CHAPTER 39 TRIGONOMETRIC WAVEFORMS

EXERCISE 169 Page 462

1. Determine all of the angles between 0 and 360 whose sine is:

(a) 0.6792 (b) - 0.1483

(ii)

(a) Sine is positive in the 1st and 2nd quadrants. (b) Sine is negative in the 3rd and 4th quadrants.

If sin  = 0.6792, then = 42.78 or 180 - 42.78 If sin  = 0.1483, then = 8.53
= 137.22 as shown in
From diagram (ii) above, the two values where sin  = -0.1483 are 180
diagram (i) below. + 8.53 = 188.53 and

360 - 8.53 = 351.47

2. Solve the following equations for values of x between 0 and 360:

(a) x = cos 0.8739 (b) x = cos (- 0.5572)

(a) Cosine is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants.

(i)
x= = 29.08 or 360 - 29.08 = 330.92 as shown in
diagram (i) below.

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 (a) Tangent is positive in the 1st and 3rd quadrants.

= 44.21 or 180 + 44.21 = 224.21 as shown in

diagram (i) below.

(i)

(i)

(ii)

(b) Cosine is negative in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants.

x= = 56.14 hence, from diagram (ii) shown above, the

two values of x for (ii)

which x = are: 180 - 56.14 = 123.86 and 180 (b) Tangent is negative in the 2nd and 4th quadrants.
+ 56.14 = 236.14
= 66.88 and from diagram (ii) shown above,

3. Find the angles between 0 to 360 whose tangent is:  = 180 - 66.88 = 113.12 and 360 - 66.88 = 293.12

(a) 0.9728 (b) - 2.3420

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4. Solve, in the range 0 to 360, giving the answers in degrees and

minutes: cos (- 0.5316) = t

Cosine is negative in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants.

= 57.886 or 5753 as shown in the diagram below.

From diagram above, the two values where sin α = - 0.6250 are 180 +
3841´ = 21841´ and

360 - 3841´ = 32119´

6. Solve, in the range 0 to 360, giving the answers in degrees and

From the diagram, t = 180 - 5753 = 1227 and t = 180 + 5753 = minutes: tan 0.8314 = 
23753

Tangent is positive in the 1st and 3rd quadrants.

5. Solve, in the range 0 to 360, giving the answers in degrees and
= 39.74 or 3944
minutes:

Sine is negative in the 3rd and 4th quadrants.

If sin  = 0.6250, then = 38.682 = 3841´

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 3. A periodic function is given by y = 30 cos 5x. State its maximum
value.

Maximum value = amplitude = peak value = 30

4. A periodic function is given by y = 25 cos 3x. State its period in

degrees.
From the diagram, the two values of  between 0 and 360 are:

3944 and 180 + 3944 = 21944

Period = = 120º
EXERCISE 170 Page 466

5. State the amplitude and period of y = cos 3A and sketch the curve
1. A sine wave is given by y = 5 sin 3x. State its peak value.
between 0 and 360

Peak value = amplitude = maximum value = 5

Amplitude = 1 and period = = 120º

2. A sine wave is given by y = 4 sin 2x. State its period in degrees.
A sketch of y = cos 3A is shown below.

Period = = 180º

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 7. State the amplitude and period of y = 3 sin 4t and sketch the curve

between 0 and 360

Amplitude = 3 and period = = 90º

6. State the amplitude and period of y = 2 sin and sketch the curve A sketch of y = 3 sin 4t is shown below.

between 0 and 360

If y = 2 , amplitude = 2 and period = = 144

A sketch y = 2 is shown below.

8. State the amplitude and period of y = 5 cos and sketch the curve

between 0 and 360

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 Amplitude = 5 and period = = 720º

A sketch of y = 5 cos is shown below.

10. State the amplitude and period of y = 6 sin(t - 45) and sketch the

curve between 0 and 360

If y = 6 sin(t - 45), amplitude = 6 and period = = 360

A sketch y = 6 sin(t - 45) is shown below.

9. State the amplitude and period of y = sin and sketch the curve

between 0 and 360

Amplitude = = 3.5 and period = = 960º

A sketch of y = sin is shown below.

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11. State the amplitude and period of y = 4 cos(2 + 30) and sketch the
13. Calculate the frequency of a sine wave that has a periodic time of 25
curve between 0 and 360 ms.

If y = 4 cos(2 + 30), amplitude = 4 and period = = 180 Frequency f = = 40 Hz

A sketch y = 4 cos(2 + 30) is shown below.

14. Calculate the periodic time for a sine wave having a frequency of 10
kHz.
(Note that y = 4 cos(2 + 30) leads y = 4 cos 2 by = 15)

Periodic time T = s = 100 μs or 0.1 ms

15. An alternating current completes 15 cycles in 24 ms. Determine its

frequency?

1 cycle is completed in ms = 1,6 ms Hence, periodic time T = 1.6 ms

12. The frequency of a sine wave is 200 Hz. Calculate the periodic time. Frequency f = = 625 Hz

Periodic time T = s = 5 ms
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 If i = 40 sin(50t + 0.29) mA, then amplitude = 40 mA,
16. Graphs of = 2 sin x and = 3 sin(x + 50) are drawn on the same

axes. Is lagging or  = 50 rad/s = 2f from which, frequency, f = = 25 Hz,

leading ?
periodic time, T = = 0.040 s or
is leading by 50º 40 ms,

and phase angle = 0.29 rad leading or = 16.62 leading or

17. Graphs of = 6 sin x and = 5 sin(x - 70) are drawn on the same
1637 leading.
axes. Is lagging or

leading ?
2. Find the (a) amplitude, (b) frequency, (c) periodic time, and (d) phase

angle (stating whether it is

is lagging by 70º hence, is leading by 70º
leading or lagging sin t) for: y = 75 sin(40t - 0.54) cm

EXERCISE 171 Page 468 If y = 75 sin(40t - 0.54) cm, then amplitude = 75 cm,

1. Find the (a) amplitude, (b) frequency, (c) periodic time, and (d) phase  = 40 rad/s = 2f from which, frequency, f = = 6.37 Hz,

angle (stating whether it is

periodic time, T = = 0.157 s,
leading or lagging sin t) for: i = 40 sin(50t + 0.29) mA

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 4. A sinusoidal voltage has a maximum value of 120 V and a frequency of
and phase angle = 0.54 rad lagging or = 30.94 lagging or
50 Hz. At time t = 0, the
3056 lagging.
voltage is (a) zero, and (b) 50 V. Express the instantaneous voltage v in

the form v = A sin(t ± )

Let v = A sin(t  ) = 120 sin(2ft + ) = 120 sin(100t + ) volts, since

3. Find the (a) amplitude, (b) frequency, (c) periodic time, and (d) phase f = 50 Hz.

angle (stating whether it is (a) When t = 0, v = 0 hence, 0 = 120 sin(0 + ), i.e. 0 = 120 sin 

leading or lagging sin t) for: v = 300 sin(200t - 0.412) V from which, sin  = 0 and =0

Hence, if v = 0 when t = 0, then v = 120 sin 100t volts

If v = 300 sin(200t - 0.412) V, then amplitude = 300 V,
(b) When t = 0, v = 50 V hence, 50 = 120 sin(0 + )

 = 200 rad/s = 2f from which, frequency, f = = 100 Hz,

from which, and

periodic time, T = = 0.010 s or

10 ms,
Hence, if v = 50 when t = 0, then v = 120 sin(100t + 0.43)volts
and phase angle = 0.412 rad lagging or = 23.61 lagging
5. An alternating current has a periodic time of 25 ms and a maximum
or 2336 lagging.
value of 20 A. When

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 time = 0, current i = - 10 amperes. Express the current i in the form i = A
Displacement, s = A sin(t ± ) where A = 3.2 m and
sin(t ± )

i.e. s = 3.2 sin(100πt + )

At time t = 0, displacement = 150 cm = 1.5 m

If periodic time T = 25 ms, then frequency, = 40 Hz
Hence, 1.5 = 3.2 sin(100πt + ) = 3.2 sin 
Angular velocity,  = 2f =2(40) = 80 rad/s 
Hence, current i = 20 sin(80t + )
i.e. = sin 
When t = 0, i = -10, hence -10 = 20 sin 

and = = 27.953º = 0.488 rad

from which, sin  = and
Hence, displacement = 3.2 sin(100πt + 0.488) m

7. The current in an a.c. circuit at any time t seconds is given by:

Thus, or
i = 5 sin(100t - 0.432) amperes

Determine the (a) amplitude, frequency, periodic time and phase angle
6. An oscillating mechanism has a maximum displacement of 3.2 m and a
(in degrees),
frequency of 50 Hz. At
(b) value of current at t = 0,
time t = 0 the displacement is 150 cm. Express the displacement in the
(c) value of current at t = 8 ms,
general form A sin(t ± )
(d) time when the current is first a maximum,

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 (e) time when the current first reaches 3A.

Sketch one cycle of the waveform showing relevant points. from which, time t = = 0.006375
s or 6.375 ms

(a) If i = 5 sin(100t - 0.432) A, then amplitude = 5 A, (e) When i = 3 A, 3 = 5 sin(100t – 0.432)

 = 100 rad/s = 2f from which, frequency, f = = 50 Hz,

i.e. = sin(100t – 0.432)

periodic time, T = = 0.020 s

or 20 ms, and 100t – 0.432 =

and phase angle = 0.432 rad lagging or = 24.75 from which, time t = = 0.003423
lagging or 2445 lagging. s or 3.423 ms

(b) When t = 0, i = 5 sin(- 0.432) = - 2.093 A (note that -0.432 (f) A sketch of one cycle of the waveform is shown below.
is radians)

(c) When t = 8 ms, i = 5 = 5 sin (2.081274) =

4.363 A

(d) When the current is first a maximum, 5 = 5 sin(100t – 0.432)

i.e. 1 = sin(100t – 0.432)

and 100t – 0.432 = (again, be

sure your calculator is on

radians)
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 1. A complex current waveform i comprises a fundamental current of 50 A

rms and frequency 100 Hz, together with a 24% third harmonic, both

being in phase with each other at zero time. (a) Write down an expression

to represent current i. (b) Sketch the complex waveform of current using

harmonic synthesis over one cycle of the fundamental

(a) Fundamental current: r.m.s. = × maximum value

Note that since phase angle  = 24.75, in terms of time then
from which, maximum value = = 70.71 A

from which, = 1.375 ms Hence, fundamental current is: = 70.71 sin 2(100)t = 70.71 sin
628.3t A

Alternatively, = = 1.375 ms, as shown in the sketch. Third harmonic: amplitude = 24% of 70.71 = 16.97 A

Hence, third harmonic current is: = 16.97 sin 3(628.3)t = 16.97 sin
1885t A

Thus, current i = + = (70.71 sin 628.3t + 16.97 sin 1885t)

amperes.

(b) The complex waveform for current i is shown sketched below:

EXERCISE 172 Page 473

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 v=

volts

i.e. v = 300 sin 314.2 t + 90

volts

(b) The complex waveform representing v is shown sketched below:

2. A complex voltage waveform v is comprised of a 212.1 V rms

fundamental voltage at a frequency of 50 Hz, a 30% second harmonic

component lagging the fundamental voltage at zero time by /2 rad, and a

10% fourth harmonic component leading the fundamental at zero time by

/3 rad. (a) Write down an expression to represent voltage v. (b) Sketch

the complex voltage waveform using harmonic synthesis over one cycle of

the fundamental waveform.

(a) Voltage,

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 3. A voltage waveform is represented by: v = 20 + 50 sin t + 20 sin(2t

- /2) volts.

Draw the complex waveform over one cycle of the fundamental by using

harmonic synthesis.

One waveform of v = 20 + 50 sin t + 20 sin(2t - /2) volts is shown

sketched below using harmonic synthesis.

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 16 A and frequency 1 kHz, together with its third and fifth harmonics

being respectively one-fifth

and one-tenth the amplitude of the fundamental, all components being in

phase at zero time. Sketch

the complex current waveform for one cycle of the fundamental using

harmonic synthesis

Fundamental current = 16 sin 2π(1000)t = 16 sin 2000πt = 16 sin 2π t

Third harmonic = (16) sin 3(2000πt) = 3.2 sin 6000πt = 3.2 sin 6π t

Fifth harmonic = (16) sin 5(2000πt) = 1.6 sin 10000πt = 1.6 sin π t

Hence, current, i = 16 sin 2π t + 3.2 sin 6π t + 1.6 sin π t

A sketch of current is shown below.

4. Write down an expression representing a current i having a fundamental

component of amplitude

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 v = 200 sin 377t + 80 sin(1131t + ) + 20 sin(1885t - )
volts
Determine (a) the fundamental and harmonic frequencies of the waveform

(b) the percentage third harmonic and (c) the percentage fifth harmonic.

Sketch the voltage waveform using harmonic synthesis over one cycle of

the fundamental.

(a) From the fundamental voltage, 377 = i.e. fundamental

frequency, = 60 Hz

From the 3rd harmonic voltage, 1131 =

i.e. 3rd harmonic frequency, = 180Hz

From the 5th harmonic voltage, 1885 =

i.e. 5th harmonic frequency, = 300Hz

(b) Percentage 3rd harmonic = = 40%

5. A voltage waveform is described by:

(c) Percentage 5th harmonic = = 10%

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The complex waveform representing v is shown sketched below:

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