DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Staff Incharge: D. R. Sasi Rekha
INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Definition
Let 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝐹(𝑠). Then 𝑓(𝑡) is defined as the inverse Laplace transform of 𝐹(𝑠) and is
denoted by 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)]. Thus 𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝑓(𝑡)
𝐿−1 is known as the inverse Laplace transform operator and is such that 𝐿𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 𝐿 = 1

TABLE OF INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

𝑭(𝒔) 𝑳−𝟏 [𝑭(𝒔)] = 𝒇(𝒕)

𝟏
𝟏
𝒔
𝟏 𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝒔−𝒂
𝟏 𝒆−𝒂𝒕
𝒔+𝒂
𝒔
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝒔 𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝒔 𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒂
𝒔
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝒔 𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐
𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕
𝒔 𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 𝒂

𝟏 𝒕𝒏
; 𝒏 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 … 𝒏!
𝒔𝒏+𝟏

𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝒕𝒏
; 𝒏 > −𝟏 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝒔𝒏+𝟏

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Staff Incharge: D. R. Sasi Rekha
Property

We know that the Shifting Property:

If 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑓 (̅ 𝑠) then (i) 𝐿[𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑓 (̅ 𝑠 − 𝑎)
(ii) 𝐿[𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑓 (̅ 𝑠 + 𝑎)
This implies that 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [ 𝑓 ̅(𝑠)] and
(i) 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝑓(̅ 𝑠 − 𝑎)]  𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 𝑓 ̅(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑓(̅ 𝑠 − 𝑎)]
(ii) 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [𝑓(̅ 𝑠 + 𝑎)]  𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 𝑓(̅ 𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [𝑓(̅ 𝑠 + 𝑎)]

We know that the Derivative of the transform property:

𝑑𝑛
If 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] = 𝑓 (̅ 𝑠) then 𝐿[𝑡 𝑛 𝑓(𝑡)] = (−1)𝑛 {𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]} where n is a positive integer
𝑑𝑠𝑛
𝑑 𝑑 ′
If 𝑛 = 1 then 𝐿[𝑡𝑓(𝑡)] = − 𝑑𝑠 {𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)]} = − 𝑑𝑠 𝑓 (̅ 𝑠) = −𝑓 ̅ (𝑠)
′
 𝑡𝑓(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [−𝑓 ̅ (𝑠)]

Inverse Laplace transform by the method of partial fraction

We know that the method of partial fraction is a technique of converting an algebraic

𝑓(𝑠)
fraction , where f(s) is less than that of 𝑔(𝑠) into a sum. Depending on the nature of
𝑔(𝑠)

terms in 𝑔(𝑠) we have to split into a sum of various terms with constants A, B, C, D,……
which can be determined. Later the inverse is found term by term.

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Staff Incharge: D. R. Sasi Rekha
Problems
𝟏
1. Find the inverse Laplace transform of
𝒔(𝒔+𝟏)(𝒔+𝟐)(𝒔+𝟑)

Solution:

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
Consider = + + + ----- (1)
𝑠(𝑠+1)(𝑠+2)(𝑠+3) 𝑠 𝑠+1 𝑠+2 𝑠+3

1 = 𝐴(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 3) + 𝐵𝑠(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 3) + 𝐶𝑠(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 3) + 𝐷𝑠(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 2)

1
Put 𝑠=0 ∶ 1 = 𝐴(6)  𝐴=
6
1
Put 𝑠 = −1 ∶ 1 = 𝐵(−2)  𝐵 = −
2
1
Put 𝑠 = −2 ∶ 1 = 𝐶(2)  𝐶=
2
1
Put 𝑠 = −3 ∶ 1 = 𝐷(−6)  𝐷 = −
6
Therefore (1) becomes
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( )− ( )+ ( )− ( )
𝑠(𝑠+1)(𝑠+2)(𝑠+3) 6 𝑠 2 𝑠+1 2 𝑠+2 6 𝑠+3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ] − 𝐿−1 [ ] + 𝐿−1 [ ] − 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠(𝑠+1)(𝑠+2)(𝑠+3) 6 𝑠 2 𝑠+1 2 𝑠+2 6 𝑠+3
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑳−𝟏 [ ] = − 𝒆−𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 − 𝒆−𝟑𝒕
𝒔(𝒔+𝟏)(𝒔+𝟐)(𝒔+𝟑) 𝟔 𝟐 𝟐 𝟔

𝒔𝟐
2. Find the inverse Laplace transform of
(𝒔+𝟏)𝟑

Solution:

Since the denominator is of single factor with degree 𝑛 = 3.

Put 𝑡 = 𝑠 + 1  𝑠 = 𝑡 − 1
𝑠2 (𝑡−1)2 𝑡 2 −2𝑡+1 1 2 1
Consider = = = − +
(𝑠+1)3 𝑡3 𝑡3 𝑡 𝑡2 𝑡3
1 2 1
= − +
𝑠+1 (𝑠+1)2 (𝑠+1)3

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Staff Incharge: D. R. Sasi Rekha
𝑠2 1 2 1
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+1)3] = 𝐿−1 [ − (𝑠+1)2 + (𝑠+1)3]
𝑠+1
1 1 1
= 𝐿−1 [ ] − 2𝐿−1 [(𝑠+1)2 ] + 𝐿−1 [(𝑠+1)3 ]
𝑠+1

By shifting property, we have

𝑠2 1 1
𝐿−1 [(𝑠+1)3 ] = 𝑒 −𝑡 − 2𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 2] + 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 3]
𝑠 𝑠

𝑡2
= 𝑒 −𝑡 − 2𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡 ( )
2

𝒔𝟐 𝒕𝟐
𝑳−𝟏 [(𝒔+𝟏)𝟑 ] = 𝒆−𝒕 (𝟏 − 𝟐𝒕 + )
𝟐

𝟐𝒔𝟐 −𝟔𝒔+𝟓
3. Find the inverse Laplace transform of (𝒔−𝟏)(𝒔−𝟐)(𝒔−𝟑)

Solution:

2𝑠 2 −6𝑠+5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Consider
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)(𝑠−3)
= + + ----- (1)
𝑠−1 𝑠−2 𝑠−3

2𝑠 2 − 6𝑠 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 3) + 𝐶(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 − 2)

1
Put 𝑠 = 1 ∶ 1 = 𝐴(2)  𝐴=
2

Put 𝑠 = 2 ∶ 1 = 𝐵(−1)  𝐵 = −1
5
Put 𝑠 = 3 ∶ 5 = 𝐶(2)  𝐶=
2
Therefore (1) becomes
2𝑠 2 −6𝑠+5 1 1 1 5 1
(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)(𝑠−3)
= ( )−( )+ ( )
2 𝑠−1 𝑠−2 2 𝑠−3

2𝑠 2 −6𝑠+5 1 1 1 5 1
∴ 𝐿−1 [(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)(𝑠−3)] = 𝐿−1 [ ( ) − ( ) + ( )]
2 𝑠−1 𝑠−2 2 𝑠−3
1 1 1 5 1
= 𝐿−1 [ ] − 𝐿−1 [ ] + 𝐿−1 [ ]
2 𝑠−1 𝑠−2 2 𝑠−3
2𝑠 2 −6𝑠+5 𝟏 𝟓
𝑳−𝟏 [(𝑠−1)(𝑠−2)(𝑠−3)] = 𝒆𝒕 − 𝒆𝟐𝒕 + 𝒆𝟑𝒕
𝟐 𝟐
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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Staff Incharge: D. R. Sasi Rekha

Problem for Practice

𝒔+𝟏
1. Find the inverse Laplace transform of (𝒔−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒔+𝟐)
𝟒𝒔+𝟓
2. Find the inverse Laplace transform of (𝒔−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒔+𝟐)

Answer

𝟏
1. [𝒆𝒕 + 𝟔𝒆𝒕 𝒕 − 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 ]
𝟗
𝟏
2. [𝒆𝒕 + 𝟗𝒆𝒕 𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 ]
𝟑

Inverse Laplace transform of Logarithmic functions and Inverse functions

Working Rule
1. In the case of logarithmic functions we apply the properties of logarithms and then
′
differentiate w.r.t s to obtain 𝑓 ̅ (𝑠).
2. We then multiply by −1 and take inverse on both sides.
3. LHS becomes 𝑡𝑓(𝑡) by property and inverses are also found for the terms in RHS with the
result we obtain the required 𝑓(𝑡).
4. In the case of inverse functions we simply differentiate the given 𝑓 ̅ (𝑠) and use the
property to get 𝑓(𝑡).

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Staff Incharge: D. R. Sasi Rekha
Problems
𝑠 2 +1
4. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒍𝒐𝒈 [ ]
𝑠(𝑠+1)

Solution:
𝑠 2 +1
Consider 𝑓 ̅ (𝑠) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ]
𝑠(𝑠+1)
2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 + 1) − {𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 + 1)}
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 2 + 1) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 + 1)
2𝑠 1 1
∴ 𝑓 ̅ ′ (𝑠) = − −
𝑠 2 +1 𝑠 𝑠+1
2𝑠 1 1
∴ −𝑓 ̅ ′ (𝑠) = − + +
𝑠 2 +1 𝑠 𝑠+1
𝑠 1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 [−𝑓 ̅ ′ (𝑠)] = −2𝐿−1 ( ) + 𝐿−1 (𝑠 ) + 𝐿−1 (𝑠+1)
𝑠 2 +1

𝑡𝑓(𝑡) = −2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 1 + 𝑒 −𝑡
𝑡𝑓(𝑡) = 1 + 𝑒 −𝑡 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝟏
𝒇(𝒕) = [𝟏 + 𝒆−𝒕 − 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕]
𝒕
𝑠+1
5. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒍𝒐𝒈 [ ]
𝑠−1
Solution:
𝑠+1
Consider 𝑓 ̅ (𝑠) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [ ]
𝑠−1

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 + 1) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠 − 1)
1 1
∴ 𝑓 ̅ ′ (𝑠) = −
𝑠+1 𝑠−1
1 1 1 1
∴ − 𝑓 ̅ ′ (𝑠) = − + = −
𝑠+1 𝑠−1 𝑠−1 𝑠+1
1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 [−𝑓 ̅ ′ (𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [ ] − 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠−1 𝑠+1

𝑡𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡
𝒆𝒕 −𝒆−𝒕 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒕
𝒇(𝒕) = =
𝒕 𝒕

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Staff Incharge: D. R. Sasi Rekha

𝒂
6. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝒔
Solution:
𝑎
Consider 𝑓 ̅ (𝑠) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
𝑠
1 𝑎 𝑠2 𝑎 𝑎
∴ 𝑓 ̅ ′ (𝑠) = 𝑎 2
(− 𝑠2) = − 𝑠2+𝑎2 (𝑠2) = − 𝑠2+𝑎2
1+( )
𝑠
𝑎
∴ − 𝑓 ̅ ′ (𝑠) =
𝑠 2 +𝑎2
𝑎
∴ 𝐿−1 [−𝑓 ̅ ′ (𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠 2 +𝑎2

𝑡𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕
𝒇(𝒕) =
𝒕

𝒔
7. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 ( )
𝒂
Solution:
𝑠
Consider 𝑓 ̅ (𝑠) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( )
𝑎
1 1 𝑎2 1 𝑎
∴ 𝑓 ̅ ′ (𝑠 ) = − 2( ) = − 2 ( ) = − 𝑠2 +𝑎2
1+( )
𝑠 𝑎 𝑎 +𝑠 2 𝑎
𝑎
𝑎
∴ − 𝑓 ̅ ′ (𝑠) =
𝑠 2 +𝑎2
𝑎
∴ 𝐿−1 [−𝑓 ̅ ′ (𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠 2 +𝑎2

𝑡𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕
𝒇(𝒕) =
𝒕

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Staff Incharge: D. R. Sasi Rekha
Problem for Practice

𝑎2
1. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒍𝒐𝒈 [1 + ]
𝑠2
𝒔+𝒂
2. Find the inverse Laplace transform of 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 ( )
𝒃

Answer

𝟒 𝒂𝒕
1. 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 ( )
𝒕 𝟐
𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒕
2.
𝒕

CONVOLUTION

Definition:
The convolution of two functions 𝑓(𝑡) and 𝑔(𝑡) denoted by 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) is defined as
𝑡
𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
0

Property:
𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡) ∗ 𝑓(𝑡)

Convolution Theorem:
̅ (𝒔)] = 𝒇(𝒕)
If 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒇 and 𝑳−𝟏 [𝒈
̅ (𝒔)] = 𝒈(𝒕) then
𝒕
𝑳 [𝒇̅(𝒔). 𝒈
−𝟏 ̅ (𝒔) ] = ∫ 𝒇(𝒖)𝒈(𝒕 − 𝒖)𝒅𝒖
𝟎

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Staff Incharge: D. R. Sasi Rekha
Note:
1. The integral in RHS is the convolution of the function 𝒇(𝒕) and 𝒈(𝒕) denoted by
𝒇(𝒕) ∗ 𝒈(𝒕). Thus the convolution theorem can be put in the form

𝑳−𝟏 [𝒇̅(𝒔). 𝒈
̅ (𝒔) ] = 𝒇(𝒕) ∗ 𝒈(𝒕)

2. WKT 𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡) ∗ 𝑓(𝑡) then

𝑡 𝑡
𝑓(𝑡) ∗ 𝑔(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑔(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
0 0

The integral in either of the forms is called as the convolution integral

Problems

8. Using the convolution theorem, obtain Inverse Laplace transform of

𝟏
𝒔𝟐 (𝒔+𝟏)𝟐

Solution:
1 1
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = ; 𝐺(𝑠) =
𝑠2 (𝑠+1)2
1 1 1
𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [ 2] ; 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1 [ 2]
𝑠 (𝑠+1)2 𝑠

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 ; 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡
Now by applying convolution theorem we have
1 𝑢=𝑡
𝐿−1 [ ] = ∫𝑢=0 𝑓(𝑢)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑠 2 (𝑠+1)2 )
𝑡
= ∫𝑢=0 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑒 −(𝑡−𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑡
= ∫𝑢=0(𝑡𝑢 − 𝑢2 )𝑒 𝑢−𝑡 𝑑𝑢
𝑡
= ∫𝑢=0(𝑡𝑢 − 𝑢2 )𝑒 𝑢 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑢
𝑡
= 𝑒 −𝑡 ∫𝑢=0(𝑡𝑢 − 𝑢2 )𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
Staff Incharge: D. R. Sasi Rekha
= 𝑒 −𝑡 [(𝑡𝑢 − 𝑢2 )𝑒 𝑢 − (𝑡 − 2𝑢)𝑒 𝑢 + (−2)𝑒 𝑢 ]𝑡𝑢=0
= 𝑒 −𝑡 [(𝑡𝑢 − 𝑢2 )𝑒 𝑢 − (𝑡 − 2𝑢)𝑒 𝑢 − 2𝑒 𝑢 ]𝑡𝑢=0
= 𝑒 −𝑡 {(0 + 𝑡𝑒 𝑡 − 2𝑒 𝑡 ) − (0 − 𝑡 − 2)}
= 𝑒 −𝑡 {𝑡𝑒 𝑡 − 2𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑡 + 2}
= 𝑒 −𝑡 {𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 − 2) + 𝑡 + 2}
𝟏
𝑳−𝟏 [ ] = 𝒕 − 𝟐 + 𝒆−𝒕 (𝒕 + 𝟐)
𝒔𝟐 (𝒔+𝟏)𝟐 )

9. Using the convolution theorem, obtain Inverse Laplace transform of

𝟏
(𝒔−𝟏)(𝒔𝟐 +𝟏)

Solution:
1 1
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = ; 𝐺(𝑠) =
𝑠−1 𝑠 2 +1
1 1
𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [ ] ; 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠−1 𝑠 2 +1

𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑒 𝑡 ; 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

Now by applying convolution theorem we have
1 𝑢=𝑡
𝐿−1 [ ] = ∫𝑢=0 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑔(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑠 2 (𝑠+1)2 )
𝑡
= ∫𝑢=0 𝑒 𝑡−𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑡
= ∫𝑢=0 𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑡
= 𝑒 𝑡 ∫𝑢=0 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑒 −𝑢 𝑡
𝑡 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢)]
= 𝑒 [(−1)2 2
+1 𝑢=0

𝑒 −𝑢 𝑡
= 𝑒 𝑡 [ (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢)]
2 𝑢=0
𝑒𝑡
= {[𝑒 −𝑡 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)] − [0 − 1]}
2
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𝑒𝑡
= {[𝑒 −𝑡 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)] + 1}
2
1
= {−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑡 }
2
𝟏 𝟏
𝑳−𝟏 [ ] = {𝒆𝒕 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕}
𝒔𝟐 (𝒔+𝟏)𝟐 ) 𝟐

10. Using the convolution theorem, obtain Inverse Laplace transform of

𝟏
𝒔𝟑 (𝒔𝟐 −𝟏)

Solution:
1 1
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = ; 𝐺(𝑠) =
𝑠3 𝑠 2 −1
1 1
𝐿−1 [𝐹(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [ 3] ; 𝐿−1 [𝐺(𝑠)] = 𝐿−1 [ ]
𝑠 𝑠 2 −1
𝑡2
𝑓(𝑡) = ; 𝑔(𝑡) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡
2
Now by applying convolution theorem we have
1 𝑢=𝑡
𝐿−1 [ ] = ∫𝑢=0 𝑓(𝑡 − 𝑢)𝑔(𝑢)𝑑𝑢
𝑠 3 (𝑠 2 −1)

𝑡 (𝑡−𝑢)2
= ∫𝑢=0 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
1 𝑡
= ∫𝑢=0(𝑡 2 − 2𝑡𝑢 + 𝑢2 )𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
1
= [(𝑡 2 − 2𝑡𝑢 + 𝑢2 )𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢 − (−2𝑡 + 2𝑢)𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑢 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑢]𝑡𝑢=0
2
1
= {[0 − 0 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑡] − [𝑡 2 + 2]}
2
𝟏 𝟏
𝑳−𝟏 [ ] = [𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕 − 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟐}
𝒔𝟑 (𝒔𝟐 −𝟏) 𝟐

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Staff Incharge: D. R. Sasi Rekha
Problem for Practice

Using the convolution theorem, obtain Inverse Laplace transform of

𝒔𝟐
1.
(𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )(𝒔𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 )

𝑠
2.
(𝑠 2 +𝑎2 )2

Answer

𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕−𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒕
1. ; 𝒂≠𝒃
𝒂𝟐 −𝒃𝟐

𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕
2.
𝟐𝒂

LAPLACE TRANSFORM METHOD FOR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Laplace transform of the derivatives

𝑳[𝒇′ (𝒕)] = 𝒔 𝑳 [𝒇(𝒕)] – 𝒇(𝟎)

𝑳[𝒇′′ (𝒕)] = 𝒔𝟐 𝑳 [𝒇(𝒕)] – 𝒔 𝒇(𝟎) − 𝒇′(𝟎)
𝑳[𝒇′′′ (𝒕)] = 𝒔𝟑 𝑳 [𝒇(𝒕)]– 𝒔𝟐 𝒇(𝟎) − 𝒔𝒇′ (𝟎) − 𝒇′′(𝟎) etc.

In general

𝑳[𝒇𝒏 (𝒕)] = 𝒔𝒏 𝑳 [𝒇(𝒕)]– 𝒔𝒏−𝟏 𝒇(𝟎) − 𝒔𝒏−𝟐 𝒇′ (𝟎) − ⋯ … . . 𝒇(𝒏−𝟏) (𝟎)

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Solution of linear differential equation using Laplace transform

Working procedure
1. The given differential equation is expressed in the notation: 𝑓 ′ (𝑡) , 𝑓 ′′ (𝑡) , 𝑓′′′ (𝑡), − − −
for the derivatives.
2. We take Laplace transform on both sides of the given equation.
3. We use the expression for 𝐿[𝑓 ′ (𝑡)] , 𝐿[𝑓 ′′ (𝑡)] , 𝐿[𝑓 ′′′ (𝑡)], − − −
4. We substitute the given initial conditions and simplify to obtain 𝐿[𝑓(𝑡)] as a function of s
5. We find the inverse to obtain 𝑓(𝑡).

Problems

11. Solve the differential equation using the Laplace transform method.
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚(𝟎)
+𝟓 + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟓𝒆𝟐𝒕 given that 𝒚 (𝟎) = 𝟐, =𝟏
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Solution:

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Given +5 + 6𝑦 = 5𝑒 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) + 5𝑦 ′ (𝑡) + 6𝑦(𝑡) = 5𝑒 2𝑡

Taking the Laplace transform on both sides of the given equation we have

𝐿[𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)] + 5𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] + 6𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 5𝐿[𝑒 2𝑡 ]

5
{𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} + 5{𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)} + 6𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠−2
using the given initial conditions we obtain
5
{𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠(2) − 1} + 5{𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2} + 6𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠−2
5
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2𝑠 − 1 + 5𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 10 + 6𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠−2

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5
[𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 + 6]𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2𝑠 − 11 =
𝑠−2
5
(𝑠 2 + 5𝑠 + 6)𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = (2𝑠 + 11) +
𝑠−2
(2𝑠+11)(𝑠−2)+5
(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 3)𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠−2
2𝑠 2 −4𝑠+11𝑠−22+5
(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 3)𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠−2
2𝑠 2 +7𝑠−17
(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 3)𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠−2
2𝑠 2 +7𝑠−17
𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = -------------(1)
(𝑠−2)(𝑠+2)(𝑠+3)

2𝑠 2 +7𝑠−17 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Consider = + +
(𝑠−2)(𝑠+2)(𝑠+3) 𝑠−2 𝑠+2 𝑠+3

2𝑠 2 + 7𝑠 − 17 = 𝐴(𝑠 + 2)(𝑠 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 + 3) + 𝐶(𝑠 − 2)(𝑠 + 2)

1
Put 𝑠 = 2 ∶ 5 = 𝐴(4)(5)  𝐴=
4

23
Put 𝑠 = −2 ∶ −23 = 𝐵(−4)(1)  𝐵=
4

Put 𝑠 = −3 ∶ −20 = 𝐶(−5)(−1)  𝐶 = −4

Equation (1) becomes

2𝑠 2 +7𝑠−17 1 1 23 1 1
𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = = ( )+ (𝑠+2) − 4 (𝑠+3)
(𝑠−2)(𝑠+2)(𝑠+3) 4 𝑠−2 4

2𝑠 2 +7𝑠−17 1 1 23 −1 1 1
∴ 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ]+ 𝐿 [ ] − 4𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠−2)(𝑠+2)(𝑠+3) 4 𝑠−2 4 𝑠+2 𝑠+3

𝟏 𝟐𝟑
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒆𝟐𝒕 + 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 − 𝟒𝒆−𝟑𝒕
𝟒 𝟒

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12. Solve the differential equation using the Laplace transform method.
𝒚′′′ + 𝟐𝒚′′ − 𝒚′ − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟏, 𝒚′′ = 𝟐 = 𝒚′ 𝒂𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟎

Solution:
Given 𝑦 ′′′ + 2𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0
Taking the Laplace transform on both sides of the given equation we have

𝐿[𝑦 ′′′ (𝑡)] + 2𝐿[𝑦 ′ ′(𝑡)] − 𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] − 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝐿[0]

{𝑠 3 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠 2 𝑦(0) − 𝑠𝑦 ′ (0) − 𝑦 ′′ (0)} + 2{𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)}
− {𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)} − 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 0
using the given initial conditions we obtain

{𝑠 3 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠 2 (1) − 𝑠(2) − 2} + 2{𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠(1) − 2} − {𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 1} − 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 0

𝑠 3 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠 2 − 2𝑠 − 2 + 2𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 2𝑠 − 4 − 𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] + 1 − 2𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 0
[𝑠 3 + 2𝑠 2 − 𝑠 − 2]𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠 2 − 4𝑠 − 5 = 0
[𝑠 3 + 2𝑠 2 − 𝑠 − 2]𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 5
𝑠 2 +4𝑠+5
𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠 3 +2𝑠 2 −𝑠−2
𝑠 2 +4𝑠+5
𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = -----------(1)
(𝑠−1)(𝑠+1)(𝑠+2)

𝑠 2 +4𝑠+5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Consider = + +
(𝑠−1)(𝑠+1)(𝑠+2) 𝑠−1 𝑠+1 𝑠+2

𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 5 = 𝐴(𝑠 + 1)(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 2) + 𝐶(𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 + 1)

5
Put 𝑠 = 1 ∶ 10 = 𝐴(2)(3)  𝐴=
3

Put 𝑠 = −1 ∶ 2 = 𝐵(−2)(1)  𝐵 = −1
1
Put 𝑠 = −2 ∶ 1 = 𝐶(−3)(−1)  𝐶=
3

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Equation (1) becomes

𝑠 2 +4𝑠+5 5 1 1 1 1
𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = = ( ) − 1( ) − ( )
(𝑠−1)(𝑠+1)(𝑠+2) 3 𝑠−1 𝑠+1 3 𝑠+2

𝑠 2 +4𝑠+5 5 1 1 1 1
∴ 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 𝐿−1 [ ] − 𝐿−1 [ ] − 𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠−1)(𝑠+1)(𝑠+2) 3 𝑠−1 𝑠+1 3 𝑠+2

𝟓 𝟏
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒆𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒕 − 𝒆−𝟐𝒕
𝟑 𝟑

Application of Laplace transform

13. A particle is moving with damping motion according to the law

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
+𝟔 + 𝟖𝒚 = 𝟎. If the initial position of the particle is at 𝒚 = 𝟐𝟎
𝒅𝒕𝟐 𝒅𝒕

and the initial speed is 10, find the displacement of the particle at any
time t using Laplace transforms.

Solution:
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Given +6 + 8𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

𝑦 ′′ (𝑡) + 6𝑦 ′ (𝑡) + 8𝑦(𝑡) = 0

Taking the Laplace transform on both sides of the given equation we have

𝐿[𝑦 ′′ (𝑡)] + 6𝐿[𝑦 ′ (𝑡)] + 8𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 𝐿[0]

{𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠𝑦(0) − 𝑦 ′ (0)} + 6{𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑦(0)} + 8𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 0
using the given initial conditions 𝑦(0) = 20, 𝑦′(0) = 10 we obtain
{𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 𝑠(20) − 10} + 6{𝑠𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 20} + 8𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 0
𝑠 2 𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 20𝑠 − 10 + 6𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 120 + 8𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 0
[𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 8]𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] − 20𝑠 − 130 = 0
[𝑠 2 + 6𝑠 + 8]𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = 20𝑠 + 130
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20𝑠+130
𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] =
𝑠 2 +6𝑠+8
20𝑠+130
𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = ----------(1)
(𝑠+2)(𝑠+4)
20𝑠+130 𝐴 𝐵
Consider = +
(𝑠+2)(𝑠+4) 𝑠+2 𝑠+4

20𝑠 + 130 = 𝐴(𝑠 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 2)

Put 𝑠 = −2 ∶ 90 = 𝐴(2)  𝐴 = 45
Put 𝑠 = −4 ∶ 50 = 𝐵(−2)  𝐵 = −25

Equation (1) becomes

20𝑠+130 1 1
𝐿[𝑦(𝑡)] = = 45 ( ) − 25 (𝑠+4)
(𝑠+2)(𝑠+4) 𝑠+2

20𝑠+130 1 1
∴ 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 [ ] = 45𝐿−1 [ ] − 25𝐿−1 [ ]
(𝑠+4)(𝑠+2) 𝑠+2 𝑠+4

𝒚(𝒕) = 𝟒𝟓𝒆−𝟐𝒕 − 𝟐𝟓𝒆−𝟒𝒕

14. A voltage 𝑬𝒆−𝒂𝒕 is applied at 𝒕 = 𝟎 to a circuit of inductance L

𝑹𝒕
𝑬
resistance R. Show that the current at any time t is (𝒆−𝒂𝒕
− 𝒆− 𝑳 )
𝑹−𝒂𝑳

Solution:
𝑑𝑖
The differential equation in respect of the L – R circuit is 𝐿 + 𝑅𝑖 = 𝐸(𝑡), where
𝑑𝑡

𝐸(𝑡) = 𝐸𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 by given data.

The equation is put in the form: 𝐿 𝑖 ′ (𝑡) + 𝑅 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐸𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ; 𝑖(0) = 0
Taking Laplace transform ( 𝐿 𝑇 ) on both sides we get

𝐿 𝑇 [𝐿 𝑖 ′ (𝑡) + 𝑅 𝑖(𝑡)] = 𝐿 𝑇 [𝐸𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ]

𝐿 𝐿 𝑇 [ 𝑖 ′ (𝑡)] + 𝑅 𝐿 𝑇 [ 𝑖(𝑡)] = 𝐸 𝐿 𝑇 [𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ]

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𝐸
𝐿{𝑠𝐿 𝑇 [𝑖(𝑡)] − 𝑖(0)} + 𝑅 𝐿 𝑇 [ 𝑖(𝑡)] =
𝑠+𝑎
using the given initial conditions 𝑖(0) = 0
𝐸
𝐿𝑠𝐿 𝑇 [𝑖(𝑡)] + 𝑅 𝐿 𝑇 [ 𝑖(𝑡)] =
𝑠+𝑎
𝐸
𝐿 𝑇 [𝑖(𝑡)]{𝐿𝑠 + 𝑅} =
𝑠+𝑎
𝐸
𝐿 𝑇 [𝑖(𝑡)] = ---------(1)
(𝑠+𝑎)(𝐿𝑠+𝑅)
𝐸 𝐴 𝐵
Consider = +
(𝑠+𝑎)(𝐿𝑠+𝑅) 𝑠+𝑎 𝐿𝑠+𝑅

𝐸 = 𝐴(𝐿𝑠 + 𝑅) + 𝐵(𝑠 + 𝑎)
𝐸
Put 𝑠 = −𝑎 ∶ 𝐸 = 𝐴(−𝑎𝐿 + 𝑅)  𝐴=
𝑅−𝑎𝐿
𝑅 𝑅
Put 𝑠 = − ∶ 𝐸 = 𝐵 (− + 𝑎)
𝐿 𝐿
𝑎𝐿−𝑅
= 𝐵( )
𝐿
𝑅−𝑎𝐿 𝐸𝐿
𝐸 = −𝐵 ( )  𝐵=−
𝐿 𝑅−𝑎𝐿

Equation (1) becomes

𝐸 𝐸 1 𝐸𝐿 1
𝐿 𝑇 [𝑖(𝑡)] = = ( ) − 𝑅−𝑎𝐿 (𝐿𝑠+𝑅)
(𝑠+𝑎)(𝐿𝑠+𝑅) 𝑅−𝑎𝐿 𝑠+𝑎
𝐸 1 𝐸𝐿 1
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐿−1
𝑇 [ ]− 𝐿−1
𝑇 [ ]
𝑅−𝑎𝐿 𝑠+𝑎 𝑅−𝑎𝐿 𝐿𝑠+𝑅

𝐸 𝐸𝐿 1
= 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝐿−1
𝑇 [ 𝑅 ]
𝑅−𝑎𝐿 𝑅−𝑎𝐿 𝐿(𝑠+ )
𝐿

𝐸 𝐸𝐿 1
= 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝐿−1
𝑇 [ 𝑅 ]
𝑅−𝑎𝐿 𝐿(𝑅−𝑎𝐿) (𝑠+ )
𝐿
𝑅
𝐸 𝐸
= 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒− 𝐿 𝑡
𝑅−𝑎𝐿 𝑅−𝑎𝐿
𝑹
𝑬
𝒊(𝒕) = [ 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 − 𝒆− 𝑳 𝒕 ]
𝑹−𝒂𝑳

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