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CHAPTER 1

PRELIMINARY

A. Background

A barren desert surrounded by deserts and mountains, where at that time

human life was very bad, so that it was called the era of ignorance or the age of

human ignorance, which supported a chosen man, who was a light bearer of faith,

as a role model. noble morals for mankind and the jinn until the end of life in this

world. He is named MUHAMMAD SAW, a chosen human who develops with

full glory until the end of his life. After he died it did not mean that Islam stopped

and did not develop again, precisely after he died the progress of Islam increased,

it was all because of the role of the Prophet's companions who were so good in

advancing and spreading the religion of Islam.

And how great the Messenger of Allah and his companions are,

therefore the author will present a paper containing the life history of the Prophet

Muhammad and the histories of the Khulafaur Rashidin caliphate to the abbasiyah

dynasty in developing, spreading and advancing Islam. Hopefully the life history

of the Prophet and the history of the caliphate from beginning to end in the

Abbasid Caliphate shows the fighting spirit possessed by the caliphs to uphold the

teachings of Islam on earth as well as a lesson for Muslims in the world that

sacrifice in the name of religion is noble. But presumably there are still many in

this paper shortcomings and mistakes both in sentence preparation, due to the

limitations of the author's knowledge.

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B. Problem Formulation

1. What is the life history of Rasulullah SAW?

2. How is the history of the caliphate from the start to the end of the

abbasiyah Caliphate?

3. How was the progress of Islam from the time of the Caliphate of Ashes to

the end of the Abbasiyah Caliphate?

4. What are the example of the Prophet Muhammad SAW that we can apply

in everyday life?

5. What are the methods of preaching the Prophet Muhammad?

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CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Biography of the prophet Muhammad SAW.

1. Birth and Forty Years Before Prophethood

Prophet Muhammad SAW was born in the city of Mecca on Monday,

the 12th of Rabi'ul Awal, the Year of the Elephant (it is called the year of the

Elephant because at that time the army led by Yemeni Governor Abrahah wanted

to destroy the Ka'bah. Then the army perished like a leaf eaten by a caterpillar QS

Al-Fiil), which coincided with 570 AD. His father was named Abdullah bin Abdul

Muttalib, and his mother was named Aminah binti Wahab. Abdullah bin Abdul

Muttalib died when the Prophet was still in the womb (before the birth of the

Prophet Muhammad).

At the age of 6 years his mother died. Then the Prophet was raised by

his grandfather, for two years. When he was 8 years old, his grandfather passed

away and he was under the care of his uncle Abu Talib. At the age of 12 years, the

Prophet was brought by Abu Talib with a trading caravan to the land of Syria.

When he arrived at Basrah, he met a Christian priest named Bahira (Bukhira) who

told Abu Talib that his son had prophetic signs and suggested that the Prophet

should be brought back home so that the Romans and Jews would not harm him.

In the 14th year of his birth, Rasulullah took part in the Fijar war which

took place somewhere between Nakhlah and Taif, between the Quraysh tribe and
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their allies Banu Kinanah against the Kabilah Qais' Ailan. In this case the Prophet

helped his uncles provide arrows.

At the age of 25, the Prophet was believed to have brought merchandise

belonging to Khadijah binti Khuwailid to be traded to the land of Syria. Then the

Prophet married Khadijah. His sons and daughters from his marriage with Khadija

were: Al-Qasim, Zainab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, Fatima, and Abdullah. All of

his sons died when they were children, while his daughters all lived during the

time of Islam, but died while he was still alive, except for Fatima who died six

months after she died.

When Rasulullah was 35 years old, the tribe of Quraish rebuilt the

Ka'bah which was damaged by the flood. When the work arrived at the placement

of the Black Stone, a dispute occurred about who has the most right to put back

the Black Stone to its original place. Fortunately there is a wise man, Ummayah

bin Mughirah from the children of Makzum. At the suggestion of the Ummayah,

they agreed that who was the first to enter through Safa's door was the one who

decided the case. On the Will of Allah SWT, Rasulullah who was the first to enter

the door, they happily called Al Amin (a person who can be trusted). Rasulullah

spread out a sheet of cloth and put the Black Stone in the middle, then asked all

the heads of the tribes to hold the ends of the shawl and lift it up to the place.

2. Under the Shade of Prophethood

When the Prophet was approaching 40 years of age, he often went into seclusion

(exiled to seek guidance from Allah SWT) in the Hira Cave located in Jabal Nur.
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When he was 40 years old, he was appointed as an apostle with the first revelation

of Surah Al-Alaq verses 1-5 delivered by the angel Jibril. Rasulullah trembled and

went home to his wife Khadija and said "Cover me, cover me". Then Khadijah

brought the Messenger of Allah to his uncle named Waraqah bin Naufal and

Waraqah stated that it was the angel Jibril who came to the Prophet.

Da'wah in secret lasted 3 years. At the beginning of the preaching, four

people who were close to the Prophet declared their Islam, they were called as-

saabiquun al-awwalluun (the first to convert to Islam). They consist of: Khadijah

(his wife), Abu Bakr Siddiq (his best friend), Ali bin Abi Talib (his nephew), and

Zaid bin Harithah (his former slave).

The Prophet conducted open da'wah after receiving orders from Allah

SWT (Q.S Al Hijr verse 94). The first open call was carried out on the hill of Safa

near the Ka'bah and received ridicule from most of the Quraysh, especially his

own uncle Abu Lahab (Q.S Al-Lahab).

In the fifth year of prophethood, the Prophet ordered the Muslims to

migrate to Habasyah (Ethiopia) to avoid torturing the polytheists. King Habasyah

at that time was Ashhimah an-Najasyiy.

The cruelty of the Quraish kafirs was getting worse. In the seventh year of

prophecy, the Muslims and all the Bani Hashim and the people of Mutalib were

exiled in the Shi'ib valley. The Quraish infidels boycotted all relations between

Muslims and other parties, so that the Muslims suffered from hunger. In that same

year the Prophet ordered him to move to Habasyah for the second time.
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The 11th year of prophecy the Isra 'Mi'raj (Q.S Al-Israa verse 1)

happened. Isra 'means the Prophet's journey at night, from the Grand Mosque to

the Aqsa Mosque in Baitul Maqdis, Palestine. Mi'raj means being raised to the

highest sky, namely from Baitul Maqdis to Sidratul Muntaha. His journey was

accompanied by the angel Jibril on a Buraq. On this occasion the Messenger of

Allah received the order to pray.

In the 12th year of prophethood, 12 people came from Yastrib, namely

the Khazraj and the Aus tribes, to meet the Messenger of Allah on the hill of

Aqabah in Mina and pledge to be loyal to Allah SWT. This incident was known as

Bai'atul Aqabah First. Then they returned to Yastrib and Rasulullah SAW sent

Mush'ab bin Umair to teach and provide understanding of Islam.

During the Hajj season of the 13th year of prophecy, a larger number of

Yatsrib residents came to meet the Prophet in Aqabah, so that this event was

known as the Second Bai'atul Aqabah. In a meeting with Rasulullah SAW, they

earnestly asked Rasulullah and the Muslims to migrate to Yathrib. They promised

to help and protect like their own family.

Rasulullah welcomed the request of the Yathrib to migrate. He ordered all

Muslims to migrate to Yathrib. They migrate secretly. After almost all the

Muslims left, the Prophet also migrated, accompanied by Abu Bakr Siddiq.

Ten years after the prophet hijrah (in the year 10 H), the Prophet led the

Muslims to perform the pilgrimage which was later called haji Wada '(farewell

hajj). When he arrived at Arafah before Zuhur, Rasulullah asked for his camel

named Al-Qashwa and delivered the last sermon.

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After the Khatbah, the letter of Al-Maidah verse 3 came down, which means: On

this day I have perfected your religion and I have fulfilled my blessings for you,

and I am pleased with Islam as your religion.

In the year 11 H the Prophet died, at the house of his wife Aisyah, during dhuha,

Monday 12 Rabi'ul Awwal in 11 Hijriyah at the age of 63 in Medina.

B. The Period of Islamic Advancement

The history of the Caliph cannot be separated from the journey of

spreading Islamic teachings on earth. However the story of the history of the

Caliph is part of the development of Islam. Caliph is the representative or

substitute of the Prophet Muhammad SAW after the Prophet died in state and

religious affairs that implement Islamic sharia (law) in state life. The history of

the caliph began when the Prophet Muhammad SAW died in 632 AD

When the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) died, several companions held a

meeting in Medina and chose Abu Bakr to be the leader of the Muslims. Abu Bakr

has the title of caliph of Rasulullah (successor to Rasulullah). It is from this title

that the term khalifah (successor or successor) comes from. From here, the history

of the caliph started the story.

1. The period of Khulafaur Rashidin

The Caliphs started with the first four caliphs, namely Abu Bakr, Umar

bin Khattab, Usman bin Affan, and Ali bin Abi Talib. These caliphs received the

nickname khulafaur rashidin (upright and guided caliphs).

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2. Abu Bakr (570 - 634 AD)

The history of the first caliph was started by Abu Bakr. Apart from the

Prophet's companions, Abu Bakr was the Prophet's in-laws. Her daughter, Aisyah,

married the Prophet SAW.

During the short caliphate (632 - 634 AD) he fought the false prophet

(Musailamah al-Kazab) and apostates who refused to pay zakat. During his reign,

Islam spread to Persia, Iraq and other areas of the Middle East. The history of the

caliph during the time of Abu Bakr was the beginning of the Islamic awakening

after the death of the Prophet Muhammad.

3. Umar bin Khattab (586 - 644 AD)

Abu Bakr was not always the caliph. The historical story of the caliph

Abu Bakr ended when Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his successor. As caliph,

Umar spread Islam to Egypt and Syria. This second caliph was known to be fair,

honest, simple, generous, and had a statesman spirit.

This Caliph Umar bin Khattab got extraordinary achievements in the journey of

Islam. In 637 AD the Muslim armies succeeded in capturing Jerusalem. Caliph

Umar himself received the key to enter the holy city. Umar was killed by Abu

Lu'lu 'in 644 AD.

4. Usman bin Affan (574 - 656 AD)

After Umar bin Khattab died. The next caliph who succeeded him was

Usman bin Affan. Usman is the Prophet's son-in-law. One of Usman's

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achievements was the writing of the Al-Quran manuscripts which were called the

Usmani Manuscripts. Usmani manuscripts were copied from the Al-Quran

manuscripts stored in the house of Hafsah, the daughter of Umar who became the

wife of the Prophet SAW.

The historical story of the caliph Usman bin Affan presents a story of

upheaval. Usman came from Bani Umayah and appointed many officials from

among his family. However, the poor government apparatus caused upheaval.

Usman died and was killed by people who were not satisfied with his leadership.

5. Ali ibn Abi Talib (600 - 661 AD)

The Prophet's cousin and son-in-law. This became the fourth caliph in

656 AD. The historical story of the Caliph Ali bin Abi Talib (656 - 661 AD) was

mostly spent fighting corruption inherited from the previous government. He also

had to face the rebellion led by Aisyah, Talha, and Zubair. The rebellion was

better known as the Jamal War.

The history of the Caliph Ali bin Abi Talib is filled with conflicts that

have only strengthened Islam itself. After successfully putting down Aisyah's

rebellion, Ali was faced with the rebellion of Muawiyah bin Abu Sufyan. In the

war known as the Siffin War, Ali's army nearly won. However, Muawiyah troops

installed a copy of the Al-Quran on the spearhead and asked for negotiations to be

held.
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Rebellion after rebellion was the cause of the end of this historical story of the

Caliph Ali bin Abi Talib. In 661 AD Ali bin Abi Talib was killed by the Khawarij,

namely Ali's former followers who opposed negotiations with Muawiyah. The

Khawarij also planned to kill Muawiyah, but they failed.

C. The Umayyad Caliphate (661 - 750 AD)

The founder of the Umayah dynasty was Muawiyah, and two of his

successors, Yazid bin Muawiyah and Muawiyah bin Yazid were descendants of

Abu Sufyan. The other caliphs were descendants of Marwan bin Hakam who

became caliph in 684 AD Caliph Muawiyah established Damascus as the capital

of the Caliphate. The position of caliph, which was originally elected, turned into

a position that was inherited from generation to generation.

This Umayyad Caliphate reached its peak during the reign of Abdul Malik

(reigned between 685 - 705 AD). At that time the territory of the Umayyad

Caliphate stretched from Spain to Central Asia and India.

The decline of the Umayyad Caliphate began with their defeat in Byzantium in

717 AD. Internal competition and the failure of financial reforms led to the

collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate. They were defeated by the Abbasids, who

were the descendants of Abbas bin Abdul Muttalib, the uncle of the Prophet

Muhammad. The history of the caliph from the generation of Umayah bin Abdusy

Syam is the beginning of the history of the next caliph.

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D. Abbasid Caliphate (749 - 1258 AD)

The Abbasids were able to gain power through Hasimiyah, a

revolutionary movement against the Bani Umayah rulers. In 747 AD, a supporter

of the Hasimiyah movement, Abu Muslim, staged an uprising from Khurasan and

received wide support in Iraq and Persia. They raised the descendants of Abbas

bin Abdul Muttalib, Abul Abbas al-Saffah, as caliphs in 749 AD

Abu Muslim's troops defeated the last ruler of Bani Umayah, Marwan II, in 750

AD Subsequently, Al-Saffah's brother, Al-Mansur, succeeded him as caliph and

established the capital at Baghdad. Al-Mansur consolidated his power by

removing his uncles, Abdullah bin Ali and Salih bin Ali. Al-Mansur even

executed a person who greatly contributed to the Abbasids, Abu Muslim.

The golden age of the Abbasid Caliphate took place during the reign of

Harun al-Rasyid and al-Ma'mun. The history of the Abbasid caliphs at that time

ruled the region stretching from North Africa to Central Asia.

However, after that they were unable to prevent territorial division. The Fatimid

dynasty took over North Africa and Egypt in the 10th century. Meanwhile, the

power of the Abbasids decreased because they were dominated by Persians and

Turks.

Hulagu Khan's attack and execution of the Caliph al-Musta'shim in 1258

AD ended the rule of the Abbasids in Baghdad. The Abbasid Caliphate was

continued by al-Mustanshir, al-Musta'shim's uncle, in Egypt under the protection

of the Mamluks until the conquest by the Ottomans in 1517 AD.

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C. The example of the Prophet Muhammad SAW.

The examples of the Prophet Muhammad that must be practiced in

everyday life are siddiq (true), amanah (trustworthy) tabligh (convey) and

fathonah (intelligent). In addition there are so many examples from the life of the

prophet Muhammad that Muslims can emulate, such as:

1. Gentle

Prophet Muhammad was a noble hearted person, who was always gentle to

others, even to someone who always insulted him. It is said that one day the

Rasullullah was spat upon by a drunkard, even the Rasullullah was spat in front of

many people, but when the drunk was sick, Rasullullah was the first to visit him.

From the story above, we can see how humble and gentle the Prophet

Muhammad.

2. Dislikes Saving Money

Prophet Muhammad SAW was a charity expert who was never greedy and

greedy for wealth. Even he lives simply and does not like to hoard wealth or

money in his house. As told in the following story. When Rasulullah SAW's

health condition worsened due to the illness he was suffering, he asked Aisyah Ra

about the money he had deposited with her before she was sick. He forgot to ever

leave money and remembered being sick. The Apostle asked hoarsely, "Ayesha,

where is the money that I left with you before getting sick?" help you share the
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money in the way of Allah. Because I will be ashamed to meet the beloved Allah

SWT, while in his house there are still piles and deposits of money. "

From this story, it can be seen how Rasulullah SAW was a humble and

tuma'ninah person. Even though he was sick and lived a simple life, the Prophet

Muhammad never wanted to hoard wealth or eat his own property. He always

shares and remembers others.

3. Alert and Obedient

Prophet Muhammad SAW is a human being on earth who is most obedient

to Allah SWT. Even though he has guaranteed heaven, he is still devoted to

worship and fear Allah SWT. He is also very careful and aware of what he does,

including what he eats and drinks.

Once told in a story, one night Aisyah RA found Rasulullah SAW could

not sleep and only turned his body on the bed full of anxiety. He also asked, "O

Messenger of Allah, why didn't he sleep all night?" Rasulullah then replied,

"Today I found a date in the middle of the road, then I took the fruit and ate it

because I thought it was better eaten than rotten and wasted, now I feel restless

because who knows if the date I ate is a treasure. alms."

From this story we can know that the Prophet Muhammad was careful and

alert to something that did not belong to him. He was very thorough and strict in

applying the law, even only for a date he found on the road.
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D. Methods of Preaching the Prophet Muhammad.

Prophet Muhammad SAW was sent by Allah to earth to spread Islam. In a

span of 23 years, he then succeeded in bringing humans from the dark ages to the

brightly lit ages. The Prophet Muhammad in delivering Islamic da'wah used a

variety of methods, including: clandestine methods, open da'wah, government

politics, correspondence, warfare, education, and religious teaching.

In addition, quoted from the Tanwirul Afkar bulletin, Katib Ma'had Aly

Situbondo Ustaz Khairuddin Habziz revealed that As-Syahid Syekh Ramadhan Al

Buthy in his Fiqh Sirah book had mentioned the three steps of the Prophet's

success in preaching Risalah Islamiyah.

First, namely building a mosque (Bina'ul Masjid). Rasulullah certainly did

not only build a mosque physically, but also made it prosperous and empowered.

According to him, the mosque at that time was really the center of the movement

for structuring and improving the people in all its dimensions. From religious

questions to state matters.

Second, Rasulullah brought the Muhajirin and Ansar together (At-ta'akhi

bainal Muhajirin wal Ansar). These two elements of Medina society would later

become the main supporters of the Prophet's da'wah. The true brotherhood that is

built is in the same vision and mission, namely la aisya illa aisyal Akhirah. That

is, there is no essential life except the afterlife.

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The brotherhood described by the Prophet is like a body that will feel pain when

one of its members is sick. As social beings, building togetherness, tepo selero,

unity and integrity is a necessity in achieving success

The third step, Rasululullah builds relations with all parties outside of

Islam (Al alaqoh ma'a ghairil Muslimin). In his preaching the Prophet was pleased

to invite all people with different backgrounds to come together to bring benefit to

mankind. He said that differences and diversity are actually a gift and a form of

great strength if managed properly. On the contrary, he said, it could also become

a ticking time bomb if it was wrong in managing it.

These three knots of strength should be role models for agents of change,

both religious leaders, community leaders and state leaders in managing the life of

society, nation and state.

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CHAPTER III

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

Prophet Muhammad SAW was born in the city of Mecca on Monday,

the 12th of Rabi'ul Awal, the Year of the Elephant (it is called the year of the

Elephant because at that time the army led by Yemeni Governor Abrahah wanted

to destroy the Ka'bah. Then the army perished like a leaf eaten by a caterpillar. QS

Al-Fiil), which coincided with 570 AD. When the Prophet was approaching 40

years of age, he often went into seclusion (exiled to ask Allah SWT for guidance)

in the Hira Cave located in Jabal Nur. When he was 40 years old, he was

appointed as an apostle with the first revelation of Surah Al-Alaq verses 1-5

delivered by the angel Jibril. In the year 11 H the Prophet died, at the house of his

wife Aisyah, during dhuha, Monday 12 Rabi'ul Awwal in 11 Hijriyah at the age of

63 in Medina.

When the Prophet Muhammad died, several companions held a meeting

in Medina and chose Abu Bakr to be the leader of the Muslims. Abu Bakr has the

title of caliph of Rasulullah (successor to Rasulullah). It is from this title that the

term khalifah (successor or successor) comes from. The caliphate period is

divided into 3 periods, namely: the Khulafaur Rashidin period, the Umayyad

caliphate period, and the abbasiyah caliphate period. And it was during these three

periods that Islam progressed and spread widely to various continents.

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www.masjid.phpbb24.com. Retrieved 18 March 2013.

www.kaskus.us/showthread.php?t=7341229. Retrieved 18 March 2013.

www.anneahira.com/sejarah-khalifah.htm. Retrieved 18 March 2013.