Li"V ugha gks ldk gS fd bl izdkj dk f'k{k.k cPpksa dks igys u lh[ks x,
fl¼karksa osQ mnkgj.kksa dks vius vki lh[k ldus esa fdruk mi;ksxh fl¼ gks
ldrk gSA vaxzsT+kh dh tfVy orZuh osQ lanHkZ esa v{kj&èofu laca/ksa osQ vlhfer
uewuksa ij ,d&,d dj è;ku nsuk f'k{kd vkSj fo|kFkhZ nksuksa gh osQ fy,
leL;ktud gksxkA oSls rks bu îSVuZ* dh tkudjh ls tqM+h ^Lo&f'k{kk* dqN
gn rd LokHkkfod :i ls gj IkkBd esa IkkbZ gh tkrh gSA Hkfo"; esa fd, tkus
okys vè;;u f'k{kd osQ iqujh{k.k&dk;Z dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, fd,
tkus pkfg, fd fo|kFkhZ dks dc fo'ys"k.kijd f'k{k.k fn;k tk,] ugha fn;k
tk, vkSj fdlh fo|kFkhZ fo'ks"k osQ fy, fdruk f'k{k.k ;k funsZ'k vko';d gSA
blosQ vfrfjDr ;g Hkh lkeus vkuk pkfg, fd bl izdkj osQ fo'ys"k.kijd
f'k{k.k osQ ifj.kkeksa dks fo|kFkhZ iBu laca/h xfrfof/;ksa esa fdl izdkj izHkkoh
<ax ls O;ogkj esa yk ldrs gSaA
Ball, E.W. and B.A. Blachman. 1991. ‘Does Phoneme Awareness

Training in Kindergarten Make a Difference in Early Word
Recognition and Developmental Spelling?’. Reading Research
Quarterly 26, 49-66.
Byrne, B. and R. Fielding-Barnsley. 1995. ‘Evaluation of a
Programme to Teach Phonemic Awareness to Young Children:
A 2- and 3-Year Follow-up and a New Pre-school Trial’.
Journal of Educational Psychology 87, 488-503.
Carver, R.P. 1987. ‘Should Reading Comprehension Skills be
Taught?’, in J.E. Readance and R.S. Baldwin (eds.), Research
in Literacy: Merging Perspectives. Thirty-sixty Yearbook of
the National Reading Conference, 115-126. National Reading
Conference, Rochester NY.
Davies, W.J.F. 1973. Teaching Reading in Early England, Pitman,
London, UK.
Dewitz, P., E.M. Carr and J.P. Patberg. 1987. ‘Effects of Inference
Training on Comprehension and Comprehension Monitoring’.
Reading Research Quarterly 22, 99-121.
Dole, J.A., G.G. Duffy, L.R. Roehler and P.D. Pearson. 1991.
‘Moving From the Old to the New: Research on Reading
Comprehension Instruction’. Review of Educational Research
61, 239-264.
Downing, J.A. (ed.) 1973. Comparative Reading: Cross-National
Studies of Behaviour and Processes in Reading and Writing,
106 i<+uk gS le>uk
Macmillan, New York.

Downing, J.A. (ed.) 1988. Cognitive Psychology and Reading in the
U.S.S.R., North Holland, Amsterdam. (Translation of Russian
writings from the 1930s to 1980s.)
Ehri, L.C. 1994. ‘Development of the ability to Read Words:
Update’, in R.B. Ruddell, M.R. Ruddell and H, Singer (eds.),
Theoretical Models and Processes of Reading (fourth edition),
323-358. International Reading Association, Newark De.
Farnie, R.C. 1895. Manual of School Method, Whitcombe and
Tombs, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Foorman, B.R., D.J. Francis, D.M. Novy and D. Liberman.
1991. ‘How Letter-Sound Instruction Mediates Progress in
First-Grade Reading and Spelling’. Journal of Educational
Psychology 83, 456-469.
Gates, A.J. 1928. New Methods in Primary Reading, Bureau of
Publications. Teachers College, Columbia University, New
York.
Goodman, Y.M. 1989. ‘Roots of the Whole Language Movement’.
Elementary School Journal 90, 113-127.
Harris, V.J. 1993. ‘Literature-based Approaches to Reading
Instruction’, in L. Darling-Hammond (eds.), Review of
Research in Education, Vol. 19, 269-297. American Educational
Research Association, Washington DC.
Hladczuk, J. and W. Eller. (eds.) 1992. International Handbook of
Reading Education, Greenwood Press, Westport Ct.
Johnston, R.S., G.B. Thompson, C.F. Fletcher-Flinn and C.
Holligan. 1995. ‘The functions of Phonology in the Acquisition
of Reading: Lexical and Sentence Processing’. Memory and
Cognition 23, 749-766.
Nicholson, T. 1991. ‘Do Children Read Words Better in Context or
in Lists? A Classic Study Revisited’. Journal of Educational
Psychology 83, 444-450.
Pearson, P.D. and L. Fielding. 1991. ‘Comprehension Instruction’,
in R. Barr, M.L. Kamil, P.B. Mosenthal and P.D. Pearson (eds.),
Handbook of Reading Research Vol., 2, 815-860. Longman,
White Plains, NY.
Perfetti, C.A. 1995. ‘Cognitive Research Can Inform Reading

Education’. Journal of Research in Reading 18, 106-115.
Pressley, M., L.M. Lynynshik, H. d'Ailly, M. Smith and H. Cake.
1989, ‘A Methodological Analysis of Experimental Studies
of Comprehension Strategy Instruction’. Reading Research
Quarlerly 24, 458-470.
Pressley, M., P.B. EI-Dinary, I. Gaskins, T. Schuder, J.L. Bergman,
J. Almasi and R. Brown. 1992. ‘Beyond Direct Explanation:
Transactional Instruction of Reading Comprehension
Strategies’. Elementary School Journal 92, 513-555.
Raphael, T.E. and C.A. Wonnacott. 1985. ‘Heightening Fourth-
Grade Students’ Sensitivity to Sources of Information for
Answering Comprehension Questions’. Reading Research
Quarterly 20, 282-296.
Smith, N.B. 1965. American Reading Instruction, International
Reading Association, Newark De.
Stahl, S.A. and P.D. Miller. 1989. ‘Whole Language and Language
Experience Approaches for Beginning Reading: A Quantitative
Research Synthesis’. Review of Educational Research 59, 87-
116.
Sullivan, H.J., M. Okada and F.C. Niedermeyer. 1971. ‘Learning
and transfer under two methods of word-attack instruction’.
American Educational Research Journal 8, 227-239.
Thompson, G.B., D.S. Cottrell and C.M. Fletcher-Flinn. 1996.
‘Sub-lexical Orthographic Phonological Relations Early in the
Acquisition of Reading: The Knowledge Sources Account’.
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 62, 190-222.
Thompson, G.B., W.D. Tunmer and T. Nicholson (eds.). 1993.
Reading Acquisition Processes, Multilingual Matters,
Clevedon UK.
Tunmer, W.E. and J.W. Chapman, in press, ‘Language Prediction
Skill, Phonological Recoding Ability, and Beginning reading’,
in C. Hulme and R.M. Joshi (eds.), Reading and Spelling:
Development and Disorder, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,
Hove UK.
vvvvv
IkBu
lh- ihVj jlsy*
ge i<+uk oSQls lh[krs gSa\
i<+rs le; ge D;k ns[krs gSa\
ck,¡ ls nk,¡ D;ksa i<+uk pkfg,\
i<+us dh xfr dks oSQls rsT+k fd;k tk ldrk gS\
vkSj og Hkh fcuk vFkZ dks [kks,\
i<+us dh lokZsÙke i¼fr dkSu&lh gS\
lu~ 1950 osQ igys vaxzsT+kh dh vf/drj Ik<+kbZ ô.kZekyk i¼fr* ls djokbZ
tkrh FkhA bl Ik¼fr esa lcls Ikgys cPps vaxzsT+kh o.kZekyk osQ NCchl v{kj
lh[krss gSaA blosQ ckn mUgsa o.kZekyk osQ IkzR;sd v{kj dh fof'k"V ^èofu* dk
Kku djk;k tkrk gS] lkFk gh mUgsa ;g è;ku fnyk;k tkrk gS fd dHkh&dHkh
,d v{kj dh ,d ls vf/d èofu;k¡ Hkh gks ldrh gSaA tSls ^civil* (flfoy)
'kCn esa ^C* dh èofu ^Lk* ls gS A rks ^Cavil* (dfoy) esa ^d* ls A blh
izdkj nks vyx & vyx v{kjksa dh èofu Hkh dHkh&dHkh ,d gksrh gS tSls
^jib* dk v{kj ‘j’ vkSj ‘Gib’ dk v{kj ‘G’ nksuksa ,d gh èofu nsrs gSa&
^j* dhA blosQ ckn cPps èofu;ksa dks ,d lkFk tksM+dj igys 'kCnka'k v{kj
;kfu (syllables) vkSj fiQj vklku 'kCn cukuk lh[krs gSa A
;gk¡ rd fl[kkus dh ;g IkzfozQ;k ^Å¡pk cksydj* dh tkrh gS ftlls

vè;kid ;g tku ikrk gS fd cPps èofu dk lgh mPpkj.k dj jgs gSa ;k
ugha A blosQ ckn mUgsa ^pqi jgdj* i<+uk fl[kk;k tkrk gSA blesa cPps Ikgys
'kCnksa dks bl rjg cksyrs gSa] ekuks vius ls ckr dj jgs gksa A blosQ ckn os
mUgsa fcuk vkokT+k fudkys ^pqi* jgdj cksyrs gSaA var esa fcuk vksaB fgyk,
i<+uk lh[krs gSaA gks ldrk gS fd os vc Hkh maxyh uhps j[kdj 'kCnksa dks
i<+rs gksaA blfy, bl i¼fr osQ vkf[kjh pj.k esa mUgsa bl ckr osQ fy, izsfjr
fd;k tkrk gS fd os fcuk 'kCn osQ uhps maxyh j[k osQoy vk¡[kksa ls ns[kdj
i<+saA
106 i<+us gS le>uk
vkxs dh izxfr osQ fy, /hjs&/hjs cPpksa dks vkSj dfBu iqLrosQa i<+us dks nh
tkrh gSa ftuls mudk 'kCn&HkaMkj vkSj O;kdj.k dk Kku fodflr gks losQ
vkSj mEehn dh tkrh gS fd (twfu;j gkbZLdwy vkBoha d{kk) rd vkrs&vkrs]
os dke esa vkus okyh vf/drj lkexzh dks i<+us ;ksX; gks tk,¡A
nqHkkZX; ls bl Ik¼fr esa dbZ nks"k gSaA ,d cM+h leL;k v{kjksa vkSj mudh
èofu;ksa osQ chp osQ tfVy laca/ dks ysdj iSnk gksrh gS] ftlls cPps dh
lh[kus dh xfr /heh iM+ tkrh gSA tSlk fd ,d Hkk"kk vè;kid us crk;k fd
'ay' (,s) ls 'apple' (,Iiy) 'bee' (ch) ls ^book* vkSj 'sea* (lh) ls
^confusion* (dUÝ;wT+ku) gksrk gS A
1950 osQ ckn vusd ,slh rduhosaQ fodflr dh xbZa] ftUgkasus ô.kZekyk i¼fr*
dh dfe;ksa dks nwj djus dh dksf'k'k dhA buesa lokZf/d iz;ksx esa vkus okyh
Ik¼fr ^ns[kks&cksyks Ik¼fr* (Look say method) gSA blls cPps dks fdlh
Hkh Ikfjfpr oLrq tSls fd ^di dk fp=k* fn;k tkrk gS vkSj mlosQ uhps
cM+s&cM+s v{kjksa esa mldk uke ;kuh ^dIk* fy[kk gksrk gSA ;gk¡ 'kq#vkr esa
cPpksa dks o.kZKku ugha cfYd vklku 'kCn vkSj muls tqM+h èofu;ksa rFkk muosQ
vFkZ crk, tkrs gSaA dqN nwljh i¼fr;ksa esa] lkekU; v{kj osQ lkFk vfrfjDr
fpg~u tksM+ fn, tkrs gSa ftlls v{kjksa vkSj mudh èofu;ksa esa lh/k laca/
LFkkfir fd;k tk losQA ^vkjafHkd vaxzsT+kh o.kZf'k{k.k* (Initial Teaching
Alphabet) esa o.kZekyk osQ NCchl v{kjksa osQ vfrfjDr vV~Bkjg vkSj fpg~uksa
dks tksM+ fn;k tkrk gS rkfd Hkk"kk dk vf/dka'k èoU;kRed nk;jk mlesa
lek losQA ^LojHksn fpg~uhdj.k i¼fr) (diacritical marking system)
esa lkekU; o.kksZa osQ lkFk&lkFk vfrfjDr fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tks
gesa 'kCnksa osQ mPpkj.k ls ifjfpr djkrs gSa A ^dyj flLVe* uked ,slh gh
i¼fr esa lkekU;r% iz;ksx esa vkus okys 26 o.kksZa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj
gj v{kj 48 jaxksa esa ls fdlh jax dks n'kkZrk gSA blesa izR;sd jax ,d èofu
dks n'kkZrk gSA orZeku esa izpfyr i¼fr esa gj Ik¼fr osQ vPNs igyqvksa dks
tSls fp=kksa] jaxksa] la;kstu vkfn dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls lh[kus esa
enn feyrh gSA
fu%lansg bu lHkh i¼fr;ksa dh viuh mi;ksfxrk gS ij ;g osQoy 'kCnksa
vkSj o.kksZa dh Ikgpku rd lhfer gSA ;s u rks cPpksa dh pqi jgdj i<+us dh
xfr c<+kus esa lgk;d gSa] u gh izHkkoiw.kZ rjhosQ ls i<+us esa lgk;d gSa vkSj
iBu 107
u gh Ik<+s gq, dks ;kn j[kus esa lgk;d gksrh gaSA

cPps i<+uk lh[k x, gaS] ;g rHkh ekuk tk ldrk gS tc os fcuk gkasB
fgyk, vkSj fcuk v{kjksa ij maxyh j[ks i<+ losaQA ijarq] efLr"d dh n`';kRed
lwpukvksa dks laxzfgr djosQ cuk, j[kus osQ vFkksZa esa] os vPNs ikBd ugha
dgyk,¡xs A
geesa ls vf/dka'k] ;gk¡ rd fd Ok;Ld yksxksa dks Hkh i<+s tkus okys 'kCn
lqukbZ nsrs gSaA ,slk ugha gS fd ge okLro esa mUgsa ^mPpfjr* djus ;k ^cksyus*
dh gn rd tkrs gksa] ysfdu mudh ^èofu* T+k:j lkFk jgrh gSA T+;knkrj yksx
nks lkS ls rhu lkS 'kCn Ikzfr feuV rd gh ^lqu* ikus dh {kerk j[krs gSa vkSj
;g vuqikr mudh lkekU; iBu xfr dh lhek cu tkrk gS A
gesa ;g fl[kk;k gh ugha tkrk fd fy[ks gq, dks n`'; :Ik esa oSQls Ik<+saA ;fn
,slk gks rks gekjh i<+us dh xfr Ikzfr feuV dbZ gT+kkj 'kCnksa rd gks ldrh
gSA lkFk gh gesa ;g Hkh ugha fl[kk;k tkrk fd tks Ik<+k gS] mls le>us vkSj
;kn j[kus dh ;ksX;rk dks oSQls vf/d ls vf/d c<+k;k tk,A i<+uk lh[kus
dks v{kj Ikgpkuus vkSj mudk 'kCnksa esa iz;ksx ek=k le>k tkrk gS vkSj tcfd
okLro esa ;g lkjh IkzfozQ;k î<+us dh izfØ;k* dk Ikgyk pj.k ek=k gSA
^raeding* 'kCn vkaXy&lSDlkWu 'kCn 'raedan' ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ ^Lo;a
dks lykg nsuk* gSA bldk ;g eryc ugha gS fd Ik`"B ij cus fpg~uksa dks
cl Ikgpku fy;k tk, vkSj muls cuus okys 'kCnksa dks tku fy;k tk,A bldk
vFkZ] i<+s x, 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ vkSj mudh lkFkZdrk osQ ckjs esa ^Lo;a dks lykg
nsus* dh {kerk j[kuk gSA cqT+kku uked fo}ku us îBu* dh ,slh gh O;kid
O;k[;k nsrs gq,] mlesa lkr pj.kh; IkzfozQ;k dk leFkZu fd;k gS &
1- n`f"Vxr lkexzh dks vk¡[kksa }kjk vkRelkr fd;k tkukA
2- v{kjksa vkSj 'kCnksa dh igpku djukA
3- le>uk_ i<+s tkus okys 'kCnksa dks iwjs vuqPNsn osQ vFkZ ls tksM+dj
ns[kukA
4- cks/_ i<+h xbZ lwpuk dk vius laiw.kZ Kku ls rkyesy fcBkukA
5- lwpuk dk vPNs vkSj lgh <ax ls viuh Le`fr esa lap;uA
6- T+k:jr osQ vuqlkj ml lwpuk dks iz;ksx esa yk IkkukA
7- lwpuk dk izHkkoh rkSj ij bLrseky vkSj lIkQyrkiwoZd mls vU;
yksxksa rd Ikgq¡pk lduk_ lkFk gh vius fy, rd Hkh] ;kuh fopkjksa
108 i<+us gS le>uk
esa Li"Vrk ykukA1

bl O;k[;k osQ vuqlkj ns[kk tk, rks ge ik,¡xs fd î<+us* dh vf/dka'k
lkekU; Ik¼fr;ksa esa igys nks pj.kksa ij gh è;ku fn;k tkrk gSA cks/&Ikjh{k.k esa
dqN gn rd rhljs vkSj pkSFks pj.k dk Hkh vkdyu dj ldrs gSaA ijarq IkBu
lkexzh dks oSQls lgh rjg ls le>k tk, vFkok lgh le; ij mldk mi;ksx
oSQls lqfuf'pr fd;k tk,] bl ckjs esa cPpksa dks de lgk;rk nh tkrh gSA
vk¡[k ,oa mldh fozQ;k

ge oSQls Ik<+rs gSa & ;g tkuus osQ fy, vkSj Ik<+us osQ <ax esa lq/kj ykus osQ
fy, gesa Ikgys FkksM+k&cgqr ;g le>uk gksxk fd vk¡[k oSQls dke djrh gSA
vk¡[k rd igq¡pus okyk Ikzdk'k ySal osQ ekè;e ls jsfVuk] ij osQafnzr gksrk gS
jsfVuk gT+kkjksa&djksM+ksa NksVh&NksVh Ikzdk'k osQ izfr laosnu'khy dksf'kdkvksa ls cuk
gksrk gSA ;g dqN oSlk gh gS ekuks vesfjdk dh Ikwjh vkcknh dks ,d Mkd
fVdV osQ vkdkj esa lesV fn;k x;k gksA 'kadq osQ vkdkj okyh dqN dksf'kdk,¡]
oqQN fo'ks"k jaxksa osQ izfr laosnu'khy gksrh gSa] tcfd NM+ osQ vkdkj okyh
dqN vU; dksf'kdk,¡ Ikzdk'k dh lkewfgd rhozrk osQ IkzfrA ;s dksf'kdk,¡ jsfVuk
ij iQSys Luk;q&ra=k ls tqM+h gksrh gSa vkSj ;g Luk;qra=k lh/s efLRk"d dks lwpuk
Hkstrk gSA okLro esa ns[kk tk, rks jsfVuk efLr"d ls tqM+k gqvk gh gSA mls
efLr"d osQ foLrkj osQ :i esa gh ns[kk tkuk pkfg, A
jsfVuk dk osQanzfcanq ftls ÎkQksfo;k* (Fovea) dgrs gSa] ,d NksVk LFkku

gS tgk¡ dksf'kdk,¡ vf/d l?ku gksrh gSaA ;gk¡ nks gT+kkj 'kaoqQ dksf'kdk,¡ ,d
feyhehVj oxZ osQ nlosa fgLLks ls Hkh NksVs LFkku esa lekbZ gksrh gaSA iQksfo;k ij
IkM+us okyh vkd`fr;k¡ jsfVuk ij vU;=k iM+us okyh vkd`fr;ksa ls dgha T+;knk
Li"V vkSj ckjhdh fy, gksrh gSaA tc ge fdlh phT+k ij lh/h uT+kjas MkyRks
gSa rks mlls vkus okyk izdk'k lh/s iQksfo;k ij iM+rk gSA IkQksfo;k ,d ckj
esa iwjs dk ,d cVs pkyhl gT+kkjosa fgLls ls Hkh de ns[krk gSA ;fn vki ,d
Nih iafDr dks nks iQqV dh nwjh ls ns[ksa rks bl iafDr osQ osQoy rhu v{kj ml
n`f"V osQ osQanz esa vk losQaxs vkSj ,d ckj esa ge mrus gh v{kj vPNh rjg
ls ns[k ldrs gSa A fp=k iQksfo;k ls ftrus nwj gksrs gSa mrus /¡qa/ys gks tkrs gSa
A gesa bl n`';&{ks=k dh ifjf/ Ikj mldk gydk&lk vkHkkl gh gks ikrk gSA
iBu 109
vko`Qfr 1
vko`Qfr 1 vk¡[k dk ,d ljy Li"V js[kkfp=k gSA jsfVuk esa djksM+ksa (dbZ gT+kkj yk[k)
Ikzdk'k laosnh dksf'kdk,¡ gksrh gSaA buesa ls vf/dka'k IkQksfo;k osQ bnZxnZ ekStwn gksrh gSA ;g
ml n`'; {ks=k dk osaQnz&fcanq gksrk gS] tgk¡ gekjh n`f"V lcls T+;knk Li"V gksrh gSA (;gk¡
budh l?kurk iPphl gT+kkj dksf'kdk,¡ izfr oxZ feyhehVj gksrh gSa)A
ge ftu oLrqvksa dks IkzR;{k ns[k jgs gksrs gSa] og gesa mruh gh Li"V fn[kkbZ
nsrh gSaA bl dFku osQ nks egRoiw.kZ fufgrkFkZ gSa &
1- fyf[kr lkexzh dks i<+rs gq, gekjh vk¡[k dks iafDr ls vU; Hkkxksa ij Hkh
uT+kj Mkyrs gq, pyuk pkfg,] ftlls mUgsa Hkh iQksfo;k osQ osaQnz esa yk losaQA
2- IkzR;sd oLrq dks Li"V ns[kus osQ fy, ;g T+k:jh gS fd gekjh vk¡[k i<+rs
gq,] lsdasM osQ cgqr NksVs fgLls osQ fy, #osQ rkfd iQksfo;k ij mHkjh
Nfo oqQN nsj ogk¡ jg losQ vkSj nksckjk fnekx dks laizsf"kr dh tk losQA
bl Ikzdkj gekjh vk¡[ksa NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksa esa lwpukvksa dks xzg.k djrh gSa A
bl izfozQ;k osQ chp esa os oqQN ugha ns[k jgh gksrhaA os bl vYifojke esa fli+ZQ
,d fcanq ls nwljs fcanq rd igq¡prh gSaA ge bl izfozQ;k dks blfy, eglwl
ugha dj ikrs] D;ksafd ;g gekjs efLr"d esa ?kfVr gksrh gSA ,d osQ ckn ,d
lwpukvksa dks ,dho`Qr djus dk dk;Z fcuk #dkoV pyrk jgrk gSA
lu~ 1879 esa IkSfjl fo'ofo|ky; osQ izks- toy] og igys O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus
gesa crk;k fd gekjh vk¡[ksa izokge; rjhosQ ls ugha pyrh gSaA toy us bu
xfrfof/;ksa dks ‘saccades’ dgk gSA iSazQp Hkk"kk esa bldk eryc >Vdk nsuk
gSA rc ls euksoSKkfudksa us vk¡[kksa dh bu xfrfof/;ksa dks ‘saccadic eye
110 i<+us gS le>uk
movement’ dguk 'kq: dj fn;kA ;g fojy gh gS fd vk¡[ksa vk/s lsosQaM ls

T+;knk fdlh txg ij fLFkj jg losQaA
Hkys gesa yxrk gks fd vk¡[ksa iw.kZr% fLFkj gSa (tSlk fd vHkh vki bl
okD; osQ [kRe gksus ij eglwl djsaxs) ij tcfd okLro esa vkidh vk¡[ksa
,d fcanq osQ bnZfxnZ ?kwe jgh gksrh gSaA vxj vk¡[k bl rjg yxkrkj ,d txg
ls nwljh txg LFkkukarfjr u gks rks ml fLFkfr esa Nfo rqjar gh /a¡q/yh gksdj
xk;c gks tk,xhA
Ik<+rs le; vk¡[kksa dh fozQ;k

lu~ 1908 esa ,MeaM g~;wbZ (Edmund Huey) us Ik<+us esa vk¡[kksa osQ lapkyu]
bl nkSjku #dus vkSj dbZ rjgksa osQ lek;kstuksa ij igyh ckj egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z
fd;k tks fd 'The Psychology and Padagogy of Reading' osQ uke ls
iqLrd :i esa izdkf'kr gqvkA2 rc ls ysdj vkt rd ;g Ik<+us osQ lanHkZ esa
lcls o`gn vkSj miyC/ 'kks/ gSA
g~;wbZ us ik;k fd gekjh vk¡[ksa ,d lek;kstu ls nwljs lek;kstu rd igq¡pus
esa lsosQaM dk pkSFkkbZ Hkkx yxkrh gSaA bl izdkj ;s Ikzfr lsosQaM pkj lek;kstuksa
rd lhfer jgrh gSaA lkekU; ikBd osQ fy, IkzR;sd lek;kstu esa nks ;k rhu
'kCn yx tkrs gSaA bl rjg ns[ksa rks ge Ikk,¡xs fd bl ys[k dh IkafDr;ksa dks
i<+us osQ nkSjku laHkor% rhu ls Ng lek;kstu ikBdksa dks djus IkM+saxsA bl
rjg osQ fojkeksa vkSj bu lek;kstuksa esa yxus okyk oDr ml IkkB~;&lkexzh vkSj
O;fDrxr n{krk nksuksa ij fuHkZj djsxkA tks ftruk n{k ikBd gksxk og ,d gh
lek;kstu esa vf/d ls vf/d lkexzh ys ysxk A
i<+us osQ nkSjku vk¡[kksa dh xfr ns[kus osQ fy, vius fe=k dks vko`Qfr 2
dh rjg fdrkc idM+dj i<+us osQ fy, dfg, rkfd vki ;g ns[k ik,¡ fd
,d&,d iafDr dks i<+rs gq, mldh vk¡[ksa oSQls py jgh gSaA
gekjh vk¡[ksa lsosQaM osQ lkSosa fgLls esa gh n`';kRed lwpuk,¡ xzg.k dj rR{k.k
efLr"d dks laizsf"kr dj nsrh gSaA efLr"d mu lwpukvksa dk pkSFkkbZ ;k vk/s
lsosQaM osQ Hkhrj izfozQ;k;u dj mUgsa igpku ysrk gSA tc efLr"d esa ;g ?kfVr
gks jgk gksrk gS] mlh le; gekjh vk¡[ksa vxys ;k mlosQ vkxs osQ lek;kstu
fcanqvksa dh vksj c<+ tkrh gSa] mlosQ lkFk ns[kus yxrh gSaA bl izdkj ge ;g
ikrs gSa fd gekjh vk¡[ksa gekjs lpsr@lfozQ; iBu ls ,d nks 'kCnka'k v{kj vkxs
iBu 111
gh gksrh gSaA
gkyk¡fd lcls Li"V cks/ iQksfo;k esa ?kfVr gks jgk gksrk gS vkSj tks Nfo;k¡
iQksfo;k osQ osQanz esa ugha jg xbaZ] os lc Hkh fn[k rks jgh gksrh gSa] ysfdu os
lkI+kQ uT+kj ugha vkrhaA osQanz ls gVh gqbZ ;g n`f"V îfj/h; n`f"V* dgykrh gSA
bls gh ge viuh vk¡[kksa osQ dksjksa ls ns[kuk dgrs gSaA
i<+us osQ nkSjku ;g ifj/h; n`f"V gh lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh
gksrh gSA lek;kstu osQ fcanq ls vkxs fn[k jgs 'kCnksa dks vk¡[ksa vkaf'kd :i ls
ns[k jgh gksrh gSa vkSj os mUgsa efLr"d rd laizsf"kr dj nsrh gSaA blh vLi"V
/q¡/yh Nfo osQ vk/kj ij vkxs D;k laHkkfor gS] gekjk efLr"d vk¡[kksa dks
crkrk gS fd vkxs dgk¡ c<+uk gS\ bl rjg i<+us le; Ükà[kyk esa vk¡[ksa yxkrkj
iafDr&nj&iafDr ugha pyrha vfirq chp esa dbZ fujFkZd 'kCnksa dks NksM+rs gq,
ml fyf[kr lkexzh esa lcls egRoiw.kZ le>s tkus yk;d Hkkxksa ij viuk è;ku
osQafnzr djrh gSaA
dbZ ikBd i<+rs le; IakfDr&nj&IakfDr fujarjrk cukdj ugha j[k ikrsA os
cgqr ckj vius }kjk i<+s x, 'kCnksa vkSj IkafDr;ksa ij okil ykSVrs gSaA bl rjg
ckj&ckj ihNs dh rjiQ tkus dks Ikzfrxeu (regression) dgrs gSa A vkerkSj
ij] tks ftruk oqQ'ky ikBd gksrk gS mlosQ Ik<+us esa Ikzfrxeu mruk gh de
gksrk gSA yxHkx ik¡p gT+kkj ikBdksa ij fd, x, ,d 'kks/ esa ;g ik;k x;k
fd cPpksa }kjk vk¡[kkas oQh fozQ;k esa izfrxeu IkPphl Ikzfr'kr Fkk vkSj Ok;Ldksa
esa ;g ianzg Ikzfr'kr FkkA3 buesa ls cgqr lh izfrxeu xfrfof/;k¡ xSjT+k:jh vkSj
vokaNuh; FkhaA ;g bl dkj.k ugha Fkk fd mUgsa de le> esa vk jgk Fkk ;k
os de xzg.k dj ik jgs Fks cfYd mUgsa i<+rs le; ihNs oqQN NwV tkus dk
Mj Fkk A
g~;wbZ us ik;k fd ;g lek;kstu vDlj mu Nih gqbZ iafDr;ksa osQ fcyoqQy
chpksa&chp osaQfnzr gksrk gSA ge tc viuh vk¡[ksa fdlh ubZ iafDRk dh rjiQ ys
tkrs gSa] rc os mls igys 'kCn ls 'kq: u djosQ mlosQ ,d ;k nks 'kCn NksM+
nsrh gaSA bl miozQe esa gekjk efLr"d vPNh rjg ls vankT+k yxk ysrk gS fd
fiNyh iafDr ls D;k vFkZ fey jgk gSA og ml ifj/h; n`f"V ls cl ;g
ns[krk gS fd NksM+ fn, x, 'kCn D;k ogh gSa ftudk mlus vankT+kk yxk;k FkkA
fcyoqQy blh rjg og iafDr dh lekfIr ls ,d&nks 'kCn igys gh lek;kstu
112 i<+us gS le>uk
djus yxrk gS vkSj ml ifj/h; n`f"V dk mi;ksx dj ns[krk gS fd D;k vafre

'kCn fcyoqQy ogh gS ftldh mlus vis{kk dh FkhA
ck,¡ ls nk,¡ D;ksa Ik<+sa\

ge tks Hkh oLrq vius ck,¡ (n`f"V&{ks=k) rjiQ ns[krs gSa] mldh Nfo vk¡[k
osQ nk,¡ jsVhuk Ikj IkM+rh gSA nk;k¡ jsVhuk bl Nfo dks gekjs efLr"d osQ nk,¡
fgLls rd laizsf"kr dj nsrk gSA blh Ikzdkj gekjh vk¡[k dk nk;k¡ n`f"V&{ks=k mu
Nfo;ksa dks gekjs efLr"d osQ ck,¡ fgLls esa laizsf"kr dj nsrk gSA gekjs efLr"d
dk ck;k¡ fgLlk 'kkfCnd dk;ksaZ esa T+;knk l{ke gS blfy, tks Hkh Nfo gekjh
vk¡[k osQ nk,¡ n`f"V&{ks=k ij iM+rh gS] og ck,¡ fgLls ij iM+us okyh Nfo;ksa
osQ eqdkcys dbZ xquk rsT+kh ls izozQe.k esa layXu gks tkrh gSa A dbZ iz;ksxksa ls
;g lR;kfir Hkh gqvk gS fd tc 'kCn cgqr FkksM+s nsj osQ fy, nk,¡ vkSj ck,¡
n`f"V&{ks=k ij ÝyS'k fd, tkrs gSa] ml fLFkfr esa tks 'kCn nk,¡ {ks=k dh rjiQ
fn[kk, tkrs gSa] ck,¡ n`f"V&{ks=k dh vis{kk igys Ikgpku fy, tkrs gSaA4
vko`Qfr 2
vko`Qfr- 2% fdlh dks Ik<+rs ns[krs gq, mldh vk¡[kksa dh xfr dk voyksdu djsaA
vko`Qfr 3
vko`Qfr- 3% eqfnzr lkexzh dks i<+rs gq, vk¡[k NksVs&NksVs pj.kksa esa pyrh gS vkSj gj
lek;kstu osQ le; og n`f"V&{ks=k osQ osaQnz&fcanq ij dasfnzr gksrh gSA
iBu 113
vxj dksbZ O;fDr ckbZa ls nkbZa fn'kk dh vksj dqN u;k Ik<+rk gS] ml le; vkxs
vkus okyh vifBr lkexzh dks vkaf'kd :i ls gekjs efLr"d osQ ck,¡ fgLls
dks laizsf"kr fd;k tk pqdk gksrk gSA ck;k¡ fgLlk bl rjg osQ 'kkfCnd izØe.k
esa fo'ks"kKrk j[krk gSA blh izdkj tc ge fdlh vifBr lkexzh dks nk,¡ ls
ck,¡ i<+uk 'kq: djrs gSa] rc gekjs efLr"d osQ nk,¡ fgLls esa izfozQ;k vkjaHk
gksrh gS A pw¡fd og 'kCn laca/h dk;ksZa esa bruk fuiq.k ugha gS] blfy, gekjk
efLr"d ;g vankT+k csgrj <ax ls ugha yxk ikrk fd vkxs D;k laHkkfor gSA

vko`Qfr 4
vko`Qfr- 4% fdlh i`"B dks i<+rs le; lkekU;r% vk¡[k dh fozQ;k i`"B osQ eè; ij
osaQfnzr jgrh gSA
;g vizR;{k :i ls gesa crkrk gS fd os Hkk"kk,¡ tks ck,¡ ls nk,¡ rjiQ fy[kh

tkrh gSa] i<+us esa vis{kko`Qr ljy gksrh gSaA bl lanHkZ esa gq, dbZ vè;;uksa esa
;g fn[kk;k x;k gS fd ck,¡ ls nk,¡ rjiQ i<+uk fliZQ îBu* dks gh IkzHkkoh
ugha cukrk cfYd ;g efLr"d osQ fy, Hkh mruk gh csgrj gSA os ikBd tks
ck,¡ ls nk,¡ i<+rs gSa muosQ efLr"d osQ nksuksa fgLls vf/d fuiq.krk osQ lkFk
vkil esa dk;Z djrs gSaA os 'kCnksa dks ,dho`Qr djus osQ lkFk&lkFk LFkkfud
fozQ;kvksa dks Hkh csgrj dj ikrs gSaA ogha nwljh rjiQ] nk,¡ ls ck,¡ dh fn'kk
esa i<+us okys ikBdksa osQ efLr"d osQ nksuksa fgLls ,d lkFk csgrj dke ugha
dj ikrsA5
igpku
efLr"d dks n`';kRed lwpuk,¡ IkzkIr gksus osQ ckn] mUgsa îgpkuuk* vkSj vFkZ
nsuk vfuok;Z gksrk gS A tSls gh lwpuk,¡ efLr"d osQ IkhNs n`';kRed dkWjVsDl
114 i<+us gS le>uk
(visual cortex) dks IkzkIr gksrh gS mlh {k.k mudk vko`Qfr fo'ys"k.k 'kq:
gks tkrk gSA MsVk] lsosQaM osQ lkSosa fgLls ls Hkh de le; esa foHkDr gksdj
iafDr] oozQksa] dks.kksa osQ ewyHkwr vOk;oksa esa cny tkrs gSaA
'kCnksa dh igpku dkI+kQh gn rd blh rjg gksrh gS A dbZ iz;ksxksa ls ;g
lkfcr gqvk gS fd tc insZ ij dqN v{kj fn[kk, tkus osQ ckn O;fDr ls
IkwNk tkrk gS fd os v{kj D;k Fks rks xyrh vDlj mu v{kjksa dh Ikgpku esa
gksrh gS ftudh vkd`fr;ksa esa dqN lekurk gksrh gS] tSls vaxzsT+kh osQ v{kj P
dks B ;k F eku fy;k tkukA6 vkd`fr dh Ikgpku ls lacaf/r vxyk izek.k
bl ckr ls feyrk gS fd v{kjksa dh Ükà[kyk esa ls tc dksbZ O;fDr ,d v{kj
dks igpkuus dk iz;kl djrk gS vkSj ;fn ckdh v{kj mlh ls feyrh tqyrh
vkd`fr okys gksrs gSa rks v{kj igpkuus esa T+;knk le; yxrk gSA7
gkyk¡fd vkdkj&fo'ys"k.k ;g ugha le>k Ikkrk fd vyx&vyx izdkj ls
fy[kk x;k vaxzsT+kh dk 'A' v{kj osQ :i esa gh D;ksa igpku fy;k tkrk gSA
tcfd ,d VkbiisQl ls nwljs esa rCknhy fd, tkus ij v{kj dk Lo:i dkI+kQh
cny tkrk gSA blls ,slk yxrk gS fd v{kjksa dh igpku mlosQ ewy :i esa
mls vius esa Ikw.kZ ekudj Hkh dh tkrh gSA
dsoy v{kj gh ,d laiw.kZ bdkbZ osQ :Ik esa ugha igpkus tkrs cfrd dqN
lkekU; 'kCn Hkh ,d bdkbZ ekudj Ikgpkus tkrs gSaA lu~ 1886 esa gh ;g
[kkstk tk pqdk Fkk fd yksx ,slh v{kj& Ükà[kykvksa dks] csgrj igpku ysrs
gSa tks Hkys gh dqN nsj osQ fy, gh muosQ lkeus vkrh gSa ij ftuls lkFkZd
'kCn fufeZr gks ldrs gSaA8 ;g Hkh ns[kus esa vk;k gS fd ;fn O;fDr 'kCn ls
bruh nwjh Ikj gks fd vyXk&vyx v{kj fn[kkbZ u iM+rs gksa] rks Hkh og 'kCn
dks ,d bdkbZ osQ :Ik esa igpku ysrk gSA9 'kCnksa dh igpku rc Hkh dh tk
ldrh gS tc os ifj/h; n`f"V osQ varxZr vkrs gksaA ijarq muosQ vyx&vyx
v{kj /q¡/ys fn[kus osQ dkj.k Ikgpkus u tk ldrs gksaA10 v{kjksa dh rjg gh
os 'kCn ftudk viuk fof'k"V vkdkj gksrk gS] lkekU; vkdkj okys 'kCnksa ls
tYnh igpkus tk ldrs gSaA
igys ;g crk;k tk pqdk gS fd rkRdkfyd Le`fr dh vof/ lwpuk dh
fo"k;oLrq ij fuHkZj u gksdj ^[akMksa* (chunks) dh la[;k ij fuHkZj djrh
gSA Ik<+rs le; Hkh ,slk gh gksrk gSA tc ge i<+rs gSa rks yxHkx ik¡p ^[kaMksa*
dks ,d le; esa vkRelkr djrs gSaA ;g ^[kaM* ,d v{kj] ,d o.kZ] ,d
iBu 115
'kCn vFkok ,d okD;ka'k Hkh gks ldrk gSA lkexzh ftruh vFkZiw.kZ gksxh] mruh
vklkuh ls og le>h tk losQxh vkSj mlosQ ^[kaMksa* dk vkdkj Hkh mruk
cM+k gksxkA 'krplztgf' tSls csrjrhc v{kj lewg dk gj v{kj /hjs&/hjs i<+k
tkrk gSA Bidnolleck tSls fujFkZd 'kCn ftudk Lo:i vaxzsT+kh 'kCnksa ls feyrk
gS] ,d&,d v{kj djosQ ugha i<s tkrs vfirq 'kCnka'kksa osQ :i esa i<+s tkrs
gASA 'The differentiated effects of temporal neocortical resections on
overtrained and non-overtrained visual habits in monkeys (sic)' ;g
okD;ka'k] ftls le>uk eqf'dy gS] 'kCn&nj&'kCn i<+k tk,sxkA ysfdu ,d
ljy vuqPNsn dkss 'kCnksa vkSj okD;ka'kksa osQ ^[akMksa* esa ck¡Vdj Ik<+k tk,xkA
vko`Qfr& 5
vko`Qfr- 5% fdlh IkafDr dks i<+us dk ^n`f"V IkzfozQ;k;u* laca/h LdhesfVd vkjs[k
(Schematic diagram)
tks i<+k tkuk gS og Ikfj/h; n`f"V ls ns[kk tkrk gS vkSj og efLRk"d osQ ck,¡ Hkkx }kjk
fo'ysf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA ,slk djus ls gekjk efLr"d vxys lcls csgrj lek;kstu fcanq
dk vankT+kk yxk ikrk gS] ftlls i<+uk izHkkoh gks tkrk gSA
116 i<+us gS le>uk
fujFkZdrk (redundancy)
eqfnzr Hkk"kk dk dkI+kQh va'k ,slk gksrk gS ftlosQ NwV tkus ij Hkh vFkZ esa
dksbZ fo'ks"k varj ugha vkrkA izR;sd v{kj dk vf/drj Hkkx blh fdLe dk
gksrk gS vkSj ;fn bldh cukoV dk dqN Hkkx xk;c Hkh gks rks inca/ le>
esa vk tkrk gSA efLr"d dks ;g irk gksrk gS fd js[kkvksa vkSj ?kqekoksa dh
,d fof'k"V lajpuk lkeus vkus okyh gS vkSj og Ikwjh lkexzh osQ lkekU;
vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij mu v{kjksa dks le> ysrk gSA ;g blh fujFkZdrk dk
ifj.kke gS fd nokbZ&foØsrk fdlh MkWDVj osQ uqL[ks dks le> ikrs gSaA vkerkSj
ij cgqr&ls yksx MkWDVj osQ fy[ks x, ipsZ dks blfy, ugha i<+ ikrs] D;ksafd
os vla[; laHkkoukvksa osQ chp ls lgh 'kCn ryk'kus dh dksf'k'k djrs gSaA
ogh nokbZ&foØsrk dks ;g 'kCn dqNsd lkS 'kCnksa esa gh <¡w<+uk gksrk gSA bldk
vFkZ ;g gqvk fd fyf[kr 'kCn esa lwpuk de gksrh gS vkSj vf/dka'k fgLlk
fujFkZd gksrk gSA
v{kjksa osQ va'k gh ugha] iwjs dk iwjk v{kj rd Hkh NksM+k tk ldrk gSA
''Sntncs wtht vwls cn b rd, and so can th.se wi.h eve.y fif.h let.er
mi.sing" blh rjg fcuk vFkZ xok,¡ gj 'kCn dk ik¡pok¡ v{kj gVk;k tk
ldrk gSA fdlh okD;&fo'ks"k dk O;kdj.kh; <k¡pk vkSj mldk lkekU; vFkZ
ikBd dks vkxs vkus okyh lkexzh dk iwokZHkkl djkus esa lgk;d gksrs gSa A
,d okD; tks ,sls 'kq: gksrk gS ^^ge T+k:jr ls T+;knk 'kCnksa dk bLrseky
blfy, djrs gSa] D;ksafd---** osQ ckn vkus okys 'kCn fuf'pr rkSj Ikj ^fcYyh*
^vkxarqd*] ÎykfLVd* vFkok ^fiQyksMsaMªksu* vkfn ugha gksaxs vfirq ^le>*]
îgpku* vkSj ^Kku* vkfn gksaxsA ikBd dks osQoy bl ckr dk fu'p; djuk
gksxk fd og 'kCn nl esa ls ,d gksxk vFkok yk[kksa esa ls ,dA osQoy
FkksM+h&lh tkudkjh dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj ;g tkudkjh 'kCn ij n`f"V
tek, fcuk Hkh Ikfj/h; n`f"V ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
ij vk/kfjr FkhaA VSfdLVksLdksi ,d ,slk ;a=k gS tks fp=k dks cgqr FkksM+h nsj
rhoz iBu dh vkjafHkd rduhosQa ^VSfdLVksLdksi* (tachistoscope) izf'k{k.k
yy efLr"d osQ nk,¡ fgLls dks ck,¡ fgLls ftruk gh bLrseky djosQA
yy lkexzh dk IkwokZyksdu djosQ_ vkSj
yy vfHkizsj.kk esa o`f¼ djosQ
yy fujFkZdrk dk vf/d ls vf/d mi;ksx djosQ
yy ifj/h; n`f"V osQ vf/dkf/d bLrseky }kjk
yy fLFkj.k&dsUnz osQ nk;js esa foLrkj ykdj
yy izfrxeu gVkdj
i<+us dh xfr dks bu rjhdksa ls dkI+kQh gn rd c<+k;k tk ldrk gS &
dkS'kyiw.kZ iBUk
,d oqQ'ky ikBd laHkor% vutkus esa gh xyfr;ksa dks lgh djrk pyrk gSA
Ik<+us dh izfØ;k esa xfr ykrs gSaA ge ogh i<+rs gSa tks i<+uk pkgrs gSa vkSj
bl izdkj fujFkZd 'kCn gesa vkus okys 'kCnksa osQ iwokZuqeku esa lgk;rk nsdj
i<+us dh lkekU; IkzfozQ;k dks tk¡pus dk cgqr gh ljy vkSj lgt rjhdk ;g gS fd
ge IkkB~;&lkexzh (text) dks mYVk djosQ i<+saA ,slk djus ls gekjs Ik<+us dh xfr
gh /heh ugha gksxh cfYd gesa ;g Hkh Ikrk ugha py ik;k fd bl laiw.kZ izfozQ;k esa
dkSu&dkSu ls izdk;Z 'kkfey gSaA 'kq:&'kq: esa ;g cgqr gh vthc yxsxkA ge 'kk;n
cPpksa dh rjg v{kj&v{kj tksM+dj i<s+aA ij fiQj FkksM+h iafDr;ksa dks Ik<+ ysus osQ
ckn ge iwjs iwjs 'kCnksa ls vis{kko`Qr T+;knk vklkuh ls Ik<+ Ikk,¡ vkSj blh rjg ckn
esa ljy inca/ Hkh le> esa vkus yxsaA TkSls&tSls ge vkxs c<+saxs] ge ik,¡xs fd
gekjs Ik<+us dh xfr Ikgys ls dkI+kQh rsT+k gS vkSj 'kk;n ;g Hkh ns[k ik,¡ fd ge
Ikwjs&iwjs 'kCnksa esa izFke nks v{kj gh Ik<+rs gSa vkSj ckdh ge vuqeku yxk ysrs gSa] ge
rHkh ihNs ykSVrs gSa tc ml okD; ls gesa yxrk gS fd gekjk vuqeku xyr gS ;k
blls og vFkZ dh èofu ugha vk jgh tks geus vis{kk dh FkhA mu txgksa Ikj tgk¡
okD; cgqr lkekU; gS] ogk¡ vki Ikk,¡xs fd vkidh i<+us dh xfr dkI+kQh rsT+k gSaA
vkius ;g Hkh è;ku fn;k gksxk fd oSQls vk¡[ksa 'kCn esa lcls egRoiw.kZ fgLlkas dk
lek;kstu djrh pyrh gSaA bl rjg Ik<+us dh izfozQ;k dh xfr /heh gksrh gS vkSj
ge lanHkZ osQ ckjs esa T+;knk ltx gks tkrs gSaA ;fn vki nl ;k mlls T+;knk bl rjg
mYVk i<+us dk vH;kl djrs jgsaxs rks vki Ikk,¡xs fd vkidh i<+us dh xfr yxkrkj
c<+ jgh gS vkSj ml le; vki T+;knk izoh.krk osQ lkFk i<+ ikus esa l{ke gq, gSaA
117 iBu
118 i<+us gS le>uk
osQ fy, ÝyS'k djrk gSA rhoz iBu rduhd esa VSfdLVksLdksi Nih iafDr osQ
dqN 'kCnksa dh rsT+kh ls gYdh&lh >yd fn[kkdj vxys 'kCnksa ij igq¡p tkrk
gSA blesa izfrxeu dh dksbZ xqatkb'k ugha jgrh vkSj pw¡fd gj vxys ÝyS'k esa
FkksMs+ T+;knk 'kCn fy, tkrs gSa] ikBd dks etcwju n`f"V osQ izR;sd fLFkj.k esa
T;knk bdkb;ksa dks le>uk iM+rk gSA bl rduhd osQ bLrseky }kjk O;fDr dh
Ik<+us dh xfr 250 'kCn izfr feuV ls c<+kdj 500 ;k 600 'kCn izfr feUkV
dh tk ldrh gSA
Ik<+us dh xfr nksxquh djuk ,d cM+h egÙoiw.kZ miyfC/ yx ldrh gS]
ijarq okLro esa ;g o`f¼ Hkh ;g mruh cM+h Hkh ughaA ,d vH;Lr ikBd vk/
qfud rduhdksa osQ bLrseky }kjk 2000 ;k mlls Hkh vf/d 'kCn izfr feUkV
Ik<+ ldrk gSA bl ^VSfdLVksLdksi* i¼fr dh nks dfe;k¡ gSa & ,d rks ;g
ifj/h; n`f"V dk fodkl ugha dj Ikkrha] nwljs vusd mu 'kks/ksa dks bLrseky
esa ugha ykrh tks Ik<+h xbZ lkexzh dh igpku vkSj mldh le> dh izfØ;k
ls laca/ j[krs gSaA11
n`'; lapkyd
n`'; lapkyd ,d rjg dk ladsrd gS] tSls (pointer) Iksafly dh uksd
vFkok maxyh osQ fljk ftls eqfnzr iafDr osQ uhps j[kdj /hjs&/hjs ljdkrs gq,
ikB i<+k tkrk gSA dqN yksxksa dks ,slk yx ldrk gS fd n`'; lapkyd dk
bLrseky ihNs ykSVus tSlk gSA D;k gesa 'kq: ls gh Ldwy esa ;g ugha fl[kk;k
x;k fd 'kCnksa osQ uhps m¡xyh j[kdj i<+us ls xfr de gks tkrh gS\ fiQj ;g
nkok oSQls fd;k tk ldrk fd blls xfr c<+rh gS\
viuh m¡xyh dks rsT+kh ls vkxs&ihNs ys tkus dh dksf'k'k djsaA vki 'kk;n
ns[k losQaxs fd izfr lsosQaM ik¡p ckj ,slk fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g 'kCnksa ij
vk¡[k osQ fiQlyus dh xfr ls nl xquk vf/d gSA blfy, ;g dgk tk ldrk
gS fd m¡xyh ;k n`'; lapkyd osQ iz;ksx ls xfr /heh ugha IkM+rhA cPpksa
dks ,slk djus ls blfy, jksdk tkrk gS] D;ksafd izR;sd 'kCn osQ uhps n`';
lapkyd jksddj i<+us ls xfr /heh iM+sxh gj 'kCn ij n`'; lapkyd jksd
dj i<+us osQ ctk, ;fn i¡fDr osQ uhps ls mls fufoZ?u pyk;k tk, rks ;g
xfr esa o``f¼ gh djsxk A
iBu 119
,d n`'; lapkyd IkBu&fØ;k dks rhu rjg ls ykHk Ikgq¡prk gS%&

1- vk¡[k ,d ckj n`'; lapkyd dh enn ls i<+us dh vH;LRk gks tk, rks
ckj&ckj IkQkyrw esa IkhNs dk ikB ns[kus ls cpk tk ldrk gSA
2- n`'; lapkyd dks tkucw>dj T+;knk rsT+kh ls ljdkdj vk¡[kksa dh xfr Hkh
c<+kbZ tk ldrh gSA
3- Ikzfr lsdaM pkj ;k ik¡p ckj n`f"V lek;ksftr gksrh gSA vk¡[k rsT+kh ls pyus
yxs rks og IkzR;sd fLFkj.k osQ lkFk T+;knk 'kCn xzg.k djsxhA blls iBu lkexzh
vf/d vFkZiw.kZ gks losQxh vkSj tYnh le>us dh {kerk esa o`f¼ gksxhA
O;kogkfjd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa bl izdkj bLrseky fd, tkus ij n`'; lapkyd
Ik<+us dh xfr dks lkekU;r% 50 izfr'kr c<+krk Ikk;k x;k gSA12 ,d vè;;u
esa leku :Ik ls ;g ik;k x;k fd n`'; lapkyd osQ Ikz;ksx ls izfexeu (izfr
nl 'kCn og 1-37 ls 0-77 rd gks x;k) vk/k gks tkrk gSA blosQ lkFk gh
lek;kstu dh nj (Span of fixation) Hkh lkB izfr'kr (2-5 'kCnksa ls c<+dj
3-5 'kCn) rd c<+ tkrh gSA13 bu nksuksa lq/kjksa dks lkFk j[kus ij i<+us dh
xfr 274 'kCn izfr feuV ls c<+dj 465 'kCn izfr feuV rd Ikgq¡p tkrh
gSA bl rjg ;g ml Lrj rd vHkh ls igq¡p x;k gS] tgk¡ VSfLdVksLdksfid
izf'k{k.k dqN gÝ+rksa ckn Ikgq¡prk gSA
foLr`r iQksdl
pw¡fd fyf[kr vaxzsT+kh Lo;a esa cgqr vf/d fujFkZdrk fy, gksrh gS blfy,
iBu lkexzh dh cgqr lkjh lwpuk,¡ Ikfj/h; n`f"V ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gaSA os
'kCn ftuosQ fn, x, lanHkZ esa ckj&ckj vkus dh laHkkouk gS mu ij IkzR;{kr%
n`f"V Mkydj tk¡pus dh vko';drk ugha gSA ifj/h; n`f"V fdlh vkSj LFkku
ij fLFkj gksus osQ ckotwn ;g tk¡p ysrh gS fd D;k laHkkfor gSA bl dkj.k
dbZ n{k IkkBd iafDr&nj&iafDr ikB dks ugha i<+rs cfYd os i`"B osQ osaQnz osQ
fdukjs&fdukjs i<+rs pyrs gSa vkSj ,d gh ckj ns[kus ij ml iafDr dk lkj
tku tkrs gSa A
bl Li"V n`f"V dk eq[; {ks=k flIk+ZQ yacor gh ugha c<+rk vfirq mlesa
{kSfrt foLrkj Hkh gksrk gSA vkerkSj ij gesa Ikrk gh ugha pyrk fd i<+rs oDr
tc ge iafDr esa fdlh 'kCn dks ns[k jgs gksrs gSa fcydqy mlh {k.k ge Li"V
:Ik ls nks&rhu iafDr Åij vkSj uhps ns[k ikus esa leFkZ gksrs gSa A cgqr rsT+k
120 i<+us gS le>uk
xfr ls i<+us okys ikBd bldk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj os ,d gh ckj esa nks ;k
mlls vf/d IkafDr;ksa ij uT+kj Mkyrs pyrs gSaA
n`'; lapkyd bl ifj/h; n`f"V dks fodflr djus esa Hkh cgqr lgk;d gksrs
gSaA bu lapkydksa dks IkzR;sd iafDr osQ lkFk pykus osQ ctk,] vk¡[kksa osQ lkFk
i`"B osQ eè; Hkkx esa ykdj mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS A fyf[kr Hkk"kkvksa esa
fufgr mPp fujFkZdrk gesa ;g Lora=krk nsrh gS fd ge viw.kZ ifj/h; lwpukvksa
dk mi;ksx djus osQ ckn Hkh mruh le> cuk ysrs gSa ftruh izR;sd 'kCn
;k okD;ka'k ij Bgjdj mls le>us dh dksf'k'k djus ds ckn dh tkrh gSA
bl ifj/h; n`f"V dk iwjk mi;ksx djosQ gh n{k ikBd ml ikB osQ ckjs esa
viuh lkekU; le> dks csgrj rjhosQ ls tku ikrs gSa fd vkxs D;k vkus okyk
gSA lkFk gh ;g mudh iBu xfr dks Hkh rhoz djrk pyrk gSA bruk gh ugha
bl fogaxe n`f"V dh lgk;rk ls ge dF; dh lkekU; le> dks Hkh vkSj
csgrj rjhosQ ls ,dho`Qr dj ikrs gSaA blhfy, cgqr ls IkkBdksa us ;g ik;k gS
fd ftruh tYnh os rhoz xfr ls Ik<+uk 'kq: djrs gSa] mudh xzkg~;rk Hkh c<+us
yxrh gS vkSj mUgsa vius }kjk Ik<+h tk jgh lkexzh dk c`gRrj n`f"Vdks.k irk
yx tkrk gSA vkSj pw¡fd os rsT+kh ls i<+ jgs gSa blfy, mudh vYidkfyd
Le`fr rqjar fiNys Ik<+s dbZ okD;ksa ij ykSVrh gS vkSj mu i<+s x, 'kCnksa dh
ml lanHkZ esa c`gÙkj le> cukrh gSA
le> vkSj xfr dks ,d lkFk tksM+us esa lanHkZ dk egRo rHkh Li"V gks Ikk,xk
tc ge bl fuEufyf[kr izlax dks Ik<+saxs &
“With hocked gems financing him, our hero bravely defied all
scornful laughter that tried to prevent his scheme."Your eyes
deceive", he said. "It is like an egg, not a table". Now three sturdy
sisters sought proof. Forging along, sometimes through calm
vastness, yet more often over turbulent peaks and valleys, days
became weeks as many doubters spread fearful rumours about the
edge. At last, from nowhere welcomed winged creatures appeared,
signifying momentous success.”
bl mnkgj.k esa izR;sd okD; i;kZIr ljy gS_ O;kdj.k Hkh bruk tfVy ugha
gS vkSj 'kCn Hkh ifjfpr gSA bu lcosQ ckotwn vkius ik;k gksxk fd vkidh
i<+us dh xfr cgqr gh /heh FkhA ,slk blfy, gS] D;ksafd vkidks ;g vankT+kk
iBu 121
gh ugha yx ik;k fd ;g x|ka'k fdl lanHkZ esa viuh ckr dj jgk gS\ vkSj
;fn vki blls dksbZ lkFkZd vFkZ fudky ysrs gSa rks ,slk dbZ ckj i<+us vkSj
T+;knk oDr yxk dj gqvk gksxk (;k gks ldrk vkius igys uhps ns[kk gks)A
ysfdu ,d ckj tc vki ;g tku tkrs gSa fd mnkgj.k vesfjdk dh [kkst
djus okys fozQLVksiQj dksyEcl dk gS] rc vki bls u osQoy vklkuh ls i<+
ik,¡xs cfYd rsT+k xfr ls i<+rs gq, mls vPNs <ax ls ;kn Hkh j[k losQaxs A
okD;ksa vkSj 'kCnksa dh fujFkZdrk osQ lanHkZ esa ge ;g Hkh dg ldrs gSa
fd dHkh&dHkh iwjs inca/ vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd iwjs&Ikwjs okD; fujFkZd gksrs gSaA
vDlj ,sls dgh xbZ ckr dks fli+ZQ foLr`r dj jgs gksrs gSa ;k mls nwljs 'kCnksa
esa dgrs gSa] ge ,sls okD;ksa dks fcuk vFkZ [kks, NksM+ ldrs gSaA dq'ky IkkBd
IkkB~;&lkexzh esa fn, x, lw=kksa&laosQrksa dks idM+dj ,sls lanHkksaZ] okD;ksa ij ,d
;k nks ckj ljljh fuxkg Mkyrs gq, ;g tku tkrs gSa fd mu NksM+s x, okD;ksa
esa dksbZ ubZ lwpuk ugha nh xbZ gSA dbZ n{k IkkBd izlax@vuqPNsn dk igyk
okD; gh i<+rs gSa] D;ksafd Ikzk;% mlosQ igys okD; esa gh vkxs of.kZr eq[;
fo"k; dk laosQr jgrk gSA blosQ ckn os osQoy ,d ;k nks =kqfV lq/kjksa osQ ckn
ml [kaM dks ifj/h; n`f"V osQ lkFk ns[krs tkrs gSa A
bl izdkj ge fdl lhek rd ,sls va'kksa dks NksM+ ldrs gSaA ;s eq[;r%
i<+h tk jgh ikB~;&lkexzh dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA dbZ ckj tfVy vkSj
laf{kIr izlaxksa esa ;g T+k:jh gks tkrk gS fd izR;sd iafDr dks i<+k tk,A blosQ
foijhr dbZ lkefxz;ksa esa mudh fujFkZdrk osQ dkj.k gj vuqPNsn dks i<+us
dh Hkh T+k:jr ugha iM+rhA bl lanHkZ esa lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr gS & ikBd dk
yphyk gksukA tgk¡ vko';drk gks ogk¡ /heh xfr ls Ik<+sa vkSj tgk¡ lkexzh
vuqefr ns vkSj eu djs] ogk¡ rsT+k xfr ls i<+saA
rhoz&xfr izf'k{k.k
rhoz xfr izf'k{k.k esa ikBd dks ikB~;&lkexzh dks muosQ i<+us dh lkekU; xfr
ls dgha T+;knk rhoz xfr ls i<+us dks ckè; fd;k tkrk gSA izkjaHk esa ikBd
dks 'kkjhfjd :i ls ftruk laHko gks mruh rsT+k xfr ls n`'; laosQrd iz;ksx
djus osQ fy, dgk tkrk gS vkSj bl ckr dh fpark ugha dh tkrh fd mgsa
fdruk le> esa vk jgk gSA blosQ ckn og laosQrd dks iafDr osQ lkFk&lkFk
Åij ls uhps pykrk tk,xkA bl xfr dks og gj feuV rc rd rsT+k djrk
122 i<+us gS le>uk
tk,xk tc rd og osQoy ,d lsosQaM osQ fy, gh gj iUus Ikj #osQA bl xfr

ls pyrs gq, og cgqr de le> Ikk,xk] ysfdu yxHkx ik¡p feuV osQ rhoz
xfr&izf'k{k.k osQ ckn tc ikBd nqckjk viuh lkekU; xfr ls i<+sxk rc og
ik,xk fd mlosQ i<+us dh xfr nqxquh gks xbZ gSA ysfdu og vHkh mlh ;k
mlls csgrj le> osQ lkFk xzg.k dj jgk gSA
;g Ikzf'k{k.k Ik<+us dh iwoZ fu/kZfjr xfr dh vknr rksM+rk gSA ;g fcYkdqy

oSlk gh gS tSls fdlh dks jk"Vªh; jktekxZ ij dkI+kQh le; rd 80 fd-eh-
izfr ?kaVk jÝ+rkj ls xkM+h pykus okys osQ ckn xfr dks /hek djosQ 30 fd-
eh- rd ykus osQ dgk tk,A bl iwjs miØe esa ;fn ;g mls fcuk xfrfu/
kZjd(LihMczsdj) dks ns[ks fcuk djus osQ fy, dgk tk, rc laHkor% og
lkspsxk fd xkM+h dh xfr 30 fd-eh- izfr ?kaVk gS tcfd okLro esa vHkh Hkh
og 50 fd-eh- izfr ?kaVk dh xfr ij py jgk gSA
bl rhoz&xfr izf'k{k.k osQ nks vkSj ykHk gSa & ;g gesa ikB osQ eq[; fcanqvksa
dks ns[kus osQ fy, izksRlkfgr djrk gS vkSj fnekx osQ nk,¡ Hkkx dks i<+us dh
izfØ;k esa ys vkrk gSA
tc ge rhoz&xfr izf'k{k.k dks 'kq: djrs gSa] rc ge fdrkc osQ gj IkUus
ij fliZ+Q ,d lsosQaM gh fcrk ikrs gSaA lc dqN /q¡/yk yxrk gS vkSj dqN Hkh
le> esa ugha vkrkA ysfdu dqN gh nsj ckn ,d vk'p;Ztud ckr ?kfVr gksrh
gS& i<+us dh izfØ;k esa vki ikrs gSa fd ogk¡ vk, dqN 'kCnksa dks vki ns[k
ik jgs gSaA ;g vius vki esa dksbZ vk'p;Ztud ckr ugha gSA egÙoiw.kZ ;g gS
fd tks 'kCn pqus tk jgs gSa os laKk vkSj fØ;k in gSaA lpsr :i ls u i<+us
osQ ckotwn bu 'kCnksa dk pquk tkuk ;g n'kkZrk gS fd i`"B ij fy[kh vf/dka'k
lkexzh osQoy ,d lsosQaM esa gekjs efLr"d }kjk izfØ;k;u esa ykbZ tk jgh gSA
i`"B esa ls vFkZiw.kZ 'kCnksa dks Nk¡V ikus dh ;g {kerk mPp xfr&izf'k{k.k ls
fodflr gksrh gSA ,d O;fDr Ik<+uk lh[krs le; cksy&cksy dj i<+uk vklkuh
ls can dj ldrk gS vkSj cqncqnkuk NksM+uk Hkh bruk eqf'dy ugha gSA ysfdu
i<+rs le; 'kCn lquus ls jksd ikuk dbZ O;fDr;ksa osQ fy, cgqr dfBu gksrk gSA
bl dkj.k muosQ i<+us dh xfr 250 ;k dqN vkSj T+;knk 'kCn izfr feuV
rd lhfer jg tkrh gSA rhoz xfr&izf'k{k.k mudh ;g vknr NqM+ok ldrk
gSA tc ge ,d Ik`"B Ikj osQoy ,d lsosQaM Bgjsaxs rc gesa cgqr de 'kCn
iBu 123
lqukbZ nsaxsA ysfdu tc ge mu iUuksa dks n`';kRed :Ik esa ysrs gSa rc ;g
izfØ;k dbZ xquk rsT+k gks tkrh gSA bl izfØ;k esa ;g LFkkukarj.k gekjs efLr"d
dh ckbZa rjiQ gksus okyh izfØ;k dks nkbZa rjiQ ys vkrk gSA tc ge /hes gks
tkrs gSa vkSj gekjs i<+us dh xfr lkekU; gks tkrh gS rc gekjs efLr"d dk
nk;k¡ fgLlk fØ;k'khy jgrk gS vkSj 'kCnksa dks n`';kRed :Ik esa ysrk jgrk gSA
blls gekjk Ik<+uk dbZ xquk rsT+k gks tkrk gSA tc Jo.k ls n`';kRed iBu ij
LFkkukarj.k gksrk gS rHkh rhoz xfr iBu laHko gks tkrk gSA lpeqp ;g dgk
tk ldrk gS fd rc td ;g LFkkukarj.k ugha gksrk rc rd geus Bhd ls
î<+uk* ugha lh[kkA
vesfjdk dh ukFkZosLV ;wfuoflZVh osQ Ýyksjsal 'ksy us dq'ky iBu dh bu
fofHkUu fof/;ksa dks lefUor djosQ dbZ yksxksa dks blesa izf'k{k.k fn;k gSA
mUgksaus ik;k fd vf/drj yksx lkekU;r% dkI+kQh rsT+k ;kuh 2000 ;k mlls
Hkh vf/d 'kCn izfr feuV xfr ls i<+ ldus esa leFkZ gSaA ianzg lkS yksxksa
Ikj fd, x, ,d vè;;u esa mUgksaus ik;k fd ianzg yksx ,sls Hkh Fks tks lgh
izf'k{k.k ysus osQ ckn izfr feuV 20]000 'kCn rd i<+ losQ vkSj bl vR;ar
rhoz xfr osQ lkFk mudh xzkárk dk Lrj Hkh 70 izfr'kr vFkok mlls vf/d
jgkA (70 izfr'kr ,d vPNk izfr'kr gSA ^lkekU;* xfr vkSj 200 ls 300 'kCn
izfr feuV i<+us okys 'kk;n gh dHkh blls csgrj dj ikrs gksa)A mPpLrjh;
dkS'ky ls ;qDr ikBd i`"B osQ eè; esa n`f"V osaQfnzr djrs gq, i`"B osQ nksuksa
dkWye ,d lkFk Ik<+ ldrs gSaA os ikBd ;g nkok ugha djrs fd mUkdh Le`fr
ÎkQksVksxzkfiQd* gS ijarq mUgksaus ;g ”k:j crk;k fd mUgsa eq[; 'kCn vyx ls
fn[kkbZ fn, vkSj os brus Fks ftlls os vFkZ cuk ik,¡A Ikanzg o"khZ; ,d yM+dh
rks 80]000 'kCn izfr feuV dh nj ls ns[kus esa dke;kc jgh vkSj og Hkh
100 izfr'kr le> osQ lkFk!14
vè;;u esa bldk iz;ksx

nks gT+kkj ;k chl gT+kkj 'kCn izfr feuV i<+ ikus dk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gS ;fn
irk pys fd vk/k ?kaVs ckn gh mlesa ls 90 izfr'kr lwpuk Hkqyk cSBs gSa] tSlk
fd cq”kku us dgk gSA iBu dk vFkZ osQoy ;g ugha fd lkexzh dh igpku
gks tk, vkSj mls vkRelkr dj fy;k tk, cfYd i<+h xbZ lkexzh dks le>uk]
mldk vFkZ fudkyuk] mls ;kn j[kuk] le; ij mls ;kn dj ikuk vkSj mls
124 i<+us gS le>uk
le>k ikuk Hkh mruk gh vko';d gSA

vf/dka'k yksx vius }kjk i<+h xbZ lkexzh dks ;kn ugha j[k ikrsA bldk
izeq[k cpiu esa mUgsa i<+us vkSj ;kn j[kus osQ laca/ esa dksbZ ekxZn'kZu u feyuk
gSA lkekU;r% tks i¼fr viukbZ tkrh gS] og ^LVkVZ ,aM Lykx* (^'kq: djks
vkSj MVs jgks*) gSA ikBd fdrkc dk igyk iUuk [kksyrk gS vkSj mls 'kq:
ls var rd i<+ tkrk gSA dHkh&dHkh Åcdj ;k Fkddj og mls chp gh esa
NksM+ Hkh nsrk gSA pw¡fd vf/drj fdrkcsa igys vkoj.k i`"B osQ mYVh rjiQ
ls 'kq: gksrh gSa vkSj vafre doj osQ Bhd igys [kRe gksrh gSa rks yxrk Hkh
;gh gS fd ;g i¼fr lgh gSA ,d js[kh; i¼fr okLro esa ikBd osQ le;
vkSj mlosQ Kku dks dq'kyrkiwoZd mi;ksx esas ugha yk ikrh vkSj mlosQ dbZ
xaHkhj uqdlku gSa &
yy igys ls Kkr lkexzh i<+us esa le; cckZn gksrk gSA
yy vè;;u fo'ks"k dh n`f"V ls vlaxr lkexzh i<+us esa le; cckZn gksrk gSA
yy ikB osQ dbZ cM+s fgLlksa dks i<+us esa le; [kjkc tkrk gS tcfd ckn esa
irk pyrk gS fd ys[kd us vè;k; dk lkj vè;k; osQ var esa laf{kIr
fVIi.kh osQ :i esa [kqn gh ns fn;k gSA
yy ikB dh lekfIr rd ikBd dks iw.kZ ifjn`'; Kkr ugha gks ikrk vkSj
dHkh&dHkh rks mlosQ ckn Hkh ughaA
yy laca/ cSBkus vkSj laxfBr djus esa dkS'ky dk vHkko T+k:jr iM+us ij]
lwpuk dks okil ;kn ugha fnyk ikrkA
yy dksbZ Hkh 'ks"k lafpr lwpuk vf/dka'kr% vO;ofLFkr gksrh gSA og dHkh
dHkkj gh Ikwjh fdrkc ;k ikBd osQ Kku&HkaMkj ls ,dho`Qr gksrh gSA
yy vfHkizsj.kk osQ vHkko esa IkkBd Fkd tkrk gSA og ftruk T+;knk Fkdrk
gS] mruh de oqQ'kyrk ls i<+rk gS] mruk gh de ;kn j[k ikrk gS vkSj
mruk gh de vkxs i<+us osQ fy, izsfjr gks ikrk gSA
îBu* ij vusd iqLrosQa fy[kh tk pqdh gSa vkSj yxHkx lHkh bl ckr ij
lger gSa fd fdlh Hkh fdrkc dks ,d iw.kZ bdkbZ ekudj pyuk pkfg,A
ikBd dks ,d ;kstuk vkSj n`f"Vdks.k osQ lkFk i<+uk 'kq: djuk pkfg, rkfd
mls fo"k; dh lkekU; tkudkjh fey losQA lkFk gh mls viuk y{; vkSj
mn~ns'; fu/kZfjr djosQ pyuk pkfg, vkSj laxr fgLlksa dk p;u rFkk vlaxr
iBu 125
fgLlksa dks jn~n djrs gq, pyuk pkfg,A i<+us dk js[kh; rjhdk ckT+kkj tkdj
O;ofLFkr :i ls gj xyh dh gj nqdku esa ?kqldj mldh gj eafT+ky ij
tkdj dke dh ph”k ns[kdj T+k:jr dh phT+k [kjhnus tSlk gSA nwljh vksj
laiw.kZ :i ls i<+uk lkekU; :i ls [kjhnus tSlk gSA igys tks phT+ksa pkfg,]
mudh lwph rS;kj dh tkrh gS] fiQj eryc dh txgksa ij tk;k tkrk gSA lkFk
esa ^foaMks&'kkWfiax* djrs pyk tkrk gS rkfd irk jgs D;k&D;k oLrq,¡ fcd jgh
gSa vkSj fiQj os nqdkusa pqu yh tkrh gSa tgk¡ lc T+k:jr dk lkeku feyrk gSA
fdlh Hkh izdkj dk vè;;u 'kq: djus esa fuEufyf[kr ckrsa mi;ksxh lkfcr
gksaxh &
1- le;kof/ dh ;kstuk cuk,¡& lh/s i<+uk 'kq: u djsa] vfirq fuf'pr djsa
fd D;k i<+uk gS vkSj fdrus le; esa i<+uk gSA
2- fo"k; laca/h vius orZeku Kku dk iqujkoyksdu djsa& blls vkus okyh
lkexzh dk vPNk iwokZuqeku gks tk,xk_ ftls lkexzh dks csgrj rjhosQ ls
;kn j[kus esa lgk;d êkufld dfM+;k¡*a (mental hooks) lrg Ikj vk
tk,¡aA bldk lokZsÙke rjhdk vius orZeku Kku dk ekufld fp=k 'kh?kz
rS;kj dj ysuk gSA
3- mn~ns'; fu/kZfjr djsa& blls lgh ekufld dfM+;k¡ igys gh rS;kjh dh
fLFkfr esa vk tkrh gSaA lkFk gh ;g laxr Hkkxksa osQ p;u vkSj vlaxr Hkkxksa
dks gVkus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA
4- lkexzh dk iwjk tk;”kk ysa& blls vkiosQ mn~ns'; vkSj y{; Li"V gks tkrs
gSa vkSj i<+s tk jgs fo"k; dk iwjk tk;T+kk fey tkrk gSA bls ôkeZ&vi*
bisQDV (warm-up effect)vFkkZr~ rS;kjh djrk Hkh le>k tk ldrk gSA
lkexzh dk tk;T+kk ysrs le; ikB dks i<+sa ugha vfirq bUgsa ns[ksa &
'kh"kZd ,oa mi'kh"kZd& ;s xkS.k ugha gksrsA buosQ fufgrkFkZ iqLrd osQ izfr vkiosQ
n`f"Vdks.k dks izHkkfor dj ldrs gSaA
ys[kd& vxj blosQ ckjs esa vki igys gh ls tkurs gSa rks vkidks bl ckr
dk vankT+kk gksxk fd iqLrd fdl Lrj ij fy[kh xbZ gSA rc vkidks ys[kd
osQ laca/ esa vkSj vf/d ifjp; dh vko';drk ugha iM+sxhA
izdk'ku frfFk& blls vkidks irk pysxk fd lkexzh v|ru gS vFkok ughaA
dqN ekeyksa esa ;g tkuuk cgqr ”k:jh gksrk gSA
126 i<+us gS le>uk
fo"k;&lwph& bls è;kuiwoZd i<+saA blls vkidks iqLrd osQ <k¡ps dh lkekU;
tkudkjh fey losQxh vkSj vki tku losQaxs fd dkSu&lk Hkkx vkiosQ fy,
lcls T+;knk egRoiw.kZ vkSj #fp okyk gSA
vuqØef.kdk& vuqØef.kdk osQoy x| fo'ks"k dks <w¡<+us esa gh egRoiw.kZ ugha
gksrh] bl ij ljljh n`f"V Mkyus ls vkidks bl ckr dk Hkh iwjk vankT+k gks
tkrk gS fd mlesa fdu&fdu fo"k;ksa dk lekos'k gS vkSj fdls fdruk egRo
fn;k x;k gSA
js[kkfp=k] fp=k] xzkiQ vkSj vU; n`'; lkexzh& n`'; lwpuk 'kkfCnd lwpuk osQ
eqdkcys csgrj xzg.k dh tkrh gS vkSj ;kn j[kh tkrh gS vkSj vDlj ikB osQ
,d cM+s fgLls dk lkj miyC/ djk nsrh gSA
MLV&tSosQV] ÝySi rFkk ihNs dk doj& buls iqLrd dk ,d o`gr fp=k cuk
ikus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
izkDdFku& yxHkx gj iqLrd osQ ekeys esa ,dne vkf[kj esa fy[kk tkus okyk
;g izkDdFku NksVk Hkh gks rks iqLrd dk miyC/ lkj miyC/ djkrk gSA ;g
iqLrd fy[ks tkus osQ mn~ns'; vkSj ml fo"k; ij ys[kd osQ n`f"Vdks.k osQ ckjs
esa egRoiw.kZ lwpuk iznku djrk gSA
iwoksZfYyf[kr ckrksa dks ns[kus eas vkidks 'kk;n ,d ;k nks feuV dk le;
yxsxk] ijarq mlls dgha T+;knk le; vki cpk losQaxsA vkidks ;g irk pyus
yxsxk fd iqLrd dk fdruk va'k vkiosQ dke dk gS vkSj vki viuk le;
vizklafxd va'kksa] nksgjk, x, va'kksa vkSj iwoZKkr tkudkjh ls lac¼ va'kksa dks
i<+us esa cckZn ugha djsaxsA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn gSx&XykbfMax vkidk iqjkuk
'kkSd gS vkSj vki ,d iqLrd mBkdj ns[krs gSa ftldk uke gS Â guide
to Hang-Gliding* rks dkI+kQh laHko gS fd mls ,d feuV myV&iqyVdj
gh vki tku tk,¡ fd mlesa vkiosQ fy, dqN u;k ugha gSA
bl izdkj vkius ,d feuV esa ,d fdrkc izHkkoh :Ik ls Ik<+hA bl ij vkSj
le; O;rhr djus dh vko';drk ugha gSA
5- iqujkoyksdu& fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ij è;ku nsrs gq, iqLrd osQ i`"B myVsa&iqyVsa
vkSj mls ckjhd ls tkusaA
yy vè;k;ksa osQ 'kq: vkSj var osQ fgLls
yy miHkkxksa ls lac¼ 'kh"kZd
yy ys[kd }kjk izLrqr lkjka'k
iBu 127
yy vkSj Hkh dksbZ ph”k tks è;ku vkdf"kZr djs] tSls&eksVk fizaV] Vs<+s fy[ks
x, 'kCn vkfnA
6- rhoz xfr izf'k{k.k dk vH;kl& lw{e vè;;u ls Ikgys ik¡p feuV rhoz xfr
ls i<+us dk vH;kl vPNk ekuk tkrk gSA ;g osQoy i<+us dh ^lkekU;*
xfr dks gh rsT+k ugha djrk cfYd efLr"d osQ nk,¡ Hkkx osQ bLrseky esa
Hkh rsT+kh ykrk gSA rhoz xfr izf'k{k.k osQ nkSjku vki vutkus esa gh ikB dk
,d cM+k fgLlk tku pqosQ gksaxsA ;gk¡ ik¡p feuV vf/d le; nsdj vki
ckn esa ,d ?kaVk cpk losQaxsA
7- xgjkbZ ls vè;;u& bl eksM+ ij vki o`gr&voyksdu (overview) vkSj
iwokZyksdu osQ nkSjku NwVh gqbZ ckjhfd;ksa ij è;ku nsasA fiQj ls iqLrd dks
,d iwjh bdkbZ ekusaA 'kq#vkr ls gh ikB~;&lkexzh ls tw>us ls T+;knk izHkkoh
rjhdk nfl;ksa ckj tYnh&tYnh i<+dj le> cuk ysuk gSA euksoSKkfud
bls ^ySx bisQDV* (lag effect) dgrs gSaA ns[kk x;k gS fd ,d gh cSBd
esa ikB dbZ ckj nksgjk ysus ij mls ;kn j[kuk vklku gksrk gS vkSj nksgjkbZ
xbZ izLrqfr;k¡ vxj oqQN varjky osQ ckn gkas rks cjkcj ;kn j[kh tk ldrh
gSaA15 lkFk gh] dfBu vuqPNsn Hkh vkxs okys Hkkxksa osQ vk/kj ij lgh le>
esa vkus yxrs gSaA nwljs ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd efLr"d vutkus esa ml
rdZ ij dke djrk pys vkSj ckn esa lgt :i ls mldh le> ik ysA
;gk¡ yphykiu viukuk vR;ar vko';d gksxk_ vyx&vyx iqLrdksa osQ
ekeys esa vyx&vyx i¼fr viukuh iM+rh gSA
8- fpg~fur vkSj js[kkafdr djuk& vf/dka'k yksxksa dh f>>d osQ ckotwn
iqLrd dks js[kkafdr djus osQ vusd iQk;ns gSaA ckn esa eq[; ckrsa fy[kus
osQ fy, ;fn iqLrd vkidh viuh ugha gS rks ^lkWÝV* ySM (Lead) okyh
Iksafly bLrseky djsa rkfd ckn esa mls jcM+ ls feVk losQa] vkSj ckn esa
fdlh dks irk ugha pysxkA fdrkc vkidh viuh gS rks vyx&vyx jaxksa
esa IkkB js[kkafdr djus esa u f>>osQa_ blls ;kn j[kuk vklku gksrk gS vkSj
fHkUu&fHkUu fo"k;ksa vkSj Ikzlaxksa dks vyx djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA
ik;k x;k gS fd egRoiw.kZ 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr djus ;k vU; fdlh rjhosQ
ls vf/d è;kukd"kZd cukus ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ izn'kZu esa o`n~f/ gksrh gS vkSj
lkekU; iBu dh rqyuk esa mudh vYidkfyd vkSj nh?kZdkfyd le> csgrj
gksrh gSA16 i<+rs le; va'kksa dks fu;eiwoZd js[kkafdr djrs pyus okys fo|kFkhZ
128 i<+us gS le>uk
,slk u djus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ eqdkcys] iqu%Lej.k esa dbZ T+;knk vad izkIr
djrs gSA17
9- NksM+&NksM+ dj i<+us dks rS;kj jgsa& bu Hkkxksa dks NksM+rs pysa tks]
yy vizklafxd gksa
yy igys ls Kkr gksa
yy mlh ckr dks foLrkj nsrs gksa
yy nksgjkrs gksa
yy iqjkus iM+ pqosQ gksa A
yy mnkgj.kksa dh vf/drk yxrs gksa
>wBs rdksaZ ls Hkh cpdj pysaA ‘Straight and Crooked Thinking’18 uked
iqLrd esa jkWcVZ FkkySl us ,slh 38 vlR; ;qfDr;k¡ crkbZ gSa] ftuls cpuk
pkfg,A buesa ls dqN izeq[k ;qfDr;k¡ gSa&
yy ikBd dks i{k esa ykus gsrq HkkokRed 'kCnksa dk bLrseky
yy fdlh rdZ dks LFkkfir djus osQ fy, fo[;kr yksxksa osQ 'kCn mn~/kfjr
djuk
yy fojksf/;ksa osQ rdkZsa osQ ctk; Lo;a mUgsa gh uhpk fn[kkuk
yy fo'ks"k ls lkekU; ij tkuk
yy vO;k[;kf;r Lkzksr
yy lkE;kuqeku }kjk lkfcr djuk
yy vk¡dM+ksa dk nq#i;ksxA
10- fu;fer varjkyksa ij vYikodk'k ysa& gj rhl ;k pkyhl feuV osQ ckn
ik¡p feuV dk vodk'k ikB~;&lkexzh dks /kj.k djus dh {kerk c<+krk
gSA vPNs iBu osQ nkSjku Hkh ;g cgqr mi;ksxh fl¼ gksrk gSA tks geas
vPNh rjg ls le> vk;k gS] T+k:jh ugha fd mls mruh gh vPNh tjg
ls ge ;kn j[k losQaA NksVs&NksVs vYifojkeksa osQ ckn fiNys fgLlksa ij
uT+kj Mkyuh pkfg,A ;g gesa ml lkexzh dks T+;knk le; rd ;kn j[kus esa
lgk;d fl¼ gksrk gSA vodk'kksa osQ nkSjku vkjke djsaA fo'ks"kdj gekjh
vk¡[kksa dks bldh cgqr vko';drk gksrh gSA viuh vk¡[kksa dks gFksfy;ksa ls
nckdj FksM+h nsj osQ fy, <ddj j[kuk pkfg,A ,slk djus ls gekjh vk¡[kksa
dks vkjke feyrk gS vkSj os fiQj ls rkT+kk eglwl djrh gSaA19
iBu 129
11- ekbaM eSi cuk,¡& ekbaM eSi (mind map) xzkg~;rk vkSj Kku osQ
,dhdj.k dks c<+k nsrs gSaA bUgsa cukuk uksV cukus osQ ijaijkxr rjhdksa ls dkI+kQh
rhoz vkSj vklku gSA bUgsa ;kn j[kuk Hkh dkI+kQh vklku vkSj eT+ksnkj gSA fdrkc
dks iwjk i<+ ysus osQ ckn ik¡p feuV dk vodk'k ysa_ vc fdrkc dks ,d
ckj ns[krs gq, laiw.kZ O;ofLFkr uksV~l cuk,¡_ tgk¡ rd laHko gks mu lacaf/r
fcanqvksa dks vius iwoZKku ls tksM+dj ns[ksaA uksV~l cukrs le; jax] dYiuk]
vewrZrk] vkmV ykbu dk iz;ksx dj mUgsa vkSj Lej.kh; cku,¡A
12- iqujkoyksdu& fu;fer Ikqujkoyksdu gekjh Le`fr dks lqn`<+ djrk
gSA O;ofLFkr ekbaM eSi bl rjg dk igyk Ikqujkoyksdu gS vkSj bldk
vf/dre mi;ksx gekjs vrhr dh Le`fr dks izHkkfor djrk gSA ;g lkexzh
dks ,dho`Qr djus vkSj bldk lkekU; ifjizs{; nsus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA bl
IkSVuZ dks ,d fnu] ,d gÝ+rs] ,d eghus vkSj Ng eghus osQ varjky Ikj
nksgjkdj iqujkoyksdu djuk pkfg,A ,slk djus ls gesa yxHkx lc dqN ;kn
jg ldrk gSA
bu êkbaM eSiksa* dk mi;ksx djuk iqujkoyksdu dk lcls cf<+;k rjhdk gSA
vè;;u l=k lekIr gksus ij ;fn vkius ekbaM eSi cukuk 'kq: u fd;k gks rks
n`';kRed :i ls o`gn~ uksV~l cukuk csgrj gksrk gS A
ekbaM eSi cukuk iqujkoyksdu dh Ikgyh izfozQ;k dgk tk ldrk gS vkSj
tc ;g cudj rS;kj gks tkrs gSa rc rd cgqr lkjh ckrsa gekjh Le`fr esa igys
ls gh cSB pqdh gksrh gSaA vkxs osQ iqujkoyksduksa esa lajpukvksa (Patterns)dks
ekufld :i ls nksgjkrs gq, ;g tk¡p ysuk dkI+kQh gksrk gS fd gesa vHkh Hkh
lc ;kn gS ;k ughaA vLi"Vrk dh fLFkfr esa ge lajpukvksa dh iqu% lgk;rk
ys ldrs gSa A
iqujkoyksduksa dks ,dho`Qr djus osQ fy,] ekbaM eSi dks iQkby esa j[kuk
pkfg,A gj eSi ij vxys iqujkoyksdu dh rkjh[k fy[kdj mls ozQec¼ j[kuk
pkfg,A izfrfnu I+kQkby ds Åijh fljs dks ns[ksa fd dgha iqujkoyksdu ds fy,
dqN gS! ,d ckj Ikqujkoyksdu gksus osQ ckn ml Ikj vxys iqujkoyksdu dh
rkjh[k fy[k mls ozQekuqlkj j[k nsuk pkfg, A bl rjg] le; vkus Ikj iSVuZ
vius vki Åij vk tk,xk]
vxj bu lajpukvksa dks fo"k;okj iQkby esa yxk;k x;k gS rks mu lkjh
iQkbyksa dks fu;fer :i ls nsf[k, fd dgha dksbZ lajpuk iqjukoyksdu osQ fy,
130 i<+us gS le>uk
ckdh rks ugha jg x;k gSA
vè;;u dh loksZÙke ifjfLFkfr;k¡

rkieku& vf/dka'k osQanzh; rki la;a=k (central heating system) dejs dk
rkieku 68 ls 70 fMxzh iSQjugkbV osQ chp j[krs gSaA ;g laHkor% 'kjhj osQ
fy, vkjkenk;d fLFkfr gS] ftlesa ,d dehT+k ;k lwrh diM+s esa dke fd;k
tk ldrk gS] ysfdu ;g rkieku efLr"d osQ fy, FkksM+k vf/d gSA gekjk
efLr"d 65 fMxzh iSQjugkbV (18ºc) osQ rkieku ij lcls csgrj dke dj
ldrk gS] ;fn vki blls vf/d rkieku esa dk;Z djus osQ vH;Lr gksa rks
vki oqQN vkSj diM+s igu ldrs gSa ij ;g ekufld Li"Vrk c<+us osQ lanHkZ
esa ykHkdkjh gksxkA
izdk'k& euq"; dh vk¡[ksa vk'p;Ztud :Ik ls vuqowQyu djus esa l{ke gSaA ;g
vius vkidks djksM+ksa ijrksa dh rhozrk esa cnyko osQ lkFk <ky ysrh gSaA ,d
ckj tc vk¡[ksa vuqowQfyr gks tkrh gSa rc os pedrs lwjt dh jks'kuh esa ;k
/heh ef¼e eksecÙkh osQ izdk'k esa Hkh i<+ ldrh gSaA vk¡[kksa ij T+;knk ruko
iM+us ls cpus osQ fy,] fnu dh rsT+k jks'kuh ls Nk;knkj LFkku ;k jkr esa cYc
dh jks'kuh esa i<+us dk lq>ko fn;k tkrk gS A
fnu dk izko`Qfrd Ikzdk'k o`Qf=ke Ikzdk'k ls T+;knk csgrj gSA blesa n`';kRed
LisDVªe dk foLrkj gksrk gS ftlls i<+uk vkjkenk;d curk gSA o`Qf=ke izdk'k
esa vlarqfyr LisDVªe gksrk gS vkSj ÝyksjkslsaV izdk'k osQ dqN izdkj rks ,d rax
rjaxnSè;Z rd lhfer gksrs gSaA
fnu dh jks'kuh dk ,d vkSj ykHk ;g gS fd og fol`r iznhiu miyCèk
djkrh gSA vxj ge lwjt dh lh/h jks'kuh esa dke dj jgs gksa rc izdk'k
pkjksa rjiQ ls vkrk gS vkSj i`"B ij dksbZ ijNkbZ ugha curhA vxj gks losQ
rks f[kM+dh ckbZa rjiQ gksuh pkfg, (nk,¡ gkFk ls dke djus okyksa osQ fy,)]
ftlls dke djrs gq, gkFk dh ijNkbZ dkxT+k ij u iM+sA f[kM+dh osQ Bhd
lkeus cSBuk mfpr ugha gS] D;ksafd gj ckj f[kM+dh ls ckgj ns[kus ij vk¡[kksa
dks rhozrk ls izdk'k dh cnyrh l?kurk ls lek;kstu djuk iM+rk gSA ftlls
vk¡[kksa ij ruko c<+rk gSA
blh izdkj o`Qf=ke izdk'k esa Hkh ftruk laHko gks losQ foLk`r (diffuse)
izdk'k esa i<+uk pkfg,A o`Qf=ke izdk'k esa tgk¡ rd laHko gks lh/h jks'kuh esa
iBu 131
i<+us osQ ctk,] nhokj ;k Nr ls ijkofrZr fol`r izdk'k esa i<+uk pkfg,A ,slk
djus ls gesa ,d le:i izdk'k feyrk gS vkSj esT+k ij j[kh fdlh pednkj
oLrq osQ izfrfcac ls cpk tk ldrk gS A ;fn LikWVykbV~l (spotlights) dk
dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS rks mUgsa lekU; :i ls miyC/ izdk'k osQ lkFk
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ,d LikVykWbV dk iz;ksx gesa i`"B ij è;ku osQafnzr djus
esa lgk;d rks gksrk gS] ij og vk¡[kksa osQ fy, vPNk ugha gksrkA ;g esT+k ij
vleku izdk'k dks mRiUu djrk gS] ftlls gj ckj nwj ns[kus ij izdk'k dh
cnyrh l?kurk esa mtkys ls v¡/sjs dh rjiQ lek;ksftr gksuk iM+rk gSA
cSBus dk rjhdk& ;fn vki vH;Lr ugha gSa rks fcYoqQy lh/h ihB osQ lkFk
cSBuk ihB nnZ dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA oqQlhZ dh mQ¡pkbZ bruh gksuh pkfg,
fd vkidh vk¡[ksa yacor gksa vkSj ?kqVus ls uhps osQ iSj mlls 18º dk dks.k
cuk,¡ vkSj iSj ls I+kQ'kZ Ikj fVd ldasA
vxj oqQlhZ dh mQ¡pkbZ T+;knk gksxh rks dqlhZ dk fdukjk iSj ij nckc Mkysxk
ftlls jDr dk lapkj ckf/r gksxkA vxj dqlhZ T+;knk uhph gksxh rks tk¡?ksa mB
tk,¡xh vkSj 'kjhj osQ oT+ku ls tk¡?kksa osQ Åij ncko iM+sxk ftlls Fkdku gksxhA
bldk eryc ;g ugha gS fd oqQflZ;k¡ gekjs fglkc ls cukbZ tk,¡A osQoy xn~nh
;k îqQVjsLV* (,d ,slk NksVk LVwy ftl Ikj iSj j[kdj mUgsa vkjke fn;k tk
ldrk gSA) ,slh dk iz;ksx Ik;kZIr gksrk gS A
esT+k dh mQ¡pkbZ ij Hkh è;ku nsuk pkfg,A vxj og cgqr uhph gksaxh rks da/s
>qd tk,¡xs ftlls ihB esa nnZ vkSj ruko gksxk vxj og cgqr mQ¡ph gksaxh rc
vkiosQ ckT+kw mB tk,¡xs ftlosQ dkj.k da/ksa esa nnZ gksxk A
(d) ([k) (x)
fp=k& 6% cSBus osQ rjhosQ & (d) lgh ([k) (x) xyr (js[kkvksa }kjk izfrcy fcanq
n'kkZ, x, gSaA
132 i<+us gS le>uk
bl rjg] c`grj vFkksZa esa iBu osQoy 'kCnksa dh Ikgpku vkSj mUgas ,d lkFk
j[kdj okD; cukuk ugha gSA bls n{krk iw.kZ cukus dh Hkh T+k:jr gSA gesa
T+k:jr iM+us Ikj rsT+k xfr ls i<+uk] csgrj le> cukdj] mls ;kn j[kdj
vko';drkuq:i nh?kZdky esa mldk mi;ksx djuk vkuk pkfg, A ;fn ge
IkBu Ikj O;rhr fd, x, le; dk vf/dre mi;ksx djuk pkgrs gSa rks gesa
iBu dh fozQ;k osQ lkFk&lkFk bl ckr Ikj Hkh è;ku nsuk gksxk fd ge dc
vkSj dgk¡ i<+ jgs gSa A
1. Tony Buzan, Use Your Head (London: BBC Publications,

1974), p. 25. In America, the book is entitled Use Both
Sides of Your Brain (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1977).
2. Edmund Huey, The Science and Pedagogy of Reading (1908;
reprint ed., Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1968)
3. E.A. Taylor, “The Spans: Perception, Apprehension and
Recognition,” American Journal of Opthalmology 44:501-507.
4. G. Geffon, J.L. Bradshaw, and G. Wallace, “Interhemispheric
Effects on Reaction Time to Verbal and Non-verbal Visual
Stimuli”, Journal of Experimental Psychology 87:415-22.
5. Martin Albert, “Cerebral Dominance and Reading Habits”,
Nature 256:403.
6. G.A. Miller, “Decision Units in the Perception of Speech”,
Institute of Radio Engineering Transactions on Information
Theory 8: 81-83.
7. E.E. Smith and K.T. Spoehr, “The Perception of Printed English:
a Theoretical Perspective” in Human Information Processing, ed.
N.H. Kantowitz (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Eribaum Association,
1974), p. 235.
8. J.M. Cattell, “Time Taken Up by Cerebral Operations”. Mind
11: 220-42.
9. Huey, Science and Pedagogy of Reading, p. 74.
10.Ibid.
iBu 133
11. John J. Geyer, “An Eye Movement Measure of Reading

Efficiency”, in Reading: Process and Pedagogy, ed. G.B.
schick and M.M. May (Milwaukee, Wisc.: National Reading
Conference, 1970), pp. 168-71.
12. Tony Buzan, Encyclopaedia Britannica Annual Conference,
Vienna, 1977.
13. B. Schmidt, “Chnaging Patterns of Eye Movements Among
students in Reading Classes and Composition-Literature
Classes”, in the Psychology of Reading Behavior, ed. G.B.
Schick and M.M. May (Milwaukee, Wisc.: National Reading
Conference, 1969), pp. 38-41.
14. Florence C. Schale, “Two Gifted Readers—A Preliminary
Study”, in Psychology of Reading Behaviour, ed. Schick and
May, pp. 282-89.
15. L.R. Peterson, “Short-term Verbal Memory and Learning”,
Psychological Review 73: 193-207.
16. D.J. Willmore “A Comparison of Four Methods of Studying
a College Textbook” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of
Minnesota, 1966).
17. E.K. Adams, “Underlining: The Graphical Aid to College
Reading”, in Reading: Process and Pedagogy ed. Schick and
May, pp. 12-22.
18. Robert Thouless, Straight and Crooked Thinking (London:
Pan Books, 1974).
19. W.H. Bates, Better Eyesight without Glasses (New York: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, 1940).
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IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh dks LkEk>Uks osQ fYk, IkkBd IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh osQ fOk"k; osQ Ckkjs
Eksa vIkUks IkwOkZKkUk dk mIk;ksXk djRkk@djRkh gSA IkkBd bLk IkwOkZKkUk dk mIk;ksXk
IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh Eksa fUkfgRk Lkans'k dh vIkwfrZ;ksa dks Ikwjk djUks Ok mLkEksa nh XkbZ UkbZ
TkkUkdkfj;ksa dks Lk¡TkksUks Eksa djRks gSaA ;kUkh IkkBd LOk;a vFkZ dk ^fUkEkkZ.k* djRks

vaxzsT+kh ikB dk ewy va'k& "...The women at door grated her and cheked for her
name.
* cPpksa }kjk i<+s x, vaxzsT+kh ikB dk ewy va'k& "...The women at the door grated her
and Locked for her name.
Ik<++Ukk fdLks dgRks gSa\ 137
gSaA jsLVksjasV OkkYks mnkgj.k Eksa IkkBd ;g LOk;a LkEk> YksRkk gS fd EksT+k Ikj CkSBUks
OkkYkh EkfgYkk Êksjh* gh gS] mLkUks gksVYk osQ EkhUkw Lks vIkUks [kkUks dks PkqUkk gksXkk
vkSj fdLkh OksVj Uks mLks [kkUkk Ykkdj fn;k gksXkk& ;s LkCk CkkRksa IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh Eksa
dgh Ukgha XkbZ gSaA bUk LkCk TkkUkdkfj;ksa dk fUkEkkZ.k IkkBd LOk;a djRks gSaA
IkwOkZKkUk Eksa vaRkj gksUks osQ dkj.k IkkBdksa osQ ^vFkZ&fUkEkkZ.k* Eksa dkI+kQh fOkfOk/Rkk
jgRkh gSA5 oqQN YkksXkksa Eksa bRkUkk IkwOkZKkUk gksRkk gh Ukgha fd Oks IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh dks
LkEk> LkosQa ;k Oks vIkUks IkwOkZKkUk dk mfPkRk mIk;ksXk gh Ukgha djRksA vDLkj CkkRk
LkEk>Uks Eksa fOkfOk/Rkk bLkfYk, IkSnk gksRkh gS] D;ksafd fOk"k; osQ Ckkjs Eksa Yks[kd Ok
IkkBd dh vOk/kj.kk,¡ vYkXk&vYkXk gksRkh gSaA
;g LkaHkOk gS fd oqQN CkPPkksa dks fOk"k; osQ Ckkjs Eksa dksbZ Hkh LkEk> Ukk gks] oqQN
FkksM+k CkgqRk TkkUkRks gksa vkSj oqQN CkgqRk oqQN TkkUkRks gksaA vk/qfUkd 'kks/ Lks IkRkk
PkYkRkk gS fd KkUk osQ Ckkjs Eksa bLk Rkjg dh fOkfOk/Rkk dk fdLkh Hkh IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh
dks LkEk>Uks Eksa CkPPkksa Eksa dkI+kQh vaRkj vk TkkRkk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fYk, ,d 'kks/
Eksa nwLkjh d{kk osQ CkPPkksa dks] fTkUkdh Ik<++Uks dh {kEkRkk CkjkCkj Fkh] EkdfM+;ksa osQ
Ckkjs Eksa ,d IkkB Ik<++kUks Lks IkgYks EkdfM+;ksa Ikj mUkdk IkwOkZ KkUk tk¡pus osQ fYk,
,d VsLV fn;k Xk;kA Ckkn Eksa mUkLks EkdfM+;ksa Ikj nh XkbZ IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh osQ Ckkjs
Eksa Ikz'Uk IkwNs Xk,A Tkks CkPPks EkdfM+;ksa osQ Ckkjs Eksa TkkUkRks Fks mUkosQ Ikfj.kkEk Ikz'Ukksa
osQ mÙkj nsUks Eksa dgha vf/d vPNs Fks] [kkLkdj mUk Ikz'Ukksa Eksa fTkUkEksa RkkfdZd
{kEkRkk dh vkOk';dRkk FkhA
'kks/ Lks IkRkk YkXkRkk gS fd CkPPks dbZ Ckkj vIkUks IkwOkZ&KkUk dk mIk;ksXk Ukgha dj
IkkRks] [kkLkdj LdwYkh f'k{kk dh IkfjfLFkfRk;ksa EksaA mUgsa oqQN mfPkRk TkkUkdkjh gks
LkdRkh gS Ikj Oks IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh dks LkEk>Uks osQ fYk, mLkdk Ikz;ksXk Ukgha dj IkkRksA
bLk Rkjg dh liQyrk,¡ mUk IkfjfLFkfRk;ksa Eksa gksRkh gSa Tkgk¡ CkPPkksa Lks ;g mEEkhn
dh TkkRkh gS fd Oks vIkUks IkwOkZ KkUk dk bLRksEkkYk UkbZ&UkbZ IkfjfLFkfRk;ksa Eksa dkEk
Ykk,¡A ,d CkPPks vkSj ,d Ok;Ld osQ LkEk>Uks Eksa ,d NksVk&Lkk vaRkj Hkh ns[kUks
Ikj ,sLkk YkXk LkdRkk gS fd CkPPks dks IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh fCkYkoqQYk LkEk> Ukgha vkbZA
nwLkjk fUk"d"kZ gSA
Ik<++Ukk Lkgh Ekk;Uks Eksa /kjkIkzOkkg gksUkk Pkkfg,A /kjkIkzOkkg :Ik Lks Ik<++Uks dk
vk/kj gS& 'kCnksa dh IkgPkkUkA vaXkzsT+kh ,d Ok.kZEkkYkk vk/kfjRk Hkk"kk gS bLkfYk,
'kCnksa Ok fgTTkksa Eksa ,d YkXkHkXk fUk;fEkRk LkaCka/ jgRkk gSA gj Ik<++Ukk Lkh[kUks OkkYks
dks mLk ^dksM* dks vkREkLkkRk djUkk IkM+Rkk gS fTkLkLks fgTTkksa] 'kCnksa Ok vFkksaZ esa
138 i<+uk gS le>uk
laca/ LFkkfIkRk gks LkosQA vk/qfUkd 'kks/ Uks ;g fLk¼ dj fn;k gS fd bLkLks dksbZ
fOk'ks"k vaRkj Ukgha IkM+Rkk fd vkIk CkPPkksa dks Ik<++Ukk fLk[kkUks osQ fYk, vkjaHk Eksa
dkSUk&Lks RkjhosQ bLRksEkkYk djRks gSaA LkEk>dj Ik<++Uks osQ dkS'kYk Eksa Okgh CkPPks vkXks
fUkdYkRks gSa Tkks IkzFkEk d{kk Eksa 'kCnksa dks Lkgh Ok RkhOkzRkk Lks IkgPkkUkUks YkXkRks gSaA
fdLkh 'kCn dks ^MhdksM* djUkk] ;kUkh mLkosQ mPPkkj.k Ok vFkZ dks IkgPkkUkUkk]
fgTTkksa dks IkgPkkUkUks Lks dkI+kQh vYkXk CkkRk gSA 19oha Lknh Lks gEksa EkkYkwEk gS fd
NksVs&NksVs TkkUks&IkgPkkUks 'kCn mRkUkh gh RkhOkz XkfRk Lks Ik<++s Tkk LkdRks gSa fTkRkUks fd
Ok.kZEkkYkk osQ v{kjA oqQN gkYkkRk Eksa Rkks 'kCn RkCk Hkh IkgPkkUks TkkRks gSa TkCkfd
fgTTkksa Ikj vkIkdk dksbZ è;kUk gh Uk gksA9 ;s CkkRksa LkaHkOk gh Ukgha ;fn 'kCn
IkgPkkUkUks osQ fYk, fgTTkksa Eksa fOk'Yks"k.k djUkk ,d vkOk';d 'kRkZ gksA gkYk gh
Eksa ;g Hkh fLk¼ djosQ fn[kk fn;k Xk;k gS fd LkkFkZd LkanHkZ 'kCn&IkgPkkUkUks
dh IkzfØ;k Eksa CkgqRk Eknn djRks gSaA10 mnkgj.k osQ fYk, ÛkLkZ* 'kCn vkLkkUkh Lks
IkgPkkUkk Tkk LkdRkk gS ;fn ^MkWDVj* 'kCn mLkosQ vkLk&IkkLk gksA bUk LkCk CkkRkksa
dk] bl vkEk EkkU;Rkk fd ^'kCn IkgPkkUkUks dk vFkZ gS& fgTTks&fgTTks dj Ik<++Ukk*]
Lks dksbZ RkkYkEksYk Ukgha CkSBRkkA
Ik<++Uks osQ Ckkjs Eksa gEksa vkTk Tkks Hkh CkkRksa EkkYkwEk gSa Oks vk/qfUkd Ik<++Uks osQ EkkWMYk
Ikj Ikwjh Rkjg Lks [kjh mRkjRkh gSaA11 bLk EkkWMYk osQ vUkqLkkj fdLkh Hkh 'kCn dh
,d LkaHkOk O;k[;k fnEkkXk Eksa mLkh OkDRk CkUkUkh 'kq: gks TkkRkh gS TkSLks gh gEkkjh
UkT+kj mLk Ikj IkM+Rkh gS vkSj mLkosQ Ckkjs Eksa oqQN LkwPkUkk gEkkjs fnEkkXk Rkd igq¡prh
gSA fgTTkksa Eksa Ck¡/h 'ks"k TkkUkdkjh Lks ;g O;k[;k vkSj Ikq"V gksRkh gSA TkCk LkanHkZ
Ok fgTTkksa Lks Ik;kZIRk TkkUkdkjh gkfLkYk gks TkkRkh gS] Rkks ,d LkaHkkfOkRk O;k[;k ,d
fUkf'PkRk IkgPkkUk CkUk TkkRkh gSA ;g LkCk vR;aRk RkhOkz XkfRk Lks gksRkk gS] vkSLkRkUk
250 fEkYkh LksosaQM Eksa] ,d dq'kYk IkkBd ds fYk,A12
IkkBdksa Eksa RkhOkz XkfRk Lks 'kCnksa dks ^MhdksM* djUks dh {kEkRkk gksUkk vkOk';d
gSA RkHkh Oks bLk izfØ;k dk fdLkh Hkh IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh ds vFkZ&fUkEkkZ.k dh izfØ;k
ds LkkFk RkkYkEksYk fCkBk LkdRks gSaA bLkdk ,d IkzEkk.k ;g gS fd dq'kYk IkkBd
fdLkh Hkh ,sLks EkUkXk<+aRk 'kCnksa ds] fTkLkds fgTTks Bhd&Bkd YkXksa] CkgqRk RkhOkz XkfRk
Lks mPPkkj.k dj IkkRks gaS] TkSLks fd vaxzsT+kh Eksa 'tob' ;k 'jate'13A fTkUk YkksXkksa dh
Ik<+Uks dh {kEkRkk YkXkHkXk 11&12 lky ds CkPPks dh gksRkh gS Oks bLk Rkjg ds
EkUkXk<+aRk 'kCnksa dks Ik<+Uks Eksa dksbZ XkYkRkh ugha djrsA dq'kYk Ok Lkk/kj.k IkkBdksa
dks bLk fLFkfRk Eksa Tkks CkkRk vYkXk djRkh gS Okg RkhOkz XkfRk gS] Uk fd 'kq¼rkA
bLkLks ;g CkkRk LkEk> vkRkh gS fd Lkk/kj.k IkkBdksa Uks fgTTkksa Ok mPPkkj.k dk

IkSVUkZ IkdM+ fYk;k gS IkjaRkq dq'kYk IkkBdksa Eksa ;g dkS'kYk IkSVUkZ Lks dgha vkXks ,d
LOkPkkfYkRk izfØ;k Rkd Ikgq¡Pk Pkqdk gSA
è;ku nsUks ;ksX; CkkRk ;g gS fd dq'kYk IkkBd vIkfjfPkRk 'kCnksa dks mUk
fUk;Ekksa ds vUkqLkkj Ukgha IkgPkkUkRks fTkUkLks fgTTkksa Ok mPPkkj.k dk LkaCka/ fUk;fEkRk
gksRkk gSA mUkdh IkgPkkUk OkkLRkOk Eksa vIkfjfPkRk 'kCn dh IkgYks Lks IkfjfPkRk
'kCnksa ds LkkFk vUkq:IkRkk Ikj vk/kfjRk gksRkh gSA14 mnkgj.k ds fYk, tab dk
mPPkkj.k jab ds mPPkkj.k Ikj vkSj mUk 'kCnksa ds KkUk Ikj Tkks vaxzsT+kh Eksa t Lks
vkjaHk gksRks gSa] Ikj vk/kfjRk gks LkdRkk gSA ,d vU; IkzEkk.k Tkks vUkq:IkRkk Ikj
vk/kfjRk MhdksfMax osQ fUk;Ek Ikj vk/kfjRk gS Okg gS& 'mave' TkSLks vIkfjfPkRk@
EkUkXk<+ar 'kCnksa dk mPPkkj.kA 'mave' dHkh Rkks 'have' vkSj dHkh 'wave' dh Rkjg
CkksYkk TkkRkk gS] mUk IkkBdksa osQ }kjk Tkks ;g 'kCn IkgYkh Ckkj ns[kRks gSaA dkj.k&
'mave' esa a dk mPPkkj.k NksVk gks LkdRkk gS TkSLkk fd 'have' ;k nh?kZ gks LkdRkk
gS] ^,s*] TkSLkk fd 'wave' EksaA è;ku nsUks ;ksX; CkkRk ;g gS fd IkkBd dks Yk?kq
;k nh?kZ a osQ mPPkkj.k dh fOk'ks"k vkOk';dRkk UkghaA mLks vkOk';dRkk gS& mLk
'kCn&HkaMkj dh fTkLkLks vUkq:IkRkk dh ;qfDRk dk Ikz;ksXk gks LkosQA
;g vkOk';d gS fd ^MhdksfMax* dh oqQ'kYkRkk bLk gn Rkd fOkdfLkRk gks
Tkk, fd Okg LOkPkkfYkRk gks Tkk,A mLk Ikj PksRkUk LRkj Ikj è;kUk nsUks dh dksbZ
vkOk';dRkk Uk jgsA IkkBd dk è;kUk IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh osQ vFkZ Ikj oasQfnzr gksUkk
Pkkfg, Uk fd ;g LkEk>Uks Ikj fd VqdMs+&VqdMs+ djUks Ikj ,d&,d 'kCn osQ
D;k Ekk;Uks gksUks Pkkfg,A Lkk/kj.k IkkBd vDLkj bLk dkj.k Lks IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh Ikj
è;kUk osaQfnzr Ukgha dj IkkRks] D;ksafd Oks fUkEUk LRkj dh MhdksfMax Eksa mYk>Rks jgRks
gSaA mUkdk vf/d è;kUk ,d&,d 'kCn osQ Lkgh mPPkkj.k Eksa YkXkk jgRkk gSA15
oqQ'kYk IkkBd IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh osQ LkRkgh Yk{k.kksa Ikj CkgqRk dEk è;kUk ns IkkRks gSaA16
mnkgj.k osQ fYk, Åij fn, Xk, jsLVksjsaV OkkYks IkSjk dh IkgYkh IkafDRk dks dksbZ
CkPPkk oqQN bLk Rkjg Ik<++ LkdRkk gS &
tc Eksjh--- Eksjh & j & jsLk~--- j~ & jsLV--- TkCk Eksjh jsLVks--- vkfnA
jsLVksjsaV ,d dfBUk 'kCn gSA bLk Rkjg Lks Ik<++Uks osQ fYk, CkPPks dks dkI+kQh
Ikz;kLk djUkk IkM+sXkkA TkCk Rkd CkPPkk bLk Rkjg oqQN Ik<++Uks Eksa liQy gksXkk RkCk
Rkd IkgYks dk Ik<++k gqvk mLkdh ;kn Eksa /q¡/yk gks Pkqdk gksXkkA Okg dHkh Hkh
,d LkEkXkz vFkZ Ukgha CkUkk Ikk,XkkA
140 i<+uk gS le>uk
Tkks vk¡dM+s gEksa mIkYkC/ gSa mUkLks EkkYkwEk gksRkk gS fd ,d 9&10 Ok"kZ dk vkSLkRk
oqQ'kYk IkkBd ,d vIkfjfPkRk dgkUkh dks YkXkHkXk 100 'kCn IkzfRk fEkUkV dh
jÝ+rkj Lks Ik<++ LkdRkk gSA Ikj ,d vkEk IkkBd mLkh dgkUkh dks YkXkHkXk 50&60
'kCn IkzfRk fEkUkV dh jÝ+rkj Lks Ik<++Rkk gSA17 oqQN fOk}kUkksa osQ vUkqLkkj ;g jÝ+rkj
^bRkUkh /hEkh gS fd vkLkkUk LkkEkXkzh dks Hkh Ik<++dj LkEk>Uks Eksa Ckk/k CkUk TkkRkh
gS vkSj LkEk>Uks dh UkbZ {kEkRkk,¡ fOkdfLkRk gksUks osQ fYk, Rkks dksbZ TkXkg NksM+Rkh
gh UkghaA18*
RkhLkjk fUk"d"kZ gS
Ik<++Ukk Ekq[; :Ik Lks ;qfDRkXkRk gksUkk Pkkfg,A oqQ'kYk IkkBdksa Eksa Lknk ,d
YkPkhYkkIkUk jgRkk gSA fdLkh Hkh IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh dks Oks bLk n`f"Vdks.k Lks Ik<++Rks gSa
fd Okg fdRkUkh TkfVYk gS] mLkdh fOk"k;&OkLRkq Lks Oks fdRkUkk IkfjfPkRk gSa ,Oka
mUkosQ Ik<++Uks dk vIkUkk mn~ns'; D;k gSA dbZ 'kks/ksa Lks ;g IkRkk YkXkRkk gS fd
vIkfjIkDOk IkkBdksa Eksa dEk&Lks&dEk nks Okks ;qfDRk;k¡ Ukgha gksRkha Tkks oqQ'kYk IkkBdksa
osQ IkkLk gksRkh gSa% ,d Rkks Oks IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh Lks LkaCkaf/Rk vIkUks IkwOkZKkUk dk Tkk;T+kk
Ukgha YkXkk IkkRks vkSj nwLkjs] vIkUks LkEk>Uks dh IkzfØ;k dks fUk;af=kr Ukgha dj IkkRks
fTkLkLks Oks mUk ;qfDRk;ksa dk Ikz;ksXk Ukgha dj IkkRks Tkks LkEk>Uks dh IkzfØ;k osQ
vliQy gksUks Ikj dkEk Eksa YkkbZ TkkRkh gSaA19
oqQ'kYk IkkBd TkkUkRks gSa fd Ik<++Uks osQ vYkXk&vYkXk mn~ns'; gksRks gSa vkSj bUk
mn~ns';ksa dks CknYkUkk IkM+Rkk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fYk, Oks LkEk>Rks gSa fd EkT+ks YksUks
osQ fYk, Ik<++Rks OkDRk 'kk;n dksbZ Xkgjh LkEk> dh vkOk';dRkk Ukgha Ikj Ikjh{kk
osQ fYk,20 Rkks [kwCk LkEk>dj gh Ik<++Ukk gksXkkA ,d 'kks/ Eksa RkhLkjh Ok NBh d{kk
osQ CkPPkksa dks nks dgkfUk;k¡ Ik<++Uks osQ fYk, dgk Xk;k& ,d osQOkYk EkT+ks YksUks osQ
fYk, vkSj nwLkjh Ikjh{kk osQ fYk,A oqQ'kYk IkkBdksa Uks vIkUks Ik<++Uks osQ Rkjhdksa Eksa
mfPkRk RkCnhfYk;k¡ dha] vIkfjIkDOk CkPPkksa Uks UkghaA Ikfj.kkEkRk% bUk CkPPkksa dks nksUkksa
dgkfUk;ksa Eksa Lks dksbZ Hkh Bhd Lks LkEk> Ukgha vkbZ] Uk gh ;kn jghA
vIkfjIkDOk IkkBd vDLkj Ik<++Uks osQ RkjhosQ dks fUk;af=kr ugha dj Ikkrs] D;ksafd
mUgsa Ik<++Uks dk mn~ns'; Bhd Lks LkEk> Ukgha vkRkkA fUk;a=k.k dk ,d Ik{k ;g
gS fd ;g LkEk> IkkUkk fd dCk Ik<++Uks Eksa dksbZ vliQyrk gqbZ gSA bLk CkkRk dh
tk¡p djUks osQ fYk, 'kks/dRkkZvksa Uks IkkBdksa dks IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh Eksa ,sLkh CkkRkksa dks
IkgPkkUkUks osQ fYk, dgk gS Tkks mLk IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh Lks EksYk Uk [kkRkh gksaA UkhPks gEk
mnkgj.k osQ fYk, nks IkSjkXkzkI+kQ ns jgs gSa%

bLk TkgkT+k Ikj Tkks YkksXk Hkh dkEk dj jgs gSa mUk LkCkdk vkIkLk Eksa [kwCk
EksYk&TkksYk gSA fTkUk YkksXkksa osQ IkkLk CkgqRk IkSLkk gS vkSj fTkUk osQ IkkLk CkgqRk
dEk] Oks LkHkh vkIkLk Eksa nksLRk gSaA vI+kQlj Ekq>s CkjkCkjh dk nTkkZ nsRks gSaA
gEk LkCk vDLkj LkkFk&LkkFk [kkUkk [kkRks gSaA Ekq>s Rkks YkXkRkk gS fd gEk LkCk
,d gh [kq'kgkYk IkfjOkkj osQ LknL; gSaA
vCk bLkh IkSjkXkzkI+kQ dk nwLkjk :Ik nsf[k,%
bLk TkgkT+k Ikj Tkks YkksXk Hkh dkEk dj jgs gSa mUk LkCkdk vkIkLk Eksa [kwCk
EksYk&TkksYk gSA fTkUk YkksXkksa osQ IkkLk CkgqRk IkSLkk gS vkSj fTkUkosQ IkkLk CkgqRk
dEk] Oks LkHkh vkIkLk Eksa nksLRk gSaA vI+kQlj Lknk Eksjk fUkjknj djRks gSaA gEk
LkCk vDLkj LkkFk&LkkFk [kkUkk [kkRks gSaA Ekq>s Rkks YkXkRkk gS fd gEk LkCk ,d
gh [kq'kgkYk IkfjOkkj osQ LknL; gSaA21
oqQ'kYk IkkBd nwLkjs IkSjkXkzkI+kQ Eksa vkbZ v[kjUks OkkYkh CkkRk dks LkgTk gh IkdM+
YksaXksA nwLkjh RkjiQ NksVs ;k vIkfjIkDOk IkkBd dgsaXks fd nwLkjk IkSjkXkzkI+kQ Hkh
Bhd&Bkd gSA22
fUk;af=kr Ik<++Uks dh IkzfØ;k dk vU; Ik{k gS fd ,d oqQ'kYk IkkBd dks TkSLks gh
;g vgLkkLk gksRkk gS fd mLks dksbZ CkkRk LkEk> Eksa Ukgha vkbZ Rkks Okg dksbZ&Ukk&dksbZ
,sLkk dnEk mBk YksRkk gS ;k dksbZ ,sLkh ;qfDRk [kksTk YksRkk gS fTkLkLks Okks CkkRk
mUkdh LkEk> Eksa vk Tkk,A oqQ'kYk IkkBdksa dks IkRkk gksRkk gS fd dfBUkkb;ksa dk
LkkEkUkk oSQls djUkk gksRkk gSA dbZ fOkdYIk mIkYkC/ gSa% ,d Rkjhdk Rkks ;g gS fd
LkEkL;k dks oqQN nsj osQ fYk, VkYk fn;k Tkk,] bLk mEEkhn osQ LkkFk fd FkksM+h
nsj Ckkn mLkdk vFkZ LOk;a LIk"V gks Tkk,XkkA ,d vU; fOkdYIk gS fd ,d gh
fgLLks dks Ckkj&Ckkj Ik<++Ukk_ vkXks Ik<++Uks dh IkzRkh{kk djUkk ;k Ckká lzksrksa Lks Eknn
YksUkkA ,d 'kks/ dk;Z Eksa 'kks/dRkkZvksa Uks nwLkjh vkSj NBh d{kkvksa Lks IkwNk fd
TkCk mUgsa dksbZ fYk[kh gqbZ CkkRk LkEk> Ukgha vkRkh RkCk Oks fdUk ;qfDRk;ksa dk Ikz;ksXk
djRks gSaA23 mEkz Eksa CkMs+ oqQ'kYk IkkBdksa Uks CkRkk;k fd ;fn Oks fdLkh 'kCn dk
vFkZ Ukgha TkkUkRks Rkks fdLkh vU; O;fDRk Lks IkwN YksRks gSa ;k fdLkh 'kCndks'k dh
Lkgk;Rkk Yks YksRks gSaA vIkfjIkDOk IkkBd vIkUkh ;qfDRk;ksa osQ Ckkjs Eksa dksbZ fOk'ks"k
CkkRk Ukgha CkRkk LkosQA OkkLRkOk Eksa ;g CkkRk CkPPkksa osQ vOkYkksdUkksa Lks vkSj Hkh Ikq[Rkk
gqbZ gSA ,d vU; 'kks/ Eksa PkkSFkh d{kk osQ CkPPkksa dks ,sLkh dgkUkh Ik<++Uks dks nh
XkbZ fTkLkEksa oqQN dfBUk 'kCn FksA24 TkSLkh fd mEEkhn Fkh] oqQ'kYk IkkBdksa Uks Ikz'Uk
142 i<+uk gS le>uk
IkwNs] UkksV~Lk fYk, RkFkk 'kCndks'k dk Ikz;ksXk fd;kA vIkfjIkDOk IkkBdksa Uks bUk
PkhT+kksa dh CkgqRk dEk Eknn YkhA
;g CkkRk gEk Ckkj&Ckkj ns[kRks gSa fd oqQ'kYk IkkBdksa osQ IkkLk Ik<++Uks dh ;qfDRk;ksa
dk ,d HkaMkj gksRkk gSA bLkdk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd oqQ'kYk IkkBd vIkUkh Ik<++Uks
dh IkzfØ;k dk fUk;a=k.k djRks gSa vkSj LkEk> osQ jkLRks Eksa vkUks OkkYkh #dkOkVksa
dk dksbZ&Ukk&dksbZ gYk fUkdkYkRks gSaA
PkkSFkk fUk"d"kZ gS
Ik<++Uks osQ fYk, Ikzsj.kk dh vkOk';dRkk gksRkh gSA gj vè;kIkd TkkUkRkk gS fd
Ikzsj.kk ;kUkh Ik<++Uks dh Xkgjh bPNk Ik<++Ukk Lkh[kUks dh oaqQth gSA vf/dRkj CkPPkksa
dks Ik<++Ukk Lkh[kUks osQ fYk, dbZ LkkYk YkXksaXks YksfdUk bLk nkSjkUk gEkkjh ;g HkjLkd
dksf'k'k gksUkh Pkkfg, fd CkPPkksa dh ;g mEEkhn CkUkh jgs fd Oks ,d oqQ'kYk
IkkBd CkUksaXksA
Ik<++Ukk vIkUks vkIk Eksa ,d vkUkannk;d CkkRk gSA mUk CkPPkksa osQ fYk, Rkks fUkf'PkRk
gh Tkks oqQ'kYk IkkBd gSa_ dkI+kQh gn Rkd mUk CkPPkksa osQ fYk, Hkh Tkks vkSLkRk ;k
vkSLkRk Lks Hkh UkhPks dh Js.kh Eksa gSaA dgRks Hkh gSa fd ;s CkPPks Rkks ^fdRkkCkksa osQ
Ekksg Eksa [kks, gq, gSaA* Ik<++Ukk fLk[kkUks dh IkzfØ;k dk ;g mn~ns'; Rkks gksUkk Pkkfg,
fd vf/d&Lks&vf/d CkPPks oqQ'kYk IkkBd CkUk Tkk,¡A Ikj LkkFk&LkkFk gEkkjk
mn~ns'; ;g Hkh gksUkk Pkkfg, fd mUk CkPPkksa dh Lka[;k Ck<s+ Tkks osQOkYk EkT+ks YksUks
osQ fYk, UkbZ&UkbZ fdRkkCksa Ik<++Rks gSaA bLk IkzfØ;k dk ,d vkOk';d fgLLkk ;g
gS fd CkPPkksa dks fTkUk fdRkkCkksa Eksa #fPk gS Okks fdRkkCksa mUgsa vkLkkUkh Lks fEkYksaA
CkPPkksa dks Ik<++Ukk fLk[kkUks dh IkzfØ;k vDLkj CkgqRk mckÅ gksRkh gSA bLk
IkzfØ;k osQ dbZ fgLLks CkgqRk UkhjLk gksRks gSaA Ik<++Uks osQ UkkEk Ikj nh XkbZ vf/dRkj
XkfRkfOkf/;k¡ v#fPkdj gksRkh gSaA bLkfYk, TkCk ,d 'kks/ Eksa ;g IkRkk YkXkk fd
TkCk CkPPkksa dks vIkUkh d{kk Lks ,d d{kk osQ vkXks dh fdRkkCksa Ik<++Uks osQ fYk,
dgk Xk;k Rkks mUgksaUks CkRkk;k fd mUgsa Ik<++Uks Eksa Rkks EkT+kk vk jgk gS YksfdUk î<+us*
ds uke ij Ldwy esa gksus okyh XkfRkfOkf/;ksa Eksa dksbZ #fPk Ukgha] Rkks ;g dksbZ
gSjkUkh dh CkkRk UkghaA25
Oks vè;kIkd Tkks CkPPkksa dh Ikzsj.kk dks ,d mPPk LRkj Ikj CkUkk, j[kRks gSa Oks
CkgqRk RksT+k XkfRk Lks fOkfOk/ IkkB Ik<++kRks gSaA XkfRkfOkf/;k¡ ,d mRLkkg osQ LkkFk vkjaHk
dh TkkRkh gSa vkSj ;g LkEk>k;k TkkRkk gS fd mUkdks djUks Lks D;ksa CkPPks CksgRkj
IkkBd CkUksaXksA fTkUk vè;kIkdksa dh d{kkvksa Eksa IkzsfjRk CkPPks gksRks gSa mUkdh d{kkvksa
Eksa [kwCk dkEk gksRkk gS YksfdUk mUkEksa CkgqRk LUksg vkSj fOk'OkkLk gksRkk gSA bLk Rkjg
osQ vè;kIkdksa osQ }kjk Ik<++k, Xk, CkPPks Ik<++Uks osQ EkwY;kadUk Eksa vkSLkRk Lks dgha
vf/d vad YkkRks gSaA26
vliQyrk dksbZ EkT+kkd Ukgha! vIkfjIkDOk IkkBdksa dk Ik<++Uks osQ IkzfRk UkdkjkREkd
gks TkkUkk LOkkHkkfOkd gSA Ikj ;g dgUkk vkLkkUk Ukgha fd Ik<++Uks Eksa vliQyrk
UkdkjkREkd #[k osQ dkj.k gS ;k Bhd bLkdk mYVkA 'kk;n LkPPkkbZ bUk nksUkksa
Nksjksa osQ CkhPk Eksa dgha gSA
vIkfjIkDOk IkkBd b/j&m/j ns[kRks jgRks gSa] Ik<++Uks dh RkjiQ è;kUk Ukgha nsRks
vkSj dbZ d{kk dh IkzfØ;k Eksa TkkUk&Ckw>dj Ckk/k,¡ MkYkRks gSa] vIkUkk dkEk Ukgha
djRksA TkCk Hkh dksbZ dfBUk XkfRkfOkf/ mUkosQ LkkEkUks vkRkh gS Rkks TkYnh gh gkj EkkUk
YksRks gSaA mUgsa Ik<++dj CkksYkUks osQ fYk, dgk TkkRkk gS ;k dksbZ Ikjh{kk nsUkh gksRkh gS
Rkks Oks CkgqRk fPkafrr gks TkkRks gSaA Lka{ksIk Eksa ;gh dgk Tkk LkdRkk gS fd ;s CkPPks
LOk;a dks vLkgk; IkkRks gSa vkSj mUgsa YkXkRkk gS fd Oks oqQN Hkh CksgRkj Ukgha dj
LkdRks bLk vLkgk;IkUk osQ dkj.kksa dks gEk vHkh Rkd Bhd Lks LkEk> Ukgha Ikk,
gSaA27 IkjaRkq 'kk;n vè;kIkdksa osQ O;Okgkj dk bLkLks dksbZ&Uk&dksbZ fj'Rkk T+k:j gSA
;g LOkkHkkfOkd gS fd oqQN vè;kIkdksa dks YkXks fd Ik<++Uks dh Ikjh{kk Eksa isQy gksUks
Ikj n;k fn[kkUkk CkgqRk vPNh CkkRk gSA YksfdUk bLk CkkRk Eksa ;g Lkans'k Hkh NqIkk
gqvk gks LkdRkk gS fd bUk CkPPkksa Eksa oqQN Hkh CksgRkj djUks dh {kEkRkk Ukgha vkSj
vIkUks TkhOkUk osQ fUkEkkZ.k Eksa dksbZ gLRk{ksIk Ukgha dj LkdRksA bLkosQ fOkIkjhRk vXkj
vè;kIkd oqQN vLkaRkqf"V fn[kk,¡ Rkks gks LkdRkk gS fd CkPPkksa dks YkXks fd ;fn
Oks EksgUkRk djsaXks Rkks mUkdh Ik<++Uks Eksa IkzOkh.kRkk CksgRkj gksXkhA YkksXk vIkUks IkfjJEk dks
fUk;af=kr dj LkdRks gSa_ ;fn fUk;a=k.k gks Rkks vLkgk; Hkh IkzOkh.k gks LkdRks gSaA28
,d IkzHkkOk'kkYkh vè;kIkd vIkUkh CkkRkPkhRk Ok vIkUks dkEk djUks osQ Rkjhdksa Lks
;g fn[kk nsRkk gS fd gj CkPPkk Ik<++Ukk Lkh[k LkdRkk gS] ;fn Okg è;kUk ns vkSj
EksgUkRk djsA bUk vè;kIkdksa dh d{kkvksa Eksa CkPPkksa dks vIkUks Ikfj.kkEk lkI+kQ UkT+kj
vkRks gSaA 'kks/ Lks ;g CkkRk fLk¼ gks XkbZ gS fd ,sLks vè;kIkd CkPPkksa dks Ik<++Uks
osQ fYk, ,sLkh LkkEkXkzh nsRks gSa fTkLks Ik<++Uks Eksa mUgsa liQyrk dk vgLkkLk gksRkk
gSA29 Ikjarq IkzHkkOk'kkYkh vè;kIkd fCkUkk LkksPks&LkEk>s Ikz'kaLkk djUks Ukgha CkSB TkkRksA
Okgh CkPPkk OkkLRkOk Eksa Ikz'kaLkk dk Ikk=k CkUkRkk gS Tkks dksbZ ,sLkk dkEk dj fn[kk,
Tkks mLkosQ fYk, LkPkEkqPk Ekqf'dYk gksA Ikz'kaLkk djUks Eksa ;g lkI+kQ T+kkfgj jgRkk
gS fd CkPPks Uks fdLk fOk'ks"k LkEkL;k dks LkqYk>k;k gS vkSj fdLk Ikzdkj CkPPks
144 i<+uk gS le>uk
dh liQyrk mLkosQ dkS'kYk vkSj Ikz;kLk Lks TkqM+h gSA bLkh Lks IkRkk PkYkRkk gS fd
HkfOk"; Eksa Hkh bLkh Rkjg dh liQyrk,¡ LkaHkOk gSaA30
Xkks;k ;g CkkRk LkPk gS fd fUkjaRkj CkUkh gqbZ Ikzsj.kk Ik<++Ukk Lkh[kUks osQ fYk,
vkOk';d gS] fiQj Hkh gEksa bLk CkkRk dk è;kUk j[kUkk Pkkfg, fd Ikzsj.kk Ik<++Uks
Eksa vliQyrk dk ,d Ekk=k dkj.k Ukgha gSA vUkqHkOk Lks ;g IkRkk YkXkRkk gS fd
vPNs&Lks&vPNs gkYkkRk Eksa Hkh oqQN IkzfRk'kRk CkPPks Rkks Bhd Lks Ik<++Ukk Ukgha Lkh[k
Ikk,¡XksA mUgsa dkI+kQh Ekqf'dYkksa dk LkkEkUkk djUkk IkM+sXkkA bUk Ekqf'dYkksa dh gEk
;gk¡ Ikj fOkLRkkj Lks PkPkkZ Ukgha dj LkosQaXksA gk¡] bLkEksa dksbZ 'kd Ukgha fd fTkUk
CkkRkksa dh PkPkkZ gEkUks ;gk¡ dh gS mUkLks mUk Ekqf'dYkksa dks gYk djUks Eksa oqQN
Eknn vOk'; fEkYk LkdRkh gSA
Ikk¡pok¡ fUk"d"kZ gS
Ik<++Ukk ,d ,sLkk dkS'kYk gS fTkLkdk fUkjarj fOkdkLk gksRkk jgRkk gSA LkaXkhRk dh
gh Rkjg Ik<++Ukk Hkh dksbZ ,sLkh dYkk Ukgha fTkLk Ikj ,d Ckkj Eksa gh EkgkjRk gkfLkYk
dj Ykh Tkk,A vfIkRkq ;g ,sLkk dkS'kYk gS Tkks vH;kLk osQ LkkFk fUkjURkj fUk[kjRkk
gSA ;g IkzfØ;k mLkh OkDRk 'kq: gks TkkRkh gS TkCk Hkh dksbZ O;fDRk&fOk'ks"k fdLkh
Ik<++Uks&fYk[kUks OkkYkh LkaLd`fr Ok IkgYkh IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh osQ LkEkd{k gksRkk gSA31
IkgYkk fUk;Ek fTkLkdk LknSOk IkkYkUk djUkk Pkkfg, Okg ;g gS fd Ik<++Uks dks
,d LkEkXkz IkzfØ;k Lks 'kq: fd;k Tkk,A Ik<++Ukk bLkfYk, Pkkfg, fd IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh
Eksa fUkfgRk vFkZ Ok Lkans'k dks IkdM+Ukk gSA LIk"V gS fd Ik<++Ukk Lkh[kUks dh 'kq#vkRk
djUks OkkYks CkPPks osQ fYk, bLkEksa dkI+kQh LkEkL;k vk,XkhA ;g oSQLks LkaHkOk gS fd
Ik<++Ukk Lkh[kUks Lks IkgYks gh CkPPkk Ik<++Uks YkXk Tkk,\
bLkosQ fYk, dbZ UkbZ&UkbZ ;qfDRk;k¡ Ikz;ksXk Eksa YkkbZ Tkk LkdRkh gSaA ,d LOkkHkkfOkd
;qfDRk ;g gS fd CkPPkksa dks Oks dgkfUk;k¡ LkqUkkbZ Tkk,¡ fTkUkLks Oks IkgYks Lks IkfjfPkRk
gSa vkSj Tkks mUgsa YkXkHkXk ;kn Hkh gSaA ,d vU; ;qfDRk gS fd UkbZ dgkfUk;ksa dh
'kCnkOkYkh LkhfEkRk gksA v{kj Ok èOkfUk osQ LkaCka/ dh vksj è;kUk fnYkkUks Lks Hkh
YkkHk gks LkdRkk gSA
vUksd vU; TkfVYk dkS'kYkksa dh gh Rkjg Ik<++Ukk fLk[kkUks dh IkzfØ;k Eksa mUk
fgLLkksa@Ik{kksa osQ fOkOkj.k] fOkEk'kZ] dksfpax osQ vH;kLk Ikj T+kksj fn;k TkkRkk gS Tkks
Ik<++Uks osQ vkOk';d vaXk EkkUks TkkRks gSaA YksfdUk bUk LkCk IkzfØ;kvksa dk EkwY;kadUk
bLkh CkkRk Lks gks LkdRkk gS fd LkEk>dj Ik<++Uks Eksa CkPPks dh {kEkRkk fdRkUkh Ck<+h
gSA vRk% ,d Lkqjf{kRk Ik<++Ukk fLk[kkUks osQ dk;ZØe Eksa VqdM+ksa Ikj IkzOkh.kRkk gkfLkYk
djUkk vIkUks vkIk Eksa ,d mn~ns'; Ukgha gks LkdRkkA ;g osQOkYk mn~ns'; IkzkIRk djUks
dk ,d jkLRkk gh gks LkdRkk gSA LkEkXkz :Ik Lks LkEk>dj Ik<++Uks Ok mLk IkzfØ;k
osQ VqdM+ksa Ikj ,d LkaRkqfYkRk T+kksj nsUkk Pkkfg,A
Lka{ksIk Eksa
1- Ik<++Ukk ,d jPkUkkREkd XkfRkfOkf/ gSA ,d oqQ'kYk IkkBd CkUkUks osQ fYk,
vkOk';d gS fd jksT+kEkjkZ osQ KkUk Ok fOk"k;OkLRkq fOk'ks"k osQ KkUk Ikj
vk/kfjRk IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh Lks ,d RkkfdZd LkaOkkn LFkkfIkRk gks LkosQA
2- Ik<++Ukk Lkgh Ekk;Uks Eksa /kjkIkzOkkg gksUkk Pkkfg,A ,d oqQ'kYk IkkBd gksUks
dk RkkRIk;Z ;g gS fd vkIkdk Ik<++Uks osQ LkHkh dkS'kYkksa Ikj Ikwjk vf/dkj
gSA Oks bLk rjg LOkPkkfYkRk gSa fd vkIk vIkUkk Ikwjk è;kUk vFkZ LkEk>Uks
Ikj YkXkk LkdRks gSaA
3- Ik<++Ukk Ekq[; :Ik Lks ;qfDRkXkRk gksUkk Pkkfg,A ,d oqQ'kYk IkkBd CkUkUks
osQ fYk, ;g vkOk';d gS fd vkIkdk Ik<++Uks osQ mn~ns';] IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh
dh Ikzd`fr vkSj vIkUks LkEk>Uks dh IkzfØ;k osQ Ik<++Uks osQ LkkFk Tkks Hkh
fj'Rks CkUksa mUk Ikj Ikwjk fUk;a=k.k gksUkk Pkkfg,A
4- Ik<++Uks osQ fYk, Ikzsj.kk dh vkOk';dRkk gksRkh gSA ,d oqQ'kYk IkkBd
gksUks dk EkRkYkCk ;g gS fd vkIk ,d YkaCks LkEk; Rkd è;kUk oasQfnzr j[k
LkdRks gSa vkSj vkIk ;g EkkUkRks gSa fd IkkB~;&LkkEkXkzh #fPkdj Ok KkUknk;d
gks LkdRkh gSA
5- Ik<++Ukk ,d ,sLkk dkS'kYk gS fTkLkdk fUkjaRkj fOkdkLk gksRkk jgRkk gSA
,d oqQ'kYk IkkBd gksUks dk EkRkYkCk gS fd vkIk fUkjaRkj vH;kLk djRks gSa
vkSj vkIkosQ dkS'kYk Eksa fUkjaRkj fOkdkLk Ok Lkq/kj gksRkk jgRkk gSA
1. Adapted from Schallert, D.L. 1982. The significance of

knowledge: A synthesis of research related to schema theory.
In W. Otto & S. White (Eds.), Reading expository material
(pp. 13-48).: Academic Press, New York P.28
146 i<+uk gS le>uk
2. Pearson, P.D., and Spiro. R.J. 1980, Toward a theory of

reading comprehension instruction. Topics in Language
Disorders, 1, 71-88.
3. Oral reading errors showing an overreliance on
graphophonemic cues are described in: Hood, J., and
Kendall, J.R. 1975. Qualitative analysis of oral reading errors
of reflective and impulse second graders: Follow-up study,
Journal of Reading Behaviour, 7, 269-281.
Weber, R.M. 1970. A linguistic analysis of first-grade reading
errors, Reading Research Quarterly, 5, 427-451.
4. Oral reading errors showing an overreliance on contextual
cues are described in: Biemiller. A.1970. The development
of the use of graphic and contextual information as children
learn to read. Reading Research Quarterly, 6, 75-96.
5. Steffensen, M.S., Joag-dev, C., and Anderson, R.C. 1979.
A cross-cultural perspective on reading comprehension.
Reading Research Quarterly, 15, 10-29.
6. Pearson, P.D. Hansen, J. and Gordon, C. 1979. The effect of
background knowledge on young children's comprehension
of explicit and implicit information. Journal of Reading
Behaviour, 11, 201-209.
7. Owings, R.A., Peterson,G.A., Bransford, J.D., Morris, C.D.
and Stein, B.S. 1980. Spontaneous monitoring and regulation
of learning: A comparison of successful and less successful
fifth graders. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 250-256.
Paris, S.G. and Lindauer, B.K. 1976. The role of inference
in children's comprehension and memory for sentences.
Cognitive Psychology, 8, 217-227.
For implications of children's failure to draw on prior
knowledge in the school setting, see: Beck, I.L. 1985. Five
problems with children's comprehension in the primary
grades. In J. Osborn, P.T. Wilson, and R.C. Anderson (Eds.),
Reading education: Foundations for a Literate America (pp.
239-253). Lexington Books.Lexigton, MA.
Wilson, P.T., and Anderson, R.C. 1985. Reading
comprehension and school learning. In J. Osborn P.T. Wilson,
and R.C. Anderson (Eds.) Reading education: Foundations

for a Literate America
(pp. 319-328). Lexington Books, Lexington, MA.
8. Lesgold, A., Resnick, L.B., and Hammond, K. 1985. Learning
to read: A longitudinal study of word skill development in
two curricula. In T.G. Waller and G.E. Mackinnon (Eds.).
Reading research: Advances in theory and practice (Vol. 4,
pp. 107-138). Academic Press, New York.
9. Cattell, J.M. 1886. The time it takes to see and name objects.
Mind, 11, 63-65.
Meyer, D.E., and Schvaneveldt, R.W. 1971. Facilitation in
10.
recognising pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between
retrieval operations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 90,
227-234. This study shows facilitation effects with words
presented in isolation. There is evidence to suggest that
contextual constraints also facilitate processing during reading
of connected text, See Zola, D. 1984. Redundancy and word
perception during reading. Perception and Psychophysics, 36,
277-284.
11.
McClelland, J.L., and Rumelhart, D.E. 1981. An interactive
activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part
I. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 88,
375-407.
Rumelhart, D.E.,and McClelland, J.L. 1982. An interactive
activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part
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extensions of the model. Psychological Review. 89, 60-94.
12.
Gough, P.B. 1972. One second of reading. In J.F. Kavanagh
and I.G. Mattingly (Eds.), Language by ear and by eye (pp.
331-358). MIT Press.Cambridge, MA.
Just, M.A., and Carpenter, P.A. 1980. A theory of reading:
From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review,
87, 329-354.
13.
Stanovich, K.E. 1980. Toward an interactive compensatory
model of individual difference in the development of reading
fluency. Reading Research Quarterly, 16, 32-71.
148 i<+uk gS le>uk
14. Glushko, R.J. 1979. The organisation and activation

of orthographic knowledge in reading aloud. Journal
of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and
Performance, 5, 674-691.
McClelland and Rumelhart. 1981op. cit.
Rumelhart and McClelland .1982 op. cit.
15. Perfetti, G.A., Lesgold, A.M. 1977. Discourse comprehension
and sources of individual differences. In M.A. Just and P.A.
Carpenter (Eds). Cognitive processes in comprehension
(pp.141-183), Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.
16. Anderson, R.C., and Kulhavy R.W. 1972. Learning concepts
from definitions. American Educational Research Journal, 9,
385-390.
Anderson, R.C. Goldberg, S.R., and Hiddle, J.L. 1971.
Meaningful processing of sentences. Journal of Educational
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17. Hoffman, J.V. O'Neal, S.F., Kastler, L.A,. Clements, R.O,
Segel, K.W., and Nash, M.F. 1984. Guided oral reading and
miscue focused verbal feedback in second-grade classrooms.
Reading Research Quarterly, 19, 367-384.
18. Lesgold, Resnick, and Hammond. 1985. op.cit.
19. See Baker, L., and Brown, A.L. 1984. Metacognitive skills
and reading. In P.D. Pearson (Ed.). Handbook of reading
research (pp. 353-394). Longman, New York.
20. Forrest D.L., and Waller, T.G. 1979, March. Cognitive
and metacognitive aspects of reading. Paper presented at
the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child
Development, San Francisco, CA.
21. From Grabe, M., Mann, S.1984. A technique for the
assessment and training of comprehension monitoring skills.
Journal of Reading Behaviour, 16, 131-144, p. 136.
22. Ibid.
23. Myers, M., and Paris, S.G. 1978. Children's metacognitive
knowledge about reading.Journal of Educational Psychology,
70, 680-690.
24. Paris, S.G. and Myers, M. 1981. Comprehension monitoring,
memory, and study strategies of good and poor readers.

Journal of Reading Behaviour, 13, 5-22.
25.
Durkin, D.1982. A study of poor black children who are
successful readers(Reading Ed. Rep. No. 33). Urbana:
University of Illinois, Center for the study of Reading.
See Walberg, H.J. Hare, V.C.,and Pulliam, C.A. 1981.
26.
Social-psychological perception and reading comprehension.
In J.T. Guthrie (Ed). Comprehension and Teaching: Research
Reviews (pp. 140-159). International Reading Association,
Newark, DE.
27.
See Dweck, C.S.1975. The role of expectations and
attributions in the alleviation of learned helplessness. Journal
of personality and Social Psychology, 31, 674-685.
28.
Weiner, B. 1983, Some thoughts about feelings. In S.G.
Paris, G.M. Olson, and H.W. Stevenson (Eds). Learning and
motivation in the classroom (pp.165-178). Erlbaum, Hillsdale,
NJ.
Hoffman et al. 1984 op. cit.
29.
Rosenshine, B., and Stevens, R. 1984. Classroom instruction
in reading. In P.D. Pearson (Ed). Handbook of reading
research (pp. 745-798). Longman, New York.
30.
Brophy, J.E. 1983. Fostering Student learning and motivation
in the elementary school classroom. In S.G. Paris, G.M.
Olson, and H. W. Stevenson (Eds), Learning and motivation
in the classroom (pp. 283-305), Erlbaum. Hillsdale, NJ.
31.
See Chall, J.S. 1983. Stages of reading development.
McGraw-Hill, New York.

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I

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3- vFkZ dh igpku& iSazQd fLeFk 32

4- LowQyksa esa lk{kj cuuk lh[kuk& 'kksHkk flUgk 67

5- i<+us osQ ckjs esa& twfMFk ,e- U;weSu 78

6- i<+uk dSls fl[kk;k tk,& th- cz;ku FkkWEilu

8- i<+uk fdls dgrs gSa\& fjpMZ lh- ,aMjlu] ,yizQkbMk 135

fyfiudkV~V (Lippincott) dh f'k{kd lanf'kZdk ^Cksfld jhfMax* (esdozSQdu

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:ikarj.k :ofufed fu;e

ladsr mnkgj.k vuqeku dk;Z feyku

vFkZ ladsr fo'ys"k.k

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;g n`f"Vdks.k ml xfr dh] ftlls dksbZ vkSlr o;Ld i<+rk gS] ;k mu

(syntactic) vkSj vFkZ&foKku (semantic) dh tkudkjh dk iz;ksx Hkh djrk

RIDE IN STOP AND GO

Look at my toy train

ns[kk ;k tks og ns[kus dh vk'kk dj jgk gS] mlh ij vk/kfjr gksrs

11- blh izdkj ;g pØ pyrk jgrk gSA

Betts, Emmett A. 1963. Ride In, Time to Play. Second Pre-primer,

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fdlh Hkh dkYifud ikBd dh fopkj&;k=kk ;g n'kkZrh gS fd lgtcks/

vkSj ykjfdu (Larkin)] 1980] fyaMls (Lindsay) vkSj ukeZu (Norman)]

^LdhekVk* dk Lo:i D;k gS\

ls (semantically) laxfBr gksrh gS] u fd èoU;kRed ;k o.kkZuqozQe

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vf/dkfj;ksa ds fy, fyfidksa ds fy,

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yksx vius vkjs[k ;k LdhekVk dks oSQls cnyrs gSa\

(comprehension) dh /kj.kk ls dki+ Qh feyrh gSA tc Hkh dksbZ O;fDr fdlh

Ldhek fl¼kar dk laHkkfor iQk;nk D;k gS\

as scaffolding for the representation of information in

comprehension of reversible causal relationships. Reading

Theoretical issues in reading comprehension. Erlbaum,

n`';kRed lwpuk osQ v{kj dh eè;LFkrk 'kCn dh eè;LFkrk vFkZ dks

fp=k 2 % rRdky rFkk eè;LFkrk }kjk vFkZ dks Ikgpkuuk

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^Ik<+us* esa vFkZ dk iz;ksx

lrr ljksdkj& ;g le>kuk cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gS fd ftl fLFkfr dh vHkh

vFkZ dh Ikzeq[krk& dksylZ (Kolers)us (1966) ,d fof'k"V mnkgj.k osQ }

vocks/ vkSj vfuf'prrk esa deh

Consider, for example …okD; osQ ,d va'k dh n`';kRed lwpuk o.kksZa

gS] ijarq eSaus ;g Li"V djus dh dksf'k'k dh gS fd bl izdkj 'kCnksa dks

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vuns[kk djus dk vf/dkj

rc os LosPNk ls o;Ldksa osQ okrkZykiksa ,oa Vsyhfotu dk;ZozQeksa dh ckr osQ

varfuZfgr vFkZ dh igpku

eSaus igys gh ;g rdZ fn;k gS fd igys izdj.k dh laHkkouk cgqr de gSA

fy, O;kid vkSj mi;ksxh Sight vocabulaty ;k ifjfpr 'kCnkoyh dks

de ls de 12 Bits (leku vFkZ okys laHkkO; fodYiksa esa ls 4096 osQ

gSaA ;gk¡ rd fd T+kksj&T+kksj ls i<+rs le; Hkh] ftlesa 'kCnksa dh Bhd&Bhd

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