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NEAFELE da r » ey NEA FE ce ws Advanced Macroeconomics [#1] M4 + FR David Romer) # Atm RR BLisMar sik heat FAB Eni 8 B (CIP) Bae PREMARS ORD / (SE) BAR CRomer, D. 3; RAG RIE. — EAE. EUS EA AGRE 2014. 11 LRTI) 44K: Advanced Macroeconomics, Fourth Edition ISBN 978-7-5642-2001-3/F. 2001 1. OB 0. OF OR O#- I. OFM Bee WV. OFS SN EISCR PR BAH CIP Sea (2014) $8 209753 CRIES x) FR Cami eee CPEB Bl SE AR at oF GAO.JI HONGGUAN JINGJIXUE BREWER oR [32 ]#LME + BBKCDavid Romer) 3% Rik HK RB LAR SE He AR AT CLG TTRAREE 321. GZ, BH 200134) FA bk http://www. sufep. com HF ABA. webmaster@sufep. com SARE TRE Lie REN 5 A RAS HA ED EG AR A RS SIT 2014 46 11 A 1 2014 4 11 FS 1 BEDE 787mmX 109mm 1/16 34. 75 EVGA .2) 758 FE FRgL.0 001—4 000 FE H99. 00 David Romer ADVANCED MACROECONOMICS, FOURTH EDITION ISBN 978 - 0- 07 ~ 351137 -5 Copyright © 2017 hy McGraw-Hill Education. Al Rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including without limitation photocopying, recording. taping» or any database, information or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ‘This authorized Chinese translation edition is jointly published by McGraw-Hill Education and Shanghai University of Finance & Economics Press. This edition is authorized for sale in the People’s Republic of China only, excluding Hong Kong, Macao SAR and Taiwan. Copyright © 2014 by MoGraw-Hill Education and Shanghai University of Finance & Economics Press. WOT. ABU MASETE TT 5 A os A AT RSP A Da A a we fi Cag LED Seiad SRA BORALAE TAGE AB BARAT ARS AREAL PCS ARE BPE A a EA -B AK OE ST tH PRS A AL A Hi SEIS BEALL cee AS A OR LIS ES TT AS. iLO 2014 BENE F-AAR SEW) BO RAS AS, MEE LA A-BAT McGrow-Hill Education 271050 TAME AAS HEE. ENE TIS RRB IE TEAL ALBEIT 'S + 09 ~ 2011 ~ 610 SBS VO hic a AAA ATT EEN» RY FE EVIE RACE AL BES AVSURAE TRG I AME SADE FE EAR ATT LA ES SAAS TA TNE SES BRT I TOMO. ALAR TTAB ST AAA CK (ETRE. BLEAK AI LIER VL BO ARIE FOI DIA TB EAS BR FORO KCRW ATRL T BERGE 3 RAE 4D). 8 3 TERA HARE SEMI IT RB + BR CPaul Romer) Hy AA HARA HY BI HO OS 4 REM Sy AS A AY AREER A A TL TS A SEB 1 SE ATES HT PI BE» VA BELA BEEN EG ER 6 EAT SCAORAS, ERIC AES ME Fe. SG PABITAN MLAS TRA. ULES AB SP TESA HRT TULA BRIA Ha Ae HABLA BSB OP A as AEF AOL 8 Fe ORR ES Dr LT LAL ALAM US we TLS Ae AHR LBA SRR) BITS MEAC HAS BL — PS I A 2 MER ey eee ah tt SUES 11 BARTER. BRAS RAM AME T SATE SRUERDA TABATA AREA EAM TIS T ALA) BE EBC. BURA ADEA INURE, ABS SP A RATE A RANT HE SF ur HIRAI 10 BE. BS KUNA T SENAY VI SCR PHAM RAOAS, B10 SALSHAMP RT KT HABA S5LMMAMC FM KB EAT AXA MEM AA. 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