Graphs of Trigonometric

Functions, Sine Wave

Ch-17
Fatima Hussain
Periodic Functions
• A curve that repeats its shape over and over.

Cycle
• Each repeated portion of the curve.

Period
• The x distance in degrees, radians or seconds taken for one cycle.
(Degrees/cycle, radians/cycle or seconds/cycle).

Frequency
• The number of cycles that fit into one degree, radian or second along the x - axis.
• Frequency is the reciprocal of the period.
(Cycles/degree, cycles/radian, cycles/second or hertz).

Amplitude
• Half the value of the peak to peak.

Instantaneous Value
• The y-value at any given x.
 P lo t th e s in e c u r v e y  s in x fo r v a lu e s o f x fro m 0 0 to 3 6 0 0 .
x 00 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600

y 0 0.5 0.866 1 0.866 0.5 0 - 0.5 -0.866 -1 - 0.866 - 0.5 0

Use DEGREE MODE

Sine function
 A M P LIT U D E
G raph o f y  a si n ( bx  c )
P lo t t h e s i n e c u r v e y  3 s i n x f o r v a lu e s o f x f r o m 0 t o 2  r a d .

x 0 π/6 π/3 π/2 2π/3 5π/6 π 7π/6 4π/3 3π/2 5π/3 11π/6 2π

y 0 1.5 2.598 3 2.598 1.5 0 - 1.5 - 2.598 -3 - 2.598 - 1.5 0

Use RADIAN MODE

What is RMS?
▪ RMS : Root Mean Square
▪ Calculating RMS requires 4 steps:
1. From a graph, create a table of vertical values
2. Square each value
3. Average all the Squared values
4. Calculate the square root of the sum.

▪ Mathematically, the formula for RMS is: 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒(𝑎2 )

2
1.265

▪ Example:
1. Values: 0 2 0 -2 0 0 4
2. Values 2 0 4 0 4 0
3. Average: 1.600
4. RMS: 1.265 -2
 Calculating Effective Current
▪ The formula for effective current:
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
2
• Where 2 is the Crest Factor.

▪ Effective current is often called RMS

current

▪ Calculating RMS for the Sine function by

using a graph:
▪ Create a2table of values for 𝜃, Sine 𝜃 and
(𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑒𝜃)
Degrees 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180
Sine 0.00 0.26 0.50 0.71 0.87 0.97 1.00 0.97 0.87 0.71 0.50 0.26 0.00
Sine Squared 0.00 0.07 0.25 0.50 0.75 0.93 1.00 0.93 0.75 0.50 0.25 0.07 0.00

▪ Formula for RMS is 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒(𝑎2 )

▪ The a values are Sine 𝜃, so RMS= 0.7071
1
▪ The Crest Factor is 0.7071 ≈ 1.414 ≈ 2
 Plotting Sine and Cosine
▪ Graph example: Plot one period of 15A +1
Sine Cosine
alternating current over time where the
frequency is 60Hz. amplitude

Solution:
0° 180° 360°
▪ Amplitude is 15A
▪ Where is the time given in the problem?
▪ 60Hz is the same as 60cycles/second -1

1 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 Cycle (or period)

▪ Calculate one period as 60 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 0.0167𝑠𝑒𝑐
i(a)
+15

0 0.0083
Time
0.0167
(sec)

-15
 About Sine Curves 90°
▪ One rotation of a circle is related to one cycle of the Sine
Curve.
Angle
▪ Amplitude of Sine equals radius of the circle. 270° Angle
90°
▪ Angles in circle relate to angles on Sine curve. Example:
➢ One quarter rotation is 90°
➢ Three quarter rotation is 270° 270° Cycle

▪ Sine curve is called reference if the zero value is at zero

degrees.
➢ In curve A, sin(0°) = 0. Curve A Curve B
+1
▪ Sine curve can maintain the same cycle but shift from zero
degrees. (curve B) amplitude

▪ Difference between curve A and curve B is called phase

shift. 0° 180° 360°
90°
▪ Phase shift is measured in degrees as angle, usually called
phase angle.
➢ Example: B has phase angle = 90° -1 Cycle

Cycle
FORMULAS

y  a sin(bx  c)
 Complex Expression for Current
+i(a)
▪ Changes of direction of flow in Alternating Peak
current
Current power supply can be mathematically
represented by a Sine wave. amplitude
• One full cycle of Sine wave occurs every 360° Effective
current
• Peak current is the amplitude of the sine wave 0° 180° 360° 540° 720° 𝜃
• Effective current is approximated by: amplitude
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
2
-i(a)
• For sine waves, 2 is called the Crest Factor. Cycle

▪ Current can be represented in complex phasor

Phasor

form as:
𝐼 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡∠𝜃 180° 𝜽
(Where 𝜃 is the phase angle)
AC Current

The sine wave as a function of time : Alternating Current

i  I m sin(t  1 ) amps

Phase Angle = 
I m = M axim um C urrent 
(A m plitude) Phase Shift = -

 Complex Expression for Voltage
▪ Similarly to current, AC voltage can be mathematically +v(v) Peak
represented by a Sine wave. voltage
• Peak voltage occurs at maximum or minimum amplitude of
the sine wave
amplitude Effective
• Effective voltage is approximated by: voltage
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 0° 180° 360° 540° 720° 𝜃
2 amplitude
▪ Voltage can be represented in complex phasor form as:
V = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒∠𝜃 -v(v)
(Where 𝜃 is the phase angle) Cycle

▪ Example: AC circuit has a supply of 48volts and

3amperes. What is the complex voltage and complex 34

current at phase angle of 40°? 𝟒𝟎°

Effective voltage is 48/ 2 = 34V 180°

V=34∠40°V 2.1

Effective current is 3/ 2 = 2.1A

I=2.1∠40°A
AC Voltage

The sine wave as a function of time : Alternating Voltage

v  Vm sin(t  2 ) volts

Phase Angle = 
V m = M axim um V oltage 
(A m plitude) Phase Shift = -

 Electrical Circuits
▪ Alternating current passing through Resistance (R) produces
voltage drop that is in phase with current.
▪ Alternating current passing through Reactance (X) produces
voltage drop that is out of phase with current.
▪ The phase shift between voltage and current is called
Impedance phase angle.
 Example

▪ An alternating current circuit has impedance of 500 Ω at phase angle of 36.9°. Question: What is
the circuit resistance and reactance?
Solution:
▪ Label a diagram and the missing information.
▪ Use SohCahToa
▪ For reactance (X) use Soh
𝑋
Sin( 36.9° ) =
500

Reactance
X = 500 Sin 36.9° = 300.2 ≈ 300 Ω

▪ For resistance (R) use Cah

𝑅
Cos( 36.9° ) =
500 36.9°
R = 500 Cos 36.9° = 399.8 ≈ 400 Ω Resistance
STRATEGY for PLOTTING a GRAPH
y  a sin(bx  c) Quick Sketch

Amplitude  a

3600 2
Period  (degrees/cycle) -or- (radians/cycle)
b b
b b
Frequency  (cycles/degree) -or- (cycles/radian)
360 0 2
c
Phase Shift  
b
 G r a p h o f y  a s in (  t   )
EXAMPLE 20
G iven the sine w av e y  5.83 sin(114 t  15 ), find the am p litu d e , an gu lar
0

vel ocity , p h ase an gle , p eriod , freq u e n cy and p h ase sh if t . G raph o ne cycle.

y  5.83 sin(114t  15 ) 0
Quick Sketch
+ 5.83 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

yy == 5.83 sin (114t)+ 15 0)

sin(114t

Phasor Length  5.83

27.6 55.1

A n g u la r V e lo c ity  1 1 4 r a d ia n s /s e c o n d - 2.3 ms 13.8 41.3 t (ms)

P h a s e A n g le   1 5 0 ( o r 0 .2 6 2 r a d ia n s )
- 5.83 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Table of Values

2 2(3.142)
P eriod    0.0551 seconds/cycle (or 55.1 m illiseconds/cy cle)
 114

 114
Frequency    18.1 cycles/second (or H ertz)
2 2(3.142)

  0.262 radians
Phase Shift      0 .00230 seconds (or -2.30 m illiseconds)
 114 radians/sec ond
 A certain alternating current has an am plitude of 1.5 A and a frequency of
60 Hz (cycles/second). Taking the phase angle as zero, write the equation for the
current as a function of time, find the per iod and find the current at t  0.0 1 s .

G ra p h o f i  I m s in (  t   ) A

i  1.5sin(377t  0 ) A 0
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

1.5 A i = 1.5 sin(377t + 00) A

Maximum Current  1.5 A

8.35 0.01 s 16.7
A n g u la r V e lo c ity  3 7 7 r a d /s t (ms)

Phase Angle  0 0
(0 rad)
- 0.882 A

- 1.5 A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

2 2(3.142)
P eriod 


377
 0.0167 s (16.7 m s) i  I m sin(t   ) A

 377 i  1.5sin(377t  0 rad )A

Frequency    60 Hz
2 2(3.142)
i  1.5sin(377 • 0.01  0 rad )A
 0 rad Use RADIAN MODE
Phase Shift    0 s (0 m s)
 377 rad/s i  0.882 A
A certain alternating current has an am plitude of 1.5 A and a frequency of
60 Hz (cycles/second). Taking the phase angle as zero, write the equation for the
current as a function of time, find the per iod and find the current at t  0.0 1 s .

i  1.5sin(377t  0 ) A 0
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

1.5 A i = 1.5 sin(377t + 00) A

Maximum Current  1.5 A

8.35 0.01 s 16.7
A n g u la r V e lo c ity  3 7 7 r a d /s t (ms)

Phase Angle  0 0
(0 rad)
- 0.882 A

- 1.5 A - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

2 2(3.142)
P eriod    0.0167 s (16.7 m s)
 377

 377 ANS: P  0.0167 s i   0.882 A

Frequency    60 Hz
2 2(3.142) i  1.5 sin(377 t  0 0 ) A
 0 rad
Phase Shift    0 s (0 m s)
 377 rad/s
Figure 17-39 show s vo l t age and curren t w aves, w ith the voltage w ave
leading a current w ave by 5 m s. W rite the equations for the tw o w aves.
G ra p h o f v  V m s in (  t   ) V

Voltage Wave
v  Vm sin(t   ) V
190 V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

Maximum Voltage  190 V 2.5 A

10 20
t (ms)
A n g u la r V e lo c ity  3 1 4 r a d /s
- 2.5 A
5 ms

- 190 V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

Phase Angle  0 0
(0 rad)

2 2(3.142) 2 2
P eriod    0.02 s (20 m s)     314 rad/s
 314 P 0.02

 314
Frequency    50.0 Hz   2 f  2 (5 0 )  3 1 4
2 2(3.142)
r a d /s

 0 rad
Phase Shift    0 s (0 m s)    ( • P S )   3 1 4 ( 0 )  0
 314 rad/s ra d
Figure 17-39 show s vo l t age and cu rren t w aves, w ith the voltage w ave
leading a current w ave by 5 m s. W rite the equations for the tw o w aves.
Voltage Wave
v  190 sin(t   ) V
190 V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

Maximum Voltage  190 V 2.5 A

10 20
t (ms)
A n g u la r V e lo c ity  3 1 4 r a d /s
- 2.5 A
5 ms

- 190 V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

Phase Angle  0 0
(0 rad)

2 2(3.142) 2 2
P eriod    0.02 s (20 m s)     314 rad/s
 314 P 0.02

 314
Frequency    50.0 Hz   2 f  2 (5 0 )  3 1 4
2 2(3.142)
r a d /s

 0 rad
Phase Shift    0 s (0 m s)    ( • P S )   3 1 4 ( 0 )  0
 314 rad/s ra d
Figure 17-39 show s vo l t age and cu rren t w aves, w ith the voltage w ave
leading a current w ave by 5 m s. W rite the equations for the tw o w aves.

Voltage Wave
v  190sin(t   ) V 20 ms
Period
190 V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

Maximum Voltage  190 V 2.5 A

10 20
t (ms)
A n g u la r V e lo c ity  3 1 4 r a d /s
- 2.5 A
5 ms

- 190 V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

Phase Angle  0 0
(0 rad)

2 2(3.142) 2 2
P eriod    0.02 s ( 20 m s)     314 rad/s
 314 P 0.02

 314
Frequency    50.0 Hz   2 f  2 (5 0 )  3 1 4
2 2(3.142)
r a d /s

 0 rad
Phase Shift    0 s (0 m s)    ( • P S )   3 1 4 ( 0 )  0
 314 rad/s ra d
Figure 17-39 show s vo l t age and cu rren t w aves, w ith the voltage w ave
leading a current w ave by 5 m s. W rite t he equations for the tw o w aves.

Voltage Wave
v  190sin(314t   ) V
190 V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

Maximum Voltage  190 V 2.5 A

10 20
t (ms)
A n g u la r V e lo c i ty  3 1 4 r a d /s
- 2.5 A
5 ms

- 190 V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

Phase Angle  0 0
(0 rad)

2 2(3.142) 2 2
P eriod    0.02 s (20 m s)     314 rad/s
 3 14 P 0.02

 314
Frequency    50.0 Hz   2 f  2 (5 0 )  3 1 4
2 2(3.142)
r a d /s

 0 rad
Phase Shift    0 s (0 m s)    ( • P S )   3 1 4 ( 0 )  0
 31 4 rad/s ra d
F ig u re 1 7 -3 9 sh o w s v o l t a g e an d cu rren t w aves, w ith th e vo ltag e w ave
lead in g a cu rren t w ave b y 5 m s. W rite t h e eq u atio n s fo r th e tw o w aves.

Voltage Wave
v  190sin(314t  0 ) V 0

190 V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

Maximum Voltage  190 V 2.5 A

10 20
t (ms)
A n g u la r V e lo c ity  3 1 4 r a d /s
- 2.5 A
5 ms

- 190 V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

Phase Angle  0 0
(0 rad)

2 2(3.142) 2 2
P eriod    0.02 s (20 m s)     314 rad/s
 314 P 0.02

 314
Frequency    50.0 Hz   2 f  2 (5 0 )  3 1 4
2 2(3.142)
r a d /s

 0 rad
Phase Shift    0 s (0 m s)    ( • P S )   3 1 4 ( 0 )  0
 31 4 rad/s ra d
F ig u re 1 7 -3 9 sh o w s v o l t a g e an d cu rren t w aves, w ith th e vo ltag e w ave
lead in g a cu rren t w ave b y 5 m s. W rite t h e eq u atio n s fo r th e tw o w aves.

Voltage Wave
v  190sin(314t  0 ) V 0

190 V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

Maximum Voltage  190 V 2.5 A

10 20
t (ms)
A n g u la r V e lo c ity  3 1 4 r a d /s
- 2.5 A
5 ms

- 190 V - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

Phase Angle  0 0
(0 rad)

2 2(3.142)
P eriod    0.02 s (20 m s)
 314

 314
Frequency    50.0 Hz AN S: v  190 sin(314 t  0 0 ) V
2 2(3.142)

 0 rad
Phase Shift    0 s (0 m s)
 314 rad/s
Figure 17-39 show s vo l t age and cu rren t w aves, w ith the voltage w ave
leading a current w ave by 5 m s. W rite the equations for the tw o w aves.
Current Wave
i  I m sin(t   ) A
190 V
Maximum Current  2.5 A
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
2.5 A
10 20
t (ms)
A n g u la r V e lo c ity  3 1 4 r a d /s
- 2.5 A
5 ms

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

 - 190 V
Phase Angle  90 0
(-
2
or -1.57 rad)

2 2(3.142) 2 2
P eriod    0.02 s (20 m s)     314 rad/s
 314 P 0.02

 314
Frequency    50.0 Hz   2 f  2 (5 0 )  3 1 4
2 2(3.142)
r a d /s

   rad
Phase Shift     2   0.005 s (5 ms)    (  • P S )   3 1 4 ( 0 .0 0 5 )   1 .5 7 ra d
 314 rad/s
F ig u re 1 7 -3 9 sh o w s v o l t a g e an d cu rren t w aves, w ith th e vo ltag e w ave
lead in g a cu rren t w ave b y 5 m s. W rite t h e eq u atio n s fo r th e tw o w aves.

Current Wave
i  2.5 sin(t   ) A
190 V
Maximum Current  2.5 A
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
2.5 A
10 20
t (ms)
A n g u la r V e lo c ity  3 1 4 r a d /s
- 2.5 A
5 ms

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

 - 190 V
Phase Angle  90 0
(-
2
or -1.57 rad)

2 2(3.142) 2 2
P eriod    0.02 s (20 m s)     314 rad/s
 314 P 0.02

 314
Frequency    50.0 Hz   2 f  2 (5 0 )  3 1 4
2 2(3.142)
r a d /s

   rad
Phase Shift     2   0.005 s (5 ms)    (  • P S )   3 1 4 ( 0 .0 0 5 )   1 .5 7 ra d
 314 rad/s
F ig u re 1 7 -3 9 sh o w s v o l t a g e an d cu rren t w aves, w ith th e vo ltag e w ave
lead in g a cu rren t w ave b y 5 m s. W rite t h e eq u atio n s fo r th e tw o w aves.

Current Wave
i  2.5sin(t   ) A 20 ms
Period
190 V
Maximum Current  2.5 A
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
2.5 A
10 20
t (ms)
A n g u la r V e lo c ity  3 1 4 r a d /s
- 2.5 A
5 ms

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

 - 190 V
Phase Angle  90 0
(-
2
or -1.57 rad)

2 2(3.142) 2 2
P eriod    0.02 s ( 20 m s)     314 rad/s
 314 P 0.02

 314
Frequency    50.0 Hz   2 f  2 (5 0 )  3 1 4
2 2(3.142)
r a d /s

   rad
Phase Shift     2   0.005 s (5 ms)    (  • P S )   3 1 4 ( 0 .0 0 5 )   1 .5 7 ra d
 314 rad/s
Figure 17-39 show s vo l t age and cu rren t w aves, w ith the voltage w ave
leading a current w ave by 5 m s. W rite t he equations for the tw o w aves.

Current Wave
i  2.5sin(314t   ) A
190 V
Maximum Current  2.5 A
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
2.5 A
10 20
t (ms)
A n g u la r V e lo c i ty  3 1 4 r a d /s
- 2.5 A
5 ms

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

 - 190 V
Phase Angle  90 0
(-
2
or -1.57 rad)

2 2(3.142) 2 2
P eriod    0.02 s (20 m s)     314 rad/s
 3 14 P 0.02

 314
Frequency    50.0 Hz   2 f  2 (5 0 )  3 1 4
2 2(3.142)
r a d /s

   rad
Phase Shift     2   0.00 5 s (5 ms)    (  • P S )   3 1 4 ( 0 .0 0 5 )   1 .5 7 ra d
 31 4 rad/s
F ig u re 1 7 -3 9 sh o w s v o l t a g e an d cu rren t w aves, w ith th e vo ltag e w ave
lead in g a cu rren t w ave b y 5 m s. W rite t h e eq u atio n s fo r th e tw o w aves.

Current Wave
i  2.5sin(314t  90 ) A 0

190 V
Maximum Current  2.5 A
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
2.5 A
10 20
t (ms)
A n g u la r V e lo c ity  3 1 4 r a d /s
- 2.5 A
5 ms

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

 - 190 V
Phase Angle  90 0
(-
2
or -1.57 rad)

2 2(3.142) 2 2
P eriod    0.02 s (20 m s)     314 rad/s
 314 P 0.02

 314
Frequency    50.0 Hz   2 f  2 (5 0 )  3 1 4
2 2(3.142)
r a d /s

   rad
Phase Shift     2   0.005 s ( 5 ms)    (  • P S )   3 1 4 ( 0 .0 0 5 )   1 .5 7 ra d
 31 4 rad/s
F ig u re 1 7 -3 9 sh o w s v o l t a g e an d cu rren t w aves, w ith th e vo ltag e w ave
lead in g a cu rren t w ave b y 5 m s. W rite t h e eq u atio n s fo r th e tw o w aves.

Current Wave
i  2.5sin(314t  90 ) A 0

190 V
Maximum Current  2.5 A
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
2.5 A
10 20
t (ms)
A n g u la r V e lo c ity  3 1 4 r a d /s
- 2.5 A
5 ms

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --

 - 190 V
Phase Angle  90 0
(-
2
or -1.57 rad)

2 2(3.142)
P eriod    0.02 s (20 m s)
 314

 314
Frequency    50.0 Hz AN S: i  2.5 sin(314 t  90 0 ) A
2 2(3.142)

   rad
Phase Shift     2   0.005 s (5 ms)
 314 rad/s