URINALYSIS-INTRODUCTION

Used most frequently-Screening test

Ø Can also be utilized –monitoring response to
treatment &
To note the progression of a disease.
Ø Suspected renal diseases like
glomerulonephritis,nephrotic syndrome,pyelonephritis
and renal failure.
Ø Detection of urinary tract infection.
Ø Detection & management of metabolic disorders like
Diabetes mellitus.
Ø Differential diagnosis of jaundice.
Ø Diagnosis of pregnancy.
Ø Hematuria (with or without proteinuria) on urine
dipstick test.
 Preanalytical
Assessment
• Before proceeding for examination, specimen must be evaluated
in terms of its acceptability.
1. Minimum Labeling Requirements: Patient’s full name, Date
and Time of collection,Test ordered,Name of ordering clinician /
physician.
2. Intactness: There shouldn’t be any leakage, spillage and damage
to container.
3. Timing of collection: First voided morning urine is the best for
Routine analysis.
4. Preferences: If multiple investigations are to be done from a
single specimen, bacteriologic examination should be
performed first. Hence, volume of urine should be noted
properly.
 2. COLOUR RED:BLOOD
porphyria
GREEN:
MEDICATION NORMAL

BLUE-green:PSEUDOMONAS
INFECTION

BLACK:MELANURIA
Alkaptonuria

BROWN:
HAEMOGLOBIN
myoglobin

DARK GREEN: COLOURLESS:

BILIVERDIN DILUTE URINE AMBER:
ORANGE:
BILIRUBIN
PYRIDIUM
BRIGHT YELLOW:
VITAMINS
 APPEARANCE
 Normal freshly voided urine is clear in
appearance.
 Foamy urine occurs in the presence of excess
proteins or bilirubin.
Detection of microalbuminuria
 Can not be detected by routine test for
proteinuria.
 Methods are :
1. Measurement of albumin-creatinine ratio in
a random urine sample.
2. Measurement of albumin in an early
morning or random urine sample.
3. Measurement of albumin in 24hr sample.
4. Test strips.
5. Exact quantitation by radioimmunoassay or
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.
 Test for detection
1-Microscopic examination of urinary sadiment
2-Chemical test:
 These test detect both intracellular and extracellular hem
( intact and lysed red cell) as well as myoglobin.
 Principle:
 Haem proteins in hemoglobin act as peroxidase,which
reduces hydrogen peroxide to water.
 This process needs a hydrogen
donor(benzidine,orthotoluidine,or guaiac).
 Oxidation of hydrogen donor leads to development of
color.
 Intensity of color development is proportional to
amount of hemoglobin present.