Literature Review On Urban Extension Planning

Addis Ababa University (AAU)
Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building

Construction and City Development (EIABC)
Chair of Urban and Regional planning

Fourth Year BSc. In Urban Planning and Design
Course Title: Integrated Urban Project III (Extension of an Existing
City Planning and Design)
Group Assignment 01
Name of members ID No
Henery Alemayehu……………………………...UGR/2923/12
Gebregziabher Anteneh………………………....UGR/4593/12
Kasahun Tamiru………………………………...UGR/0173/12
Ismael Jelal……………………………………...UGR/1541/12
Jibril Idris………..……………………………...UGR/3195/12
Jiregna Merera…...……………………………...UGR/9310/12
Gizachew Asefa….……………………………...UGR/2920/12
Bezawit Ketema………………………………....UGR/5800/12
Rina Abdurahman.……………………………....UGR/6315/12
Submission date: 29/11/2022

Fourth Year BSc. in Urban Planning and Design
Course Title: Integrated Urban Project III(Extension of City planning and design)
Individual Assignment: Literature Review on Urban Extension planning
LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE COURSE EXTENSION OF EXISTING CITY

PLANNING AND DESIGN
Introduction
Growing cities need to define the urban planning frameworks that will guide the construction of
new neighborhoods and city extensions and those are areas that the city has identified as suitable
locations to absorb urban growth, to maximize the opportunities and to minimize negative
externalities that come with rapid urban growth.
The urgency of the accelerated growth experienced by cities around the world should not be an
excuse to perpetuate the dominant development model of the last seventy years. By 2050, cities
will host 70 per cent of the world’s urban population. This is a fact. But there is no justification
for urban expansion that leads to more segregated, more unequal, more unfair and intolerant
cities. The urbanization process should be planned for the long term; it should provide an
essential structure, the spine, the matrix, the pattern of how the city will expand. Over time,
economic activities and the various social needs will change the shape and urban land uses, but
not the pattern. This essential element must be defended and protected by the local authority, the
repository of political legitimacy, and the rule of law.
To address the challenge of rapidly urbanizing cities, planned city extensions – an urban
planning approach that can offer sufficient, affordable and serviced urban plots in a timely
fashion. This approach requires that cities plan in advance, plan at the scale of the expected
growth, plan in phases, plan for contiguity, apply sustainable and efficient usage of resources and
ecosystems and promote a system of cities at the national level. First and foremost, cities must
define public space and protect it. Without social and political understanding of the use and
productivity of public space, no capacity for planned urbanization can be developed. Planned
city extensions can help cities become more compact, more integrated and more connected and
thus more liveable. Foreword v Foreword Without planned city extension measures we risk
compounded informal proliferation and its consequences. These include economic consequences
such as loss of economies of urbanization, loss of agglomeration benefits and loss of job
opportunities, especially for the youth; social consequences such as socio-economic segregation,
mobility and transport breakdown, lack of access to energy and clean water and lack of public
health and increased safety risks; and environmental consequences such as sprawl induced stress
on land and resources, geographic vulnerability, loss of biodiversity and the vital system
functions it supports.
Planned city extensions will be one of the essential elements to take into consideration in the
creation of a pattern of sustainable urban development fostering a new model city.
Humanity is now halfway through a massive multi-generational urbanization project. Over the
past two centuries, most people in the more developed countries have moved to cities. Now,
people in the global south are voting with their feet, and cities in the less developed countries are
growing so that they can accommodate rural-to-urban migrants and the natural increase in their
populations. The Urban Expansion program works with rapidly growing cities to better
prepare them for their inevitable growth.
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We urban planners/designers/ believe in “stakes-in-the-ground”—a focus on tangible results,

rather than on idealistic master plans that gather dust. We work with visionary leaders at the
local, regional, and national levels to make long-term preparations in urban peripheries that
facilitate orderly, efficient, equitable, and sustainable expansion.
This means embracing the idea of “Making Room” for population growth by preparing cities for
both urban expansion and densification. Orderly urban expansion has governments acquiring
public lands to lay out the periphery of the city in advance of development, providing an
organized framework for growth. Effective densification takes place when municipal
governments allow for redevelopment and infill of existing areas by implementing supportive
regulations. When cities are unable to guide expansion or densify—whether due to bureaucratic
ineptitude, lack of resources, or political resistance—the city continues to grow, but in
a chaotic manner that is less inclusive, less productive, and less sustainable.
The Making Room agenda is based on evidence and data. We monitor global and national urban
expansion. More specifically, we collect and analyze data on the quantity and quality of
urbanization in cities. By understanding past urban population growth and expansion, we can
project realistic scenarios and study their possible effects on housing affordability, sustainable
development, climate-change resilience, and metropolitan governance. Armed with this
knowledge, decision-makers can better address the challenges of urban growth and expansion.
Concept of land use

Land use is the control and transformation of the wild or untamed into constructed environments
like towns and semi-natural habitats like arable fields, pastures, and managed forests. Humans
have long used the land; it dates back more than 10,000 years. The phrase "land use" is used to
describe how people use land. It represents the economic and cultural activities that are carried
out in a specific location, including those that are agricultural, residential, industrial, mining, and
recreational in nature. Land uses on public and private properties frequently diverge greatly.
What is the concept of land use planning?

In order to ensure the rational and orderly use of land in a way that is environmentally
responsible and promotes the development of sustainable human settlements, the process known
as land use planning involves allocating land between competing and occasionally conflicting
purposes.
Land use planning

Land use planning is a part of the process of urban planning that concerned with type, location
and intensity and amount of land development required various function of the city. It also uses
as a recommendation how the land uses in the future community expand and renewal occurs.
Land use plan expressed by color plan map, text, graph and standards. It allocate various
function of land. To allocate this land it uses different standards, studies and different
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approaches. It integrates environmental, social and economic value resolve conflicts and build
common land use objectives.
Methods of analyzing land use
An inventory of current uses is the first phase in the land use analysis process. Different sorts of
land uses are classified by the land use inventory. To help in this process, land use maps can be
created and made accessible for inspection.
Which two methods exist for evaluating land?
The four primary categories of land evaluation systems currently in use are parametric, categoric
(or capacity), special purpose, and crop-specific assessments.
ELEMENTS OF LAND USE
1, Land and its tenure and quality.
2, Potential productivity and suitability of the land.
3, The level of technology used to exploit the land resources.
4, The population density
5, The needs and standards of living of the people.
IMPORTANCE OF LAND USE PLANNING
• Environmental protection
• Avoidance of urban sprawl
• Departure from impacts of transportation.
• Promotion of compatible uses and
• Public health and safety
DATA COLLECTION METHOD FOR LAND USE PLANNING
1, Define the planning area
2, Contact the people involved
3, Acquire basic information about the area
Transportation and Street Network

Streets
is the lifeblood of our communities and the foundation of our urban economies? They make up
more than 80 percent of all public space in cities and have the potential to foster business activity,
serve as a front yard for residents, and provide a safe place for people to get around, whether on
foot, by bicycle, car, or transit. The vitality of urban life demands a design approach sensitive to
the multifaceted role streets play in our cities.
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The Urban Street Design Guide crystallizes a new approach to street design that meets the demands
of today and the challenges of tomorrow. Based on the principle that streets are public spaces for
people as well as arteries for traffic and transportation
Complete streets – Designed to give safe access for all users; bike, pedestrian, motorists, transit
riders – of all age and abilities.
Phases of Transformation
Existing
Existing conditions demonstrate how traditional design elements, such as wide travel lanes and
undifferentiated street space, have had an adverse impact on how people experience the
streetscape.
Interim Redesign
Striping and low-cost materials can realize the benefits of a full reconstruction in the short term,
while allowing a city to test and adjust a proposed redesign.
Reconstruction
Full capital reconstructions can take 5–10 years. A complete upgrade might include new drainage
and storm water management provisions, raised bikeways, wider sidewalks, and traffic calming
elements.
Transportation
The movement of goods and persons from place to place and the various means by which
such movement is accomplished. The growth of the ability—and the need—to transport
large quantities of goods or numbers of people over long distances at high speeds in
comfort and safety has been an index of civilization and in particular of technological
progress.
Concept of Infrastructure
The physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or
enterprise. (Oxford English Dictionary)
Infrastructure is defined as the basic physical systems of a business, region, or nation and often
involves the production of public goods or production processes. Examples of infrastructure
include transportation systems, communication networks, sewage, water, and school systems.
(Investopedia) Infrastructure is understood as an important input for urban development. “ infra "
stems from the Latin language, meaning below, thus "infrastructure" can be taken to express
"foundation“ of urban development. Infrastructure is the set of fundamental facilities and
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systems serving a country, city, or other area, including the services and facilities necessary for
its economy to function.
• There are 2 broad classifications of infrastructures:
1. Physical infrastructure
2. Social infrastructure
Physical infrastructure
Physical infrastructure refers to the basic physical structures required for an economy to function
and survive, such as transportation networks, a power grid and sewerage and waste disposal
systems. Viewed by some developmental economists as part of a three-pillar system, along with
human capital and good governance, physical infrastructure is a prerequisite for trade and other
productive activities. In a functional sense, a society’s physical infrastructure facilitates the
production of goods and services.
Physical infrastructure can be broadly classified into:
. Underground: water supply system, sewerage, storm drainage system and tunnels
. Aboveground: Electricity, telecommunication, urban roads and traffic, road safety and traffic
control system, Transportation corridors, parking, suspended communication and power lines.
Methodology of Physical infrastructure
• Pre planning stage - Town and city readiness, Infrastructure planning team, Stakeholder
analysis, Work plan budget and schedule
• Planning stage - Basic information and infrastructure inventory, Infrastructure service profile
(utility profile), Infrastructure vision, Infrastructure prioritization, Implementation strategy
• Implementation stage – Implementation
The concept of Housing
Housing, or more generally, living spaces, refers to the construction and assigned
usage of houses or buildings individually or collectively, for the purpose of shelter.
Housing ensures that members of society have a place to live, whether it is a home
or some other kind of dwelling, lodging or shelter.
The housing concept has changed from being a fairly simple concept to one that is
more complex, moving initially from the need to the development of housing.
A) The Narrow Concept: this refers to the dwelling where people live, or the
materialistic building established from the walls and roof.
B) The Broad Concept: this incorporates the narrow concept but also includes
assistance services, which motivate people to live in the house with stability.
Housing in many different areas consists of public, social and private housing.
Housing is one of the most important life components giving shelter, safety and
warmth, as well as providing a place to rest.
There are different types of housing those are single family home, townhome /
condominium, small Lot Single-Family Home, accessory dwelling unit,
apartments, co-living units, mixed use housing, live/work housing, lofts/studios,
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duplex and triplex housings etc.

Its function
Housing provides shelter, obviously, but it also serves other needs in developing
countries. Housing is a location for business and provides other intangible
emotional and cultural benefits. As in the developed world, housing activities in
developing countries have economic benefits beyond the housing sector
How does housing contribute?
Housing is a key input in economic, social, and civic development. Many housing related
activities are known to contribute directly to achieving broader socioeconomic development
goals. Housing investment remains valuable and a major economic driver, both in developed
countries and developing countries
It has multiplier effect and is known to be promoter of prosperity. It contributes enormously to
the development of human beings both intellectually, socially and physically. Housing has vital
role in making nations and communities great by improving the human quality index
THE CONCEPT OF URBAN MORPHOLOGY

Urban morphology is the study of urban spatial form – the assemblage of buildings and public
spaces that comprise the city. It also entails analysis of the forces that produce such an
assemblage and the spatial practices that are produced therein. The mapping of urban
morphology requires that we treat the city as a series of distinct layers of information and then
select particular layers for specific analytical purposes. In urban design, these often include
building footprints, heights, types, grain size, densities, functions, movement networks and street
life.
The morphological analysis of the city has as its main objective the understanding of urban
reality through the study of the relationships shown between the all-urban elements. This
analysis also sees the city as a product of an evolutionary and dynamic process, which ponders
the different techniques and socioeconomic realities that over space and time are building and
transforming the urban areas.
METHODS OF ANALAYSING URBAN MORPHOLOGY
Firstly, city blocks are used as spatial units for morphological properties to be derived and
interpreted. Secondly, the morphological properties derived are interpreted on quantitative basis.
The morphological properties featured in this study are: (1) surface area per projected area; (2)
volume per projected area; (3) building to land ratio; (4) mean height of buildings; (5) surface
area of buildings per unit volume of buildings; and, (6) mean volume of buildings. These six
properties are calculated for each block, and interpreted with attentions to their interrelationships
as well as geographical distributions. This attempt reveals gradations of morphological properties
of blocks in feature spaces and the geographical space, which has potentials to enable
quantitative comparisons of cities domestically and internationally.
THE CONCEPT OF URBAN CENTERALITY
Urban centralities are seen as hubs of activity, as important elements within the structure of
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towns that contribute to urban vitality and fight urban failure. Urban centrality is the
characteristic of a place being central to its periphery.
Urban centralities are associated with a given city’s evolution, but the influence of local factors
can only be perceived over long periods.
METHODS OF ANALAYSING URBAN CENTERALITY
The methodology adopted in this study aims to cross the results of three different approaches to
highlight the emergence of urban centralities. A survey and assessment of urban centralities as
proposed by Gaspar (Gaspar, 1985), a space syntax approach (Hillier, 1996; Hillier & Hanson,
1984), and a chronological urban plan analysis. The adopted methodology was applied in three
stages:
1. to identify and assess urban centralities, a survey, diachronic analysis, and a centrality index
(CI) were carried out, following the methods proposed by Gaspar. (Gaspar, 1985);
2. Space syntax was used to analyze the urban form characteristics, which have proved to be
important with regard to the degree of attractivity of an urban space, thus helping to identify
urban centralities;
3. An analysis of urban planning in Évora was carried out.
Integration and Linkage

Definition:- The closeness between two urban spheres towards more integrated system, which
are linked closely through the flow people, production, commodities, capital and income,
information, natural resources, waste and pollution.
Purpose
• Linking two urban areas with people interaction from one to the other
• Infrastructure planning for mutual benefit
• For important socio-economic performance
• To make easy for management
Guiding principle
• Locally grounded intervention: It should help to take the lead overcoming social,
economic and environmental inequalities while also leveraging the comparative
advantage.
• Integrated governance: Strength governance mechanisms by incorporating linkages into
multi-sectoral, multi-level and multi stakeholder governance.
• Functional and spatial systems-based approaches: Use system-based approaches to
promote integrative and inclusive urban and territorial planning to support the analysis of
the flow of resources such as people, water, biodiversity and food.
• Financially inclusive: Secure and prioritize sustainable public and private investment to
balance and strengthen urban linkages.
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• Balanced Partnership: Foster partnerships, alliances and networks that link urban actors
and different sectors.
• Human Right based: Embed human rights-based approaches in all policy instruments
and actions to ensure that development initiatives and processes do not negatively affect
anyone’s human rights across the urban continuum.
• Do no harm and provide social protection: Strengthen urban linkages to overcome
conflict, recognize cultural diversity and reduce inequalities.
• Environmentally Sensitive: The resources needed by the current population must be
addressed without compromising the ability of future generations to meet future needs.
• Participatory Engagement: Ensure meaningful participation by people, local
institutions and communities across the urban continuum.
• Data Driven and evidence based: Establish or improve knowledge systems and fill data
gaps so that there is evidence to support planning methods that will reinforce to improve
territorial cohesion.
SOCIO-ECONOMY
Socio-economic in urban planning is concerned with methodologies for socio-economic analysis
and planning, a subject which is increasingly engaging the attention of development planners and
policy makers as well as professional social scientists.
DEFINITION AND ROLE OF SOCIO-ECONOMY IN URBAN PLANNING

Urban socioeconomic is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and is
shaped by social processes.
The conceptual model of socio-economy and urban planning together and described as: factors
shape the quantity and quality of green spaces and their ability to supply services by influencing
management and planning decisions. Variation in socio-economic factors across a city alters
people’s desires and needs and thus demands for different ecosystem services and alter the type
and amount of benefit for human wellbeing that a service provides.
SOCIO ECONOMIC IN URBAN AREAS CAN BE ANALYSED OR STUDIED BY THE FOLLOWING

FACTORS;
- Evaluating social action projects: principles, methodological aspect
- Socio-economic indicators for planning methodological aspect
- Social science methods, decision-making and development planning
- Socio-economic analysis and planning: critical choice of methodologies
- Planning integrated development method
- Applicability of indicators of socio-economic change for development
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Concept of Urban Environment

Environment can be defined as a sum total of all the living and non-living elements and their
effects that influence human life. Urban environment is also an ecosystem of an urban area in
which the urban residents interact with biotic and abiotic factors. The natural environment in
urban areas includes the topography of landforms, water courses, flora and fauna whether natural
or introduced. It may be in the form of rivers and creeks, lakes, bushland, parks and recreational
facilities, streetscapes or private gardens, and is often referred to as ‘green infrastructure’.
Urban Environment functions include:
1. Provides the supply of resources: Examples: Wood for furniture, soil, land, etc.
2. Sustains life: The Urban environment includes the sun, soil, water, and air, which are essential
for human life. It sustains life by providing genetic and biodiversity.
3. Assimilates waste: Production and consumption activities generate waste which occurs
mostly in the form of garbage. The environment helps in getting rid of the garbage.
4. Enhances the quality of life: Human beings enjoy the beauty of nature that includes rivers,
mountains, deserts, etc.
The quality of life in urban areas depends a lot on the quality of the local environment. For
example, it depends on the quality of the air and water, access to nature and biodiversity, levels
of noise pollution, and increasingly, the ability to keep cool as temperatures rise.
Environmental Effects of Urbanization
Urban populations interact with their environment. Urban people change their environment
through their consumption of food, energy, water, and land. And in turn, the polluted urban
environment affects the health and quality of life of the urban population. The urban
environment is an important factor in determining the quality of life in urban areas and the
impact of the urban area on the broader environment. Some urban environmental problems
include inadequate water and sanitation, lack of rubbish disposal, and industrial pollution.
In General, City Planners and designers play a critical role in ensuring that urban areas are able
to function sustainably. Since resources are finite, addressing environmental issues insufficiently
has severe consequences: health hazards, loss of biodiversity, and ultimately, a lower quality of
life. However, with ecological planning human needs are supplied while natural resources are
used in the most effective and sustainable manner. And the maintenance of ecological balance is
sustained. Protecting environmental health, having healthy ecosystems, eliminating
environmental pollution and providing green spaces are just a few of the many benefits of
ecological planning.
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City Extension Case Study

Bahirdar, Ethiopia
Brief history
The early history of Bahir Dar is not well documented. The size of the town before
the 20th century can only be roughly estimated, as sources give varying figures but
remain within a certain size category: Bahir Dar is listed as one of the Christian
towns with a permanent population of at least 2,000 inhabitants in the 1810s to
1850s by Crummey. In 1891, a different population count estimated the
city’s size as between 1,200 and 1,600 residents. The evidence reviewed in this
thesis suggests that the town seems not only to have a monastic founding history,
but to have multiple constituting origins: an ethnic tribe living on the resources of
the river Nile, a monastery and its function as a trading hub. These three nuclei
constitute the first forms of settlement in today’s city location and the historical
centre. The first accounts of the population, hence, describe a majority of Amhara,
the indigenous Wayto and number of traders. What is known about the origins will
be described in the following, as it has to be understood that the founding period of
settlement did not distinguish between urban and rural land and was subject to a
single administration under which a variety of livelihoods were practiced in a
growing density of settlement.
The Grid
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The main grid is oriented in the N-S direction. This orientation adapts to the surrounding natural
features: one of the directions of the grid is parallel to the Blue Nile river and the main
commercial street has its ending in the lake shore.
The streets of the neighborhood grid are mostly aligned in the N-S or E-W directions, resulting
in a variety of orientations for housing.
The 2006 integrated Development Plan proposes a land use distribution for the city area.
Commercial, administrative and productive uses are aligned with the main avenues in the N-S
and E-W directions which are connected to the major city outlets (Gonder, Mota, Debre
Marqos).
The street
The main grid (800x800) is composed of 35-40m wide avenues that carry the main vehicular
traffic. In the city’s central avenues, the buildings are aligned with the sidewalk limit creating a
livable street with commercial uses on the GF and street planting. On the other hand, in the
avenues that cross the
Street types:
A: Avenues: 40m
B: Intermediate sts: 16m
C: Inner neighborhood streets: 12m
Residential areas, the buildings are set back from the sidewalk, generating little street life. These
avenues are occupied mainly by vehicular traffic.
In the inner neighborhood streets, the building façades front the street. There is no space reserved
for pedestrians, therefore vehicles and pedestrians use the central street space.
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Pedestrian
Vehicular
The block
The inner areas of the 800x800 units are occupied by single family and incremental housing
(GF+2) with street frontage and inner courtyards. On the streets fronting the commercial
avenues, there are commercial or office blocks (GF+4) with commerce on the GF.
In the center of the unit some smaller blocks are reserved for open spaces and services. The
shape and size of the smaller blocks with the main grid is rather random and spontaneous. The
most common block is composed of a double row of single-family housing.
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Open spaces & facilities

Open spaces:
Many of he open spaces defined by Integrated
Development Plan adapt to the natural features of
the site:
• Special Planning areas in the lake shore and
Blue Nile riverside (composed of open spaces and
facilities)
• Land reserves in wetland areas
• Preserved forest patches
• Agricultural land reserves
There are also open spaces of various sizes within the city fabric
Facilities:
The urban and neighborhood services are evenly distributed throughout the city (see land use
plan)
Phasing and management

Bahir dar population growth 5.4% (1984-1994) and 4.9% (1994-2007)
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The layout and urbanization of the streets of the main grid is done simultaneously with the
construction of the buildings. The inner neighbourhood streets seem to appear more
spontaneously and not respond to a rigid plan. Their creation is more diffused through time once
the main grid that supports them is in place.
The development of urban plans in 1965 and, particularly, in 2006 (Integrated Development Plan
analyzed in this document) allows for the existence of a basic framework that guides the growth
of the city.
The existence of an institutional planning and legal framework allows for the generation of the
2006 Integrated Development Plan and its enforcement.
Key lessons
Strengths:
• The existence of a citywide plan allows for a coherent and organized growth of the city in a
period of rapid urbanization.
• The land use plan takes into account the basic natural features of the site and organizes the
city accordingly. Lake Tana and the Blue Nile River have an important place in the city
structure and many of the open spaces and services are located beside them. This provides a
good basic organization of the main open spaces that are relevant in the initial phases of the
city and can be upgraded as the city evolves.
• The land use plan allows for a certain mix of uses. Commercial, service and productive
areas are broken up into smaller units which are distributed throughout the city.
• The land use plan respects the preeminence of the street as a defining urban element. It
concentrates commercial, business, productive and representative activities along the main
streets, rather than in designated abstract areas.
• In the city centre the buildings are aligned, with the sidewalk limits providing street
frontage and street life. There is commerce and activity in the ground floor. The street is read
as a public space.
The current regulatory framework in Ethiopia is the following:
• 2005 National Urban Development Policy - by the Ministry of Urban Development
• Regional Urban Development Plans - by the Regional Government
• Citywide master & structure plans - by chartered cities and urban administrations
• Local development plans (kebeles) - by urban administrations.
• The avenues in the city center are well urbanized and planted, generating relevant and
livable civic spaces.
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Weaknesses:
• The clear structure of the main grid allows for a somewhat random and spontaneous layout
of the smaller neighbourhood grid. There are many streets with dead ends and random
alignments.
• In the areas developed after 1984 the grid is deformed, losing structural clarity and
homogeneity, which results in subsequent city extensions that are less related to the original
city fabric.
• When the main grid avenues cross residential neighbourhoods, the buildings are set back
from the public space and the avenues are dedicated mainly to vehicular traffic and have little
street life.
• The new developments on the East and South West of the city are less dense with single
family detached housing or isolated condominiums that do not conform to streets as civic
spaces.
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References
1. M. Gordon Wolman, “Population, Land Use, and Environment: A Long History,” 1993).
2. Nathan Keyfitz, “Impact of Trends in Resources, Environment and Development on
Demographic Prospects,”
3. Research gate
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Addis Ababa University (AAU)

Ethiopian Institute of Architecture Building

Chair of Urban and Regional planning

Submission date: 29/11/2022

LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE COURSE EXTENSION OF EXISTING CITY

We urban planners/designers/ believe in “stakes-in-the-ground”—a focus on tangible results,

Concept of land use

What is the concept of land use planning?

Land use planning

Transportation and Street Network

duplex and triplex housings etc.

THE CONCEPT OF URBAN MORPHOLOGY

Integration and Linkage

DEFINITION AND ROLE OF SOCIO-ECONOMY IN URBAN PLANNING

SOCIO ECONOMIC IN URBAN AREAS CAN BE ANALYSED OR STUDIED BY THE FOLLOWING

Concept of Urban Environment

City Extension Case Study

Open spaces & facilities

Phasing and management

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