Electric Circuits

Series-Parallel
 Series - Parallel Circuits
 Circuits may contain a combination of
series and parallel components
 Being able to recognize the various
connections in a network is an important
step in analyzing these circuits
Series - Parallel Circuits
Finding RTotal

1/Req=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+1/R4
Example:

Find Rab
Example:

Find Rab for the circuits shown below

Example
Find IT and RT for the two circuits shown
Internal Resistance
Batteries do have a resistance, called the internal
resistance. The consequence of this is that the
potential difference which is measured across the
terminals of a battery is higher when the battery is
not connected to an external circuit than when it is
connected to such a circuit.
If a voltmeter connected to a battery with an internal
resistance of 2 Ω reads 12 V when the battery is not
part of an external circuit, what will the voltmeter
read when a 10 Ω resistor is connected across the
terminals?
Example
Find RT , IT and V for the circuit shown below

The total resistance of the circuit is

Rtot = 2 Ω +10 Ω = 12 Ω.
The current flowing through
Find I and the
T T R circuit is
I = V/R = 12 (V)/12 (Ω) = 1 A.
We are measuring the potential difference across
the 10 Ω resistor. In other words, the voltmeter will
read 10 V.
V = IR = 1 (A) x 10 (Ω) = 10 V
 Calculate the total resistance in
the circuit below
3Ω 2Ω  Rtot = 3 Ω + 2 Ω = 5 Ω

6Ω 4Ω Rtot = 6 Ω + 4 Ω = 10 Ω

Rtot = 3 1/3 Ω
+ -

1/Rtot = 2/10 Ω+ 1/10 Ω = 3/10 Ω

 Example
For the circuit shown below:
Find
 Sol:
Rtot = R1 + 4 Ω + R4 = 5 Ω + 4 Ω + 6 Ω
= 15 Ω
Itot = ΔVtot / Rtot
= (60 V) / (15 Ω)Itot
= 4 Amp
Itot = I1 = I4
= 4 Amp
I2 = I3 = 2 Amp
ΔV1 = I1 • R1 = (4 Amp) • (5 Ω)ΔV1 = 20
VΔV2 = I2 • R2 = (2 Amp) • (8 Ω)
ΔV2 = 16 VΔV3 = I3 • R3 = (2 Amp) • (8 Ω)
ΔV3 = 16 VΔV4 = I4 • R4 = (4 Amp) • (6 Ω)
ΔV4 = 24 V
Example:
Analyze the following circuit and determine
the value of the total resistance.

For parallel-connected resistors:

1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 = 1 / (12 Ω) + 1 / (6 Ω) = 3 / (12 Ω)
Req = 4 Ω
For series-connected resistors:
Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 = 3 Ω + 6 Ω + 4 Ω + 5 Ω
Req = 18 Ω
Example:
In the following circuit calculate the total
current ( IT ) taken from the 12v supply.
The resultant resistance for series combination
would therefore be:
RA = R2 + R3 = 8Ω + 4 Ω = 12 Ω
So we can replace both resistor R2 and R3 above
with a single resistor of resistance value 12 Ω
So our circuit now has a single resistor RA in
“PARALLEL” with the resistor R4. Using our resistors in
parallel equation we can reduce this parallel
combination to a single equivalent resistor value
of R(combination) using the formula for two parallel
connected resistors as follows.

Rcombination = RA//R4
=6Ω
The resultant resistive circuit now looks something
like this: 1 R = 6Ω

R( A B ) = Rcomb + R1
=6Ω+6Ω RCombination= 6Ω
= 12 Ω.
Example:
Find the equivalent resistance, REQ for the following
resistor combination circuit. Find the equivalent
resistance, REQ for the following resistor
combination circuit.
Example:
Find RT
Sol:
FIRST: Identify elements in series and elements in
parallel
 20Ω, 30Ω, and 8Ω are in parallel
 This parallel combination is in series with 2Ω and 6Ω

   
 1   1 
R234       4.8
 1

1

1   1

1 1
 
R  
 2 R3 R4   20 30 8 
SECOND: Simplify and redraw the circuit

RT  2  4.8  6  12.8 
Example:
vo(no load)=4 V
vo(load)=3 V
Find RL
Determine the Rbc , I and P in 100 Ohm of
this network if Vbc = 10V
Example:
Determine ITOT, I1, I2, Vab
Example
Find the indicated currents and voltages
for the network shown