AN ASSESSMENT OF USERS’ PERCEPTION IN THE CALINAN PUBLIC

MARKET, DAVAO CITY: A STUDY OF IMPROVING PUBLIC MARKET

DESIGN TO ACHIEVE USERS’ SATISFACTION

Theme:

Built Heritage; Sustainable Development

An Architectural Thesis presented to the

College of Architecture and Fine Arts Education

University of Mindanao
Davao City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

Elmark R. Borado

Bachelor of Science in Architecture

DECEMBER 2023
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Context

1.1.1 Background of the Study

The Philippines' urban planning has been impacted by the colonization of Spain and
America, as well as the effects protected through past trade with the Chinese. In the Philippines,
the term "public market/palengke" is derived from the Spanish word "palenque," which means
"(wooden) palisade or stockade" (Diccionario, 2009). This area has a vital community institution
that provides a wide range of goods and where people congregate on a regular basis to buy and sell
groceries, livestock, and other items. A marketplace is referred to as a souk, bazaar, stationary
Mercado, itinerant tianguis, or palengke in many parts of the world. Public markets were once the
heart of every town, but the role of public markets in society has rapidly changed due to
industrialization, business, competition, and other factors. These magnates, or private
supermarkets or malls, are becoming more popular, and the numbers are steadily increasing
(Pabico, 2016). These public marketplaces have served as a link between larger communities and
their agricultural roots and surroundings. These unique, community-specific firms are proving
especially appealing to consumers seeking fresh, local items because they focus on promoting
locally produced agricultural and artisanal products (Lochaven, 2011). These public markets, more
than any other public or civic building, created a "sense of place." They now appear in a variety of
shapes and settings, with only a few retaining their original definition. Many public markets today
sell a diversified range of goods and are owned and operated by a variety of people (Suubi, 2018).

Calinan is Davao City's third congressional district, and the Calinan public market has long
been the focus of commerce for all local agricultural items originating from nearby areas like
Wangan, Malagos, Baguio, Lacson, Tamugan, and Marilog. This public market has long been a
tourist culinary destination or supplier of fresh fruits delivered directly from the farms, such as
durian, pineapple, rambutan, lanzones, and other tropical fruits. It is also one of the top highest-
earning markets in Davao City, along with bangkerohan, agdao, and toril. Furthermore, it may still
have a significant opportunity to outperform. The study aims to investigate how users perceive the
current design of the Calinan Public Market in Davao City and to identify areas for improvement
in order to enhance users' satisfaction. The study likely involves conducting surveys or interviews
with market users to gather their feedback on the market's layout, functionality, cleanliness, and
other factors that affect their shopping experience. The findings of the study could potentially
inform the development of design recommendations or interventions to improve the market's
overall functionality and user experience.
1.2 Statement of the Problem

The Calinan Public Market in Davao City is an important hub for commerce, trade, and social
interaction. However, there are concerns about the market's design and functionality, which may
be negatively impacting users' satisfaction and experience. Despite previous efforts to improve the
market, there is still a need to assess users' perceptions and identify areas for improvement to
achieve a more satisfactory market design. Since the public market has been in existence for a long
time, design elements such as planning arrangement and proper space utilization have long been
neglected in all corners, resulting in deterioration. Also, the rapid increase in Ambulant vendor
merchandise, as well as the excessive informal settling in the area, has undermined the normal
operation of market facilities, resulting in the gradual degradation of the Calinan Public market
over time. Public markets in the Philippines are frequently described as messy, unorganized, and
with a dingy environment ventilated with a foul odor. These deteriorating conditions, combined
with a lack of supporting facilities, resulted in a sudden drop in the patronage of public markets
(Nedic, 2012). Therefore, this study aims to investigate users' perceptions of the Calinan Public
Market's design and identify opportunities for improvement to enhance users' satisfaction and
experience.

1.2.1 Problem Questions

 How do the existing conditions of the public market affect the users’ response in
Calinan, Davao City?
 How satisfied are the users with the Public Market Design in terms of (a) location, (b)
size, (c) circulations, (d) landscaping, and (e) parking in Calinan, Davao City?
 How satisfied are the users with the Public Market Utility in terms of (a) water
supply, (b) sewage disposal and drainage, (c) power supply, and (d) fire safety
equipment/facilities in Calinan, Davao City?

1.3 Goals and Objectives

 To assess users’ response to the existing conditions of the public market in Calinan, Davao
City.
 To measure the level of user satisfaction with the Public Market Design in terms of (a)
location, (b) size, (c) circulations, (d) landscaping, and (e) parking in Calinan, Davao City.
  To measure the level of user satisfaction with the Public Market Utility in terms of (a)
water supply, (b) sewage disposal and drainage, (c) power supply, and (d) fire safety
equipment/facilities in Calinan, Davao City.

1.4 Hypothesis/es

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between public market design and
users' satisfaction in the Calinan Public Market, Davao City.

Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between public market design

and users' satisfaction in the Calinan Public Market, Davao City.

The hypothesis suggests that the study will find a significant relationship between public market
design and users' satisfaction in the Calinan Public Market, Davao City. If the research findings
reject the null hypothesis, it means that there is evidence to support the alternative hypothesis,
indicating that improving the public market's design could enhance user satisfaction.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The significance of this study is to improve the image of the Calinan Public Market, which has
a terrible reputation due to its filthy surroundings and poor public impression. Also aims to
identify areas for improvement in the design of the Calinan Public Market to enhance users'
satisfaction and experience. The findings of the study could help inform the development of
strategies and interventions to improve the functionality, layout, cleanliness, and other factors that
affect users' shopping experience.

Market Users Significance:

The study could help identify opportunities to improve the market's layout and accessibility,
making it easier for market users to navigate and find the products they need. This could save time
and increase convenience for market users. It also helps to identify potential health and safety
hazards in the market and develop strategies to mitigate these risks. This could help ensure that the
market is a safe and healthy environment for both vendors and customers. By addressing the issues
raised by market users, the study could result in a more efficient and enjoyable shopping
experience.
Domestic Livelihood Significance:

The study will benefit barrio calinan's domestic livelihood, as well as the livelihoods of other
nearby barangays, by providing remuneration for many aspects such as agriculture and local
enterprises, which will improve local food production and consumption. Also could provide
valuable insights into the role of public markets in supporting local economies and social
interactions. The study could contribute to the broader understanding of the importance of public
markets in urban areas and their impact on community development.

Architectural Significance:

The study would encourage architects to think creatively and propose effective planning and
design solutions to improve the poor status and condition of Davao's public market. Professionals
could inform the development of future policies and strategies related to public market design and
management in Davao City and other areas. This could help promote the sustainable development
of public markets and support the local economy.

Economic Significance:

The study will benefit the community and the economy by bringing life to the area and connecting
the urban and rural economies. The public market is a much-needed facility in both the inner and
outer communities. Calinan Public Market play an important role in supporting local economies by
providing a space for local businesses to sell their goods and services. By improving the market's
design and functionality, the study could help attract more customers and boost sales for local
vendors.

Researcher’s Significance:

The study will benefit people who want to continue their studies by providing additional data for
future research, as well as contributing to the discovery of new findings and information that will
help them improve their abilities and benefit the economy. The study holds significant importance
for researchers in the following ways:

 Contributions to Literature: The study could contribute to the literature on public market
design and management, specifically in the context of Davao City. The findings of the
study could add to the body of knowledge on public markets, user satisfaction, and the
impact of public markets on the local economy.
 Research Methodology: The study could serve as a model for future research on public
market design and management. The study's methodology, including survey design and
 data analysis techniques, could be replicated in other settings to generate comparable
results.
 Interdisciplinary Collaboration: The study could facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration
between researchers in urban planning, architecture, public health, economics, and other
related fields. By working together, researchers could better understand the complex
relationships between public market design, user satisfaction, and community
development.
 Practical Implications: The study could have practical implications for local authorities and
policymakers interested in promoting sustainable and inclusive urban development. The
study's findings could inform the development of policies and interventions aimed at
improving public market design and management in Davao City and other areas.

1.6 Scope and Limitation

The scope and limitations will be studied at the Calinan public market, and it will only address
the current problem. The scope and limitations include the following:

The scope of the research:

 Study Area: The study focuses on the Calinan Public Market in Davao City, Philippines.
 Participants: The study aims to assess the perception of the market's users and vendors.
 Research Methods: The study uses a survey to gather data from market users and vendors,
and statistical analysis to evaluate the data.
 Objectives: The study aims to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the current market
design and explore ways to improve it to enhance user satisfaction.

The limitations of the research:

 Sample Size: The study's sample size may be limited by the number of recommended
participants based on the population sample in the study area to participate in the survey.
 Time Constraint: The study may be constrained by the limited time available for data
collection and analysis, which could affect the depth and breadth of the study.
 Self-Reporting Bias: The study's findings may be influenced by the participant’s
willingness to provide accurate and truthful responses to the survey questions.
 Language Barrier: The study may be limited by language barriers, as some participants
may not be able to understand the survey questions or provide accurate responses due to
language differences.
  Contextual Factors: The study's findings may be influenced by contextual factors such as
market conditions, weather, or cultural and social factors, which could affect the
interpretation of the data.

1.7 Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

USERS'
SATISFACTION WITH
EXISTING MARKET
THE MARKET MARKET DESIGN
CONDITION
DESIGN
ASSESSMENT

. Figure 1 – Theoretical Framework

The dependent variable in this research is users' satisfaction with the market design, while the
independent variable is the design of the market. The design and layout of service facilities are
intricately connected to the development of customer perceptions. Various types of services
involve interactions between customers and facilities, and these interactions have an impact on the
perceived quality of the services by customers (Ariani, 2021).
 USERS'
SATISFACTION WITH
THE MARKET DESIGN
ASSESSMENT

PUBLIC MARKET PUBLIC MARKET MARKET USERS'

UTILITIES DESIGN RESPONSE

WATER SUPPLY LOCATION

SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND SIZE
DRAINAGE
POWER SUPPLY
CIRCULATION EXISTING CONDITION
FIRE SAFETY LANDSCAPING
EQUIPMENT/FACILITIES PARKING

MARKET DESIGN

Figure 2 – Conceptual Framework

1.8 Acronyms and Abbreviations, Definition of Terms and Concepts

1.8.1 Definition of Terms

 Assessment: The evaluation or appraisal of something to determine its value, quality, or

effectiveness.
 Users' Perception: The way in which users interpret or understand the market's design,
layout, and functionality based on their experiences, preferences, and expectations.
 Public Market: A physical marketplace where vendors sell goods directly to consumers,
often located in a public space or building.
 Design: The process of planning and creating something, in this case, the physical layout,
organization, and functionality of the public market.
 Satisfaction: A feeling of contentment or pleasure derived from the experience of using or
consuming something.
 Study: A research investigation that aims to gather and analyze data to answer a specific
research question or hypothesis.
 Davao City: A city in the Philippines located on the island of Mindanao, known for its
markets, including the Calinan Public Market.
 Improvement: The act of making something better or enhancing its quality or
functionality.
 User: The person or people who use the public market for shopping or other purposes.
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction

The information in this chapter is the review of related literature relevant to the study topic that
is based on the insightful knowledge of other research sources. A review of related literature is a
critical analysis and summary of published literature related to a particular topic or research
question. It involves a thorough review of academic, scholarly, and professional literature,
including books, journal articles, conference proceedings, and other publications related to the
topic. To provide a comprehensive overview of existing research and knowledge related to the
research question or topic under investigation. It aims to identify gaps in current knowledge,
highlight areas of consensus or disagreement, and provide a foundation for further research. The
goal of this study is to discover the elements that influence public market development, as well as
measures to reduce or improve it. The users, the location, and the environment will all be
prioritized. A review of related literature is an important part of the research process, as it helps to
provide a strong theoretical foundation for the research and ensures that the research is building on
existing knowledge rather than reinventing the wheel (Ariani, 2021). It also helps to identify areas
where further research is needed and can provide guidance on the design of the research study.

2.2 Definition of Public Market

A public market is a physical location where various vendors, merchants, and farmers come
together to sell their goods and services to the public. Public markets have been a longstanding
tradition throughout history, with many dating back centuries. These markets typically offer a wide
range of products, such as fresh produce, meat, fish, baked goods, crafts, clothing, and other
household items. They are often considered important community gathering places, where locals
and tourists alike can come together to shop, socialize, and experience local culture. Public
markets may be indoor or outdoor and can be found in urban and rural areas alike. A public market
is a year-round indoor/outdoor medley of owner-operated shops, stalls, and day tables that are
carefully crafted, intentional, and diverse. Public markets typically sell a wide variety of fresh and
prepared foods (Zaretsky A. P., 2010). The public market serves an important function by
increasing access to healthy foods or products, honoring historical legacies, and highlighting local
culture. The phrase "public markets" has been used for centuries. Modern Public markets combine
the tradition of local artisan vendors with cutting-edge technology, providing entertainment
sources through food and modern culture (Bentley, 2016). Public markets exist to serve a public
purpose, to showcase a community's distinct character and culture, and to meet its day-to-day
shopping needs. They typically focus on the sale of a wide variety of fresh, healthy, value-added,
and prepared foods – often grown or produced locally (Zaretsky A. P., 2017).

In the Philippines, the term "public market/palengke" is derived from the Spanish word
"palenque," which means "(wooden) palisade or stockade" (Diccionario, 2009). Public markets are
built for a variety of public purposes, including job creation, business development, tourist
attractions, access to fresh and healthy food, historic preservation, and more, all of which can
benefit the community and adjacent barangays. The point is that public markets are more than just
places to shop; they are also a venue for cultural exchange. It is the town's commercial and trade
center (Capuyan, 2017). These public markets, more than any other public or civic building,
created a "sense of place." They now appear in a variety of shapes and settings, with only a few
retaining their original definition. Many public markets today sell a diversified range of goods and
are owned and operated by a variety of people (Suubi, 2018).

2.3 Definition of Perception

Perception towards public markets refers to the way in which individuals or groups view and
interpret the characteristics, value, and role of public markets in their community (Crouch, 2016).
Perception can vary widely depending on factors such as cultural background, personal
experience, socio-economic status, and geographic location (Ariani, 2021). Some people may
perceive public markets as vibrant and essential centers of commerce and social interaction,
offering fresh, locally sourced food and a unique shopping experience. Others may view them as
outdated or dirty, with a limited selection of products and unappealing facilities. Perception can
also be influenced by factors such as accessibility, pricing, and the perceived quality and safety of
the products being sold. For example, individuals living in areas with limited access to fresh,
healthy food may view public markets as a vital resource, while those with greater access to
supermarkets and specialty stores may view them as less necessary. Overall, perception towards
public markets is an important factor in their success and sustainability, as it can impact the level
of support and engagement from both vendors and customers.

2.4 Market Facilities

Public market facilities are an important element of urban architecture and a critical component
of any community (Hallsworth, 2013). They are central gathering places where people come to
buy fresh produce, artisanal products, and other locally made goods (Lochaven, 2011). Public
markets have been around for centuries, and their architecture has evolved with the changing times
and technologies. Public markets are complex facilities that typically include a variety of
components, each serving a different function and purpose (Ariani, 2021). Here are some of the
common components of public market facilities:

 Vendor stalls: The core of any public market is the vendor stalls, which are typically small,
independently operated businesses that sell fresh produce, meat, dairy, and other locally
produced goods. According to (Ariani, 2021), vendors may rent these stalls on a daily,
weekly, or monthly basis, depending on the market's policies.
 Food court or restaurants: Many public markets include a food court or restaurants that
offer a variety of cuisines and dining options. These establishments may be operated by
independent business owners or by the market itself.
 Public spaces: Public markets often include public spaces such as seating areas, event
spaces, and performance areas. These spaces are designed to bring the community together
and create a sense of place.
 Restrooms: Public markets typically provide restroom facilities for vendors and shoppers,
with separate facilities for men and women. These restrooms are an important amenity for
visitors and a necessity for vendors who may be working long hours (Ariani, 2021).
 Storage and loading areas: Public markets require significant amounts of storage space for
products, as well as loading and unloading areas for vendors. These areas may be in the
basement or behind the market and are typically accessible only to vendors and market
staff.
 Parking: Depending on the location of the market, parking may be an important
component of the facility. Public markets may provide on-site parking for shoppers or may
partner with nearby parking garages or lots.
 Administrative offices: Public markets require administrative support, including
accounting, marketing, and vendor relations. Administrative offices may be located on-site,
or off-site depending on the size and complexity of the market.
 Utilities: Public markets require a range of utilities to function, including electricity, water,
and heating and cooling systems. These utilities must be designed to accommodate the
specific needs of the market and may be supplied by local utility providers or generated on-
site.
 In conclusion, the architectural design of public market facilities is a critical factor in their
success as vibrant and functional community gathering places. Architects and urban planners must
carefully consider the needs of vendors, shoppers, and the wider community when designing these
spaces, and strive to create open, flexible, and accessible environments that can accommodate a
wide range of activities and events.

2.4 Losing the Sense of Place

When public markets lose their sense of place, they may become generic, standardized, and
unremarkable, leading to a loss of connection and attachment to the place by both vendors and
customers. This can result in a decline in the market's economic vitality and social function, as
well as a loss of community cohesion and identity. Palengke, the heart of every town in the
Philippines, has some issues that are considered a reflection of poverty. Nonetheless, public
markets in the Philippines continue to operate, despite some sanitation and health concerns. Public
markets in the Philippines are frequently described as messy, unorganized, and with a dingy
environment ventilated with a foul odor. These deteriorating conditions, combined with a lack of
supporting facilities, resulted in a sudden drop in patronage to public markets (Nedic, 2012).
According to (Garcia and Tapang, 2017), People are exposed to global and new cultures through
the media as a result of globalization. Western-style shopping malls are a byproduct of
globalization in developing countries. Because of neglect and the advent of more aggressive mall
entrepreneurs, public markets, once the beating center of every town, are disappearing (Pabico,
2016). The settings of public marketplaces, such as commercial avenues in Turkey and Hong
Kong, have a distinct feeling of place due to their identifiable cultural and traditional qualities
(Garcia and Tapang, 2017). Therefore, it is important to maintain and enhance the sense of place in
public markets to preserve their unique cultural and economic value and enhance their role as a
gathering place for the local community.

2.5 Classification of Markets

According to the study guidelines of (Suubi, 2018), the markets are divided into two
categories: open markets and closed markets.

Open Air Markets

An open-air market, also known as an outdoor market, is a type of marketplace where goods
and services are sold by vendors in an open, outdoor setting. These markets can be found in
various locations such as street corners, parks, squares, and other public areas. A temporary
operation such as assembling in marketplaces on designated market days, as well as displaying
their waves on the ground and constructing makeshift structures that deal with a wide range of
items. These are the types of markets that can be set up in streets, squares, and open areas (Suubi,
2018). Open-air markets typically sell a wide range of goods including fresh produce, meats, fish,
baked goods, handmade crafts, clothing, and other household items. They often have a lively and
vibrant atmosphere, with vendors calling out to customers and shoppers haggling over prices.
Open-air markets have a long history and can be found in many cultures around the world. They
provide an important source of income for small-scale vendors and offer customers an opportunity
to buy unique and locally sourced products.

Covered Markets

A covered market, also known as an indoor market or a market hall, is a type of market that is
housed within a building, often with a roof and walls. These markets can be found in cities and
towns around the world and have a long history, dating back to ancient times. Is a type of indoor
market or covered space where independent vendors sell food and other items from stalls. Also,
most permanent market stalls are in town centers and surrounding areas. Craft markets, whether
permanent or temporary, linked with workshops or constituting part of shopping centers, are
among the new market projects (Suubi, 2018). Covered markets can vary in size from small local
markets to large commercial complexes. They often have a bustling and lively atmosphere, with
vendors competing for customers and shoppers exploring the various stalls and offerings. Some
famous examples of covered markets include the Grand Bazaar in Istanbul, the Mercado Central in
Valencia, and the Borough Market in London.

2.6 Benefits of the Public Market

Public markets have been an integral part of communities for centuries, serving as a central
hub for commerce, social interaction, and cultural exchange. These markets offer a wide range of
benefits to both the local economy and community, making them a vital asset in any town or city.
Public markets have numerous exciting economic and social advantages. Successful markets
expand and connect urban and rural economies because of this focus on the common good. They
promote community and economic development by keeping money in the local community. If
properly structured, public markets can provide economic opportunities for a wide range of
entrepreneurs as well as the opportunity for communities to revitalize neighborhoods (Suubi,
2018). Public markets have a proven track record of significantly increasing the value of the
nearby real estate and making it more appealing for privately financed additional retail and
housing development (Zaretsky A. P., 2017).

Provide Economic Opportunity

Public markets are the ultimate showcase for small or diverse enterprises, with opportunities
such as a one-day-a-week flea market vendor and a permanent market hall vendor, which have
tremendous potential for minorities, immigrants, and women to build their businesses. As a result,
public markets are fantastic gathering spaces for people and the community.

Link Urban and Rural Economies

The public market is made up of cross-space movements of commodities, people, information,

finance, trash, and social relations that connect rural and urban areas. It is also the focal point for
the restoration of the local food system, as well as one of the most important gathering places for
neighbors and the entire country.

Bring Together Diverse People

By providing places of inclusion that recognize individual diversity, public market organizers
provide opportunities for diverse groups or individuals, as well as new members of the
community, to develop plans. Also recruiting new market producers from immigrant communities,
as a result of settings where people of many cultures collaborate and empower one another.

Promote Public Health

By improving access to goods, particularly fresh produce such as fruits and vegetables, public
markets have the potential to help alleviate these health issues. It also serves as a public gathering
place for socially isolated or depressed people or individuals. Markets can provide critical health
and wellness education and information in a friendly, welcoming public gathering space, in
addition to providing access to healthy, fresh foods.

Create Active Public Space

The public marketplace facing public roads, or the vehicle reserve may host an event for the
streets on occasion, transforming it into a unique public gathering space for the community. In
addition to assisting in increasing food access to the neighborhood destination, the street closure
market is oriented towards the park or other unique spaces where a community can regularly look
forward to a fun event.
Renew Downtowns and Neighborhoods

The public market is the heart and soul of the downtown neighborhood; it attracts new life and
encourages customers to spend more money and time not only in the market but also in the
surrounding businesses.

Moreover, public markets serve as a gathering place for the local community, providing a space
for people to come together and socialize. These markets foster a sense of community by bringing
people from different backgrounds and cultures together, promoting cultural exchange and
understanding. The atmosphere of public markets is often lively and vibrant, with vendors calling
out to customers and friendly interactions between strangers, creating a welcoming and inclusive
environment. Public markets also offer a variety of fresh and locally sourced food, promoting
healthy eating and supporting local agriculture. These markets often feature produce from nearby
farms, allowing customers to purchase fruits, vegetables, and other goods that are in season and
locally grown (Lochaven, 2011). This not only benefits the health of the community but also
reduces the carbon footprint associated with transporting goods from distant locations. In addition
to economic and social benefits, public markets also have significant cultural value. They serve as
a reflection of the local community's identity, history, and traditions. Public markets are often
situated in historic or culturally significant locations, preserving, and promoting local heritage
(Garcia and Tapang, 2017). Moreover, they offer a platform for artisans and craftspeople to
showcase their work, creating an opportunity for the local community to appreciate and support
local art and culture.

In conclusion, public markets provide numerous benefits to both the local economy and the
community. They serve as a platform for small businesses, promote healthy eating, foster social
interaction, preserve cultural heritage, and offer a unique shopping experience. As such, it is
essential to maintain and support public markets, recognizing their importance in promoting
economic growth, community cohesion, and cultural diversity.

2.7 Challenges of the Public Market

Economic Failure

Simple economic failure is always a possibility in any commercial enterprise. Inadequate

capitalization, a lack of understanding of the customer and the market, and poor management can
all be problems for a new retail venture. In economics, "market failure" is defined as the inefficient
distribution of goods and services in the free market. Individual incentives for rational behavior do
not result in rational outcomes for the group in the case of market failure (Boyle, 2021).
Failure as a “Public” Market

An opposing concern is the failure of the market's public face. In this case, the market may be
a financial success, but it serves no overt public purpose (i.e., it is not part of a coordinated
neighborhood economic development plan), other than what any business might contribute
through job creation and tax revenue (Ford, 2003).

Failure to Produce Wider Effects in its Neighborhood.

Finally, the market may fail to generate the "spin-off" benefits that multiply its value. It may
or may not succeed as a commercial venture; either way, it has little broader ramifications.

2.8 The Impact of Covid-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on public markets around the world.
Many markets were forced to close temporarily or operate under restricted conditions to comply
with public health guidelines and reduce the spread of the virus. The COVID-19 coronavirus
outbreak is thought to have started at the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, China.
Marketplaces remained the focus of concern in many parts of the world when it came to corona-
prevention efforts. The crowded, open, and public nature of marketplaces is thought to be a
primary risk factor for future unchecked pathogen spread (Eck, et. al, 2020). The impact of
COVID-19 on public markets can be seen in several ways:

 Economic impact: Public markets have been hit hard by the economic downturn caused by
the pandemic. With reduced foot traffic and the closure of non-essential businesses, many
vendors have seen a significant decline in sales and revenue. Some markets have also
struggled to adapt to online sales or other alternative business models.
 Public health impact: Public markets have been identified as potential high-risk locations
for COVID-19 transmission due to their crowded and enclosed nature. In response, many
markets have implemented new safety protocols such as mandatory mask-wearing, social
distancing measures, and increased cleaning and sanitization.
 Community impact: Public markets are often important community gathering places,
providing social and cultural connections as well as access to fresh and healthy food. The
closure or reduced operation of public markets has had a negative impact on community
cohesion and access to essential goods, particularly for low-income and marginalized
populations.
 Innovation impact: Some public markets have adapted to the challenges posed by COVID-
19 by innovating new business models such as online ordering and home delivery, or by
expanding into new product lines or services.
 Despite the rise of commercial retail chains and internet shopping, marketplaces have always
been at the core of urban life and continue to play an important role in local food supply and
regional economy (Gonzalez, 2020). We see marketplaces as crucial meeting spaces for
unrestricted social interactions between residents in cities and villages as their social infrastructure
shifts (Klinenberg, 2019). Traders, customers, and live and dead animals are all located close to
one another at these crowded and narrow markets, with little opportunity for physical separation,
allowing zoonotic illnesses to be transmitted from animals to humans (Eck, et. al, 2020). They
distinguish the 'ground level' of marketplaces, where social interactions between visitors and
traders take place, from a broader 'organizational level,' where the everyday producers of
marketplaces, that is, the traders, interact with a wide range of stakeholders in bringing
marketplaces, and their social dynamics on the ground, into existence through their spatial
practices (Eck, et. al, 2020). When evaluating the physical conditions of marketplaces, it has been
argued that the specific spatial configurations of marketplaces, such as the lines of stalls, aisles,
and series of openings, are set back from the busy pavements (Dines, 2007). People's sense of
reflexive awareness and common experiences of community and belonging is likely to be
impacted by the sudden disruption in traditionalized social practices in marketplaces in the face of
their temporary death (Eck, et. al, 2020).

In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on public markets around
the world, affecting vendors, customers, and the broader community. However, with innovation
and adaptation, public markets have the potential to continue to play an important role in local
economies and community life.
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY

3.1Research Design

This chapter outlines the data collecting and analysis procedures that were utilized to
address the study's research questions. It's a strategy for how a specific piece of study will be
carried out. It specifies the methods or procedures for locating and analyzing data related to a
given study topic. The conducted study used both descriptive and quantitative research methods.
The quantitative aspect of the study included the use of survey questionnaires with respondents
from the community (Agboola, Rasidi, Said, 2017) using the Likert scale method. The importance
of mixed methods research has been highlighted by researchers. This allows the researcher to
gather a wide range of data. 

3.2 Research Locale

The research will be carried out at the Calinan Public Market in Davao City. Barangay
Calinan is in Davao City's third district, where a public market has been operating for several years
and has served many vendors and customers for decades.

3.3 Research Instrument

3.3.1 Primary Data

3.3.2.1 Survey Questionnaire

It will administer some questionnaires related to the assessment of the Calinan

public market. These surveys will help us determine the opinions and perspectives of
market users regarding the market's condition, public market design, and public market
utilities.

3.3.2.2 Ocular Inspection

It involves an observatory to study how users of the Calinan public market interact
with its architectural elements and to assess the design condition of the market.

3.3.2.2 Population Sample

The researcher determined that the population of Calinan Población was 24,218.
Based on calculations using RAOSOFT, the recommended sample size is 379.

3.3.2 Secondary Data

3.3.3.1 Published Studies

This research utilizes articles and journals that discuss market conditions and the
architectural elements that characterize them. Additionally, it draws on other studies that
examine the conditions of marketplaces.

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5. Appendices