TREATMENT OF

PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
 MARWA RABBANI ( 040)

ANEESA MUSHTAQ (006 )

GROUP HAMNA AKBAR (027)

MEMBERS
IFRA FAROOQ (029)

YUSRA AMJAD (063)

 PSYCHOTHERAP
Y

TYPES OF
THERAPY

BIOMEDICAL
THERAPY

PRESENTED BY
MARWA RABBANI
PSYCHOTHERAPY
DEFINITION

► Treatment in which a
trained professional
therapist uses
psychological
techniques to help a
person overcome
psychological difficulties
and disorders , resolve
problems in living or
bring about personal
growth.
• Therapists use some 400 different varieties of psychotherapy, approaches to
Therapy that focus on psychological factors. Although diverse in many
Respects, all psychological approaches see treatment as a way of solving
Psychological problems by modifying people’s behavior and helping them gain a
Better understanding of themselves and their past, present, and future.

• Regardless of their specific training, almost all psychotherapists employ one of

Four major approaches to therapy: psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and
Humanistic treatments. These approaches are based on the models of personality
And psychological disorders developed by psychologists.
GETTING HELP FROM THE RIGHT PERSON
• clinical psychologists: psychologists with a PHD . Who have also
completed a postgraduate internship. They Specialize in assessment and
treatment of psychological difficulties, providing psychotherapy and, in
some States of USA, can prescribe drugs.
• Counselling psychologists : psychologists with a PHD Or ED.D Who
typically treat day-to-day adjustment Problems, often in a university
mental health clinic.
• Psychiatrists: MDS with postgraduate training in abnormal behavior.
Because they can prescribe medication, they Often treat the most severe
disorders.
• Psychoanalysts: either MDS or psychologists who specialize in
psychoanalysis, the treatment technique first Developed by Freud.
• Licensed professional counsellors or clinical mental health counsellors;
professionals with a master’s degree Who provide therapy to individuals,
couples, and families and who hold a national or state certification.
• Clinical or psychiatric social workers; professionals with a master’s
degree and specialized training who may Provide therapy, usually
regarding common family and personal problems.
 PSYCHODYNAMIC

COMMONLY
USED BEHAVIOURAL
PSYCHOTHE
RAPY COGNITIVE
TECHNIQUES
HUMANISTIC
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHES TO
THERAPY

► • Psychodynamic therapy seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and

unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where
patients may deal with the problems more effectively.
► • Psychodynamic approaches are based on freud’s psychoanalytic
approach to personality , which holds that individuals employ defense
mechanism s, psychological strategies to protect themselves from
unacceptable unconscious impulses. How do we rid ourselves of the
anxiety produced by unconscious, unwanted impulses and drives? To
freud, the answer was to confront the conflicts and impulses by bringing
them out of the unconscious part of the mind and into the conscious part.
Freud assumed that this technique would reduce anxiety stemming from
past conflicts and that the patient could then participate in his or her
daily life more effectively.
PRESENTED BY
IFRA FAROOQ
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACHES TO
THERAPY

► A psychodynamic therapist, then, faces the challenge of finding a

way to assist patients’ attempts to explore and understand the
unconscious. The technique that has evolved has a number of
components, but basically it consists of guiding patients to consider
and discuss their past experiences in explicit detail from the time of
their first memories. This process assumes that patients will
eventually stumble upon long-hidden crises, traumas, and conflicts
that are producing anxiety in their adult lives. They will then be
able to “work through”—understand and rectify—those difficulties.
PSYCHOANALYSIS FREUD’S
THERAPY

► • Classic Freudian psychodynamic therapy, called psychoanalysis,

tends to be a lengthy and expensive affair. Psychoanalysis is
Freudian psychotherapy in which
► The goal is to release hidden unconscious thoughts and feelings
in order to reduce their power in controlling behavior.
► • Patient meet with a therapist with the frequency of sometimes as
much as 50 minutes a day, four to five days a week, for several
years
 ► Free association:
► Psychoanalysts using this technique tell patients
to say aloud whatever comes to mind, regardless
of its apparent irrelevance or senselessness, and
the analysts attempt to recognize and label the
connections between what a patient says and the
TECHNIQUES patient’s unconscious
► Dream interpretation
► Examining dreams to find clues to unconscious
conflicts and problems. Moving beyond the
surface description of a dream (called the
manifest content ), therapists seek its underlying
meaning (the latent content ), which thereby
reveals the true unconscious meaning of the dream
► .• The processes of free association and dream
interpretation do not always move forward easily.
The same unconscious forces that initially
produced repression may keep past difficulties
out of the conscious mind, which produces
resistance.
 ► Resistance
► It is an inability or unwillingness to discuss or
reveal particular memories, thoughts , or
motivations. Patients can express resistance in
many ways. For instance, they maybe discussing a
TECHNIQUES childhood memory and suddenly forget what they
were saying, or
► • they may change the subject completely. It is the
therapist’s job to pick up instances of resistance
and interpret their meaning as well as to ensure
that patients return to the subject—which is likely
to hold difficult or painful memories for the
patients. Because of the close, almost intimate
interaction between patient and psychoanalyst,
the relationship between the two often becomes
emotionally charged and takes on a complexity
unlike most other relationships. Patients may
eventually think of the analyst as a symbol of a
significant other in their past, perhaps a parent
or a lover, and apply some of their feelings for
that person to the analyst—a phenomenon known
as transference..
 ► Transference
► It is the transfer to a psychoanalyst feelings of love or
anger that had been originally directed to a patient’s
parents or other authority figures
► • Few people have the time, money, or patience to
TECHNIQUES participate in years of traditional psychoanalysis.
Moreover, no conclusive evidence shows that
psychoanalysis, as originally conceived by freud in the
19th century, works better than other, more recent
forms of psychodynamic therapy.
► • Today, psychodynamic therapy tends to be of shorter
duration and usually lasts no longer than 3 months or
20 sessions. The therapist takes a more active role
than freud would have liked by controlling the course
of therapy and prodding and advising the patient
with considerable directness.
► • Finally, the therapist puts less emphasis on a patient’s
past history and childhood and concentrates instead
on an individual’s current relationships and specific
complaints
BEHAVIOURAL APPROACHES TO
THERAPY

► Treatment approaches that build on the basic processes of learning, such as

reinforcement and extinction, and assume that normal and abnormal behavior are both
learned. People who act abnormally either have failed to learn the skills they need to
cope with the problems of everyday living or have acquired faulty skills and patterns
that are being maintained through some form of reinforcement. To modify abnormal
behavior, then, proponents of behavioral approaches propose that people must learn
new behavior to replace the faulty skills they have developed and unlearn their
maladaptive behavior patterns.
► • Behavioral psychologists do not need to delve into people’s pasts or their psyches.
Rather than viewing abnormal behavior as a symptom of an underlying problem, they
consider the abnormal behavior as the problem in need of modification. The goal of
therapy is to change people’s behavior to allow them to function more effectively.

PRESENTED BY
YUSRA AMJID
AVERSIVE CONDITIONING

∙ Therapist use aversive conditioning following this example,

paring unpleasant stimulus with abnormal behavior e.g.,
pairing alcohol with a drug that causes severe nausea. As a
result, the patient will avoid alcohol as he’ll associate it with
nausea and vomiting.

∙ Despite its effectiveness in controlling unpleasant behavior,

it is criticized for the aversive techniques employed. Its long-
term effectiveness is also questioned.

∙ It still provides a good opportunity for improvement, even if

temporary, encouraging the patient towards adaptive
behavior patterns.
SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION

∙ A technique in which a
person is exposed to
anxiety inducing stimuli
while simultaneously
engaging them in a
relaxing activity.
∙ For example, you are
scared of flying. In order to
help you your therapist
will train you to relax and
in this way using
systematic desensitization
you'd be able to relax your
body fully.
► After this a list of fears
should be listed down
ranging from the most to
least scary.
EXPOSURE
TREATMENTS

∙ A treatment used to treat

anxiety by exposing the
patients to something
they fear suddenly or
gradually but it dose not
involve relaxation
training. This technique is
just as effective as
systematic desensitization
while being less
complicated at the same
time.

• It has been very

successful in solving
rental problems like PRESENTED BY
phobias, anxiety disorder ANEESA MUSHTAQ
etc
OPERANT CONDITIONING
TECHNIQUES

∙ Based on the idea of reward for good behaviour and

punishment for unacceptable behaviour.

► Token economy refers to a reward system used in a behavior

modification programs. It involves providing tangible rewards (tokens, food,
stickers, etc.) For positive behaviors. The underlying premise is reinforcing
the desirable behavior. For example, a child may earn a sticker as a
reward for completing a chore.
► Contingency contracting, the therapist and client (or teacher and student
or parent and child) draw up a written agreement. The contract states a
series of behavioral goals the client hopes to achieve. It also specifies the
positive consequences for the client if the client reaches goals—usually an
explicit reward such as money or additional privileges
OPERANT CONDITIONING
TECHNIQUES

► Contracts frequently state negative consequences if the client does not

meet the goals. For example, clients who are trying to quit smoking might
write out a check to a cause they have no interest in supporting (for instance,
the national rifle association if they are strong supporters of gun control). If
the client smokes on a given day, the therapist will mail the check..

► Observational learning, the process in which the behavior of other people

is modeled, to systematically teach people new skills and ways of handling
their fears and anxieties. For example, modeling helps when therapists are
teaching basic social skills, such as maintaining eye contact during
conversation and acting assertively. Similarly, children with dog phobias
have been able to overcome their fears by watching another child—called
the “fearless peer”— repeatedly walk up to a dog , touch it, pet it, and
finally play with it .
COGNITIVE
APPROACHES
TO THERAPY
► • Treatment approaches that teach people to think in more
adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognitions about
the world and themselves. Unlike behavior therapists, who focus
on modifying external behavior, cognitive therapists attempt to
change the way people think as well as their behavior. Because
they often use basic principles of learning, the methods they
employ are sometimes referred to as the cognitive-behavioral
approach

► • that anxiety, depression, and negative emotions develop from

maladaptive thinking. Accordingly, cognitive treatments seek to
change the thought patterns that lead to getting “stuck” in
dysfunctional ways of thinking. Therapists systematically teach
clients to challenge their assumptions and adopt new
approaches to old problems.

► • Cognitive therapy is relatively short term and usually lasts a

maximum of 20 sessions. Therapy tends to be highly structured
and focused on concrete problems. Therapists often begin by
teaching the theory behind the approach and then continue to
take an active role throughout the course of therapy by acting
as a combination of teacher, coach, and partner.

PRESENTED BY
HAMNA NOOR
RATIONAL BEHAVIOR
THERAPY
► Set of views by challenging dysfunctional
beliefs that maintain irrational behavior.

► • According to psychologist albert ellis (2002,

2004), many people lead unhappy lives and
suffer from psychological disorders because
they harbor irrational, unrealistic ideas such as
these:

► • we need the love or approval of virtually

every significant other person for everything we
do.

► • We should be thoroughly competent,

adequate, and successful in all possible respects
in order to consider ourselves worthwhile.

► • It is horrible when things don’t turn out the way

we want them to. Such irrational beliefs trigger
negative emotions, which in turn support the
irrational beliefs and lead to a self-defeating
cycle.

► • Ellis calls it the a-b-c model in which negative

activating conditions (a) lead to the activation
of an irrational belief system (b), which in turn
leads to emotional consequences (c).
Example:

► Ellis calls it the a-b-c model in which negative activating conditions (a)
lead to the activation of an irrational belief system (b), which in turn leads
to emotional consequences (c).
► For example, if a person experiences the breakup of a close relationship
(a) and holds the irrational belief (b) that “i’ll never be loved again,” this
triggers negative emotions (c) that in turn feed back into support of the
irrational belief
 HUMANISTIC
THERAPY:

► Humanistic therapies focus on

self-development, growth and
responsibilities. They seek to
help individuals recognise
their strengths, creativity and
choice in the 'here and now.

► • The humanistic approach in

psychology developed as a
rebellion against what some
psychologists saw as
limitations of the behaviorist
and psychodynamic psychology.

► • In addition humanistic
theories have been described
as being holistic, dispositional
and phenomenological.
PRESENTED BY
ANEESA MUSHTAQ
 PERSON-CENTERED
THERAPY:
 

► Person-centered therapy (also

called client-centered therapy)
aims to enable people to reach
their potential for self-
actualization

► . By providing a warm and

accepting environment,
therapists hope to motivate
clients to air their problems
and feelings.

► In turn, this enables clients to

make realistic and
constructive choices and
decisions about the things that
bother them in their current
lives.

► Person-centered therapy is
rarely used today in its purest
form.
. 
INTERPERSONAL
THERAPY

► Interpersonal therapy (ipt) short-term therapy that

focuses on the context of current social relationships.
► Interpersonal therapy is more active and directive than
traditional psycho-dynamic approaches, and sessions are
more structured.
► The approach makes no assumptions about the
underlying causes of psychological disorders but focuses
on the interpersonal context in which a disorder is
developed and maintained.
► It also tends to be shorter than traditional
psychodynamic approaches and typically lasts only
12–16 weeks.
► During those sessions, therapists make concrete
suggestions on improving relations with others and offer
recommendations and advice
► Because interpersonal therapy is short and structured,
researchers have been able to demonstrate its
effectiveness more readily than longer-term types of
therapy.
PRESENTED BY
HAMNA NOOR
GROUP
THERAPY
► Group psychotherapy or
group therapy is a form
of psychotherapy in
which therapists treat
unrelated people
together as a group.
► They are going through
the same problem like
alcoholism or lack of
social skills.
► Other group members
provide emotional
support and tell how
they coped with similar
problem
► Group therapy may lead
to lack of individual
FAMILY
THERAPY
► An approach that
focuses on the family
and its dynamic
► improve
communication and
resolve conflicts
► Considers family as a
unit and to which each
member contributes.
► Helps family members
to adopt new, more
constructive roles and
patterns of behaviours. PRESENTED BY
YUSRA AMJID
SELF-
HELP
THERAPY
►Therapeutic treatment
of oneself especially for
the purpose of coping
with one's personal or
emotional problems.
► It does not include
therapist.
► Group of people with
similar problems share
their feelings and
experiences.
► Alcoholics Anonymous
is one well-known self
help group.
IS THERAPY EFFECTIVE?

► • The single most appropriate form of

treatment is a controversial and still
unresolved task for Psychologists specializing
in psychological disorders.

► • Until the 1950s, most people simply

assumed that therapy was effective.

► • But in 1952 psychologist Hans Eysenck

published an influential study challenging that
assumption. He Claimed that people who
received psychodynamic treatment and
related therapies were no better off at The
end of treatment than were people who were
placed on a waiting list for treatment but
never Received it.

► • Eysenck concluded that people would go

into spontaneous remission, recovery
without treatment, if They were simply left
alone—certainly a cheaper and simpler
process. Although other psychologists Quickly
challenged Eysenck’s conclusions. Today most
psychologists agree: therapy does work.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
Several comprehensive reviews indicate that
therapy brings about greater improvement
than no Treatment at all, with the rate of
spontaneous remission being fairly low

PRESENTED BY
MARWA RABBANI
WHICH KIND OF THERAPY
WORKS BEST?

► • In short, converging evidence allows us to draw several conclusions about

the effectiveness
► Of psychotherapy:
► • 1:for most people, psychotherapy is effective . this conclusion holds over
different lengths Of treatment, specific kinds of psychological disorders,
and various types of treatment. Thus, The question, “does psychotherapy
work?” Appears to have been answered convincingly: it Does
► • 2:on the other hand, psychotherapy doesn’t work for everyone . as
many as 10% of people Treated show no improvement or actually
deteriorated.
WHICH KIND OF THERAPY WORKS BEST?

► • 3:no single form of therapy works best for every problem, and certain
specific types of Treatment are better, although not invariably, for
specific types of problems . for example, Cognitive therapy works
especially well for panic disorders, and exposure therapy relieves Specific
phobias effectively. However, there are exceptions to these generalizations,
and often The differences in success rates for different types of treatment
are not substantial.

► • 4:most therapies share several basic similar elements . despite the fact
that the specific methods used in different therapies are very different from
one another, there are several common themes that lead them to be
effective. These elements include the opportunity for a client to develop a
positive relationship with a therapist, an explanation or interpretation of a
client’s symptoms, and confrontation of negative emotions. The fact that
these common elements exist in most therapies makes it difficult to compare
one treatment against another