COM03 – TRANSMISSION MEDIA AND ANTENNA SYSTEMS

LESSON 3

INCIDENT SIGNAL

LOAD
SENDING END
RECEIVING
REFLECTED SIGNAL END

Considering the illustration, three possible things that may occur when the signal
reaches the load:
1. All signal is totally absorbed by the load, only if ZL = ZO, i.e. the lines is
matched.
2. Only a portion of the signal is absorbed, thus part of the signal is reflected,
if ZL = ZO, i.e., the lines is mismatched.
3. None of the signal is absorbed by the load, thus all signals is reflected, i.e.,
ZL = short circuited or ZL = open circuited.

REFLECTION COEFFICIENT (Г)

• Vector relationship of the reflected signal to that of the incident signal.

Let P - = reflected power then, ГP = P - / P+

P+ = incident power ГE = E- /E+
E - = reflected voltage ГI = I- / I+
E+ = incident voltage ГE = ГI
I - = reflected current but ГE = √P - / P+
I+ = incident current

Assuming Г = E-/E+ = I-/I+

E- = IL/2 (ZL – ZO) e-ɤs where: IL = load current
E+ = IL/2 (ZL + ZO) e+ɤS ZL = load impedance
I- = -IL/2ZO (ZL – ZO) e-ɤS ZO = characteristic
I+ = IL/2ZO (ZL + ZO) e+ɤS impedance
ɤ = propagation constant
Г = E-/E+ Evaluating the length of the lines
= IL/2 (ZL – ZO) e-ɤs from the load S = 0
IL/2 (ZL – ZO) e+ɤS Г = (ZL – ZO)
= (ZL – ZO) (ZL + ZO) e2ɤ(0)
(ZL + ZO) e2ɤS Г = (ZL – Z0) General
(ZL + Z0) Formula

• Г is a vector quantity, hence it has magnitude and direction.

І Г І = magnitude
Φ = direction
• Importance of Г
• If you know the Г, you will know the amount of current that will reflect.
• Through the direction of the Г, the nature of the lines can be determined.
For lossless lines: Г = І Г І < 𝜙 𝑜𝑟 = І Г І ejϕ
Range of Г : 1 ≥ Г ≥ −1
Applications:
1. Given: Calculate:
a. Г

ZL = 100 – j50Ω

ZO = 75Ω

b. Define the nature of

the lines

SOLUTION:

Г = ZL – ZO Г = 55.9017< −63.434
ZL + Z O 182.00275 < −15.945
= 100 – j 50 – 75 (a) Г = 0.307 < −47.489°
100 – j50 + 75 (b) nature of the lines: CAPACITIVE
= 25 – j50
175 – j50

2. Given: Calculate:
ZL = 25 + j50 Ω a. Г
ZO = 100 Ω b. define the nature of the lines

SOLUTION:
Г = 25+ j50 – 100 Г = 90.1388 < 146.309
25 + j50 + 100 134,629 < 21.8014
= - 75 + j50 a. Г = 0.6695< 123.5°
125 + j50 b. Nature of the lines: INDUCTIVE

Special Cases for Г:

1. Matched Lines: ZL = ZO
Г = ZL – Z O
ZL + Z O
= Z O – Z0
ZO + ZO

Г=0

2. Short – circuited lines: ZL = 0

Г = ZL – Z O
ZL + Z O
 = 0 – ZO
0 + ZO

Г = - 1 implies total
reflection

3. Open – circuited lines: ZL = infinity

Г = ZL – ZO = ∞ − 𝑍𝑂
ZL + Z O ∞ + 𝑍𝑂
Г=∞

• Variable that causes ∞ 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 divided by itself.

Г = [ZL – ZO] [1/ZL]

[ ZL + ZO] [1/ZL]
= 1 – ZO/ZL
1 + ZO/ZL
= 1 – ZO/∞
1 + ZO/∞

Г=1 implies total reflection

Wave Propagation on Lines

• Start by assuming a matched line.
• Waves move down the line at propagation velocity
• Waves are the same at all points except for phase.
• Phase changes 360° in the distance a wave travels in one period.
• The distance is called wavelength.

STANDING WAVES
• When an incident wave reflects from a mismatched load, an interference pattern
develops.
• Both incident and reflected waves move at the propagation velocity, but the
interference pattern is stationary.
• The interference pattern is called a set of standing waves.
• It is formed by the addition of incident and reflected waves and has nodal
points that remain stationary with time.
• Refers to the interference pattern of waves set up by two sets of travelling waves
going in the opposite directions. This due to unmatched lines.
 STANDING WAVES ON AN OPEN LINES

STANDING WAVES ON A SHORTED LINES

STANDING WAVES RATIO (SWR)

• When line is mismatched but neither open or shorted, voltage varies along line
without ever falling to zero.
• Greater mismatch leads to greater variation.
• SWR is the scalar relationship of the maximum voltage (EMAX) to that of
minimum voltage (EMIN).
• Also defined as the scalar ratio of maximum current (IMAX) to that of minimum
current (IMIN).

Voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) is defined:

SWR = IMAX
IMIN
SWR = EMAX
EMIN
= l E+ l + l E - l 1 1 + E-
 l E+ l - l E- l l E+ l = E+
1 1 - E-
l E+ l E+

SWR = 1 + l Г l Range of SWR:

1- lГl ∞ ≥ 𝑆𝑊𝑅 ≥ 1

Special Cases of SWR

1. MATCHED LINES: ZL = ZO ; Г = 0

SWR = 1 + l Г l = 1+0
1- lГl 1+0

SWR = 1

2. SHORT CKTD. LINES: ZO = 0; Г = - 1

SWR = 1 + l Г l = 1+1
1- lГl 1- 1

SWR = ∞

3. OPEN CKTD. LINES: ZL = ∞ ; Г = 1

SWR = 1 + l Г l = 1+1
1- lГl 1–1

SWR = ∞

4. IF ZL = RL;
RLMAX
ZL = RL
RLMIN
APPLICATIONS: