DIPLOMA IN ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FIELD WORK REPORT 1

LEVELLING

DCA 20072 BASIC ENGINEERING SURVEY

LECTURER NAME:

PUAN SARIPAH BINTI HJ. ABDULLAH

MISS NOOR FAIZAH BINTI ZOHORDIN

GROUP NAME:

MUHAMMAD IKHMAL BIN AZHAR 14DSB21F2018

MUHAMMAD AZRI BIN AHMAD 14DSB21F2023
ZAINUR AL KHAIRUNN NISAQ BINTI MOHD 14DSB21F2005
NURIN KHALEEDA BINTI ROZAINI 14DSB21F2011
Table of Contents
1.0 INTODUCTION OF LEVELING ........................................................................................................................... 3
2.0 TYPE OF LEVELING ........................................................................................................................................ 3
2.1 Barometric levelling ................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Trigonometric levelling............................................................................................................................. 4
2.3 Direct levelling ........................................................................................................................................ 5
2.4 Stadia leveling .......................................................................................................................................... 5
3.0 Type of level used in survey ........................................................................................................................... 6

3.1 Dumpy Level ............................................................................................................................................. 6

3.2 Y Level....................................................................................................................................................... 7

3.3 Cushing’s Level ........................................................................................................................................ 8

3.4 Tilting Level ............................................................................................................................................. 8

3.5 Cooke’s Reversible Level .......................................................................................................................... 9

3.6 Automatic Level ....................................................................................................................................... 9

4.0 Instrument of Levelling ................................................................................................................................. 10

5.0 Method of levelling ...................................................................................................................................... 12

5.1 Simple Levelling ...................................................................................................................................... 12

5.2 Automatic Level...................................................................................................................................... 12

5.3 Fly Levelling ........................................................................................................................................... 13

5.4 Profile Levelling ..................................................................................................................................... 13

5.5 Precise Levelling ..................................................................................................................................... 14

5.6 Reciprocal Levelling ............................................................................................................................... 14

5.7 Trigonometric Levelling .......................................................................................................................... 15

6.0 Levelling File work ( Politeknik Merlimau Car Way) .................................................................................... 16

7.0 Filed Data ...................................................................................................................................................... 17

7.1 Rise and Fall Collimation Reading .......................................................................................................... 18

7.2 Arithmetical Check .................................................................................................................................. 19

8.0 Adjusted Data ............................................................................................................................................... 20

9.0 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................... 21

1.0 INTRODUCTION OF LEVELING

Levelling is define as the art of determining and representing the

relative heights or elevations of different points on the earth's surfaces.
The process of levelling is to filed the elevation at a specified location
relative to another known elevation. It is basically an instrument to
measure the relative height of the elevation in a different respective point
that have been set. Levelling rod is also an instrument to use with
automatic level to get the reading of every respective points.

Figure 1 :Two workers using tripod and stuff to performed levelling procedure by
reading a fore sight ( FS) on a staff placed on a point whose hight difference is to
determined

2.0 TYPE OF LEVELING

There are different types of levels used in surveying for the level
difference of points measurement concerning a fixed point. All these
steps are essential in various civil engineering works where
maintaining different levels of structures is necessary as per the
plan drawing. Leveling is a branch of civil engineering surveying to

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 measure different points concerning an elevation fixed point of the
building structure, such as height at one point from the ground .The
type of leveling was Barometric leveling ,Trigonometric leveling ,
Direct leveling and Stadia leveling .

2.1 Barometric Levelling

Uses an instrument to measure the atmosphere at any altitude. So in this

method of levelling, the atmospheric pressure of two different points is
carefully observed, determining the base of the vertical difference
between the points. However, civil engineers are only using this method
rarely as it is only a rough estimation in the construction project.

Figure 2 Barometic Leveling

2.2 Trigonometric Levelling

It is a process of levelling which the point of elevation or measuring the

difference between the points from observing the horizontal distances and
vertical angles in the field is called trigonometric levelling. Because it uses

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trigonometric relation in this method in surveying, where the elevation of
a point from horizontal distance and angle is determined, it is also known
as indirect levelling.

Figure 3 : Reciprocal Levelling

2.3 Direct Levelling

It is one of the most common methods in levelling, where measurements

are observed directly from the levelling instruments. Based on the
instrument position and observation points, direct levelling is split up into
different types

Figure 4 : Direct leveling

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2.4 Stadia Levelling

This method is a modified form from the trigonometric levelling method in

which, by using the Tacheometry principle, in determining the elevation of
the point. In this surveying method, the line of sight is horizontally inclined,
and it is more accurate and ideal in surveying hilly terrains.

Figure 5: Stadia leveling

3.0 TYPE OF LEVEL USED IN SURVEY

3.1 Dumpy Level

It is one of the most common instruments used in levelling. The telescope

level has a restriction against horizontal plane movement. The telescope
is fixed-mounted to its support with a bubble tube on the top of the
telescope. It is an internal focusing telescope and consist of four main
parts:

a) Negative lens
b) Eye-piece

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 c) Objective glass
d) Diaphragm

Figure 6 : 3.1 Main part of the dumpy level

3.2 Y Level

Also called wye-level, it has a Y-shape frame that supports the telescope
and a vertical spindle that helps to rotate the telescope, unlike the dumpy
level. This telescope can quickly test rapid adjustments.

Figure 7 : 3.2 Y level

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3.3 Cushing’s Level

This telescope is non-removable and cannot rotate in its longitudinal axis,

but the eyepiece and the object end can be interchangeable or reversible

Figure 8 : 3.3 Cushing’s Level

3.4 Tilting Level

This telescope can rotate horizontally and vertically for about 4 degrees.
It can easily center the bubble during the sight in this type of level. When
there is a need for several survey observations in one setup, this
telescope is ideal.

Figure 9 : 3.4 Tilting level

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3.5 Cooke’s Reversible Level

It is a combination of y-level and dumpy level. It eliminates collimation

errors because of the right and left bubble reading of the telescope.

Figure 10 : 3.5 Cooke’s Reversible Level

3.6 Automatic Level

It has a compensator inside the telescope for an accurate reading, and a

circular spirit can be attached to the telescope for approximate levelling.
This instrument is similar to the dumpy level.

Figure 11 : 3.6 Automatic level

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4.0 INSTRUMENT OF LEVELING

INSTRUMENT EXPLANATION
1) Level

A level is basically a telescope

attached to an accurate levelling
device, set upon a tripod so that it
can rotate horizontally through
360°. The following figure shows
the level and its components.

2) Tripod

The tripod consists of three legs

and a head where the level
instrument is mounted. The tripod
could be of aluminium or wood
material. When levelling the level
instrument, the tripod head must
be set approximately level
beforehand by adjusting the tripod
legs

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3) Levelling staff

The one of the main instruments

used in levelling is levelling staff.
The levelling staff is a box section
of aluminium or wood, which will
extend to 3 or 5 m in height by
telescoping, hinging or addition of
sections. One face has a
graduated scale attached for
reading with the cross-hairs of the
level telescope.

4) Staff bubbles

These are generally a small

circular bubble on an angle plate
which is held against one corner

of the staff to ensure that the staff

is held in a vertical position. If the
staff is not held

vertical, the reading will be too

large and may be significantly in
error.

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5.0 METHOD OF LEVELING

5.1 SIMPLE LEVELLING

It is a simple and basic form of levelling in which the levelling instrument

is placed between the points which elevation is to be find. Levelling rods
are placed at that points and sighted them through levelling instrument. It
is performed only when the points are nearer to each other without any
obstacles.

Figure 12 : 5.1 Simple Leveling

5.2 Automatic Level

It has a compensator inside the telescope for an accurate reading, and a

circular spirit can be attached to the telescope for approximate levelling.
This instrument is similar to the dumpy level.

Figure 13 : 5.2 Automatic level

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 5.3 FLY LEVELLING

Fly levelling is conducted when the benchmark is very far from the
workstation. In such case, a temporary benchmark is located at the work
station which is located based on the original benchmark. Even it is not
highly precise it is used for determining approximate level.

Figure 14: 5.3 Fly leveling

5.4 PROFILE LEVELLING

Profile levelling is generally adopted to find elevation of points along a line

such as for road, rails or rivers etc. In this case, readings of intermediate
stations are taken and reduced level of each station is found. From this
cross section of the alignment is drawn.

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 Figure 15 : 5.4 Profile leveling

5.5 PRECISE LEVELLING

Precise levelling is similar to differential levelling but in this case higher

precise is wanted. To achieve high precise, serious observation
procedure is performed. The accuracy of 1 mm per 1 km is achieved.

Figure 16 : 5.5 Precise leveling

5.6 RECIPROCAL LEVELLING

When it is not possible to locate the levelling instrument in between the

inter visible points, reciprocal levelling is performed. This case appears in
case of ponds or rivers etc. in case of reciprocal levelling, instrument is
set nearer to 1st station and sighted towards 2nd station.

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 Figure 17 : 5.5 Reciprocal leveling

5.7 TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING

The process of levelling in which the elevation of point or the difference

between points is measured from the observed horizontal distances and
vertical angles in the field is called trigonometric levelling

Figure 18 : 5.7 Trigonomatric leveling

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6.0 LEVELING FILEWORK ( Politeknik Merlimau Car Way)

Figure 19 : Car way plan

Figure 20 : Students doing Leveling

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7.0 FIELD DATA

7.1 RISE AND FALL COLLIMATION READING

BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Remarks

1.495 10.000 BM 1

1.245 1.599 0.104 9.896 TP 1

1.242 1.632 0.387 9.509 TP 2

1.714 1.753 0.511 8.998 TP 3

1.770 1.270 0.444 9.442 TP 4

1.573 1.330 0.440 9.882 TP 5

1.440 0.133 10.015 BM 1

9.039 9.024 1.017 1.002 10.015

9.024 1.002 10.000
0.015 0.015 0.015

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7.2 Arithmetical Check

SUM of BS - SUM of FS = Last Reduced Level - First Reduced

Level

Reading

SUM of BS - SUM of FS = 9.039 – 9.024

= + 0.015

SUM of Rise - SUM of Fall = 1.017 - 1.002

= + 0.015

Last Reduced Level - First Reduced Level

= 10.015 - 10.000
= + 0.015

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 8.0 ADJUSTED DATA

BS IS FS Rise Fall RL Adjustment Adjustment Remarks

RL
1.495 10.000 BM 1

1.245 1.599 0.104 9.896 -0.0025 9.894 TP 1

1.242 1.632 0.387 9.509 -0.005 9.504 TP 2

1.714 1.753 0.511 8.998 -0.0075 8.991 TP 3

1.770 1.270 0.444 9.442 -0.01 9.432 TP 4

1.573 1.330 0.440 9.882 -0.0125 9.870 TP 5

1.440 0.133 10.015 -0.015 10.000 BM 1

9.039 9.024 1.017 1.002 10.015 10.000

Correction = Cumulative distance ÷ Total distance x Error

Correction per set up

= Error of misclosure ÷ Number of set up

= (10.000 - 10.015) ÷ 6

= - 0.0025 m

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1.8 Conclusion

In conclusion, we had a great experienced in hands on during our

fieldwork in levelling. We can be able to measure the vertical distances
through the usage of levelling equipment during this levelling fieldwork.
We able to do the calculations by using Rise and Fall Method and Height
of Collimation Method. In a nutshell, we thanks our lecturer Puan
Sharipah and Puan Faiza for giving us an opportunities to learn and hands
on in levelling. We hope that next time we can have a chance to do a
survey like this again.

1.9 References

1. https://www.slideshare.net/felixvong/leveling-finalreport
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(instrument)
3. https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Levelling_in_surveying
4. https://readcivil.com/levelling-instruments-in-surveying-levelling-
staff-dumpy-level-etc/
5. https://civilseek.com/types-of-levelling-in-surveying/

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