Anatomy and Physiology

ALANES, RAFAEL RUSSEL 12- FEYNMAN

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
→
Responsible for the movement of human body
→
Attached to the skeletal system
→
There are about 700 muscles
→
Muscles make up roughly half of the body’s weight
→
Found in the skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels,
tendons and nerves. Also in the heart, digestive
organs, and blood vessels that serves to move
substances throughout the body.
TYPES OF MUSCLES
Visceral → Involuntary
Muscle → Smooth
Origin and Insertion
→ Found inside the organs such as
stomach, intestines, and blood vessels
NAMES OF SKELETAL MUSCLES
→ Weakest muscles
Factors of naming skeletal muscles
→ Makes the organs contract to move
- Location
substances through the organ
- Origin and Insertion
- Number of Origins
- Shape
- Size
- Direction
Cardiac → Involuntary - Function
Muscle → Only found in the heart Many muscles derive their names from their

Location
→ Responsible for pumping out blood anatomical region.
throughout the body
→ Stimulates itself to contract
→ Autorhythmic (Intrinsically controlled)
→ Made up of straited cells
- Indicates that a muscle cell is strong

Skeletal → Voluntary Muscle

Muscles → Functions to contract to move parts of the
body closer to the bone that the muscle is
attached
→ Made up of straited cells

GROSS ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

→ Tough bands of dense regular connective
Tendons

tissue whose strong collagen fibers firmly

attach muscle bones
→ How does the muscles move?
- By shortening their length, pulling on
tendons, and moving bones closer to
each other
→ Origin (fixed)
- Place on the stationary bone that is
connected via tendons to the muscle
→ Insertion (move)
- Place on the moving bone that is
connected to the muscle via tendons
→ What muscle is the fleshy part of the muscle
in between the tendons that does the actual
contraction?
- The Belly
Anatomy and Physiology
ALANES, RAFAEL RUSSEL 12- FEYNMAN
Some muscles are named based upon their

Shape, Size, and Direction

Origin and Insertion
connection to a stationary bone (origin) and a
moving bone (insertion).

Numbe Some muscles connect to more than one place

r of on a bone, and therefore have more than one
Origins origin.

Most of the muscles of the forearms are

Function

named based on their function because they

are located in the same region and have
similar shapes and sizes.
Examples:
→ the flexor group of the forearm flexes
the wrist and the fingers.
→ Supinator
→ Muscle that supinates the wrist by
rolling it over to face palm up
- Adducers
→ Mostly found in the leg muscle
→ Role: Adduct (pull together)
Anatomy and Physiology
ALANES, RAFAEL RUSSEL 12- FEYNMAN

GROUP ACTION IN SKELETAL MUSCLES SACROMERE STRUCTURE

Skeletal muscles rarely work by themselves to achieve
movements in the body. More often they work in groups to
produce precise movements.
Agonist Muscle That produces any particular
movement in the body
Antagonis Muscle that produces the opposite effect on
t the same bones
NOTE: Agonist muscles always pairs with the antagonist
muscle

Synergist - muscles that help to stabilize a

movement and reduce extraneous
movements.
- usually found in regions near the agonist
and often connect to the same bones.
→ Reason: skeletal muscles move the
insertion closer to the immobile
origin, fixator muscles assist in
movement by holding the origin
stable
- If you lift something heavy with your
arms, fixators in the trunk region hold
your body upright and immobile so that
you maintain your balance while lifting. Sacromeres are made up of 2 types of protein fibers:
Thick → Made of many bonded units of the
SKELETAL MUSCLE HISTOLOGY Filaments protein myosin
→ Myosin
Sarcolema → Cell membrane of muscle fibers → Protein that causes muscles to
→ Acts as the conductor for contract
electrochemical signals that Thin Made of three proteins
stimulates muscle cells Filaments Actin → Forms a helical
structure that
Transverse- → Connected to the sarcolemma that makes up the bulk
Tubules help carry electrochemical signals of the thin filaments
(T-tubules) into the middle of the muscle fiber → Contains myosin
Sarcoplasmic → serves as a storage facility for → binding sites that
Reticulum calcium ions (Ca2+ ) that are vital to allow myosin to
muscle contraction. connect to and
Mitochondria → – “power houses” of the cell are move actin during
abundant to muscle cells to break muscle contraction.
down sugars and provide energy in Tropomyosin → a long protein fiber
the form of ATP to active muscles. that wraps around
Myofibrils → are the contractile structures of the actin and covers the
cell. myosin binding sites
on actin.
→ Made up of many protein fibers
arranged into repeating subunits Troponin → bound very tightly to
called Sacromeres tropomyosin
Sacromeres → Functional Unit of muscle fibers → troponin moves
tropomyosin away
from myosin binding
sites during muscle
contraction.
Anatomy and Physiology
ALANES, RAFAEL RUSSEL 12- FEYNMAN

MUSCULAR SYSTEM PHISIOLOGY FUNCTIONAL TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLES

Functions of Muscular Tissue
→ Main function--->Movement
→ Maintenance of posture and body position
→ Movement of substances inside the body
→ Generation of body fat
Skeletal Muscles as Levers
→ work together with bones and joints to form lever
systems
→ acts as the effort force; the joint acts as the
fulcrum; the bone that the muscle moves acts as
the lever; and the object being moved acts as the
load.
Type I → fibers are very slow and deliberate in their
contractions
→ Very resistant to fatigue
→ Can be found in muscles throughout the
body for stamina and posture
→ Near the spine and neck region
→ very high concentrations of Type I fibers
hold the body up throughout the day.

Motor Units
Motor → Nerve Cells that control the skeletal
Neurons muscles

Motor → Several muscle cells controlled by

Unit motor neuron
Type II Type II-A
→ the size of motor units varies → fibers are faster and stronger than
throughout the body, depending on Type I fibers, but do not have as much
the function of a muscle. endurance.
→ are found throughout the body, but
especially in the legs where they work
to support your body throughout a long
TYPES OF CONTRACTION day of walking and standing.
Isometric → No movement takes place Type II-B
Contraction → because the load on the muscle → fibers are even faster and stronger
exceeds the tension generated by the than Type II A, but have even less
contracting muscle endurance.
→ occurs when a muscle attempts to → much lighter in color than Type I and
push or pull an immovable object Type II A due to their lack of
Isotonic → Movement does take place myoglobin, an oxygen-storing pigment.
Contraction → Because the tension generated by the → can be found throughout the body, but
contracting muscle exceeds the load particularly in the upper body where
on the muscle they give speed and strength to the
→ Occurs when you successfully push or arms and chest at the expense of
pull an object stamina.
Isotonic contractions are divided into two
types:

Concentric Muscle decreases in

length (shortens) against
an opposing load

Example: lifting a weight

up
Eccentric → muscle increases in
length (lengthens) as it
resists a load
→ the muscles that are
shortening serve as
the agonists and
hence do all of the
work.
→ muscles that are
lengthening serve as
the agonists (and do
all of the work).
Anatomy and Physiology
ALANES, RAFAEL RUSSEL 12- FEYNMAN

DISEASES OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Muscular → genetic disease that damages
Dystrophy muscle fibers.
→ Symptoms:
- Weakness
- Loss of mobility
- Lack of coordination
→ More than 50,000 Americans suffer
with one of the nine forms of the
disease, which can occur at any time
in a person’s life and has no cure.
Cerebral → impacts posture, balance and motor
Palsy functions.
→ Brain damage during or before
childbirth causes a loss of muscle
tone, making it difficult to perform
everyday tasks
→ one of the most common congenital
disorders.
Myasthenia → chronic autoimmune disease that
gravis results in muscle weakness and
fatigue.
→ A breakdown of the neuromuscular
junction causes the brain to lose
control over these muscles, which
can result in difficulty breathing and
swallowing.
Amyotrophic → AKA “Lou Gehrig’s Disease”
Lateral → Progressive neurodegenerative
Disease disease that affects nerve cells in the
(ALS) brain.
→ It is a fatal disease that affects
30,000 Americans at any one time
→ Leads to a loss of control over
voluntary muscle movement, making
it increasingly difficult to swallow,
breath and speak.
→ Disease ultimately causes paralysis
and death.
Fibromyalgia → chronic disorder characterized by
widespread muscle pain, stiffness,
fatigue, and tenderness in localized
areas.
→ While this is a difficult disease to
pinpoint and diagnose and can mimic
many other medical problems, it has
gained acceptance as a recognized
health issue over the past decade.
→

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

→ Strengthens muscles and the connective tissues
→ Improves muscle control and balance
→ An increase in muscle size and efficiency
→ The amount of myoglobin within skeletal muscle
increases
→ Muscles are capable of storing a larger amount of
glycogen
→ Muscle became more efficient at disposing of
waste products through the bloodstream
→ Increase in muscle recruitment