Pimpri Chinchwad Education Trust's

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering

Department of Computer Engineering

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS III

Team Mathematics
1
 Vector Algebra
Scalar Quantity: A quantity which has magnitude only is called a scalar
quantity. eg. Temp., Time, Speed, etc.
Vector Quantity: A quantity which has both magnitude as well as direction
is called vector quantity.
eg. Force, Velocity, Acceleration, etc.
Unit Vector: A vector which has magnitude 1 is called a unit vector.
𝐴𝐵
Unit vector in the direction of 𝐴𝐵 is given by .
𝐴𝐵

Position Vector: If P(x, y, z) is any point in space and O is the origin then
vector 𝑂𝑃 which indicates the position of the point P by a vector, known as a
position vector of P. Y

O X
 Vector Algebra
The position vector of P(x, y, z) is
Y
𝑟ҧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠ where 𝑖,Ƹ 𝑗,Ƹ 𝑘෠ are
the unit vectors in the direction of X, 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛)
Y, Z axes resp. 𝒓ത

X
O(0,0,0)
Algebra of Vectors
Let , 𝑎ത = 𝑎1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑎3 𝑘෠ and 𝑏ത = 𝑏1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑏3 𝑘෠ be any two vectors

Addition :
𝑎ത + 𝑏ത = (𝑎1 +𝑏1 )𝑖Ƹ + (𝑎2 +𝑏2 )𝑗Ƹ + (𝑎3 +𝑏3 )𝑘෠
 Vector Algebra
Negative Vector :

−𝑎ത = −𝑎1 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑎2 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑎3 𝑘෠

Subtraction of Vector:
𝑏ത
𝑎ത − 𝑏ത = 𝑎ത + −𝑏ത
𝑎ത
= (𝑎1 −𝑏1 )𝑖Ƹ + (𝑎2 −𝑏2 )𝑗Ƹ + (𝑎3 −𝑏3 )𝑘෠ −𝑏ത

𝑎ത − 𝑏ത
 Vector Algebra
Magnitude of vector 𝒂ഥ Y

𝑃(𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 )
𝑎ത = 𝑎 = 𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎32 𝑎

X
𝑂(0,0,0)

Product of Vector
Dot product: The dot product of two vectors 𝑎ത and 𝑏ത is defined as
𝑎ത ∙ 𝑏ത = 𝑎ത 𝑏ത cos𝜃 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Where 𝜃 is the angle between the two vectors 𝑎ത and 𝑏ത such that 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋.

a . b   b cos   a  𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏ത 𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎ത

× 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎ത
 Vector Algebra
a . b   a cos   b  𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎ത 𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏ത
× 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏ത

Note:
1. 𝑎ത ∙ 𝑏ത is a scalar quantity hence, it is also known as a scalar product or
inner product.
2. The angle between the two vectors 𝑎ത and 𝑏ത can be calculated by
𝑎ത ∙ 𝑏ത
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝑎ത 𝑏ത
 Vector Algebra
3. If 𝑎ത = 𝑎1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑎3 𝑘෠ and 𝑏ത = 𝑏1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑏3 𝑘෠ then
𝑎ത ∙ 𝑏ത = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 +𝑎3 𝑏3 .
4. Dot product is commutative. i.e. 𝑎ത ∙ 𝑏ത = 𝑏ത ∙ 𝑎ത
5. As cos 0 = 1 and cos 90 = 0 ,
𝑖Ƹ ∙ 𝑖Ƹ = 𝑗Ƹ ∙ 𝑗Ƹ = 𝑘෠ ∙ 𝑘෠ = 1 and 𝑖Ƹ ∙ 𝑗Ƹ = 𝑗Ƹ ∙ 𝑘෠ = 𝑘෠ ∙ 𝑖Ƹ = 0.
6. The component of 𝑎ത in the direction of another vector 𝑢ത is given by 𝑎ത ∙ 𝑢. ො
The component of 𝑎ത in the direction of
another vector 𝑢ത = 𝐚𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

a . u  au cos 
a.u u
a cos    a.  a . u
u u
 Vector Algebra
Cross product: The cross product of two vectors 𝑎ത and 𝑏ത is defined as
𝑎ത × 𝑏ത = 𝑎ത 𝑏ത 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑛ො
Where 𝜃 is the angle between the two vectors 𝑎ത and 𝑏ത such that 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋
ത
and 𝑛ො is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane of 𝑎ത and 𝑏.

𝑛ො
𝑏ത 𝑎ത × 𝑏ത

𝑎ത

Note:
1. 𝑎ത × 𝑏ത is a vector quantity hence, it is also known as a vector product.
2. 𝑎ത × 𝑏ത = − 𝑏ത × 𝑎ത .
3. 𝑎ത × 𝑎ത = 0.
 Vector Algebra
3. If 𝑎ത = 𝑎1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑎3 𝑘෠ and 𝑏ത = 𝑏1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑏3 𝑘෠ then
i j k
a  b  a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3

4. As s𝑖𝑛 0 = 0 and sin 90 = 1 ,

𝑖Ƹ × 𝑖Ƹ = 𝑗Ƹ × 𝑗Ƹ = 𝑘෠ × 𝑘෠ =0 and 𝑖Ƹ × 𝑗Ƹ = 𝑘,
෠ 𝑗Ƹ ∙ 𝑘෠ = 𝑖,Ƹ 𝑘෠ ∙ 𝑖Ƹ = 𝑗.Ƹ
5. 𝑎ത and 𝑏ത are parallel iff 𝑎ത × 𝑏ത = 0.
& 𝑎ത and 𝑏ത are perpendicular iff 𝑎. ത 𝑏ത = 0.
Scalar Triple product or Box product: The scalar triple product of three
ത 𝑏ത and 𝑐ҧ is defined as
vectors 𝑎,
𝑎ത 𝑏ത 𝑐ҧ = 𝑎ത × 𝑏ത ∙ 𝑐ҧ
Thus, a1 a2 a3
 a b c   b1 b2 b3
 
c1 c2 c3
 Vector Algebra
Note:
1. Box product is a scalar quantity.
2. 𝑎ത 𝑏ത 𝑐ҧ = 𝑏ത 𝑐ҧ 𝑎ത = 𝑐ҧ 𝑎ത 𝑏ത . i.e. Cyclic changes are allowed.
3. 𝑎ത × 𝑏ത ∙ 𝑐ҧ = 𝑎ത ∙ 𝑏ത × 𝑐ҧ , i.e. Dot and cross products are interchangeable.
4. 𝑎ത 𝑎ത 𝑏ത = 0, i.e. if two vectors are same in S. T. P. then it is 0.
Vector Triple product: The vector triple product of three vectors 𝑎, ത 𝑏ത and 𝑐ҧ
is defined as
𝑎ത × 𝑏ത × 𝑐ҧ = 𝑎ത ∙ 𝑐ҧ 𝑏ത − 𝑎ത ∙ 𝑏ത 𝑐ҧ   I .III  II   I .II  III
Note: 𝑎ത × 𝑏ത × 𝑐ҧ ≠ 𝑎ത × 𝑏ത × 𝑐.ҧ
 Vector Algebra
Examples
෠ 𝑏ത = 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘,
Q.1 If, 𝑎ത = 2𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘, ෠ 𝑐ҧ = 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠ then find
ത 𝑏ത
a) 𝑎.
b) 𝑏ത × 𝑐ҧ
c) 𝑏෠
d) Angle between 𝑎ത & 𝑐ҧ
ത 𝑏ത × 𝑐ҧ
e) 𝑎.
Solution :

a  
a.b  2i  2 j  k . i  j  2k 
  2 1   2  1  1 2 
2
 Vector Algebra

 2i  2 j  k   i  j  2k 
𝑎ത = 2𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘, ෠
b bc  𝑏ത = 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘,෠
𝑐ҧ = 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠
i j k
 1 1 2
1 1 1

 i 1  2   j  1  2   k 1  1

 i  3 j  2k

b i jk i jk
c b   
1   1   2 
2 2 2
b 6
 Vector Algebra
𝑎ത = 2𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘, ෠
d  Angle between a and c  𝑏ത = 𝑖Ƹ − 𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘,෠
𝑐ҧ = 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ − 𝑘෠

cos  
a.c

 2i  2 j  k  .i  j  k 
a c
 2    2   1 1  1   1
2 2 2 2 2 2

2  2 1 1
 
3 3 3
2 2 1
e  
a. b  c  1 1 2  2 1  2   2  1  2   11  1
1 1 1

6
 Vector Function
Vector Function of a scalar variable: Let t be a scalar variable. If 𝐹ത is
defined for every value of t then it can be expressed as
ത
𝐹ത = 𝐹ത 𝑡 = 𝑓1 𝑡 𝑖 ҧ + 𝑓2 𝑡 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑓3 𝑡 𝑘.
As 𝐹ത gives a vector for every value of scalar t, hence it is known as a vector
function of a scalar variable t.

Differentiation of Vectors: Let 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑧 𝑡 be any point on

given curve 𝑐, then vector equation of curve 𝑐 is given by p  x, y , z 
ത
𝑟ҧ = 𝑥𝑖 ҧ + 𝑦𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘
𝑐
Then,
d r dx dy dz
 i j k
dt dt dt dt
 Vector Function
Note:
𝑑 𝑟ҧ
a) is vector along the direction of tangent to curve 𝑟.ҧ
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑟ҧ
b) In particular if 𝑟ҧ is displacement vector of time 𝑡 then is velocity
𝑑𝑡
vector, denoted by 𝑣.ҧ
𝑑 2 𝑟ҧ
is acceleration vector, denoted by 𝑎.
ത
𝑑𝑡 2

c) If 𝜃 is the angle between the tangent vectors 𝑣ҧ1 & 𝑣ҧ2 , then
v1  v2
cos  
v1v2
 Vector Function

Standard Results:
d
1.
d
dt

u  v  
du d v

dt dt
d
2. dt  
 u 
dt
u  
du
dt

3.
d
dt
 
u v  u 
d v du

dt dt
v 4.
d
dt
 
uv  u
d v du

dt dt
v

 dv   dw
5. d

u vw 
du
  
 v w  u   w  u v 
dt dt  dt   dt 
 dv   dw
6. d

u  vw 
du
  
 v  w  u.   w   u   v  
dt dt  dt   dt 
 Vector Function
Examples: 2
d2r
Ex. 1. If 𝑟ҧ = 𝑡 2 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑡𝑗Ƹ − 2𝑡 3 𝑘෠ evaluate 1 r  dt 2 dt .
Solution: Differentiate 𝑟ҧ w. r. to t, d r  2ti  j  6t 2 k
2
dt
d r ෠
Again, 2
 2i  0 j  12tk and 𝑟ҧ = 𝑡 2 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑡 𝑗Ƹ − 2𝑡 3 𝑘
dt
2
i j k
Now, r  d r  t 2 t 2t 3  i  12t 2   j  12t 3  4t 3   k  2t   12t 2 i  8t 3 j  2tk
dt 2
2 0 12t

Integrating w. r. to t within the limits 1 to 2,

2
 2 
 
2 2 2 3 4
d r t t
r         
2 3
2
dt 12t i 8t j 2tk dt  12 i 8 j t k
1
dt 1  3 4 1
 28i  30 j  3k
 Vector Function
Examples:
Ex. 2. Find the angle between the tangents to the curve 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3
at 𝑡 = 1 and t = −1.
Solution: Here, 𝑟ҧ = 𝑥𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠ = 𝑡𝑖Ƹ + 𝑡 2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑡 3 𝑘෠
dr
Differentiate 𝑟ҧ w. r. to t,  v  i  2t j  3t 2 k
dt
 dr   dr 
Now, v1     i  2 j  3k v2     i  2 j  3k
 dt t 1  dt t 1
Let 𝜃 be the angle between the tangent vectors 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 , then

cos  
v1  v2 

 
i  2 j  3k  i  2 j  3k

1 4  9
v1v2 1 4  9 1 4  9 14 14
6 3
 cos     cos 1
14 7
 Vector Function
Examples:
Ex. 3. Show that the necessary and sufficient condition for 𝐹ത to have constant
𝑑 𝐹ത
ത
magnitude is 𝐹 ∙ = 0.
𝑑𝑡
Solution: To prove the necessary part, Let 𝐹ത be a vector with constant
magnitude 𝐹.
Consider, 𝐹ത ∙ 𝐹ത = 𝐹𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠0 = 𝐹 2 (constant)

 F F 
Differentiating w. r. to t d dF dF
F  F  0
dt dt dt
Since, dot product is commutative,
dF dF
2 F  0 i.e.  F  0 which proves the necessary part.
dt dt
𝑑𝐹 ത
ത
Conversely, let 𝐹 ∙ = 0
𝑑𝑡

dF
Multiply by 2 on both side  2 F  0
dt
 Vector Function
dF dF
 F.  F  0
dt dt


d
dt
 
F .F  0

 F2   0
d
dt

 F2  C  F  constant

∴ 𝐹ത to have constant magnitude

 Vector Function
Examples:
Ex. 4. The position vector of particle at time 𝑡 is
ത Find the condition imposed on m
𝑟ҧ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − 1 𝑖 ҧ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑡 𝑡 − 1 𝑗 ҧ + 𝑚𝑡 3 𝑘.
by requiring that at time 𝑡 = 1, acceleration is normal to position vector.
Solution :
We have
r  cos  t  1 i  sinh  t  1 j  mt 3 k
To find acceleration
dr d d d
 cos  t  1  i  sinh  t  1  j   mt 3  k
dt dt dt dt
  sin  t  1 i  cosh  t  1 j  3mt 2 k
d2r d d d
 a  2    sin  t  1  i  cosh  t  1  j  3mt 2  k
dt dt dt dt
 Vector Function
d2r
 a  2   cos  t  1 i  sinh  t  1 j  6mtk
dt
For 𝑡 = 1
Position vector 𝑟ҧ :
r  cos 0i  sinh 0 j  mk r  cos  t  1 i  sinh  t  1 j  mt 3 k

r  i  mk
Acceleration 𝑎ത :
a   cos  0  i  sinh  0  j  6mk
a  i  6mk
Since, acceleration 𝑎ത is normal to position vector 𝑟ҧ ⇒ 𝑎.
ത 𝑟ҧ = 0
 Vector Differential Calculus

  
a . r  0  i  6mk . i  mk  0

  11   6m  m   0
1
m  2

6
1
m
6
 An Operator Del or Nabla
Point Function:
A variable quantity whose value at any point in a region of space depends
upon the position of the point, is called point function.
Example : Temperature, pressure, density, mass, volume, entropy, internal
energy.
Scalar Point Function:
If a scalar quantity ∅ depends for its values on its position say 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 in
space, then ∅ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is called a scalar point function.
Example : density of rigid body, temperature distribution in a medium
Vector Point Function:
If a vector quantity 𝐹ത depends for its values on its position say 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 in
space, then 𝐹ത 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 is called a vector point function.
Example : velocity of moving fluid, gravitational force
 Gradient of scalar
Level surface:
A surface 𝑆 in 𝑅3 is called level surface of ∅ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 if the value of ∅ on
every point of ∅ is some fixed constant 𝑐.
Example : density of uniform body
Operator ‘Del’ or ‘Nabla’:
The vector differential operator
  
i  j k
x y z
is denoted by the symbol 𝛻 called ‘Del’ or ‘Nabla’.
Gradient of a Scalar:
If the del operator 𝛻 operates on a scalar point function ∅ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 , we get a
vector function 𝛻∅ and is called as Gradient of a scalar point function ∅ or
simply Grad ∅.
  
 Grad    i j k
x y z
 Gradient of scalar
Geometrical meaning of Grad ∅ :
Let P 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 be any pt. on the level surface ∅ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑐.
∴ 𝑟ҧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠ and d𝑟ҧ = 𝑑𝑥𝑖Ƹ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑑𝑧𝑘෠
    
Now,   d r  i

 x
j
 y
k
z


 
 dxi  dy j  dzk

  
 dx  dy  dz
x y z
 d  0   x, y, z   c  d  0

∴ 𝛻∅ is perpendicular to 𝑑𝑟.ҧ
As 𝑑 𝑟ҧ acts along the tangent at P 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 . Hence, 𝛻∅ acts along the normal to
the surface ∅ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑐 at P 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 .
Thus, 𝜵∅ 𝑷 = 𝑵 = 𝑽𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝑷.
෡ = 𝛻∅ = 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙.
And 𝑁
𝛻∅
 Gradient of scalar
Standard Results:
For any scalars u and v
1. 𝛻 𝑢 ± 𝑣 = 𝛻𝑢 ± 𝛻𝑣
2. 𝛻 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢𝛻𝑣 + 𝑣𝛻𝑢
𝑢 𝑣𝛻𝑢−𝑢𝛻𝑣
3. 𝛻 =
𝑣 2 𝑣
4. 𝛻 𝑎𝑢 = 𝑎𝛻𝑢 where a is constant.
5. 𝛻𝑓 𝑢 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑢 𝛻𝑢
Examples:
′ 𝑟ҧ ෠
Ex. 1. Prove that 𝛻𝑓 𝑟 = 𝑓 𝑟 , where 𝑟ҧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘.
𝑟
Solution: From above results, 𝛻𝑓 𝑟 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑟 𝛻𝑟
      r r r 
f  r   f  r   i  j  k  r
'
 f '
 
r i  j  k 
  x y  z   x y z 
r 2x x r y r z
r  x2  y 2  z 2   similarly,  , 
x 2 x  y  z
2 2 2 r y r z r
 Gradient of scalar
 x y z
f  r   f '  r   i  j  k 
 r r r
r
f  r   f '  r 
r
Ex. 2. Find the angle between the normals to the surface xy = 𝑧 2 at 1,4,2
and −3, −3, 3 .
Solution: Let ∅ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = xy − 𝑧 2 . Then
  
  i j k  yi  x j  2 zk
x y z
As 𝛻∅ represents the vector normal.
Let,
N1    1,4,2  4i  j  4k and N 2     3,3,3  3i  3 j  6k
Then,
cos  
N1  N 2

 
4i  j  4k  3i  3 j  6k

 9
  cos 1
9
N1 N 2 16  1  16 9  9  36 33 54 33 54
 Orthogonal surfaces
Orthogonal surfaces :
Two surfaces are said to be intersect orthogonally if normal’s to surfaces at
the point of contact intersect at right angle.
Perpendicular vectors:
If two vectors 𝑎ത & 𝑏ത are perpendicular then their , dot product is zero.
ത 𝑏ത = 0
𝑎.
 Orthogonal surfaces
Ex. 4. Find the angle between the tangents to the curve 𝐹ത = 𝑡 2 𝑖 ҧ + 2𝑡𝑗 ҧ − 𝑡 3 𝑘ത
at the points 𝑡 = −1 & 𝑡 = 1.
Solution:
We have
F  t 2 i  2t j  t 3 k
Let 𝑇1 & 𝑇2 be the tangent vectors to 𝐹ത at 𝑡 = −1 & 𝑡 = 1.

dF 
T1      2ti  2 j  3t 2
k   2i  2 j  3k
 t 1
 dt  t 1

dF 
T2      2ti  2 j  3t 2 k   2i  2 j  3k
t 1
 dt  t 1

Let 𝜃 be the angles between the vectors 𝑇1 & 𝑇2

 Orthogonal surfaces
T1.T2
cos  
T1 T2


 2i  2 j  3k  . 2i  2 j  3k 
 2    2    3  2    2    3
2 2 2 2 2 2


 2  2    2  2    3 3
17 17
9

17

 9
   cos 1  
 17 
 Orthogonal surfaces
Ex. 3. Find constant a and b so that the surface a𝑥 2 − 2𝑏𝑦𝑧 = 𝑎 + 4 𝑥 will
be orthogonal to the surface 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑧 3 = 4 at 1, −1,2 .
Solution: Let ∅1 = a𝑥 2 − 2𝑏𝑦𝑧 − 𝑎 + 4 𝑥 = 0 and
∅2 = 4𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑧 3 − 4 = 0.
Then
 1    2ax  a  4  i  2bz j  2byk  0  2   8 xyi  4 x
2 2
j  3z k  0
At point 1, −1,2 ,
N1   1 1,1,2   a  4  i  4b j  2bk  0 N 2   2 1,1,2  8i  4 j  12k  0
As two surfaces are orthogonal, we have N1  N 2  0
 N1  N 2  8  a  4   16b  24b  0
 a  4  b ……(1)
Since, the point 1, −1,2 lies on the surface a𝑥 2 − 2𝑏𝑦𝑧 = 𝑎 + 4 𝑥, hence
it will satisfy the equation of surface.
 a  4b  a  4 b  1
Using in eq. (1) we get  a  5
 Important Remarks
Remarks
𝑥−𝛼 𝑦−𝛽 𝑧−𝛾 ഥ
1) Vector in the direction of the line = = is 𝒂𝒊ҧ + 𝒃𝒋 ҧ + 𝒄𝒌.
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

𝒅ത𝒓
2) Tangent vector to the surface 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 𝑧 𝑡 is .
𝒅𝒕
𝑑 𝑟ҧ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 ത
where 𝑟ҧ = 𝑥𝑖 ҧ + 𝑦𝑗 ҧ + 𝑧𝑘ത & = 𝑖ҧ + 𝑗ҧ + 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

3) Normal vector to the surface ∅ at point 𝑃 is 𝜵∅ 𝑷 .

ഥ
4) Vector which is equally inclined with the coordinate axes is 𝒊ҧ + 𝒋 ҧ + 𝒌.
 Directional Derivative (D.D.)
Directional Derivative: The directional derivative of a scalar point function
∅ 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 in the direction of a vector 𝑢ത , is a component of 𝜵∅ in the
ഥ.
direction of 𝒖

Thus, the directional derivative of ∅ at a point P is a dot product of 𝛻∅ 𝑃

and 𝑢ො a unit vector in the direction of 𝑢.
ത
i.e 𝐷. 𝐷. = 𝛻∅ 𝑃 ∙ 𝑢ො

Note: As a component of a vector is maximum in its own direction.

Therefore D. D. is maximum in the direction of 𝛻∅ only and its maximum
magnitude is given by 𝛻∅ .
 Directional Derivative (D.D.)

ෝ
𝜵∅. 𝒂

ෝ
𝜵∅. 𝒂

ෝ
𝜵∅. 𝒂
 Directional Derivative (D.D.)
Ex. 1. Find the D. D. of ∅ = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2 at 2, −1,1
i) in the direction 2𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠
ii) Along the line 2 𝑥 − 2 = 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑧 − 1
iii) Along the direction normal to the surface 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9 at 1,2,2 .
Solution: From given, 𝛻∅ = 𝑦 2 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2 𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑦𝑧𝑘෠
At pt. 2, −1,1 , 𝛻∅ 2,−1,1 = 𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑗Ƹ − 2𝑘෠
i) Let 𝑢ത = 2𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠ then
u2i  j  3k 2i  j  3k
u  
u 4 1 9 14

Therefore, 𝐷. 𝐷. = 𝛻∅ 𝑃 ∙ 𝑢ො

 
2i  j  3k
D.D.  i  3 j  2k 
14
2  3  6 7
 D.D.  
14 14
 Directional Derivative (D.D.)
ii) To find 𝑢ത consider the equation of line.
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 
  
෠
Where 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are d.rs. of the line and its direction is given by 𝛼𝑖Ƹ + 𝛽𝑗Ƹ + 𝛾𝑘.
Thus, for given line 𝛼 = 1, 𝛽 = 2, 𝛾 = 2 and
෠
hence, 𝑢ത = 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘. i) 2 𝑥−2 = 𝑦+1 =𝑧−1

Then, u i  2 j  2k i  2 j  2k
u  
u 1 4  4 3

Therefore, 𝐷. 𝐷. = 𝛻∅ 𝑃 ∙ 𝑢ො


D.D.  i  3 j  2k  
i  2 j  2k
3
1  6  4 11
 D.D.  
3 3
 Directional Derivative (D.D.)
iii) Let ∅1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 − 9 i) Along the direction normal to the surface 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 =
9 at 1,2,2 .
Then, 𝛻∅ = 2𝑥𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑧𝑘෠
At pt. 1,2,2 , let 𝑢ത = 𝛻∅ 1,2,2
෡ + 4𝑗Ƹ + 4𝑘෠
= 2𝑖
u2i  4 j  4k 2i  4 j  4k
Then, u  
u 4  16  16 6

Therefore, 𝐷. 𝐷. = 𝛻∅ 𝑃 ∙ 𝑢ො

 
2i  4 j  4k
D.D.  i  3 j  2k 
6
2  12  8 18
 D.D.    3
6 6
 Directional Derivative (D.D.)
Ex. 2. Find the D. D. of ∅ = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 at origin in the direction tangent to
the curve 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑡, at 𝑡 = 𝜋Τ4.
Solution: From given,
𝛻∅ = 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑧 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑧 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑧 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑧 𝑘෠
At origin, 𝛻∅ 0,0,0 = 2𝑖Ƹ + 0𝑗Ƹ + 0𝑘෠
Now, Let 𝑟ҧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠ then 𝑟ҧ = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑗Ƹ + 𝑎𝑡𝑘෠
Then, 𝑢ത will be a tangent to the curve at 𝑡 = 𝜋Τ4.
Let 𝑟ҧ = 𝑥𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠ then d r
 a cos ti  a sin t j  ak
dt a a
i j  ak
 dr  a a u
u    i j  ak u   2 2
 dt t  2 2 u a2 a2
4
  a2
2 2
 Directional Derivative (D.D.)
Therefore, 𝐷. 𝐷. = 𝛻∅ 𝑃 ∙ 𝑢ො a a
i j  ak
 
D.D.  2i  2 2
a2 a2
  a2
2 2
2a
 D.D.  1
2a
Ex. 3. Find the D. D. of ∅ = 4𝑥𝑧 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 at 2, −1, 2 along a line
equally inclined with coordinate axes.
Solution: From given,
𝛻∅ = 4𝑧 3 − 6𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 𝑖Ƹ + −6𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 𝑗Ƹ + 12𝑥𝑧 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘෠
At 2, −1, 2 , 𝛻∅ 2,−1,2 = 8𝑖Ƹ + 48𝑗Ƹ + 84𝑘෠
෠ where x, y, z are the d.cs of a line equally
Now, let 𝑢ത = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘,
෠
inclined with coordinate axes i.e 𝑢ത = 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘.
 Directional Derivative (D.D.)
 i  j k
u 
u
u

111

1
3
i jk 
Therefore, 𝐷. 𝐷. = 𝛻∅ 𝑃 ∙ 𝑢ො


D.D.  8i  48 j  84k   1
3

i jk 
140
 D.D. 
3
Ex. 4. If the directional derivative of ∅ = 𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦𝑧 + 𝑐𝑧𝑥 at 1, 1, 1 has
maximum magnitude 4 in a direction parallel to X- axis, find a, b, c.
Solution: From given,
𝛻∅ = 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑧 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑥 𝑘෠
At 1, 1, 1 , 𝛻∅ 1,1,1 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑘෠
 Directional Derivative (D.D.)
We know that the D. D. is maximum in the direction of 𝛻∅, but from given it
is maximum in the direction 𝑢ത parallel to X- axis.
Therefore, the direction of 𝛻∅ and 𝑢ത must be same.
𝛻∅
i.e, = 𝑢ො ∴ 𝛻∅ = 𝛻∅ 𝑢ො
𝛻∅

∴ 𝑎 + 𝑐 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑘෠ = 4𝑖Ƹ
Equating coefficients, we get 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 4, 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 0, 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0
which gives, a = 2, 𝑏 = −2, 𝑐 = 2.
Ex. 5. If the directional derivative of ∅ = 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑐𝑧 2 𝑥 at 1, 1, 1
has maximum magnitude 15 in a direction parallel to the line
x 1 y  3 z
 
2 2 1
find a, b, c.
 Directional Derivative
Solution: From given,
𝛻∅ = 2𝑎𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 2 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑦𝑧 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑐𝑧𝑥 𝑘෠
At 1, 1, 1 , 𝛻∅ 1,1,1 = 2𝑎 + 𝑐 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎 + 2𝑏 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑏 + 2𝑐 𝑘෠
Ƹ 𝑗+
2𝑖−2 ෠
Ƹ 𝑘
Now, the direction of the given line is 𝑢ത = 2𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠ ∴ 𝑢ො =
3
We know that the D. D. is maximum in the direction of 𝛻∅, but from given it
is maximum in the direction of 𝑢ത .
Therefore, the direction of 𝛻∅ and 𝑢ത must be same.
𝛻∅
i.e, = 𝑢ො ∴ 𝛻∅ = 𝛻∅ 𝑢ො
𝛻∅
2𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠ x 1 y  3 z
 
෠
∴ 2𝑎 + 𝑐 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎 + 2𝑏 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑏 + 2𝑐 𝑘 = 15 2 2 1
3
Equating coefficients, 2𝑎 + 𝑐 = 10, 𝑎 + 2𝑏 = −10, 𝑏 + 2𝑐 = 5
20 55 50
By solving these equations, we get a = , 𝑏=− , 𝑐= .
9 9 9
 Directional Derivative
Example 6 :
Find the directional derivative of 𝝋 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒛𝟐 at the point
𝑷 𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟑 in direction of 𝑷𝑸 where 𝑸 is 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟒 .
−𝟏𝟒
Ans :
𝟓𝟗

Example 7 :
Find the directional derivative of 𝝋 = 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝒛𝟐 at the point 𝟏, −𝟏, 𝟏
towards the point 𝟐, 𝟏, 𝟐 .
𝟏
Ans :
𝟔
 Divergence of Vector
෡ be any vector point function
ഥ = 𝑭𝟏 𝒊Ƹ + 𝑭𝟐 𝒋Ƹ + 𝑭𝟑 𝒌
Let 𝑭

Divergence of a Vector point function: The expression

 
 x
  

  F   i  j  k   F1 i  F2 j  F3 k
y z 

F F F
 1 2 3
x y z
which is a scalar quantity, called as Divergence of a vector point function 𝐹ത
ത
or simply Div 𝐹.
F F F
Thus, Div F    F  1  2  3
x y z
 Divergence of Vector
Note:
1) If 𝛻 ∙ 𝐹ത = 0, then 𝐹ത is said to be Solenoidal.
2) In vector calculus a solenoidal vector field also known as an incompressible
vector field, a divergence-free vector field, or a transverse vector field is a
vector field 𝑣 with divergence zero at all points in the field
3) A common way of expressing this property is to say that the field has no
sources or sinks. The field lines of a solenoidal field are either closed loops
or end at infinity.
4) Examples
a) The magnetic field B (Maxwell's equations)
b) The velocity field of an incompressible fluid flow
 Curl of Vector
Let 𝐹ത = 𝐹1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐹2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝐹3 𝑘෠ be any vector point function
Curl of a Vector point function: The expression
 
 x
  

  F   i  j  k   F1 i  F2 j  F3 k
y z 

i j k
  

x y z
F1 F2 F3
 F3 F2   F3 F1   F2 F1 
 Curl F    F  i    j  k  
 y z   x z   x y 
which is a vector quantity, called as Curl of a vector point function 𝐹ത or
ത
simply Curl 𝐹.
 Curl of Vector
Note:
1) If 𝛻 × 𝐹ത = 0, then 𝐹ത is said to be Irrotational or Conservative.
2) In this case there exists a scalar point function ∅ such that 𝐹ത = 𝛻∅, where
ത
∅ is called as scalar potential of 𝐹.

The formula to obtain such ∅ for an irrotational field 𝐹ത is

𝑑∅ = 𝐹1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐹2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝐹3 𝑑𝑧
  
y , z  cons tant
F1dx  
, z  cons tant
F2 dy  
free x , y
F3dz
free x

3) Conservative vector fields have the property that the line integral is path
independent; the choice of any path between two points does not change
the value of the line integral. Path independence of the line integral is
equivalent to the vector field being conservative. A conservative vector
field is also irrotational.
Curl of Vector
 Irrotational(or Conservative) Vector Field
Ex. 1. Show that 𝐹ത = 6𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑥 2 − 𝑧 𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑥𝑧 2 − 𝑦 𝑘෠ is
irrotational. Find scalar ∅ such that 𝐹ത = 𝛻∅.
Solution:
i j k
  
 F 
x y z
6 xy  z 3 3 x 2  z 3 xz 2  y

  F  i  1  1  j  3 z 2  3 z 2   k  6 x  6 x   0
ത Irrotational.
∴ 𝐹is
Now, to find corresponding scalar ∅
  
y , z  cons tant
F1dx  
, z  cons tant
F2 dy  
free x , y
F3dz
free x

    6 xy  z  dx     z  dy  
3
0dz
y , z  cons tant z  cons tant free x , y
  3x 2 y  xz 3  zy  c
free x
 Irrotational(or Conservative) Vector Field
Ex. 2. Show that 𝐹ത = 2𝑥𝑧 3 + 6𝑦 𝑖Ƹ + 6𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧 𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑥 2 𝑧 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑘෠ is
irrotational. Find scalar ∅ such that 𝐹ത = 𝛻∅.
Solution: i j k
  
 F 
x y z
2 xz 3  6 y 6 x  2 yz 3 x 2 z 2  y 2
  F  i  2 y  2 y   j  6 xz 2  6 xz 2   k  6  6   0
ത Irrotational. Now, to find corresponding scalar ∅
∴ 𝐹is
  
y , z  cons tant
F1dx  
, z  cons tant
F2 dy  
free x , y
F3dz
free x

    2 xz  6 y  dx    2 yz  dy  
3
0dz
y , z  cons tant z  cons tant free x , y
free x

  x 2 z 3  6 xy  y 2 z  c
 Irrotational(or Conservative) Vector Field
Ex. 3. Show that 𝐹ത = 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑧 2 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑥𝑧 𝑘෠ is
conservative. Find scalar ∅ such that 𝐹ത = 𝛻∅.
Solution: i j k
  
 F 
x y z
y 2 cos x  z 2 2 y sin x 2 xz

  F  i  0  0   j  2 z  2 z   k  2 y cos x  2 y cos x   0
ത Irrotational. Now, to find corresponding scalar ∅
∴ 𝐹is
  
y , z  cons tant
F1dx  
, z  cons tant
F2 dy  
free x , y
F3dz
free x

   y cos x  z 2  dx   0dy  
2
0dz
y , z  cons tant z  cons tant free x , y
free x

  y 2 sin x  z 2 x  c
 Some Useful Results
If r  xi  y j  zk & a  a1 i  a2 j  a3 k
1) . r  3
    
 x y z 

LHS  . r   i  j  k  xi  y j  zk 
x y z
  
x y z
 111  3

2) . a  0

    
 x y z 

LHS  . a   i  j  k  a1 i  a2 j  a3 k 
 Some Useful Results
a1 a2 a3
  
x y z
 000  0

3)   a  0 i j k
  
LHS    a 
x y z
a1 a2 a3
 a3 a2   a3 a1   a2 a1 
i    j   k   0
 y z   x z   x y 
 Some Useful Results

4)   r  0 i j k
  
LHS    r 
x y z
x y z

 z y   z x   y x 
i   j  k  
 y z   x z   x y 
0
f 'r 
5) f  r   r
r
 Standard Formulae for Vector Identities
1) . r  3 8) I   II  III    I .III  II   I .II  III

2) . a  0    
9) c u  v  cu  v  u  cv  
3)   a  0
   
10) c u.v  cu .v  u. cv  
4)   r  0

f 'r 
5) f  r   r
r
6) Curl  grad         0

7) div  grad          2
 Standard Formulae for Vector Identities
For any scalars u and v
1. 𝛻 𝑢 ± 𝑣 = 𝛻𝑢 ± 𝛻𝑣
2. 𝛻 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢𝛻𝑣 + 𝑣𝛻𝑢
𝑢 𝑣𝛻𝑢−𝑢𝛻𝑣
3. 𝛻𝑣
=
𝑣 2

4. 𝛻 𝑎𝑢 = 𝑎𝛻𝑢 where a is constant.

5. 𝛻𝑓 𝑢 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑢 𝛻𝑢
 Standard Formulae for Vector Identities
ഥ, 𝒗
Let ∅ be a scalar function and 𝒖 ഥ be the vector functions.

1. 𝜵 × ∅ഥ
𝒖 = 𝛻∅ × 𝑢ത + ∅ 𝛻 × 𝑢ത

2. 𝜵. ∅ഥ
𝒖 = 𝛻∅. 𝑢ത + ∅ 𝛻. 𝑢ത

3. 𝜵 ∙ 𝒖
ഥ×𝒗
ഥ = 𝑣ҧ ∙ 𝛻 × 𝑢ത − 𝑢ത ∙ 𝛻 × 𝑣ҧ

4. 𝜵 × 𝒖
ഥ×𝒗
ഥ = 𝑢ത 𝛻 ∙ 𝑣ҧ − 𝑢ത ∙ 𝛻 𝑣ҧ + 𝑣ҧ ∙ 𝛻 𝑢ത − 𝑣ҧ 𝛻 ∙ 𝑢ത

8) I   II  III    I .III  II   I .II  III

5. 𝜵 𝒖
ഥ∙𝒗
ഥ = 𝑢ത × 𝛻 × 𝑣ҧ + 𝑢ത ∙ 𝛻 𝑣ҧ + 𝑣ҧ × 𝛻 × 𝑢ത + 𝑣ҧ ∙ 𝛻 𝑢ത
 Examples on Vector Identities
Examples on Vector Identities:
2 ′
Ex. 1. Show that 𝛻 2𝑓 𝑟 = 𝑓 ′′ 𝑟 + 𝑓 𝑟 .
𝑟
Solution: ′ 𝑟
𝑓
𝛻 2 𝑓 𝑟 = 𝛻 ∙ 𝛻𝑓 𝑟 = 𝛻 ∙ 𝑟ҧ
𝑟
𝑓′ 𝑟 𝑓′ 𝑟
= 𝛻 ∙ 𝑟ҧ + 𝛻 ∙ 𝑟ҧ 𝜵. ∅ഥ
𝒖 = 𝛻∅. 𝑢ത + ∅ 𝛻. 𝑢ത
𝑟 𝑟
𝑓′ 𝑟 𝑟𝑓′′ 𝑟 −𝑓′ 𝑟 𝑟ҧ 𝑢 𝑣𝛻𝑢 − 𝑢𝛻𝑣
= 3 + ∙ 𝑟ҧ 𝛻 =
𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟 𝑣 𝑣2
3𝑓′ 𝑟 𝑟𝑓′′ 𝑟 −𝑓′ 𝑟
= + 𝑟ҧ ∙ 𝑟ҧ 𝑟ҧ ∙ 𝑟ҧ = 𝑟 2
𝑟 𝑟3

3𝑓′ 𝑟 𝑟𝑓′′ 𝑟 −𝑓′ 𝑟

= + 𝑟2
𝑟 𝑟3
3𝑓′ 𝑟 ′′ 𝑓′ 𝑟
= +𝑓 𝑟 −
𝑟 𝑟
2 ′
∴ 𝛻2𝑓 𝑟 = 𝑓 ′′ 𝑟 + 𝑓 𝑟
𝑟
 Vector Identities
𝑟ҧ 2
Ex. 2. Show that 𝛻 2 𝛻 ∙ = .
𝑟2 𝑟4

Solution:

r

2
. 2  . r r
r
 
  r 2  . r  r 2 . r   
.  u     .u   .u  

2r 3
r. r  3r 2 f 'r 
f  r   r
r r
2r 3 2
 r  3r 2
r .r  r 2

r
2 1
 r   2
r
 r 2  1 
2
LHS   . 2     2   6r   2r   f  r   f ''  r   f '  r 
2 4 2 3
2

r
 r   
r r
 Vector Identities
 6r   2r 3 
2
4

r
 6r 4  4r 4
 2r 4
 r 2
LHS   . 2   4  RHS
2

 r  r
 Vector Identities
4
Ex. 3. Show that 𝛻 4 𝑒 𝑟 = 1 + 𝑒𝑟 .
𝑟

Solution:

LHS   4 e r   2   2 e r 

2 r 2
where,  e  e  e
2 r r
 f  r   f ''  r   f '  r 
2

r r
2 r 2 r
LHS   e    e  e 
4 r

 r 
 r 2 r r 2 2 r r 4  2 r 2 r r 2 
 e  e  e 2  2 e  e 3   e  e  e 2   2 f  r   f ''  r  
2
f 'r 
 r r r r  r r r  r

2 r r 2 2 r r 4 2 r 4 r r 4
 e  e e 2  2 e e 3  e  2 e e 3
r

r r r r r r r
 Vector Identities
2 r 2 r
e  e  e
r

r r
 4 r
LHS   e  1   e  RHS
4 r

 r
 Vector Identities
𝟔
Ex. 4. Prove that 𝛁𝟒 𝒓𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒓 =
𝒓𝟐

Solution :
LHS   4  r 2 log r    2  2  r 2 log r  

 2   2 f  r   f ''  r  
2
f 'r 
  1  2  2 log r    r  2r log r  
2
r
 r 
   6 log r  5
2
2  2 f  r   f ''  r   f 'r 
r

6 26
 2   
r rr
6
 2  RHS
r
 Vector Identities
ത 𝑟ҧ
𝑎×
Ex. 5. Show that 𝐹ത = is solenoidal.
𝑟𝑛
ത 𝑟ҧ
𝑎×
Or Show that 𝛻 ∙ = 0.
𝑟𝑛
Solution: Consider
ത 𝑟ҧ
𝑎× 𝑟ҧ 𝑟ҧ 𝑟ҧ
𝛻 ∙ 𝑛 = 𝛻 ∙ 𝑎ത × = ∙ 𝛻 × 𝑎ത − 𝑎ത ∙ 𝛻 ×
𝑟 𝑟𝑛 𝑟𝑛 𝑟𝑛
… ∵ 𝛻 ∙ 𝑢ത × 𝑣ҧ = 𝑣ҧ ∙ 𝛻 × 𝑢ത − 𝑢ത ∙ 𝛻 × 𝑣ҧ

𝑟ҧ
But, 𝛻 × 𝑎ത = 0 and 𝛻× = 𝑟 −𝑛 𝛻 × 𝑟ҧ = 0
𝑟𝑛
ത 𝑟ҧ
𝑎×
∴𝛻∙ =0−0=0
𝑟𝑛
∴ 𝐹ത is solenoidal.