Analytical Chemistry I

Group I Cations
Review of the
last lesson
RPS Evaluation

Definition of
Reference Analytical
Chemistry

Difference of Preliminary
cation and Observation
anion

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3
 Logam
Ambang batas Produk farmasi
Peneliti amerika
Mengumpulkan 685 jenis kosmetik
Di berbagai toko kosmetik
99% hasilnya kadar Pb < 10 ppm
Masih memenuhi ambang batas
Tapi mereka membandingkan dngn penelitian di
negara lain
Masih ditemukan tingginya kadar Pb pada kosemtik

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Exposure to lead from lipstick is mainly by
swallowing, such as after a consumer licks her
lips, so we used the same approach for
cosmetic lip products that we use to estimate
exposure to lead from food. We determined
that exposure to 10 ppm lead from incidental
ingestion of cosmetic lip products is very small
and cannot be measured in routine blood
testing.

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Sampel : I. Uji Pendahuluan

1. • Uji Organoleptis : Bentuk, warna,

rasa dan bau.

2. • Uji Sifat Fisik : Kelarutan, pH, bert

jenis, titik didih dan titik leleh

3. • Uji Warna Nyala

4. • Mikroskopis: melihat bentuk

kristal khas dibawah mikroskop

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 Classification of Cations (Metals Ions) Into
Analytical Groups

Classification of the most common cations is based on the differences of solubilities of

their chlorides ,sulphides, anf carbonates

The fives groups of cations :

GROUP I
 Cation s of this group form precipitates with dilute hydrochloric acid. Ions of this groups
Lead (Pb2+), Mercury (I) ((Hg 22+), and Silver (Ag+)

GROUP II
 The Cations of this group do not react with hydrochloric acid, but form precipitates with
Hydrogen Sulphide in dilute mineral acid medium. Ions of this groups Mercury (II), Copper,
Bismuth, Cadmium, Arsenic (III), Arsenic (V).

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 Classification of Cations (Metals Ions) Into
Analytical Groups

GROUP III
 The Cations of this group do not react with either hydrochloric acid or with Hydrogen
Sulphide in dilute mineral acid medium. However they form precipitates with ammonium
sulphide in neutral or ammoniacal medium . Cations of this groups are Cobalt (II), Nickel (II),
Iron (II), Iron (III), Chromium (III), Aluminium, Zinc, and Manganese (II).

GROUP IV
 The Cations of this group do not react with the reagents of Groups I, II dan III. They form
precipitates with ammonium carbonates in the presence of ammonium chloride in neutral or
slightly acidic medium. However they form precipitates with ammonium sulphide in neutral or
ammoniacal medium . Cations of this groups are calcium, strontium and barium.

GROUP V
 Common cations, which do not react with reagents of the previous groups, form the last group
of cations, which include Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Ammonium, Lithium, and `Hydrogen
Ions.

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 Group I Cations

1. 2. 3.
• Silver • Mercury • Lead
(I)/ Ag+ (I)/ Hg22+ (II)/
Pb2+

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Classification
Of Group I
Cations Ag+ Pb2+ Hg22+

+ HCl

Precipitate ( )
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 Solution containing
unknown metal cations

Add 6 M HCl
Precipitate Solution

White precipitate of Group II-V

AgCl ↓, PbCl2 ↓, Cations
Hg2Cl2 ↓

Add hot water

White precipitate of
AgCl ↓, Hg2Cl2 ↓ Solution
contain Pb2+

Add NH3

Hg ↓black
+ HgNH2 Cl↓ [Ag(NH3 ) 2]+

Add HNO3
AgCl ↓white
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 1. Dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Precipitate(AgCl↓white) :
 Soluble in HCl(p)
 Soluble in NH4OH

1. HCl + AgNO3 AgCl↓white + HNO3

Silver 2. Potassium Iodida (KI)

(I)
Ions
(Ag+)
Precipitate(AgI↓yellow) :
 Insoluble in dilluted or
concentrated ammonia
 Soluble in potassium
cyanide

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Kl + AgNO3 AgI↓yellow + KNO3
 1. Dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Precipitate(HgCl2↓white) :
 Insoluble in dilute acids
 Soluble in aquaregia

2.

Merc HCl + Hg2(NO3)2 Hg2Cl2↓white + HNO3

ury
(I)/ 2. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Hg22+

Precipitate(Hg2O↓black) :
 Insoluble in excess reagent
 Soluble im dilute Nitric acid

2NaOH + Hg2(NO3)2 Hg2O↓black + 2NaNO3 + H2O 14

 1. Dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Precipitate(PbCl2↓white) :
 Insoluble in hot water, but
seperates again in long
and needle like crystal
when cooling.
 Soluble in HCl(p)
3.

HCl + Pb(NO3)2 PbCl2↓white + HNO3

Lead
(II)/ 2.Potassium chromate (K2CrO4)
Pb2+

Precipitate(PbCl2↓white) :
 Soluble in Nitric acid
 Soluble in sodium
hydroxide

K2CrO4 + Pb(NO3)2 PbCrO4↓kuning + 2KNO3 15