For office use only

KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA, MOHOL

Participatory Rural Appraisal Report

of
Khandali Village, Tal. Mohol,
Dist. Solapur

Summarized by
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol
Solapur – 413213, M.S.

2012-13
 CONTENTS

Sr. No. Content

1 Introduction
2 Bench mark survey
Climate and Land Holding Pattern
Soil Type and Soil and water conservation structures
Irrigation/ water Source
Natural Vegetation
Cropping Pattern
3 PRA
Village map
Social map
Soil Map and Village Transect
Time line
Trend analysis
Matrix ranking
Venn diagram
List Of Participated Farmers in PRA
4 SWOT and POIN Analysis
5 Seasonability
6 Major Cropping Pattern
7 Major problems identified
8 Problem Cause Diagram
Farmers – Scientist interaction for action plan development
9
10 PRA photo
 Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol
Tal. Mohol, Dist. Solapur
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) - 2012
Village Khandali
1. Introduction:
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol established in year, 2011 for technology
dissemination though various agricultural extension activities. Participatory Rural
Appraisal survey is an important mean to identify the problem constraints and need of the
farmers through their own involvement. Though this Krishi Vigyan Kendra comes under
scarcity zone of Maharashtra and mainly work for dryland agriculture, the village
Khandali Tal. Mohol has maximum irrigation potential. Hence Krishi Vigyan Kendra has
to focus on both dryland and irrigated technologies.
Village Khandali comes in Mohol tahsil situated near Pune- Solapur National
Highway- 9 with approach road of 8 Km and it is 25 Km away from this Krishi Vigyan
Kendra, Mohol. The village Khandali popularly grown of Banana and pomegranate along
with cash crop Sugarcane and cereals like Maize, Sorghum, Wheat etc. pulses and oilseeds
are grown to some extent. There is opportunity for enhancing crop production with fruit
and vegetable processing.

Facilitators:

1 Dr. D. R. Nandre. 2 Dr. P. G. Chavan

3 Mr. D. N. Kshirsagar 4 Dr. N.S. Deshmukh
5 Mr. A. G. Dighe 6 Ms. S. B. Kakade

1
2. Bench mark survey of Khandali
2.1 Climate:
The climate of the area is semi-arid tropical. Generally, South-West monsoon starts
from June and peak rainfall occurs in July and August. Usually there are short and long
dry spells occurs between the outset and station of rain.

Annual Rainfall Approximate 537 mm

Period June to Oct
Temperature Maximum 40.40c

Minimum 120c
Distribution:
Temperature Humidity
Month (OC) (%) Rainfall
(mm)
Maxi Min Morning Evening
Jan 30.8 12.32 59.2 28.2 0.0
Feb 35 14.42 54.75 30.25 0.0
Mar 38.2 16.22 33.8 17.85 0.0
Apr 8.2
40.26 23.5 53.64 28.28
May 40.42 23.4 71.5 38 7.6
Jun 36.8 78.625 77.5 46.5 65.3
July 33.36 22.88 79.4 53.6 55.8
Aug 33.62 21.82 79 53.5 39.0
Sept 33 21.9 75.25 51 35.8
Oct 32.32 19.42 72.6 47.2 148.4
Nov 3.4
31.57 15.1 61.25 37.5
Dec 31.7 13.175 58.25 34.5 0.0
Reference: Agril. Research Station, Mohol , year:2012
2.2 Land Holding Pattern:

Sr. No. Holding (ha) No. of cultivators

1 Small (<1 Ha) 286
2 Marginal(1- 2 Ha) 840
3 Large(>2 Ha) 170

2
2.3 Soil Types:
Soil of Khandali village varies from light to medium and medium to deep with
light soil- 40 %, Medium type of soil- 35 % and deep soil of 25 %.
Light soil : < 30 cm depth (40%)
Medium soil : 30-45 cm depth (35%)
Heavy/ Deep soil : > 45 cm (25%)

2.4 Soil and Water conservation structures:

1. Vegetative bund
2. Compartment bunding
3. Nala Bund
4. Earthen Bund
5. Percolation tank
6. Cement plug
7. Check dam
2.5 Irrigation/water source/facilities:
Hand pump 28
Well : 600
Bore well : 1150
Farm Pond : 02
Nala Bunding : 1200 ha.
Cement Plug : 02

2.6 Natural vegetation:

Forest Species : Babool, Tamarind etc.
Trees : Acacia spp., Ber
Shrubs : Euphorbia spp., Cassia etc.
Weeds /floara : Harali, syprus, Congress, Chikta, Kena, tansad

3
 2.7 Cropping pattern:
Season Cereals Pulses Oilseeds Fruits Vegetables Fodder
crop
Kharif Maize, Pigeon Pea, -- Pomegranate Tomato, Maize,
sugarcane Moth bean, Anola, flower,
green gram Grapes, Brinjal,
Rabi Wheat, Gram Groundnut Banana, pumpkin, Ghas
maize, Mango, Methi,
sorghum, citrus, Coriander,
Sugarcane custard onion
Summer Maize - Groundnut apple,
watermelon,
muskmelon

3. PRA at Bitale, Tal Mohol, Dist. Solapur

The different tools used for PRA
 Village Map  Social Map
 Soil map  Transect walk
 Time line  Trend analysis
 Venn diagram  Matrix ranking

3.1 Village map

The cadastral map of the village Khandali Tal. Mohol was collected from Talathi
Office,Khandali

4
 3.2 Social map
The village Khandali is located near national highway -9. In the center of the
village, the houses of villagers are located. There are common well for drinking water in
the village. The temple of goddess ‘Yamai Mata’ of Hemand Panthi type is located at the
center of the village.

1. Population : 4542 (male 2380, female 2162)

2.Educational facilities
Nursery/ Anganwadi : 04
Primary School : 04
Secondary School : 01
Higher Secondary : Modnimb (12 km.), Pandharpur (28 km.)
Senior College : Modnimb (12 km.), Pandharpur (28 km.)
3. Drinking water availability : Pipe line(01), Well (01), Boar (42),Hand
pump etc.
4. Temple : 08, Hanuman, Sonamai
5. Material availability in the village
a. Grocery : In Village- 07
b. Dal mill : 10

5
 c. Seeds/ Fertilizers
Krishi Seva Kendra : 04
d. Insecticides and fungicides
Krishi Seva Kendra : 04
6.Farm implements
1.Tractor : 50 2.Seed Drill : 01
3.Rotavator : 25 4.Sprayer : 500
(Manual / Engine )
5. Thresher : 10 Power tiller : 10
7.Medical facilities
Name of institute /organization In Village Nearby Village Dist. from
Village
a.Primary Health Center: -- : patkul 15 km
b. b.Veterinary Health Center: 01 : -- --
8.Marketing facility
a. In Village/ Nearby Village -- : Modnimb 12 km
b. Tehsil/District -- : APMC, Solapur 60 km
9.Availability of technology/ knowledge source
a. Information regarding agricultural : Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mohol
practices News Paper, Agrowan
10.Industries
Dairy : 06
11. Self Help Group 05
3.3 Soil Map of village Khandali:
The Soil map indicating type of soils available on cultivable land in village.

6
3.3 Transect of village:
The transect walk was carried out with the villagers from North to South and East
to West direction. The various item viz, topography, irrigation source, crops and cropping
system, trees and fruits trees etc. were identified by observatory method during walk. The
details given below
Topography Leveled Slope 1 to 2 % Slope 2 to 4 % Slightly sloppy 2 to 3 %

Soil type Medium to Medium Heavy Soil shallow Soil

deep

Irrigation Well, Borewell Well, Percolation Well, Borewell, Well, Borewell, cement
source tank, Borewell farm pond bund , Nala bund
Crops and Sugarcane, Maize, Tomato, Sugarcane Jowar, Gram
Cropping Onion, Maize, Wheat, Gram Onion, Maize
system Sorghum,
Watermelon.
Trees Neem, Babul, Neem, Nilgiri, Acacia sp. Neem, Babul
Acacia sp. Rain tree , Hiwar

Fruit trees Banana, Pomegranate, Mango, Banana Ber, Pomegranate

Mango, Ber Turmarind, Ber,
Mango, Lime
Weeds Harali, Parthenium, Ekdandi, Harali. Aghada, Kunda.
Parthenium Pathri, Parthenium ,
Cockscomb, Lawala,
Kena
Fodder crop Lucerne, Lucerne, Maize, Maize, Pasture land
berseem Fodder Sorghum Sugarcane

Pest and Wooly aphids Rust, Pod boron Thrips, Rust, Pod borer, Shoot fly,
diseases & Thrips, Red Wilt, Aphid Stem borer Chikta
nut, wilt,
Shoot Fly
Animals
Cow Khillar, Jerssey, HF, Local
Buffalo Pandharpuri
Goat Osmanabadi, Local
Poultry Local

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3.4 Time line:-
The major events remembered by the villagers was drawn with the help of key
informants.
Year Major events
1920 Bicycle
1950 Radio
1950 Motorcycle
1950,2011 Nala Bund
1950 Z. P. Primary School
1956 Establishment of Grampanchyat.
1960 Chemical Fertilizer
1972 Electricity
1972 Drinking Water Well and Pipeline
1972,2003,2012,1998,2007 Famine
1975 Hand Pump
1975 Thresher
1980 Crossbreed Cow
1985 Farm Pond
1985 Television
1992 Drip irrigation
1992,2003 Percolation Tank
1993 Earth Quake
1994 Tractor
1997-98 Telephone
1998 Bio-Gas
1998 Use of Improved seed
2000 Mobiles
2000 Agril. Service Center
2000 Cement Plug
2005 SHG
2009 Pest Occurrence

8
3.5 Trend analysis:
The trend analysis in respect of rainfall, water table, cropping pattern, area of various crops grown during the year, livestock etc. was done with the help
of the farmer participants involved in PRA.
Particulars 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Rainfall * * - * * * -
Kharif cropping area - - - - 00 000 000
Rabi cropping area ### ### ### ### ## ### ###
Horticultural Crops
Banana - - - - - - -
Pomegranate Vv vvv vvv Vvv vvv vvv vvv
Onion OOO OOO OOO - - - -
Ber >>> >>> >>> - - - -
Area under various crops
Sugarcane $ $$ $$ $$$ $$$ $$$$ $$$$$
Rabi Sorghum @@@@ @@@@ @@@ @@@ @@ @@ @
Maize X XX XX XXX XXX XXXX XXXX
Tomato - - - - II II III
Attack of Insect Pest ! ! ! ! !!!! !! !!
Livestock
Cow
Desi AAA AAA AAA AAA AAA A A

Crossbreed - < < < < <<< <<<<

Buffalo
Local BBB BBB BBB BB BB B B
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3.6 Matrix ranking:
The Matrix ranking was completed with the help of the participatory farmers in
respect of various crops, varieties, sheep and goat and the information is given below.
1. Matrix ranking of crops:
Sr. Particulars/ cereals pulses Oilseed Vegetable Cash crop Fruit
No. Crop crop
1 Food 5 3 3 4 2 3
2 Fodder 5 4 3 2 5 2
3 Expenditure 3 3 3 3 5 5
on fertilizers
4 Market price 3 4 4 4 4 4
5 Income 3 4 5 4 5 5
Rank II III III IV I II
It is observed that Cash crop is major crop followed by Cereals and fruit crop.
2. Matrix ranking of Sugarcane:
Sr. No. Particulars / Varieties 86032 671 94005
Availability of planting 4 3 2
1
material
2 Crop duration 4 4 3
Expenditure on 4 4 4
3
fertilizers
4 Ratoon yield 5 4 3
5 Higher Yield 5 3 3
Rank I II III

3. Matrix ranking of maize:

Sr.No. Particulars / Varieties Parmeshwar Pinecle Dicalb
1 Grain yield 4 4 4
2 Fodder yield 5 4 3
3 Drought resistant 4 4 4
4 Fodder quality 5 3 3
5 Market price 5 4 4
Rank I II III

4. Matrix ranking of Tomato.

Sr.No. Particulars / Varieties Abhinav Shaktiman 50/ Namdhari
955 Us- 3383
1 Plant growth 3 3 4
2 Fruit size 4 3 4
3 Pest and disease resistance 3 3 4
4 Yield 4 4 5
Rank I III II
5. Matrix ranking of Onion
Sr.No. Particulars / Varieties Abhinav Shaktiman 50/ Namdhari
955 Us- 3383
1 Duration 3 3 4
2 Expenditure 3 3 4
3 Yield 4 3 3
4 Water 4 4 3
5 Quality 5 3 4
6 Storage 4 3 3
Rank I III II

3.7 Venn diagram:

The institutional relationship diagram indicating, how close the contact and
cooperation between those organizations and groups is prepared with the help of farmers.
This indicates the importance of the various individuals and the institutions in and outside
the village with regard to a phenomenon related to agriculture. The importance of various
organizations/ individuals for a phenomenon is indicated in terms of size of the circles and
distance from the centre.

VENN DIAGRAM OF VILLAGE, Bitale , Tal. Mohol , Dist. Solapur

Sugarcane
factory
Krishi Seva
Kendra

25km
APMC
Modnimb
12km GramPanchayt

Village Khandali
Tal. Mohol
15km

km
15km

Sugar Factory KVK, ARS

Loknete
Mohol
PHC
Veternary
,
Clinic
3.8 Farmers participated in PRA:
Shri.Uttam Kashinath Mane
Shri. Arun Hanumant Mule
Shri. Dhanaji Babru Dongare
Shri. Maruti Datta Shrikhande
Shri. Hanumant Maruti Shrikhande
Shri. Krishna Dagdu Darphalkar
Shri. Pralhad Mule
Shri. Arvind Balkrishna Patil
Shri. Ganesh Dattatray Mule
Shri. Kiran Parameshwar Mule
Shri. Brahmadev Maruti Mule
Shri. Mahadev Dattray Bhange
Shri. Vikram Datttray Bhosale
Shri. Nandkumar Ananda Mule
Shri. Suryakant Narayan Joshi
Shri. Anurat Shivaji More
Shri. Suresh Laxshman Mule
Shri. Shivaji Govind Mule
Shri. Jaywant Sambhaji Vyavhare
Shri. Rahul Subhash Patane
Shri. Shivaji Datta Mule
Shri. Manik Maruti Shrikhande
Shri. Shrimant Bajrang Srikhande
Shri. Ankush Ramchandra Shrikhande
Shri. Janardhan Shivaji Bhosale
Shri. Bhalchandra Bhagvant Tarate
Shri. Bharat Sadashiv Bhosale
Shri. Vishnu Maruti Mule
Shri. Nitin C. Mule
Shri. Shahu Datttray Bhosale
Shri. Dipak hari Mane
Shri. Samadhan Hanumant Asade
Shri. Kantilal Manik Dongare
Shri. Maruti Mule
Shri. Satyavan Mule

4 .1 SWOT analysis of village:

S- Strength, W- Weaknesses, O- Opportunity, T- Threats
Strength:
1. Use of drip irrigation system on large scale.
2. Positive attitude towards fruit crop.
3. Availability use of farm implements.
4. Diversified agro climatic situation.
5. Diversified farming system.
6. Greater participation in social activities.
7. Positive attitude towards dairy enterprise.
8. Adoption of improved technology and post harvest management.
9. Soil suitable for all type of crops.
Weaknesses:
1. Unawareness about IPM, IDM..
2. Lack of knowledge about INM.
3. Lack of knowledge about scientific feeding management to livestock.
4. Unskilled marketing.
5. Less important to expenditure incurred on labour and other inputs..

Opportunities:
1. Scope for increasing efficiency of fertilizer use.
2. Scope for developing fertigation techniques.
3. Scope for increasing area under pulses and oilseeds crops.
4. Scope for developing agro base enterprises, value addition.
5. Scope for enterprunrship development.
Threats:
1. Uncertainty of rainfall
2. Discontinuity in electricity
3. Indiscriminate use of fertilizers lead to soil degradation.
4. Unavailability of storage facility.
4.2 POIN analysis

Sr.No. Problem Opportunity Issues Needs

1 Lack of Knowledge about Regarding integrated Water conservation Gatcharcha
integrated approach approach of dryland devices, proper tools Demonstration
and irrigation and techniques for Exposure visit
technology farming
2 Communication gap Formation of cluster Limited approach , Exposure visit
among farmers for approach and farmers less initiative Group discussion
adopting new technology club Gatcharcha

3 Less participation of farm Increasing Less education, Male Formation of SHG

woman in decision participation of farm dominant society Extension programme
making woman in decision
making

4 Marginal productivity enhancing crop yield Traditional Farming Training

through adoption of practices, Lack of Exposure visit
new technology knowledge about IPM, Kisan mela
INM
5 Minimum use of quality Introduction of Traditional feeding Demonstration
fodder for milch animal improved variety of approach, open Training
fodder crop grazing, low milk Gatcharcha
yield, low fat Campaigning
percentage
6 Lack of knowledge about Promotion of agro base Post harvest losses, Training
processing of value processing enterprise low risk ability Exposure visits
addition of agricultural towards Capital Gatcharcha
produce Investment economic Exhibition
status

5.1 Seasonability of weather:

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Rainfall - - - - - - - - *** **** - -
Temperature * *** **** **** **** ** ** ** * * * *
Humidity ** ** * * * ** ** ** **** *** *** **
5.2 Seasonability of crop:
Crop Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Sugarcane 80 %

20%

Maize
Tomato
Banana
Onion
Pomegranate
5.3 Seasonability of animal diseases:
Particular Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
H.S
B. Q.
FMD
Diarshea
5.4Seasonability of pest and disease:
Crop Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Sugarcane
Wooly Aphid

Top Shoot Borer

Red rot

Shoot fly

Sorghum
Chikta

Pomegranate Oily spot

Thrips
Onion
Tomato Fruit borer Fruit borer

Leaf curl Leaf curl

Banana Steam borer

(June- July planting)

6. Major cropping pattern:

1. Banana based production system
2. Pomegranate based production system
3. Sugarcane based cropping system
4. Maize based cropping system
5. Dairy based production system
7. Major problems identified:
1. Agronomy
1. Fertilizers unavailability at proper time.
2. Indiscriminate use of fertilizers.
3. Less use of biofertilizers
4. Unawareness about INM practices.
5. No proper irrigation management.
6. Improper management practices for agronomical crops.
7. Traditional method of sowing and planting followed
2. Horticulture
1. Improper Disease management
2. Unawareness about INM.
3. Improper use of insecticide, pesticide.
4. Unawareness about bahar management.
5. Lack of knowledge about pruning.
3. Livestock
1. Unawareness about mineral mixture feeding.
2. Low milk yield.
3. Lack of knowledge about improved varieties of green fodder.
4. Lack of knowledge about animal disease and their remedies.
4. Soil Science
1. Less use of soil and water conservation practices.
2. Unawareness about soil testing.
3. Unawareness about reclamation of problematic soils.
5. Food science and technology
1. Lack of knowledge about post harvest handling
2. No value addition.
3. Scope for food and V processing
6. Agriculture Extension
1. Less participation in technology adoption.
2. Technical gap among farmers.
8. Problem cause diagram:
a. Problem cause diagram for low yield in sugarcane:

Traditional irrigation Less use of modern

management
Technologies

Indiscriminate use Unawareness

of biofertilizers
Low yield
in
sugarcane Lack of set treatment Lack of knowledge

Low yield in ratoon Lack of INM

Practices

b. Problem cause diagram for low yield in Maize:

Monoculture Unawareness about

Diversified approach

No proper crop rotation

Lack of knowledge

Low yield
in Maize
Uneven plant population Improper plant spacing

Imbalance nutrient supply

Lack of knowledge
Lack of soil testing
 c. Problem cause diagram for low yield in Tomato:

Use of local variety Unawareness

Lack of plant protection

Occurrence of pest and
disease Measures/ seed treatment

Low Yield Imbalance use of fertilizer

in Tomato Lack of knowledge

Improper irrigation Unawareness about

IWM practices

Less use of
Micronutrient deficiency
micronutrients

d. Problem Cause Diagram for low yield in Onion:

Occurrence of sucking Less use of plant

pest protection measures

Improper nursery Lack of knowledge

management
Low Yield
in Onion
Less seedling treatment Lack of knowledge
about INM

Imbalance use of
fertilizers Lack of knowledge
 e. Problem cause diagram for low yield in pomegranate:

Uneven plant population

No proper spacing

Incidence of pest and Use of disease infected

disease
material

Low Yield Improper bahar

management Lack of knowledge
in
Pomegranate

No proper pruning
techniques Unawareness

Indiscriminate use of
fertilizer/micronutrients Lack of Knowledge

Indiscriminate use of Lack of knowledge/

irrigation water
Poor economic status

f. Problem cause diagram for low yield in Banana:

Use of local snckers Unawareness

Occurrence of pest and Lack of pest and

Low yield diseases Disease management
in
Banana
Imbalance use of fertilizer Lack of knowledge

Improper use of irrigation

water Lack of IWM practice

Lack of knowledge
Lack use of seed treatment
9. Farmers – scientist’s interaction for action plan development:
An interactive session was conducted with the farmers of Khandali village during
the survey. The farmers with distinguished farming approach viz. crop component, Animal
Component, Horticulture and emerging entrepreneur. Participated actively for identifying
the constraints and need of farmers and the problems raised by them are given below-
Points raised by the farmers:-
 Lack of seed treatment.
 Less use of biofertilizers.
 Improper method of planting.
 Availability of planting material/ use of local cultivar.
 Unawareness about dryland technologies.
 Unawareness about pruning techniques in orchards.
 Unavailability of quality fodder material.
 Unawareness about vaccination in animal.
 Lack of knowledge grading, packaging and processing of fruit and vegetables.
 Lack of knowledge about scientific feeding management.
 Unavailability of skilled labour.
 Lack of knowledge about fertigation techniques.
.
10. PRA photos: