Literature review organization

The design of public policies on the subject of urban climate is urgent. [Literature review on public
policies on urban climate]
Urban development policies and action plans (UDP/AP) indisputably affect these
controllable factors. In this regard, there is a broad consensus that the UHI is a prime
product of urban development (Levermore et al., 2018), particularly related to the
modification of land cover/use, urban structure and building configurations (Makar et al.,
2006, Fan and Sailor, 2005). Therefore, confronting the UHI demands long-term and
fundamental changes in UDP/AP.

Effectiveness of measures has been proven:

This includes building geometry, urban density, built-up ratio (Rajagopalan et al.,
2014, Kleerekoper et al., 2012, Gago et al., 2013, Razzaghmanesh et al., 2016), roughness
length, canyons aspect ratio and sky view factor (Rizwan et al., 2008, Lee and Baik,
2010, Unger, 2004), vegetation or green spaces (Razzaghmanesh et al., 2016, Wang and
Akbari, 2016a), water bodies, cool sinks, pavements and open spaces (such as parking
lots) (Luo and Asproudi, 2015, Zhou et al., 2011), surface characteristics and building
materials (Gago et al., 2013, Unger, 2004, Bonamente et al., 2013), usage of buildings or
spaces (such as commercial, residential, office, etc.) and transportation (Li et al.,
2013, Hsieh and Huang, 2016). 

The effectiveness of most UHI mitigation measures have been widely evaluated in field

measurements, numerical simulations, and remote sensing studies globally, showing
relatively strong dependence on site characteristics and background climate conditions
(e.g., Bowler et al., 2010; Santamouris et al., 2017; Wang, Wang, & Yang, 2018)

Fracaso de políticas públicas

Urban heat island, urban climate maps and urban development policies and action plans
Several studies claimed that only few cities have moved towards efficient and
practical UHI mitigations e.g. Stuttgart and London (Hebbert, 2014, Mills, 2014)

In fact, the actual efficiency and effectiveness of UCMs and UHI mitigation strategies
mainly depends on (1) active involvement in UDP/AP (2) urban managerial and
governmental actions, and (3) public engagement and participation

 This issue is basically attributable to the fact that the paradigm of UCM systems considers
the physical and engineering aspects of the urban warming phenomenon and it neglects
the socioeconomic, managerial and climatic contexts and capacities of the city. Hence,
the countermeasures against climatic issues (in particular the UHI phenomenon) have
thus far been offered but with a negligible consideration of feasibility in the UDP/AP.
This paradigm of UCM systems associates with a fundamental disadvantage that is offering
no platform for active and dynamic interactions of different factors and actors of the city
such as economic indicators, socio-cultural characteristics and governmental actions.
La conclusión de este estudio es que el fracaso es no incluir otros intereses en el estudio.

Ejemplo de los árboles

We also identify four knowledge and implementation gaps: the lack of public education on
UHI mitigation and implementation measures, the lack of effective communications
between researchers and code writers, the lack of implementing UHI mitigation strategies
in some countries, and the lack of trustworthy information shared on social media.

Perceptions of urban heat island mitigation and implementation strategies: survey and gap
analysis
We also identify four knowledge and implementation gaps: the lack of public education on
UHI mitigation and implementation measures, the lack of effective communications
between researchers and code writers, the lack of implementing UHI mitigation strategies
in some countries, and the lack of trustworthy information shared on social media.
Common nature-based solutions are ground-level green infrastructure (grass and trees),
green roofs, green walls and facades, water bodies, and wetlands (blue infrastructure), all
of which can increase latent heat flux and reduce temperature (Bowler et al., 2010; Coma
et al., 2017; Kabisch et al., 2016; Perini & Sabbion, 2017; Saaroni, Amorim, Hiemstra, &
Pearlmutter, 2018; Wang, Wang, Wang, & Myint, 2019). Common engineered solutions
include cool roofs, cool pavements, urban morphology design, and cool facades, most of
which reduce solar radiation absorbed by buildings and pavements (2014, Bourbia &
Boucheriba, 2010; Rossi et al., 2015; Santamouris, 2013; Wong et al., 2011).

Factors that impact the implementation of more general mitigation and adaptation
strategies for urban climate (change) have been identified in previous studies (Birkmann,
Garschagen, Kraas, & Quang, 2010; Corburn, 2009; Lee & Hughes, 2017; Lee & Koski,
2014; Mees, 2017; Runhaar, Wilk, Persson, Uittenbroek, & Wamsler, 2018; Uittenbroek,
Janssen-Jansen, & Runhaar, 2016). For instance, Mees (2017) pointed out that local
governments play a critical role in the governance of climate change adaptation strategies.
In a case study in Philadelphia, Uittenbroek et al. (2016) outlined several stimuli for urban
climate adaptation strategies, including political leadership, elections, institutional
entrepreneurship, and several other factors. Lee and Hughes (2017) suggested that the
perceptions of climate change hazards (e.g., heat waves, storms, and sea level rise) held by
decision makers determine the scope of urban climate adaptation agendas. Similarly, the
climate change perceptions of the general public can also influence actions related to
mitigation and adaptation (Parsaee, Joybari, Mirzaei, & Haghighat, 2019; Sullivan &
White, 2019; Wang, Sun, & Song, 2017). In addition, several studies showed that the
opinions of the survey respondents in terms of climate actions may be significantly affected
by their demographics and background (Lee & Hughes, 2017; Lee, Markowitz, Howe, Ko, &
Leiserowitz, 2015; Lenzholzer et al., 2020a; 2020b), and a lack of knowledge or education
can become a critical barrier to the implementation of mitigation and adaptation strategies
(Eliasson, 2000; Lenzholzer et al., 2020a; Rae, Simon, & Braden, 2011; Wang et al., 2017).
The communications among scientists, decision makers, and the general public are
another determinant in the implementation process. An example is Corburn (2009), in
which the author documented how the co-production process of researchers and policy
makers has contributed to legitimate and politically accountable UHI mitigation strategies
in New York City.
 The lack of understanding of general perceptions can create barriers to UHI mitigation
and sustainable urban development.
Understanding policy and technology responses in mitigating urban heat islands: A
literature review and directions for future research
Policy and technology responses to increased temperatures in urban heat islands (UHIs)
are discussed in a variety of research; however, their interaction is overlooked and
understudied.
Previous literature reviews predominantly focus on policy and technology aspects
separately, such as mitigation strategies for improved policymaking (Aleksandrowicz et al.,
2017; Parsaee et al., 2019), or urban materials production and technical properties of cool
surfaces (Qin, 2015; Santamouris, 2014).
Since government reports are beyond the scope of our review of academic literature, we
suggest future research to review and synthesise such reports and city policies, which we
expect will provide practical recommendations for city policymakers to mitigate the UHI
effect. As such, policy documents can list measures already taken, to be taken, or should be
taken according to administrative bodies and policymakers.
we have identified three areas of evidence base for policymaking: timescale analysis,
effective policymaking instruments as well as decision support and scenario planning.

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DIMENSION DEL TIEMPO

Much research has gone into the reduction of gas emissions For example (The politics of Urban
Climate Change Policy) que nos da una idea interesante sobre las dinámicas políticas alrededor de
clima urbano (mayoral champion, intersectoral coordination, jurisdictional fragmentation, Long-
term outcomes and short-term preferences, New revenue demands)

La agenda puede moverse hacia

An efficient policy should cover three fundamental axes:

- Four scales: city - region - neighborhood - buildings

- Four dimensions: Pre planning - Scheme design - Evaluation and optimization - Post evaluation

- And the relevant meteorological dimensions for each case. In the case of Shanghai: heat island,
wind farm, air pollution, noise.

Policy that covers all these aspects has become possible in recent years due to the advances in
built environment modeling and simulation of climatic conditions. [Literature review about the
effectiveness of urban climate simulation]

However, few studies cover the problem in all these dimensions. In general, they are concentrated
in only one scale and in only one stage of the planning. [Literature review of studies at different
scales and in different stages. Locate the studies within the following graph.]

Conclusion: there are no studies on the possibilities of a public policy that takes into consideration
different scales and stages of planning. This paper will study cases at different scales and stages to
give an idea of the potential of a platform that takes the problem as a whole, including the work of
planners, climate scientists and government entities.