Phân biệt các loại TB

All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic materials (DNA), ribosome (the
70S – prokaryotes) (the 80S – eukaryotes).
- Distinguish between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells:
Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
- No nucleus & membrane-bound - Have nucleus & membrane-
organelles. bound organelles.
- Have genetic materials (DNA). - Have genetic materials (DNA).
- 1 cell (bacteria) - Complex (plants, animals, and
some protists)
- Distinguish between animal cells and plant cells: (They are both eukaryotic
cells)
Animal cells Plant cells
- Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER):
+ sER produces carbohydrates, lipids. Lipids  derivative of lipids
is steroids  cholesterol and cortisol. Cholesterol  vitamin D &
sex hormone.
+ rER: protein
Same - Nucleus (nucleolus)
- Ribosome 80S
- Gogi apparatus
- Mitochondria “The powerhouse of the cell”: Producing
energy and building blocks for the cells. Fuels are proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids.
- Peroxisomes (giải độc)
- Cytoskeleton
Different - Lysosome (clean and - Plastid
digest unwanted - Chloroplast (like
materials) mitochondria)
Cyanobacteria don’t have it.
Have inner membrane, the
surface has chlorophyll  tổng
hợp được chất dinh dưỡng.
- Central vacuoles (larger
than animal cells, use to
store food and H2O)
- Glyoxysome (a special
type of peroxisome)
- Cell wall (help maintain
cells shape, stand upright
without the bones)
Part 2: Cell membrane and cell communication
1. List 3 structural components of the cell membrane and the functions of
each component:
- Proteins: Enzyme, channel, signaling
- Carbohydrates: recognition/signaling sites
- Cholesterols: makes the bilayer stronger, more flexible but less fluid, and less
permeable to water-soluble substances such as ions and monosaccharides
2. List 2 characteristics of cell membrane
- The cell membrane is semipermeable, or selectively permeable because some
things can easily pass through it while others cannot.
Small Large
Hydrophobic Including O2, CO2, H2O Difficult
Easy
Hydrophilic Difficult Difficult
- Made up of phospholipids: arranged in two layers called a bilayer.
3. Distinguish between Pump and Channel
Pump Channel
Need energy (ATP) No
Substances can move against their Substances only can move down their
concentration gradient (low to high) concentration gradient (high to low)
4. Differentiate between diffusion and osmosis.
Diffusion Osmosis
The movement of solvent and solute The diffusion of water across a
to equalize the concentration (high semipermeable membrane (low conc
conc  low conc)  high conc)
 5. Differentiate between hypertonic and hypotonic solutions. The effects of
osmosis on cells without a cell wall and cell with cell wall (Hint: What
would happen to plant cells in hypotonic/hypertonic/isotonic solution, what
would happen to animal cells in hypotonic/hypertonic/isotonic solution?)
Hypertonic solutions Hypotonic solutions
High solute conc  gain water Low solute conc  loose water

Hypertonic solutions Hypotonic solutions Isotonic solutions

It lost water (move from The process of osmosis Both AC & PC are
high conc inside the cell takes place. Water moves normal.
to a lower conc outside. from the external (Animal cells  normal
Ex: Drink seawater  environment to the cell. A Plant cells  Flaccid)
more dehydrate (both rigid cell wall prevents it
animal cells) from bursting (PC)
AC doesn’t have a cell wall
so it will fill with water but
can’t release. Thus, it will
burst.

6. Distinguish between active transport and passive transport.

Active transport Passive transport
Need energy (ATP) No
The pumping of substances against their Substances only can move down their
concentration gradient (low to high) by concentration gradient (high to low)
a transmembrane protein pump molecule - Simple diffusion: water and small
molecules can pass through the
lipid bilayer: O2, CO2
- Facilitated diffusion:
+ Aquaporin: H2O
+ Ion channels: that open or close in
response to a stimulus (gated
channels)
7. List and distinguish between 3 main forms of endocytosis. Does endo-,
exo-cytosis require energy? Are they active transports?
Phagocytosis (cellular Pinocytosis (cellular Receptor-mediated
eating) drinking) endocytosis
- Ăn mấy cái phân tử - Uống mấy cái phân Gắn vô receptor
lớn tử H2O, chất dinh
dưỡng nhỏ
- Both require energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate of ATP used in the
movement in and out of the cell. They are active transport.
8. The hijacking of viruses to the host cell belongs to which type of
transport? Why most viruses are host-specific or cell type-specific?
- Endocytosis (Active transport).
- Viruses are host-specific because they only can attach to and infect cells of
certain organisms. Cells that a virus may use to replicate are
called permissive.
9. List 3 stages of cell communication. Name the molecule that receives the
signal, names the molecule that possesses the signal.
- Reception
- Transduction
- Response
10. Distinguish between the first messenger and secondary messenger (Hint:
which stage in cell communication do they involve). List 2 most popular
second messengers.
1st messenger = ligands = signalling 2nd messenger
molecules
Reception Transduction
cAMP, Ca2+ ion

11. Compare the similarities and differences between different types of

diabetes (Hint: use information in the clip: diabetes made simple in
Canvas)
Type 1 Type 2
Not producing enough insulin The receptor doesn’t work effectively
Causes: inherit genes, infection, Causes: diet, obesity (béo phì), inherit
autoimmune problems genes
 Pre-lecture 3: Enzyme and respiration
1. Answer the following questions:
- The basic component of enzymes: Protein (tertiary and quaternary)
- The role of enzymes in biochemical reaction: Speeding up the rate of a
reaction by lowering the activation energy.
- The relationship between activation energy and reaction rate in a reaction:
The activation energy of a particular reaction determines the rate at which it
will proceed. The higher the activation energy, the slower the chemical
reaction will be (tỉ lệ nghịch).
- Distinguish between 3 forms of energy: potential energy, kinetic energy,
activation energy. Among those 3 forms of energy, which energy could be
changed (reduce/increase) without affecting the input (substance) and the
output (product) in a reaction.
PE KE AE
The stored energy in any The type of energy has Energy barrier that has to
object or system by its when it moves be overcome to obtain the
position or arrange of parts products from a reaction
- AE could be increased/decreased without effect in the in/output
- PE & KE can be converted to each other

2. Learn the biological function of 4 enzyme groups: kinase, decarboxylase,

synthase, dehydrogenase.
- Kinase: + or – PO43- (K  P)
- Decarboxylase: + or – COO- (carboxyl  COO-)
- Synthase: Synthesize all the substances (syn  tất cả)
- Dehydrogenase: + or – H+ (thấy hydro là + hoặc – hydro)
3. Name the most important part of an enzyme structure. The role of this part.
- Active site.
- The part of the enzyme where the substrate binds and at which catalysis
occurs.
4. Why is the 3D shape of a protein/enzyme important?
- Protein forms attachments & interacts with many other molecules & structural
inside organisms. The shape of a protein determines what it can interact with
just like the key determines which block it will open.
5. Explain why: in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme
- The reaction rate is low when the reaction temperature is lower than the
optimal temperature: When done at a lower temperature, the reacting
particles have less KE. As a result, they collide with each other less
frequently  reaction rate is low.
- The reaction rate is high when the reaction temperature is higher than
the optimal temperature: When done at a higher temperature, the reacting
 particles have more KE. As a result, they collide with each other more
frequently  reaction rate is high.
6. The functional relationship between chloroplast and mitochondria (Hint: the
input/products that mitochondria/chloroplasts use/produce)
chloroplast Mitochondria
Stored energy uses CO2 and H2O  Energy is released by breaking down
C6H12O6 organic food-producing CO2 & H2O
Released O2 Consumed O2

7. The functions of mitochondria?

- Provide cells with energy and building block.
8. 2 functions of cellular respiration? List the common organic molecules that cells
use as fuels in cellular respiration?
- Break down sugar and turn it into energy, synthesis biochemical energy.
- Fuels: glucose and lipids
9. Cellular respiration and fermentation
- What are the differences between cellular respiration and fermentation?
cellular respiration fermentation
O2 present No O2
Aerobic cellular respiration Fermentation: Ethanol or lactate
3 stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, 1 stage: glycolysis
oxidation phosphorylation – e-
transport
- Which process produces more energy? Why: cellular respiration created
more energy because fermentation doesn’t oxidize glucose fully. It just
produces 2 ATP while cellular respiration has 36 – 38 ATP.
10. Which organelle plays the central role in cellular respiration: The powerhouse of
the cells – mitochondria (found in eukaryotic cells). Mitochondria serves to
transform C6H12O6 into energy (ATP)
11. List 3 stages of cellular respiration
- Stage 1: input molecule: Sugar (6C) --> final product: 2 pyruvates. This
process occurs in the cytosol with the absence of oxygen. Generates 2 ATP
and 2 NADH. Consumes 2 ATP.
- Stage 2:: input molecule: 2 pyruvates (3C) transform into Acetyl CoA (2C)
and plus oxaloacetate (4C) --> final product: 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2. This
process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix in the absence of oxygen.
- Stage 3:: input molecule: --> final product: hhh. This process occurs in the
cristae (inner membrane) of the mitochondrion with the presence of oxygen.
Generates 32 – 34 ATP
Among those 3 stages, which stage/stages happen in the presence of oxygen
and mitochondria: Stage 3.
12. It could be seen that: cellular respiration is an important process that helps cells
harvest energy from biological fuels. How do prokaryotes get energy (they do not
have mitochondria): They utilize enzymes that attach to their cell membrane to
produce ATP
13. Which stage is the common stage of both cellular respiration and fermentation:
Stage 1
14. Compare and contrast alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?
Alcohol fermentation Lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvate  C2H5OH + CO2 Pyruvate  lactic acid (no CO2)
No O2 Need or not O2
15. Is fermentation a producing or consuming energy process? (Hint: ATP, NADH,
FADH are energy molecules and ADP, NAD+, FAD+ are non-energy molecules)
- First phase: need to splitting C6H12O6
- Second phase: No  2 ATP.