Name : St.

Anisa
Id student : 220105510003
Class : Icp of Chemistry Education
Task (1) : Advance of Basic Chemistry (Essay)

CHEMICAL EQULIBRIUM MATERIAL

In simple terms, chemical equilibrium is a state in which a velocity can last

from left to right and vice versa, with the same speed both from the left and from the
right at a given temperature. Chemical equilibrium occurs only in backlashes or what is
often called reversible reactions. This reaction is one of the chemical reactions, where
the reaction can take place in two directions, aka not only reactants can become
products, but the product can also turn into reactants back or commonly called occur in
closed reactions, where there is no movement of matter.
Although it looks as if there is no change macroscopically, but microscopically,
there are actually reactions that continue back and forth, this phenomenon is referred to
as dynamic equilibrium. Dynamic equilibrium is the state of the continuation of two
opposing processes at the same speed and the total concentration of the compound does
not change over time.
Chemical equilibrium occurs in a closed system which is a reaction system in
which the reacting substance and the reaction result nothing leaves the system. As
mentioned above due to the fixed temperature and pressure it is this that causes
equilibrium. The vapor pressure of a liquid is a property related to the equilibrium state
and is an example of an equilibrium constant. That is why the symbol or symbol of
equilibrium is a bidirectional arrow (⇄) or commonly called the symbol of alternating
reaction.
The law of chemical equilibrium, that is, if a reaction is in an equilibrium state,
the product of the concentration of the substances resulting from the reaction is raised in
coefficient divided by the result of the consestention of the reagent substances raised to
a fixed price.
After knowing the meaning of dynamic equilibrium and chemical equilibrium,
we move on to the next discussion, namely chemical equilibrium settings. The
equilibrium constant itself is divided into 2 (two) namely the concentration equilibrium
constant or Kc, and the partial pressure equilibrium constant or Kp.
Mathematically, the concentration equilibrium constant or Kc is the
comparison of the result of the concentration of the product whose coefficient is raised
with the result of the concentration of its reactants raised by the coefficient. This one
setting is further divided into 2 (two), namely:
1. Homogeneous Equilibrium

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 As the name implies that contains the word "homogeneous", this equilibrium is a
type of equilibrium that occurs when the product and also its reactants come from the
same phase, that is, the whole gas (g) or the whole liquid (aq), as below.
aA(g) + bB(g)  ⇄ cC(g) + dD(g)
(Educt) (Product)
Thus, the equilibrium value of its concentration is arranged as follows:
c d
[C ] [ D]
Kc= a b
[ A ] [B ]
Where:
Kc = equilibrium setting
A = Molarity of substance A (M)
B = Molarity of substance B (M)
C = Molarity of substance C (M)
D = Molarity of substance D (M)

2. Heterogeneous Equilibrium
After understanding homogeneous equilibrium, you must have guessed about
heterogeneous equilibrium? Yep, Heterogeneous equilibrium is a type of equilibrium
that occurs when products and reactants have different phases. Where only affects the
equilibrium constant are only elements that are in the form of gases (g) and liquids (aq).
For example as follows:
aA(aq) + bB(s)  ⇄ cC(s) + dD(g)
(Educt) (Product)

Thus, the equilibrium value is structured as follows:

[D ]d
Kc=
[ A] a
Where: 
Kc = equilibrium setting
A = Molarity of substance A (M)
D = Molarity of substance D (M)

Next, the partial pressure equilibrium constant (kp). In contrast to

concentration equilibrium or Kc, at the partial pressure chemical equilibrium constant or
Kp only the phase in the gaseous form is taken into account to affect its equilibrium
constant.
To determine the partial pressure of a substance from its total partial pressure is
used the following equation:
mol x
Px= × Ptotal
mol total

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 Why is it necessary to have a P value of a substance? Because it will be used to
search for his Kp.
Then, what is the relationship between Kc and Kp? Mathematically, the
relationship between the two is structured as follows:
Kp=Kc (RT )∆ n
Where:
R = constant 0,082 L atm/mol K
T = Kelvin temperature (K)
∆ n=≈ ∑ product coefficient −∑ reactant coefficient

Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium

This equilibrium will not remain forever if the action taken after the reaction is
already in an equilibrium state. Henri Louis Le Chatelier states that:
"An equilibrium is given an action, then that equilibrium will react and will
reduce the influence of the action."
Therefore, there are several factors that can affect equilibrium, namely:
1. Volum
When an equilibrium is added in volume, it will tend to move towards a reaction
that has a greater coefficient. Conversely, when the volume is reduced, the result is that
the equilibrium will shift towards a reaction that has a smaller coefficient.
2. Pressure
Pressure can also affect a chemical equilibrium. Because, when an equilibrium is
applied a greater pressure, then the equilibrium will shift to a reaction whose coefficient
is smaller. Vice versa, so when the pressure is reduced, the equilibrium will begin to
shift to a reaction with a greater coefficient.
3. Temperature
Temperature can affect chemical equilibrium because when the temperature in
chemical equilibrium is raised, then the direction of this equilibrium will shift to
compounds that absorb endotherms. Conversely, when the temperature drops or is
lowered, the equilibrium will shift towards compounds that release exotherm heat. 
4. Concentration
Concentration can affect chemical equilibrium when that concentration is added
to one of the reactants or products, so the chemical equilibrium will shift in the opposite
direction. So for example when concentration is added to the reactant then the
equilibrium will shift to the product, whereas if the concentration is added to the
product, it will shift to the reactant.

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 CONCLUSION

Chemical equilibrium in a chemical reaction can only occur in a reversible

reaction. The nature of the equilibrium is dynamic, so chemical equilibrium is also
called Dynamic Equilibrium. In chemical equilibrium there is a regularity value known
as the Law of Chemical Equilibrium. In the Law of Chemical Equilibrium there is a
constant that can be shown based on concentration with the symbol, Kc; based on
pressure with the symbol Kp.