National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

Name: _________________________ Class: 1cm2____

Revision: Mole Concept and Stoichiometry, Volumetric Analysis & Redox

1. Naturally occurring silicon is a mixture of three isotopes, 28Si, 29Si, 30Si. The relative atomic
mass of silicon is 28.109.
What could be the relative abundance of each of the three isotopes

A 91.1% 28Si, 7.9% 29Si, 1.0% 30Si

B 92.2% 28Si, 4.7% 29Si, 3.1% 30Si
C 95.0% 28Si, 3.2% 29Si, 1.8% 30Si
D 96.3% 28Si, 0.3% 29Si, 3.4% 30Si

Trial and error:

92.2 4.7 3.1

× 28 + × 29 + × 30 = 28.109
100 100 100

2. Cinnamaldehyde, C6H5CHCHCHO, occurs naturally in the bark of cinnamon trees and is

one of the compounds responsible for the odour of cinnamon. It is used in flavouring of food
and in the manufacture of perfumes.
How many atoms of carbon are present in 16.5 g of cinnamaldehyde?

A 7.53 x 1022
B 6.02 x 1023
C 6.77 x 1023
D 7.53 x 1023

Mr of of C6H5CHCHCHO = 9(12.0) + 16.0 + 8(1.0) = 132.0

16.5
No of mol C6H5CHCHCHO = = 0.125 mol
132.0
Since there are 9 C atoms in C6H5CHCHCHO, no of mol of C present = 0.125 x 9
= 1.125 mol
23
No of C atoms = 1.125 x 6.02 x 10
= 6.77 x 1023
National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

3. N2O5 undergoes decomposition according to the chemical equation below:

2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
What is the volume of gas, at room temperature and pressure, produced by the
decomposition of one mole of N2O5?

A 72 dm3
B 60 dm3
C 48 dm3
D 24 dm3

5
No of mol of gas produced per mol of N2O5 = 2
Since at r.t.p. conditions, 1 mole of gas occupies 24.0 dm 3,
5
Vol of gas produced = 2 x 24.0 = 60.0 dm3

4. Carbon disulfide vapour burns in oxygen according to the following equation.

CS2(g) + 3O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)

A sample of 10 cm3 of carbon disulfide was burnt in 50 cm3 of oxygen. After measuring the
volume of gas remaining, the product was treated with an excess of limewater and the
volume of gas measured again. All measurements were made at the same temperature and
pressure in which carbon disulfide was gaseous.

What were the measured volumes?

volume of gas after volume of gas after

burning / cm3 treated with
limewater / cm3
A 30 0
B 30 20
C 50 20
D 50 40

Note: Vol ratio = mol ratio for gaseous systems,

CS2(g) + 3O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2SO2(g)

3
Initlal vol /cm 10 50 0 0
Change in vol/cm3 ‒10 ‒30 +10 +20
Final vol /cm3 0 20 10 20

Vol after burning = 20 +10 + 20 = 50 cm3

National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

Vol after treated with limewater = 20 cm3 (limewater absorbs both acidic CO2 and SO2,
leaving O2 behind)

5. In an experiment, 10 cm3 of an organic compound in the gaseous state were sparked with
an excess oxygen. 20 cm3 of carbon dioxide and 5 cm3 of nitrogen were obtained among
the products. All gas volumes were measured at the same temperature and pressure.

Which of the molecular formulae would fit these data?

1 C2H7N
2 C2H5N
3 C2H6N2

15 1 7
C2H7N(g) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) + N2(g) + H2O(l)
2 2 2
Initlal vol /cm3 10 0 0
Change in vol/cm3 ‒10 +20 +5
Final vol /cm3 0 20 5

13 1 5
C2H5N(g) + 2
O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 2N2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Initlal vol /cm3 10 0 0
Change in vol/cm3 ‒10 +20 +5
Final vol /cm3 0 20 5

7
C2H6N2(g) + 2O2(g)  2CO2(g) + N2(g) + 3H2O(l)
Initlal vol /cm3 10 0 0
Change in vol/cm3 ‒10 +20 +10
Final vol /cm3 0 20 10

Alternative method:
General Formula = CxHyNz
𝑧 𝑦 𝑧 𝑦
CxHyNz(g) + (x + 2 + 4 ) O2(g)  xCO2(g) + 2N2(g) + 2 H2O (l)

CO2 𝑥 20
Mol ratio of CxHyNz = 1
= 10 = 2

N2 𝑥 5 1
Mol ratio of CxHyNz = 1
= 10 = 2
National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

6. Which of the following changes can be regarded as oxidation of bromine?

1 Br2 → BrO−
2 Br2 → BrF
3 Br2 → BrI

A 1, 2 and 3 only
B 1 and 2 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1 only
Oxidation of Br involves an increase in its O.N.

O.N. of Br
Br2 0
BrO− −1 = x + (−2), x = +1
BrF 0 = x + (−1), x = +1
(F is the most electronegative atom, hence
given −1 charge)
BrI 0 = x + (+1), x = −1
(I is less electronegative than Br, hence
given +1 charge)

7. The reaction between urea, N2H4CO, and nitrous acid, HNO2, produces water, carbon
dioxide gas and nitrogen gas.

N2H4CO(aq) + 2HNO2(aq) → 3H2O(l) + CO2(g) + 2N2(g)

What is the change in the oxidation number of nitrogen from nitrous acid to nitrogen gas?

A −1 B −3 C +3 D +5

O.N. of N
HNO2 0 = (+1) + x + 2(−2), x = +3
N2 0

8. A 25 cm3 sample of 0.20 mol dm−3 Tl+NO3− required 25 cm3 of 0.10 mol dm−3 acidified
KMnO4 to oxidise it to Tl3+ in solution.
What is the oxidation state of the manganese in the reduced form?

A 2 B 3 C 4 D 7
𝟐𝟓.𝟎𝟎
Amount of Tl+ = x 0.20 = 5.00 x 10−3 mol
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

[O] Tl+  Tl3+ + 2e–

5.00 x 10−3 mol of Tl+ loses 2(5.00 x 10−3) mol of e–

𝟐𝟓.𝟎𝟎
Amount of MnO4– = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
x 0.10 = 2.50 x 10−3 mol
National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

2.50 x 10−3 mol of MnO4– gains 2(5.00 x 10−3)mol of e–

Hence, by mole ratio, every 1 mol of MnO4– gains 4 mol of e–

O.N of Mn in MnO4– = +𝟕
After gaining 4 mol of e–, final O.N of Mn is +3

9. In an attempt to establish the formula of an oxide of nitrogen, a known volume of pure

gas was mixed with hydrogen and passed over a catalyst at a suitable temperature.
100% conversion of the oxide to ammonia and water was shown to have t aken place.

NxOy xNH3 + yH2O

2400 cm3 of the nitrogen oxide, measured at room temperature and pressure
(r.t.p), produced 7.20 g of water. Ammonia produced was neutralised by 200 cm3
of 1.0 mol dm−3 HCl.

What was the oxidation number of the nitrogen in the nitrogen oxide?

A +1
B +2
C +3
D +4

No moles of H2O = 7.20 / 18 = 0.4

No moles of NH3 = no mol HCl = 200 / 1000 = 0.2

No moles of NxOy = 2.4 / 24.0

= 0.1

NxOy : NH3 : H2O

0.1 : 0.2 : 0.4
1 : 2 : 4

Formula: N2O4
Let oxidation no. of N be x
2x + 4 (−2) = 0
x = +4
National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

10. 20.0 cm3 of 0.02 mol dm−3 aqueous sodium bromate(V), NaBrO3, was found to react
completely with 60.0 cm3 hydroxylamine, NH2OH, of equal concentration. The half
equation for the reduction of bromate(V) ion is given as shown.

BrO3−(aq) + 6H+(aq) + 6e−  Br−(aq) + 3H2O(l)

Which of the following could be the nitrogen−containing product in this reaction?

A NO B NO2 C N2O D NO3−

As the reactants have the same concentration,

Based on the volumes of each reactant, NaBrO3 ≡ 3 NH2OH

From the given half equation, 6e ≡ NaBrO 3 ≡ 3 NH2OH

Simplifying, 2e ≡ NH2OH

Hence, every 1 mole of NH2OH loses 2 electrons

Original oxidation state of N in NH2OH = −1

New oxidation state of N in product = −1 + 2 = +1

Hence answer is N2O

National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

11. When manganese is reacted with aqueous manganese(III) ions, manganese(II) ions are
formed.

Assuming the reaction goes to completion, how many moles of Mn(s) and Mn 3+(aq) would
result in a mixture containing equal numbers of moles of Mn 3+(aq) and Mn2+(aq) upon
reaction?

No. of moles of Mn No. of moles of Mn3+

A 1 2
B 1 3
C 1 5
D 2 3

[O] Mn  Mn2+ + 2e− −−−−− (1)

[R] Mn3+ + e−  Mn2+ −−−−− (2) x2

Overall balanced equation: 2Mn3+ + Mn  3Mn2+

Mole ratio: 2Mn3+ ≡ Mn

No. of mol. of Mn3+ required = 2 x No. of mol. of Mn

No. of mol. of Mn3+ excess = No. of mol. of Mn3+ − No. of mol. of Mn3+required

Mole ratio: 3Mn2+ ≡ Mn

No. of mol. of Mn2+ produced = 3 x No. of mol. of Mn

No. Mn Mn3+ Limiting / Mn3+ Mn3+ Mn2+

of Excess required excess produced
mol. Agent
A 1 2 Both react in
stoichiometric ratio
2 0 3

B 1 3 Mn is limiting, 2 1 3
Mn3+ in excess

C 1 5 Mn is limiting, 2 3 3 ∴ No. of mol. of Mn3+excess

Mn3+ in excess = No. of mol. of Mn2+ produced
D 2 3 Mn3+ is limiting, 3 0 4.5
Mn in excess

Ans: C
National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

12. The following anions X−, Y− and Z− react with concentrated sulfuric acid in the following
ways:

8NaX + 5H2SO4 → 4Na2SO4(s) + 4X2(g/s) + H2S(g) + 4H2O(l)

2NaY + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2HY

2NaZ(s) + 2H2SO4(l) → NaHSO4(s) + Z2(g) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Which of the following lists the anions correctly in order of decreasing reducing power?

A X− > Y− > Z−
B X− > Z− > Y−
C Z− > Y− > X−
D Z− > X− > Y−

Let oxidation no. of S be x

For SO42− : x + 4(−2) = −2

x = +6
For H2S: 2(+1) + x = 0
x = −2
For SO2: x + 2(−2) = 0
x = +4

X− reduces the oxidation no. of S from +6 in H2SO4 to −2 in H2S

Y− does not change oxidation no. of S in H2SO4 & in Na2SO4
Z− reduces the oxidation no. of S from +6 in H2SO4 to +4 in SO2
Extent of reduction of S by anion: X− > Z− >Y−
∴ Order of decreasing reducing power: X− > Z− > Y−
National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

13. A group of students attempted to estimate the concentration of a solution of Fe 2+ by pipetting

fixed volumes of the solution into a flask, adding an excess of dilute sulfuric acid, and then
titrating with a standard solution of potassium manganate(VII) from a burette.
The volume of KMnO4 solution required by one student was 0.20 cm3 lower than that of the
other students.

Which statement is a possible explanation for this discrepancy?

A The last drop of Fe2+ was blown from the pipette into the titration flask.
B The pipette was rinsed with water instead of the solution of Fe 2+ before the titration.
C The titration flask was rinsed with the solution of Fe2+ instead of water before the
titration.
D The burette was rinsed with water instead of the solution of KMnO 4 before the titration.

The volume of KMnO4 required for titration was lower than that expected,

Possible reason:
The Fe2+ solution transferred using the pipette into the conical flask had a lower
concentration than expected as the water droplets left on the side of the pipette during
rinsing would have diluted the Fe2+ solution.

14. A sample of hydrated magnesium sulfate, MgSO4.nH2O of mass 7.58 g was heated strongly
until a constant mass of 4.00 g was obtained. Find the value of n in MgSO4.nH2O.
[6]
Mass of H2O = 7.58 – 4 = 3.58 g
3.58
Amt of H2O = = 0.1988 mol
16.0+2(1.0)
4
Amt of MgSO4 = 24.3+32.1+4(16.0) = 0.03322 mol

Mol ratio of MgSO4 : H2O

0.03322 : 0.1988
1 : 5.984
n = 5.984  6 (nearest whole number)
National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

15. A 20 cm3 sample of methanol, CH3OH, is ignited with excess oxygen. The volume of the
residual gas obtained was 80 cm3.

Assuming that all volumes are measured at room temperature and pressure, calculate the
initial volume of oxygen present?
[90 cm3]
3
CH3OH(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
2
Volume of methanol reacted = 20 cm3
Volume of unreacted O2 and CO2 produced = 80 cm3

Note: Vol ratio = mol ratio for gaseous systems,

Since volume of methanol reacted = 20 cm3, vol of CO2 produced will be 20 cm3, volume
of O2 reacted will be 30 cm3

Hence, volume of unreacted O2 = 80 – 20 = 60 cm3

Initial volume of O2 used = 30 + 60 = 90 cm3

National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

16. Hydrocarbon A is suspected to have one of the following structures:

CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH2=CHCH2CH3
CH2=C=CHCH3 CH2=C=C=CH2

10 cm3 of hydrocarbon A was combusted in excess oxygen. At the end of the reaction,
there was a contraction in volume by 25 cm3. When the gaseous mixture was passed
through aqueous calcium hydroxide, there was a further contraction in volume by 40 cm 3.
All volume measurements were done at room temperature and pressure. Identify the
hydrocarbon A. [CH2=C=CHCH3]

reacted pass through

& cooled to r.t.p. Ca(OH)2(aq)
CxHy + O2(g)
10 cm3 excess CO2(g) + unreacted O2(g) unreacted O2(g)
Contraction of
25 cm3 Contraction of
40 cm3

𝑦 𝑦
CxHy(g) + (x +4 )O2(g) → xCO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)

Vol of CO2 = 40 cm3 (from 2nd contraction)

Initial vol – final vol = 25 cm3 (1st contraction)
(Vol of CxHy + Total Vol of O2) – (Vol of remaining O2 + Vol of CO2) = 25 cm3
(10 + Total Vol of O2) – (Vol of remaining O2 + 40) = 25 cm3
Total Vol of O2 – Vol of remaining O2 = 25 + 40 – 10 = 55 cm3
Vol of O2 reacted = 55 cm3

CxHy(g) + (x + 𝑦)O2(g) → x CO2(g) + 𝑦

H2O(l)
4 2
Reacting vol / cm3 10 55 40
Mole ratio 10 55 40
=1 = 5.5 =4
10 10 10

Hence, x = 4
𝑦
x + 4 = 5.5
𝑦
4 + 4 = 5.5

y=6
The hydrocarbon A is C4H6; CH2=C=CHCH3
National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

17. When 20 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon was completely burnt in 130 cm 3 of oxygen, the
volume of gas remaining after the reaction was 100 cm 3. This volume was decreased to
40 cm3 when the resulting mixture was passed through aqueous sodium hydroxide. All
volumes were measured at room temperature and pressure.

What is the formula of the hydrocarbon?

[C3H6]

reacted pass through

CxHy + O2(g) & cooled to r.t.p. NaOH2(aq)
20 cm3 130 cm3 CO2(g) + unreacted O2(g) unreacted O2(g)
100 cm3 40 cm3

Vol of unreacted O2 + Vol of CO2 produced = 100 cm3

Volume of unreacted O2 = 40 cm3
Volume of CO2 produced = 100 – 40 = 60 cm3

Volume of reacted O2 = 130 – 40 = 90 cm3

𝑦 𝑦
CxHy(g) + (x + 4 )O2(g) → xCO2(g) + 2
H2O(l)
Reacting vol / cm 3
20 90 60 −
Mole Ratio 1 : 4.5 : 2 −

Hence, x = 2
𝑦
x+ = 4.5
4

y=6

The formula of the hydrocarbon is C3H6.

National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

18(a) Calcium hydroxide reacts with ethanoic acid to produce calcium ethanoate. Write an
equation for this reaction.
Ca(OH)2 + 2CH3COOH → Ca(CH3COO)2 + 2H2O

(b) When calcium ethanoate undergoes thermal decomposition, a liquid A containing only
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, is formed as one of the products. Complete combustion of
1.000 g of A gave 2.300 g of carbon dioxide and 0.900 g of water. Use these data to
determine the empirical formula and molecular formula of A given that the Mr of A is 58.0.

12.0
Mass of C in 1.000 g of A = 44.0
× 2.300 = 0.627 g
2(1.0)
Mass of H in 1.000 g of A = 18.0
× 0.900 = 0.100 g
Mass of O in 1.000 g of A = 1.000 – 0.627 – 0.100 = 0.273 g

Element C H O
Mass / g 0.627 0.100 0.273
0.627 0.100 0.273
Amt / mol 12.0
= 0.05225 1.0
= 0.100 16.0
= 0.01706

0.05225 0.100 0.01706

Mole ratio = 3.06 0.01706
= 5.86 0.01706
=1
0.01706

Simplest
whole
3 6 1
number
mole ratio

Empirical formula of A is C3H6O.

Let the molecular formula of A be (C3H6O)n
Mr of (C3H6O)n = 58.0
[3(12.0) + 6(1.0) + 16.0]n = 58.0
58n = 58.0
n=1
∴ Molecular formula of A is C3H6O.

(c) Hence, construct a balanced equation for the thermal decomposition of calcium ethanoate.
Ca(CH3COO)2 → C3H6O + CaCO3
National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

19. To determine the percentage of nitrogen present in a snack, 1.0 g of the snack was boiled
with concentrated sulfuric acid to convert all the nitrogen into ammonium sulfate.
The ammonium salt obtained was then boiled with excess aqueous sodium hydroxide to
liberate the ammonia, which was passed into 25.0 cm 3 of 0.20 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid.
The unreacted hydrochloric acid required 20.0 cm 3 of 0.10 mol dm−3 aqueous sodium
hydroxide for complete neutralisation.

What is the percentage by mass of nitrogen in the snack? [4.20%]

Reaction 1: NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

Reaction 2: NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

20.0
Amount of unreacted HCl = Amount of NaOH = (0.10)( ) = 0.002000 mol
1000

25.0
Amount of initial HCl = (0.20)( 1000) = 0.005000 mol

Amount of HCl reacted = 0.005000 – 0.002000 = 0.003000 mol

Amount of N in snack = amount of NH3 = 0.003000 mol

Mass of N in snack = 0.003000 × 14.0 = 0.04200 g

0.04200
% mass of N in snack = 1.0
x 100% = 4.20%
National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

20. A 0.450 g impure sample of sodium azide, NaN 3, was dissolved in water and made up to
100 cm3. To a 25.0 cm3 portion of this solution, 25.0 cm3 of 0.0500 mol dm–3 acidified I2
were added. The equation for the reaction is as follows:

2N3– + I2  3N2 + 2I–

The excess of iodine required 37.00 cm3 of 0.0250 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulfate for complete
reaction. Calculate the percentage purity of sodium azide. [91.0%]

Reaction of excess iodine with thiosulfate: 2S2O32– + I2 → S4O62– + 2I–

37.00
Amount of S2O32– = × 0.0250 = 9.250 × 10–4 mol
1000
1
Amount of excess I2 (End) = × 9.250 × 10–4 = 4.625 × 10–4 mol
2
25.0
Starting amount of I2 (Start) = × 0.0500 = 1.250 × 10–3 mol
1000

Amount of I2 reacted with N3– (Reacted) = 1.250 × 10–3 – 4.625 × 10–4 = 7.875 × 10–4 mol
Amount of N3– in 25.0 cm3 = 2 × 7.875 × 10–4 = 1.575 × 10–3 mol
100
Amount of NaN3 in 100 cm3 = 1.575 × 10-3 × = 6.300 × 10–3 mol
25.0
Mass of NaN3 = 6.300 × 10–3 × 65.0 = 0.4095 g
0.4095
% purity = x 100%
0.450

= 91.0 %
National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

21. Phosphorus trichloride, PCl3 is an important industrial chemical as it is a precursor to other

phosphorus compounds, such as PCl5, POCl3 and PSCl3, which have numerous
applications in herbicides, oil additives, and flame retardants.

PCl3 is toxic, with a concentration of 600 ppm being lethal in just a few minutes
[concentration of 1 ppm = 1 g of PCl3 in 106 g of sample].

To determine if an unknown sample H is contaminated by phosphorus trichloride, 30.0 g of

H was dissolved in ether and made up to 250 cm 3 to give solution J. A 25.0 cm3 portion of
solution J was titrated with 0.0150 mol dm-3 acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII)
solution. 12.00 cm3 of the acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII) solution was
required to reach the end-point.

(a) Write an ion-electron half equation for the oxidation of PCl3 to POCl3 by acidified aqueous
KMnO4.

[O] PCl3 + H2O → POCl3 + 2H+ + 2e–

(b) Hence, construct a balanced equation for the reaction between phosphorus trichloride and
acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII).

Oxidation half eqn: PCl3 + H2O → POCl3 + 2H+ + 2e– ---------------------- (1) x 5
Reduction half eqn: MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O --------------------------(2) x 2
Overall balanced eqn: 5PCl3 + 6H+ + 2MnO4– → 5POCl3 + 2Mn2+ + 3H2O

**Note: Acidified MnO4- does not reduced to MnO2 in acidic medium; instead it is reduced
to Mn2+

(c) Calculate the amount (in mol) of the phosphorus trichloride in the 25.0 cm3 portion of
solution J. [4.50 × 10–4]

5PCl3 + 6H+ + 2MnO4– → 5POCl3 + 2Mn2+ + 3H2O

12.00
Amount of MnO4− reacted = × 0.0150 = 1.800 × 10−4 mol
1000
5
Amount of PCl3 in 25.0 cm3 of solution J = × 1.8 × 10−4 mol
2
= 4.50 × 10–4 mol

(d) Hence, determine if the unknown sample H is lethal.

Amount of PCl3 in 30.0 g of H = Amount of PCl3 in 250 cm3 of solution J
250
= 4.50 × 10–4 ×
25.0
= 4.50 × 10–3 mol

Mass of PCl3 in 30.0 g of H = 4.50 × 10–3 × [31.0 + 3(35.5)]

= 0.6188 g
National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

In 30.0 g of H, there is 0.6188 g of PCl3

0.6188
In 106 g of H, there is × 106 = 20625 ppm ≈ 20600 ppm of PCl3
30.0

Since the concentration of 20600 ppm clearly exceeds the limit of 600 ppm, the unknown
sample is lethal.

22. Sodium percarbonate, (Na2CO3)x.y(H2O2), is an oxidising agent in some home and laundry
cleaning products.

20.0 cm3 of 0.050 mol dm−3 sodium percarbonate releases 48.0 cm3 of carbon dioxide at
room conditions on acidification.

An identical sample of sodium percarbonate is titrate with 0.050 mol dm−3 KMnO4, requires
24.0 cm3 before a colour change appears.

(a) Deduce the value of x. [2]

48.0
Amt of CO2 = = 0.00200 mol
24000

20.0
Amt of (Na2CO3)x.y(H2O2) = × 0.050 = 0.00100 mol
1000

(Na2CO3)x.y(H2O2) + H+ → x CO2 (g)

Since mole ratio of (Na2CO3)x.y(H2O2) to CO2 is 1:2, x is 2.

(b) Write a balanced equation for the redox reaction between KMnO 4 and H2O2.

[O]: H2O2 → 2H+ + O2 + 2e– ------------------------- (1) x 5

[R]: MnO4− + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O -----------(2) x 2

Overall balanced eqn: 2MnO4− + 5 H2O2 + 6H+ → 2Mn2+ + 5O2 + 8H2O

(c) Calculate the amount of H2O2 that reacted with KMnO4. Hence, deduce the value of y. [3]
24.0
Amt of KMnO4 = × 0.050 = 0.00120 mol
1000

5
Amt of H2O2 reacted = × 0.00120 = 0.00300 mol
2

Since amt of (Na2CO3)x.y(H2O2) = 0.00100 mol, mole ratio of (Na2CO3)x.y(H2O2) to H2O2 is

1:3, y is 3.
National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

23. Calcium ion, Ca2+, is required for blood clotting and other cell processes. An abnormal Ca 2+
concentration in the body is indicative of disease.

To measure Ca2+ concentration, 1 cm3 of human blood was treated with sodium
ethanedioate(Na2C2O4) solution. The resulting CaC2O4 precipitate was filtered and
dissolved in dilute acid. This solution then required 20.50 cm3 of 4.88 x 10–5 mol dm–3 KMnO4
for complete reaction.

(a) The dark purple colour of the potassium manganate(VII) makes it suitable for its use as
described above.

State the formula of the manganese-containing species that would be formed in the reaction
described above. Hence, suggest the colour changes that would be observed to indicate
the end-point of the reaction.

Mn2+
Colour changes from colourless to first permanent pink (due to 1 excess drop of KMnO 4).

(b) Carbon dioxide is formed in the reaction between ethanedioate and manganate(VII) ions.
Use your answer to part (a), together with the Data Booklet to write an equation for the
reaction.

5C2O42‒ + 2MnO4‒ + 16H+ → 10CO2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O

(c) Determine the amount of Ca2+ ions present in the blood sample, and hence, the
concentration of Ca2+ in terms of mg per 100 ml of blood. [1 ml = 1 cm3].
[2.5 × 10‒6; 10 mg per 100 ml]
20.50
Amount of MnO4− = × 4.88 × 10–5 = 1.00 × 10‒6 mol
1000
5
Amount of C2O42− = × (1.00 × 10‒6) = 2.5 × 10‒6 mol
2

Amount of Ca2+ in 1 cm3 of blood = 2.5 × 10‒6 mol (Amt of Ca2+  Amt of C2O42‒)
Mass of Ca2+ in 1 cm3 of blood = (2.5 × 10‒6) × 40.1 = 1.003 × 10‒4 g = 0.1003 mg
Concentration of Ca2+ per 100 ml = 0.1003 × 100 = 10.0 mg per 100 ml
National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

24(a) When potassium nitrate, KNO3, is heated, it decomposes according to the equation:

2 KNO3(s)  2 KNO2(s) + O2(g)

Calculate the maximum mass of potassium nitrite, KNO 2, which could be obtained if
1.55 g of KNO3 were fully decomposed by heat.
[1.30 g]
1.55
Amount of KNO3 = = 0.01533 mol
101.1

Amount of KNO2 = 0.01533 mol

Maximum mass of KNO2 that could be obtained = 0.01533 × 85.1= 1.3046 ≈ 1.30g

(b) Potassium nitrite, KNO2, can be oxidised to potassium nitrate, KNO 3, by reacting it with
acidified potassium manganate(VII).

(i) Construct a half-equation for the oxidation of NO2 to NO3.

[O] NO2‒ + H2O → NO3‒ + 2 H+ + 2e‒

(ii) Hence, write a balanced equation for the reaction between KNO 2 and KMnO4

2MnO4‒ + 5 NO2‒ + 6 H+ → 2 Mn2+ + 5 NO3‒ + 3 H2O

(c) Another 1.55 g sample of KNO 3 was partially decomposed by heating. The residue was
dissolved in water and the solution made up to 250 cm3. A 25.0 cm3 portion of this solution
was found to react, in acidic medium, with 28.90 cm 3 of 0.0150 mol dm-3 KMnO4.
(i) Calculate the mass of KNO2 present in the residue. [0.922 g]

28.90
Amount of KMnO4 reacted = × 0.0150 = 4.335 × 10‒4 mol
1000
2MnO4‒  5 NO2‒
5
Amount of KNO2 in 25.0 cm3 solution = × (4.335 × 10‒3) = 0.001084 mol
2
250
Amount of KNO2 in residue (250 cm3 solution) = 0.001084 × = 0.01084 mol
25.0
mass of KNO2 in residue = 0.01084 × 85.1 = 0.922 g

(ii) Use the result obtained in parts (a) and (c)(i) to calculate the percentage conversion
of KNO3 to KNO2 in this experiment. [70.9%]
0.922
Percentage conversion of KNO3 = × 100% = 70.9%
1.30
National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

25(a) Household bleach contains sodium chlorate(I), NaClO. When bleach solution is acidified
with dilute hydrochloric acid, chlorine is produced by the following reaction:
ClO–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + Cl–(aq)  Cl2(aq) + H2O(l)
Chlorine oxidises iodide to iodine, and the amount of iodine produced can be estimated
using a standard sodium thiosulfate solution.

A 25.0 cm3 sample of a household bleach is diluted to 250 cm 3. To a 25.0 cm3 portion of
this diluted solution, dilute hydrochloric acid is added. This is followed by the addition of
excess potassium iodide solution. The resultant mixture is then titrated against
0.200 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulfate solution. The volume required is 18.50 cm3.
Calculate the concentration of sodium chlorate(I) in the household bleach
[0.740]
Rxn 1: ClO– + 2H+ + Cl– → Cl2 + H2O
Rxn 2: Cl2 + 2I– → 2Cl– + I2
Rxn 3: I2 + 2S2O32– → 2I– + S4O62–

18.50
Amount of S2O32− reacted = × 0.200 = 3.700 × 10−3 mol
1000
1
Amount of I2 = × 3.700 × 10−3 = 1.850 × 10−3 mol
2

From Rxn 2, Amount of Cl2 = Amount of I2 = 1.850 × 10−3 mol

From Rxn 1, Amount of ClO– in 25.0 cm3 = Amount of Cl2 = 1.850 × 10−3 mol

250
Amount of ClO– in 250 cm3 = 1.850 × 10−3 × = 0.01850 mol
25.0
0.01850
[ClO–(aq)] in household bleach = 25.0 = 0.740 mol dm−3
(1000)

(b) An effective way of getting rid of any unpleasant taste and odour in water is the use of a
synthetic yellowish green gas, chlorine dioxide, C lO2. This gas is synthesised using sodium
chlorate(V) and hydrogen peroxide in an acidic solution.

Write a balanced equation for the reaction between chlorate(V) ions and hydrogen
peroxide.

[R] 2H+ + ClO3− + e−→ ClO2 + H2O [O] H2O2 → O2 + 2H+ + 2e−

Overall balanced eqn: 2H+ + 2ClO3− + H2O2 → 2ClO2 + O2 + 2 H2O

National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

(c) It has been found that when water becomes alkaline, chlorine dioxide disproportionates to
form Cl and ClO3. A precipitate, AgCl, is formed when 20 cm3 of 0.05 mol dm3 of
AgNO3(aq) is added.
6OH + 6ClO2 Cl + 5ClO3 + 3H2O
Cl + Ag+ AgCl

(i) Explain what disproportionation means

The same element undergoes reduction and oxidation at the same time.

(ii) Using the above information, calculate the volume of C lO2 disproportionated at room
temperature and pressure. [0.144]
‒ ‒ ‒
6 OH + 6ClO2 → Cl + 5ClO3 + 3 H2O
Cl‒ + Ag+ → AgCl
20
Amount of Ag+ = × 0.05 = 0.001 mol = Amount of Cl‒
1000
Amount of ClO2 = 6 × 0.001 = 0.006000 mol
Volume of ClO2 = 0.006000 × 24.0 = 0.144 dm3

26. Arsenic, As, can be oxidised to arsenic(V) acid, H3AsO4, by dilute nitric acid which itself is reduced
to NO2. Arsenic(V) acid oxidises I− to I2 and itself is reduced to H3AsO3.

Write balanced equations for:

(i) the oxidation of arsenic by nitric acid

[O]: As + 4H2O → H3AsO4 + 5H+ + 5e− --------- (1)

[R]: HNO3 + H+ + e− → NO2 + H2O ---------------- (2) x5

Overall balanced equation: As + 5HNO3 → H3AsO4 + 5NO2 + H2O

(ii) the oxidation of iodide ions by arsenic(V) acid.

[O]: 2I− → I2 + 2e− ---------------------------------------- (1)

[R]: H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e− → H3AsO3 + H2O --------- (2)

Overall balanced equation: H3AsO4 + 2I− + 2H+ → H3AsO3 + I2 + H2O

National Junior College SH1 H2 Chemistry

27. Write balanced equations for the following reactions:

(a) the reduction of Cr2O72− to Cr3+ with S2O32− oxidised to S4O62− in acidic medium.

[O]: 2S2O32− → S4O62− + 2e− ----------------------------- (1)

[R]: Cr2O72− + 14H+ + 6e− → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O ---------- (2)

Overall balanced equation: Cr2O72− + 6S2O32− + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 3S4O62− + 7H2O

(b) the oxidation of Cr(OH)3 to CrO42− by H2O2 in alkaline medium.

[O]: Cr(OH)3 + 5OH− + → CrO42− + 4H2O + 3e− ------------ (1) x2

[R]: H2O2 + 2e− → 2OH− ---------------------------------- (2) x3

Overall balanced equation: 2Cr(OH)3 + 3H2O2 + 4OH− → 2CrO42− + 8H2O