PLANTS HORMONES,

RESPONSES, AND
FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
 To achieve the ideal growth, plants need to have a constant level of
essential elements. However, these nutrients are available as irregular
patchy distribution in most soils. This leads to limited accessibility of
nutrients for plants. To cope with this, plants trigger physiological and
developmental responses to acquire nutrients. These responses alter
the whole plant morphology and metabolism. Some lead to an induced
expression of chemical transporters and collection of enzymes and
compounds to remobilize the sources present.
 ADAPTIVE MECHANISMS
Usually utilized by plants to increase or decrease growth in organs that
directly or indirectly participates in nutrient acquisition.
Example:
The proliferation of lateral roots for plants to increase nutrient uptake
from nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus deficient soils. Such process demands
energy and organic carbon so it can proceed to transportation and
accumulation of carbohydrates in organs used for nutrient acquisition.
Comparison of a hormone deficient or
hormone insensitive dwarf mutant
arabidopsis plant (right) with a wild- type
plant of the same age (left).
Plants alter the growth patterns based on stress conditions such as
a decline in nutrient availability. Some plants store anthocyanins to
fight against photoinhibition brought about by low nitrogen or
phosphorus.

Plants may also opt to change their metabolic pathways like using
other forms of glycolytic enzymes to skip nucleotide phosphate or
phosphorus-dependent glycolytic reactions.
ZIGZAG MODEL

It represents the plant immune system in which the microbial-associated

molecular patterns (MAMP)by the pattern recognition of host cell results to
MAMP-triggered immunity. The activation of this response increases the
plant's survival against diseases.
 Plant hormones also play an important role in plant defense against pathogenic
microorganisms. Not only do these plant hormones perform such function, but they also
regulate the development and signal networks in plants. Some of the known phytohormones
are:

Salicylic acid (SA) Auxin

Jasmonic acid (JA)
Ethylene (ET)
Abscisic acid(ABA)
Gibberellic acid (GA)
Cytokinin (CK)
Brassinosteroids (BR)
Peptidehormones
PLANT HORMONES AND THEIR GROWTH AND
DEFENSE FUNCTION
REPRODUCTION AND MODERN
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL
APPLICATION
 BIOTECHNOLOGY
 It has advanced significantly over the previous years that breeding crops and mass
production are now aided by plant tissue culture and molecular biology techniques.
Genetic engineering n plants were introduced in the1980s to create transgenic
crops that are of high-yield and pestresistant.
 This technology utilizes Agrobacterium tumefaciensto randomly introduce
heterologous DNA into plants, thereby directly manipulating the regulatory
elements or expression ofendogenous genes.
 This procedure is an effective tool to increase herbicide tolerance and insect resistance but
is not useful if multiple traits are to be introduced. Thus, new genetic tools are adapted to
allow site-specific integration, multiple or multigene transfer, and regulation of gene
expression.
GENOME EDITING
It is also a promising technology since the gene of interest may be
deleted, mutated, or integrated depending on the target trait. In transgenic
tobacco plants, herbicide resistance is developed by aiming at the
acetoacetate synthase genes. In soybean genome, ZFNs are edited to incur
mutation on the DCL genes that participate in RNA silencing. This will
lead to an efficient transmission of heritable targeted mutagenesis that can
be passed on to the succeeding generation.