KEY CONCEPTS (SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE)

a b c
I. SINE FORMULA : In any triangle ABC , .
sin A sin B sin C
b 2 c2 a 2
II. COSINE FORMULA : (i) cos A = or a² = b² + c² 2bc. cos A
2bc
c2 a 2 b2 a 2 b 2 c2
(ii) cos B = (iii) cos C =
2ca 2ab
III. PROJECTION FORMULA : (i) a = b cos C + c cos B (ii) b = c cos A + a cos C
(iii) c = a cos B + b cos A
B C b c A
IV. NAPIER’S ANALOGY TANGENT RULE : (i) tan = cot
2 b c 2
C A c a B A B a b C
(ii) tan = cot (iii) tan = cot
2 c a 2 2 a b 2
V. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF HALF ANGLES :
A ( s b )( s c ) B (s c)(s a ) C (s a )(s b)
(i) sin = ; sin = ; sin =
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab

A s(s a ) B s(s b) C s(s c)

(ii) cos = ; cos = ca ; cos =
2 bc 2 2 ab

A (s b)(s c) a b c
(iii) tan = = where s = & = area of triangle.
2 s(s a ) s(s a ) 2
(iv) Area of triangle = s(s a )(s b)(s c) .
VI. M RULE : In any triangle ,
N
(m + n) cot m cot n cot
n cot B m cot C
1 1 1
VII. ab sin C = bc sin A = ca sin B = area of triangle ABC.
2 2 2
a b c
= 2R
sin A sin B sin C
abc
Note that R = 4
; Where R is the radius of circumcircle & is area of triangle
VIII. Radius of the incircle ‘r’ is given by:
a b c A B C
(a) r = where s = (b) r = (s a) tan = (s b) tan = (s c) tan
s 2 2 2 2
a sin B2 sin C2 A B C
(c) r = & so on (d) r = 4R sin sin sin
cos A2 2 2 2

IX. Radius of the Ex circles r1 , r2 & r3 are given by :

A B C
(a) r1 = ; r2 = ; r3 = (b) r1 = s tan ; r2 = s tan ; r3 = s tan
s a s b s c 2 2 2
B C
a cos cos2 2
A B C
(c) r1 = & so on (d) r1 = 4 R sin . cos . cos ;
cos A2 2 2 2

B A C C A B
r2 = 4 R sin . cos . cos ; r3 = 4 R sin . cos . cos
2 2 2 2 2 2
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X. LENGTH OF ANGLE BISECTOR & MEDIANS :
If ma and a are the lengths of a median and an angle bisector from the angle A then,
1 2 bc cos A
2
ma = 2 b2 2 c2 a 2 and a=
2 b c
3
Note that m 2a m 2b m2c = (a2 + b2 + c2)
4
XI. ORTHOCENTRE AND PEDAL TRIANGLE :
The triangle KLM which is formed by joining the feet of the altitudes is
called the pedal triangle.
the distances of the orthocentre from the angular points of the
ABC are 2 R cosA , 2 R cosB and 2 R cosC
the distances of P from sides are 2 R cosB cosC,
2 R cosC cosA and 2 R cosA cosB
the sides of the pedal triangle are a cosA (= R sin 2A),
b cosB (= R sin 2B) and c cosC (= R sin 2C) and its angles are
2A, 2B and 2C.
circumradii of the triangles PBC, PCA, PAB and ABC are equal .
XII EXCENTRAL TRIANGLE :
The triangle formed by joining the three excentres I1, I2 and I3
of ABC is called the excentral or excentric triangle.
Note that :
Incentre I of ABC is the
orthocentre of the excentral I1I2I3 .
ABC is the pedal triangle of the I1I2I3 .
the sides of the excentral triangle are
A B C
4 R cos , 4 R cos and 4 R cos
2 2 2
A B C.
and its angles are , and
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
I I1 = 4 R sin ; I I2 = 4 R sin ; I I3 = 4 R sin .
2 2 2
XIII. THE DISTANCES BETWEEN THE SPECIAL POINTS :
(a) The distance between circumcentre and orthocentre is = R . 1 8 cos A cos B cos C
(b) The distance between circumcentre and incentre is = R2 2R r

(c) The distance between incentre and orthocentre is 2 r 2 4 R 2 cos A cos B cos C
XIV. Perimeter (P) and area (A) of a regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a circle of radius r are given by
1 2
P = 2nr sin and A = nr2 sin
n 2 n
Perimeter and area of a regular polygon of n sides circumscribed about a given circle of radius r is given by
P = 2nr tan and A = nr2 tan
n n

ETOOS Academy Pvt. Ltd. : F-106, Road No. 2, Indraprastha Industrial Area, End of Evergreen Motors 3
(Mahindra Showroom), BSNL Office Lane, Jhalawar Road, Kota, Rajasthan (324005)