Course Code: CACOE1 / DSCOE1 Course Title: Office Automation

Course Credits: 03 Hours/Week: 03

Total Contact Hours: 42 Formative Assessment Marks: 40

Exam Marks: 60 Exam Duration: 03 Hours

Course Content

Content Hours

UNIT 3

MS-Power point- Starting MS–PowerPoint , Working with powerpoint -, 12

Creating, Saving and Printing a presentation, Working with Animation,
Adding a slide to presentation, Navigating through a presentation,
Slide-sorter, Slide-show, Editing slides, Working with Graphics and
Multimedia in PowerPoint (Inserting Photo, Video & Sound). The Internet :
Basic internet terms, Internet applications, Internet tools, Web browser,
Web browser features, Internet Explorer environment, Electronic mail,
Email address structure, Advantages and disadvantages of email.

Microsoft PowerPoint

Powerpoint is a presentation software package. With PowerPoint, you can easily

see that the Title bar is located at the top in the center of the PowerPoint window.
The Title bar displays the name of the presentation on which you are currently
working. By default, PowerPoint names presentations sequentially, starting with
Presentation1. When you save your file, you can change the name of your
presentation.
The Microsoft Office Button:In the upper-left corner is the Microsoft Office button.
When you click the button, a menu appears. You can use the menu to create a new
file, open an existing file, save a file, and perform many other tasks.

The Quick Access Toolbar: Next to the Microsoft Office button is the Quick
Access toolbar. The Quick Access toolbar provides you with access to commands
you frequently use. By default, Save, Undo, and Redo appear on the Quick Access
toolbar. You use Save to save your file, Undo to rollback an action you have taken,
and Redo to reapply an action you have rolled back.
The Title Bar:The Title bar is located at the top in the center of the PowerPoint
window. The Title bar displays the name of the presentation on which you are
currently working. By default, PowerPoint names presentations sequentially,
starting with Presentation1. When you save your file, you can change the name of
your presentation.
The RibbonYou use commands to tell PowerPoint what to do. In PowerPoint 2007,
you use the Ribbon to issue commands. The Ribbon is located near the top of the
PowerPoint window, below the Quick Access toolbar. At the top of the Ribbon are
several tabs; clicking a tab displays several related command groups. Within each
group are related command buttons. You click buttons to issue commands or to
access menus and dialog boxes. You may also find a dialog box launcher in the
bottom-right corner of a group. When you click the dialog box launcher, a dialog
box makes additional commands available.
Rulers Rulers are vertical and horizontal guides. You use them to determine where
you want to place an object. If the rulers do not display in your PowerPoint
window:
1. Click the View tab.
2. Click Ruler in the Show/Hide group. The rulers appear.

Slides, Placeholders, and Notes: Slides appear in the center of the window. You
create your presentation on slides.
Placeholders hold the objects in your slide. You can use placeholders to hold text,
clip art, charts, and more.
You can use the notes area to create notes for yourself. You can refer to these notes
as you give your presentation.

1. Slide
2. Placeholders
3. Notes

Status Bar, Tabs, View Buttons, and More: The Status bar generally appears at
the bottom of the window. The Status bar displays the number of the slide that is
currently displayed, the total number of slides, and the name of the design template
in use or the name of the background.
The Outline tab displays the text contained in your presentation. The Slides tab
displays a thumbnail of all your slides. You click the thumbnail to view the slide in
the Slide pane.
The View buttons appear near the bottom of the screen. You use the View buttons
to change between Normal view, Slide Sorter view, and the Slide Show view.

Normal View
Normal view splits your screen into three major sections: the Outline and
Slides tabs, the Slide pane, and the Notes area. The Outline and Slides tabs
are on the left side of your window. They enable you to shift between two
different ways of viewing your slides. The Slides tab shows thumbnails of
your slides. The Outline tab shows the text on your slides. currently working.
The Notes area appears below the Slide pane. You can type notes to yourself
in the Notes area.

Slide Sorter View

Slide Sorter view shows thumbnails of all your slides. In the Slide Sorter
view, you can easily add, delete, or change their order of your slides.

Slide Show
Use the Slide Show view when you want to view your slides, as they will
look in your final presentation. When in Slide Show view:

Esc Returns you to the view you were using previously.

Left-clicking Moves you to the next slide or animation effect. When you reach
the last slide, you automatically return to your previous view.
Right-clicking Open a pop-up menu. You can use this menu to navigate the
slides, add speaker notes, select a pointer, and mark your
presentation.

Zoom allows you to zoom in and zoom out on the window.

Zooming in makes the window larger so you focus in on an object. Zooming out
makes the window smaller so you can see the entire window.
You can click and drag the vertical and horizontal splitter bars to change the size of
your panes.
You use the Minimize button to remove a window from view. While a window
is minimized, its title appears on the taskbar. You click the Maximize button to
cause a window to fill the screen. After you maximize a window, clicking the
Restore button returns the window to its former smaller size. You click the
Close button to exit the window and close the program.

Creating Your First PowerPoint Presentation

You create your PowerPoint presentation on slides. You use layouts to organize the
content on each slide. PowerPoint has several slide layouts from which to choose.
Themes are sets of colors, fonts, and special effects. Backgrounds add a colored
background to your slides. You can add themes and backgrounds to your slides.
After you complete your slides, you can run your presentation.

Create a Title Slide

When you start PowerPoint, PowerPoint displays the title slide in the Slide pane.
You can type the title of your presentation and a subtitle on this slide. To enter text:
● Click and type the title of your presentation in the "Click to add title" area.
● Click and type a subtitle in the "Click to add subtitle" area.

If you do not wish to use the title slide, click the Delete Slide button in the
Slides group on the Home tab.
Create a Title Slide - example

1. Open PowerPoint. You are presented with a title slide.

2. Enter the information shown here. Type State Scholarship Portal for Post
Matric Scholarships in the Click to Add Title text box. Type in the Click to
Add Subtitle text box.

Create New Slides

After completing your title slide, you can create additional slides. To create a new
slide:
1. Choose the Home tab.

2. Click the New Slide button in the Slides group. The Office Theme
 dialog box appears and displays several layout templates.
3. Click the layout you want. The layout appears in the Slide pane of the
PowerPoint window.
4. To add text, click inside the placeholder and type.
5. To add an additional slide to your presentation, do one of the following:

Right-click the slide layout. A menu appears. Click Layout and then click the
layout you want.
Choose the Home tab, click the New Slide button , and then choose the slide
layout you want.

Create an Outline

If you need to present the information in your slide in outline form, you can easily
create an outline by using the Increase List Level button to create a hierarchy.
1. Choose the Home tab.

2. Click the New Slide button in the Slides group. The Office Theme
dialog box appears.
3. Click the Title and Content layout.
4. Enter the information. Click the Increase List Level button in the
Paragraph group to indent the bullets. If you ever need to decrease an indent,
use the Decrease List Level button in the Paragraph group.
Use Two-Column Text
You can also place text in two separate columns.
1. Choose the Home tab.

2. Click the New Slide button in the Slides group. The Office Theme
dialog box appears.
3. Click the Two Content layout.
4. Enter the information as required.

Make Changes to Your Slides

After creating a slide, if you want to add text:
1. Place the mouse pointer at the point at which you would like to add text.
2. Type the information you want to add.

If you would like to change text:

1. Select the text you want to change.
2. Type the new text.

You can use the Backspace key to delete text. You can also delete text by
highlighting the text and pressing the Delete key.
Apply a Theme
A theme is a set of colors, fonts, and special effects. Themes provide attractive
backgrounds for your PowerPoint slides.
To apply a theme to all of the slides in your presentation:
1. Choose the Design tab.
2. Click the More button in the Themes group.
3. Click the design you want.

To apply a theme to selected slides:

1. Click the Slides tab, located on the left side of the window.
2. Hold down the Ctrl key and then click to select the slides to which you want
to apply a theme.
3. Choose the Design tab.
4. Click the More button in the Themes group.
5. Right-click the theme you want to apply. A menu appears.
6. Click Apply to Selected Slides. Excel applies the theme to the slides you
selected.
You can add a dramatic effect to your theme by applying a background.
1. Choose the Design tab.
2. Click the Background Styles button .
3. Click the background you want.

Add a Background

1. Choose the Design tab.

2. Click the Background Styles button .
3. Click the background you want. PowerPoint applies the background to your
slides.
Run Your PowerPoint Slide Show
After you create your slides, you can run your slideshow:
To Run Your SlideShow

1. Press F5 to run the slide show.

2. Use the arrow keys on your keyboard to move forward and backward
through your slides.
3. Use the Esc key to return to the Normal view.

Working with Animation:

Animations control how objects move onto, off of, and around your slides.
Transitions control how your presentation moves from one slide to the next.

PowerPoint provides four types of animations: Entrance, Emphasis, Exit, and

Motion Paths. An Entrance animation determines the manner in which an object
appears on a slide; for example, an object can move onto a slide. An Emphasis
animation does something to draw attention to an object; for example, the object
can become larger. An Exit animation determines the manner in which an object
leaves a slide; for example, an object can move off a slide. A Motion Paths
animation determines how an object moves around a slide; for example, an object
can move from left to right.
After you add an animation, you can use the Custom Animation pane to modify it
by choosing an effect.
Choosing an effect enables you to define what starts the animation, its properties
(such as the direction from which an object moves onto the slide), and control the
speed of the animation. In addition, you can have an animation start when you
click the mouse, start along with the previous animation, or start at a specified time
after the previous animation.

Add an Animation to a Slide

1. Click Slide 2 on the Slides tab.

2. Select "Start saving early."
3. Choose the Animations tab.
4. Click the Custom Animation
button . The
Custom Animation pane appears.
5. Click the Add Effect button
. A menu appears.
6. Choose Entrance. A submenu
appears.
7. Click Fly In. PowerPoint applies
the effect. If the Auto preview
box is checked, PowerPoint
automatically provides you with
a preview of the animation.

Modify the Effect

1. Click the down arrow next to the

Start field and then select After
Previous.
2. Click the down arrow next to the
Direction field and then select
From Bottom.
3. Click the down arrow next to the
Speed field and then select
Medium.
Add Transitions
Transitions determine how your presentations move from one slide to the next. For
example, a slide can move up onto the screen and replace the previous slide.
PowerPoint provides several transition methods. You can add sound to a transition
and you can control its speed. You can apply a transition to selected slides or to all
of the slides in your presentation.
A transition can occur when the presenter clicks the mouse or after the amount of
time you specify.
To apply a transition to selected slides:
1. On the Slides tab, hold down the Ctrl key and then click the slides to which
you want to apply the transition.
2. Choose the Animations tab.
3. Click the More button in the Transition to this Slide group. A menu of
transitions appears.
4. Click the transition you want to apply. PowerPoint applies the transition. As
you roll your pointer over each transition, PowerPoint provides you with a
live preview of the transition.

To apply a transition to all slides:

1. Choose the Animations tab.
2. Click the More button in the Transition to this Slide group. A menu of
transitions appears.
3. Click the transition you want to apply. As you roll your pointer over each
transition, PowerPoint provides you with a live preview of the transition.
4. Click the Apply to All button in the Transition to This Slide
group.

To add a sound to a transition:

1. Choose the Animations tab.
2. Click the down arrow next to the Transition Sound field and then click the
sound you want. As you roll your pointer over each sound, PowerPoint plays
the sound.

To set the speed of a transition:

1. Choose the Animations tab.
2. Click the down arrow next to the Transition Speed field and then click the
speed you want.
If you want the transition to occur after the presenter clicks the mouse, check the
On Mouse Click check box. If you want a transition to occur after a specified
period of time, check the Automatically

Use Slide Sorter View

After you have created your PowerPoint slides, you can move, cut, copy, paste,
duplicate, navigate, and view them in Sorter view. To view the slides in Sorter
view, do one of the following:

● Choose the View tab and then click the Slide Sorter button in the
Presentation Views group.
● Click the Slide Sorter button in the bottom-right corner of the
PowerPoint window.

Print
PowerPoint provides you with many printing options. You can print a large view of
your slides or you can print your slides as handouts with 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 9 slides per
page. You can also print your Notes pages or the Outline view of your slides.
To print:
1. Click the Microsoft Office button. A menu appears.
2. Choose Print.
3. Click Print Preview.
4. Click the down arrow next to the Print What field in the Page Setup group
and then select what you would like to print. A preview appears on screen.
5. Click the Print . The Print dialog box appears.
6. Click the down arrow next to the Color/Grayscale field to select whether you
want your slides to print in color, grayscale, or black and white. If you are
 using a black and white printer, choose black and white. You will use less
ink or toner.
7. Click OK.

Working with Graphics and Multimedia in PowerPoint

(Inserting Photo, Video & Sound

What is a multimedia presentation?

In short, it's combining multiple types of media in your presentation. You can use
combinations of images, audio, and video to make your point. Multimedia brings
variety to your slides and helps visual learners understand your content better.

How to Insert Images into PowerPoint

The simplest way to add an image to PowerPoint is to simply copy and paste.
You can copy an image to your clipboard in practically any app like a web browser
or image editor, and then right click to paste it into PowerPoint.

A better way to insert images is to save them to your computer, then insert them
using the Insert menu. Go to the Insert > Pictures menu to browse to an image
to insert.

On the pop-up menu, browse to where your images are stored and click on them to
add them to the presentation.
Resize and Reposition Images

Once an image is on the slide, you can click and drag it to move it around on the
slide. If the image is larger or smaller than you want, you can click and drag on the
corner to resize it.

Inserting sound or movie clips into the presentations

PowerPoint allows you to insert sound or movie clips into your presentations.
To prevent possible problems with links, it is a good idea to copy the sounds or
videos into the same folder as your presentation before they are added to the
presentation. (When traveling with your presentation, be sure to take the entire
folder, which includes the presentation and any linked sounds or videos.)

To insert sound on a slide,

● On the Insert tab, in the Media Clips group, click the arrow under
Sound.

● Do one of the following:

 ○ Click Sound from File, locate the folder that contains the file,
and then double- click the file that you want to add.
○ Click Sound from Clip Organizer, scroll to find the clip that you
want in the
○ Clip Art task pane, and then click it to add it to the slide.
○ Click Play CD Audio Track to play sound from a CD.
● Click Record Sound to use a microphone to record your own
sound/narration.
● Use the features available in the Sound Tools tab to customize your
sound options, for example to adjust the volume. This tab is only
available when the sound clip is selected.
To insert a movie on a slide,

1. On the Insert tab, in the Media Clips group, click the arrow under Movie.

2. Do one of the following:

● Click Movie from File, locate the folder that contains the
file, and then double-click the file that you want to add.
● Click Movie from Clip Organizer, scroll to find the
clip that you want in the Clip Art.

3. Use the features available in the Movie Tools tab to customize your movie
options, for example to loop the movie. This tab is only available when the
movie clip is selected.
** Through the use of a free add-in, you can link to a YouTube Video within your
PowerPoint 2007 presentation.

What is the Internet?

The internet is a network of networks - a global communication system that
links together thousands of individual networks. Using the internet, any
 computer on any network can communicate with any other computer on any
other network.

Basic internet terms :

WWW: World Wide Web, which is also known as a Web, is a collection of websites
or web pages stored in web servers and connected to local computers through the
internet. These websites contain text pages, digital images, audios, videos, etc. The
World Wide Web is like a huge electronic book whose pages are stored on multiple
servers across the world.

Web Page: The hypertext documents on the WWW are known as web pages. A web
page is written in a language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language) which
enables embedding hypertext links in the document.Using these hyperlinks, users
can jump from one web page to another. Web pages are also known as HTML
documents.

Web Site: A website is a set of related Web pages (linked through hypertext links),
published by an organization or an individual. Typically a web site contains a home
page along with other additional web pages. Each web site is accessed by its own
address known as URL (Uniform Resource Locator). All the websites on the
internet constitute the WWW.

Home Page: The homepage or home page is the name of the main page of a
website where visitors can find hyperlinks to other pages on the site.home page is
also called index page, is the starting point or a doorway to the web site.Like the
table of contents, of a book the home page usually provides an overview of what
could be found at the web site.

Browser: Web browser is a special software that enables users to read/view Web
pages and jump from one Web page to another. It is the software that is needed to
find, retrieve, view and send information over the internet. The most popular
browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Browsers are of
two types:
● Graphical Browsers: allows retrieval of text, images, audio and Video.
● Text Browsers: provides access to the web in text-only mode.

URL: Each web page has a unique address, called a URL (Uniform Resource
Locator) which identifies its location on the Internet. Usually, the format of an
URL consists of four parts: protocol, name of the Web server (or domain name),
path and filename. Here is an example:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/facebook.html

● Protocol : https
● Web server name/domain name: www.linkedin.com
● Path : company/
● File name: facebook.html

Hypertext: the hypertext is a system that provides a simple and consistent way to
organize large data (that includes text, images, pictures, videos etc.) available on
the internet. In hypertext systems, the documents contain links to other related
documents on the internet. These links are called hyperlinks, hotlink, or simply
links. A hyperlink is used to jump to another part of the same page or to load a
different web page.

Internet Service Provider (ISP): An ISP is an organization that connects its

subscribers' computers using modem to the internet. The connection can be
provided by telephone lines, cable lines or wireless connections. In order to use the
internet connection, the user has to first log onto the host computer using the
username and password provided by the ISP. American Online (AOL), Microsoft
Network (MSN), yahoo!..., etc.. are few of the well known ISPs.

Web Server: A web server is software and hardware that uses HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol) and other protocols to respond to client requests made over the
World A web server receives requests from the clients, processes this request and
sends the result back to the client.

Download and Upload: Download refers to the act of transmitting data from a remote
computer on the internet or other network to one’s own computer. When the user
downloads a file, he/she is actually copying a particular file from the remote
computer and placing it on his/her hard drive. Downloading allows the user to save
files for later use.
Upload is just the opposite of download. Upload refers to the act of transmitting
data from a local computer to any other computer on the internet or network. For
example, a software company may upload a demonstration of its new software
onto the web so that users can then download the software.

Online or Offline: If a computer or a user is connected to the Internet, it is said to be

"online". A website, for example, is online, because it is on the Internet. If
something is not online, it is said to be "offline". online indicates a state of
connectivity and offline indicates a disconnected state.

Internet applications: Some of the important services provided by the

internet are described below:

Electronic Mail or e-mail, is a fast, easy and inexpensive

Electronic Mail (E-MAil):
way to communicate with other internet users around the world. It is one of the
basic and earliest services of the Internet and the most used applications to the
internet too. Each user of e-mail has a mailbox address to which messages are sent
and the mailbox can be accessed from anywhere and at any time. E-mail can also
be used to send documents, images, audio, video and so on as an attachment along
with the mail.

File Transfer Protocol:The FTP is a set of rules that enables the user to transfer files
from one system to another. It was the first service developed for the internet so
that government and educational institutions could easily exchange files. Using
FTP users can upload or download files from the remote computer, if the user has
access permission on the remote machine.
Telnet: Telnet is a network protocol used to virtually access a computer and to
provide a two-way, collaborative and text-based communication channel between
two machines. Telnet is also known as remote login, which means connecting one
machine to another in such a way that a person may interact with another machine
as if it is being used locally. The word “telnet” is derived from telecommunication
and network.

Internet Relay Chat (IRC) : IRC is a service on the internet that allows people to
communicate in real time and carry on conversations via the computer with one or
more people to communicate in real time and carry on conversations via the
computer with one or more people. It provides the user with the facility to engage
in simultaneous (synchronous) online “conversations” with other users from
anywhere in the world. Unlike other forms of group communication on the
Internet, chat is instant communication.

Chatting and instant messaging :

A chat room is an online web service where two or more users are able to send
messages in real-time to each other. Since a chat room typically consists of
individuals with a mutual interest, the participants may be either identifiable or
anonymous to each other. Participants may participate in live text, voice, or
video-related operations. Open chat, Teenchat, Paltalk, etc. are some of the
prominent chat room service providers.

Another Internet service that enables us to connect with people instantaneously is

Instant Messaging (IM). This communication is typically through text-based
messaging, but now voice chat is also becoming increasingly popular in a few
days. Skype, Yahoo Messenger, Hike Messenger, Google Talk, and so on are
among the messenger services available on the net.

Internet Telephony: Internet Telephony refers to all types of telephony services

(including phone calls, fax, voicemail, video calls and other forms of
communication) where calls and data are sent digitally over the Internet using the
Internet Protocol (IP), rather than being transmitted over traditional analogue
landlines. An example of an Internet Telephony service is Cloudya, the Cloud
Telephone System from NFON.

Video conferencing: is a type of online meeting where two or more people

engage in a live audio-visual call. With a strong internet connection, the
participants can see, hear, and talk to each other in real time, no matter where in the
world they are.
In business, people typically use video conferencing to communicate and
collaborate within and outside an organization.

Web browser : "A web browser, or simply 'browser,' is an application used to access
and view websites. Web browser provides a graphical user interface (GUI) to
navigate the Internet easily by clicking on menus. Common web browsers include
Microsoft Edge, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox ….. .A web
browser uses the HTTP protocol to request web pages from the web server.

Web browser features :

● A browser handles requests for HTML files, interprets links and deals with
embedded images, audio and video elements.
● A browser keeps the history of the websites visited.
● A browser lets a user to save a collection of pages, allowing for internet
retrieval
● A browser connects to an email program for importing favorites, bookmarks
 and sending and receiving emails.
● A browser supports web standards currently in use such as HTML, HTTP,
JavaScript and Unicode.
● A browser supports multimedia data in three ways viz.-Native Support,
Plug-Inns and Helper programs.
Internet Explorer environment:

located at the top of the window and tells you the title of the page you are
Title Bar:
viewing. It also tells you which internet explorer application is currently active.
Tabs: Internet explorer allows opening multiple tables in a simple browser window
with each tab displaying a web page. You can switch between the tables to view the
web page of your choice by clicking on the respective tab.
Back and forward buttons:allows the user to move to the most recently displayed
web page. On the other hand, the forward button allows moving to the page the
user most recently has moved back from. Using these buttons users can navigate
through the pages.
Address Bar: The Address bar displays the Internet address (URL) of the page
currently being displayed. You can access a site by typing its URL into the address
box and pressing Enter.
The Refresh button reloads the current document that the user is
Refresh Button:
viewing. Reloading the current page is useful when the page is updating very
frequently.
Stop Button : the stop button stops the operation that is currently being performed
by the Internet Explorer.
Search Box: the search box is used to search the Web. Simply type the keyword or
phrase that you want to search and then press Enter to open the search result in the
same tab or ALT+Enter to open the result in a new tab.
Menu Bar: the menu contains the main menu and sub menu options, which control
all options, functions and commands for the entire internet explorer. Menu bar
contains the options like - File, Edit, View and so on.
Favorites Bar :The favorite bar replaces the links toolbar available in the previous
versions of the Internet Explorer. It enables you to keep the links of your favorite
websites so that they can be accessed with just a click.
Content Area: the content area is the portion of the window that holds the web page
present in the current tab, text, images, animations and links available on the web
page appear in that area.
Status Bar: the status bar displays the current state of activity on the web page. The
status bar includes the information about the item currently being downloaded, and
zoom level of the web page.

Electronic mail (E-Mail):E-mail can be defined as the process of exchanging

messages electronically, via a communication network, using the computer. E-mail
allows users to communicate with each other in lease time and at nominal cost as
compared to traditional telephone or mail services. Apart from the normal
message, e-mails can also consists of other data such as picture, sound and video.

Email address structure: An email account provides a unique email address and a
mailbox where the user can save all his/her mails. Generally email addresses has
two parts : the logon identity and the identity of the email server. These are
separated with the @ symbol. For example a typical email address would look like
- username @ domain.com.
The first part of the address identifies the name of the user. The second part is the
host name or the domain name which refers to the mail server. The @ symbol in
the address is used to separate the username and the domain name. The end of the
domain name consists of a dot(.) followed by three or more letters *such as .com,
.org or .net). This part of the domain name indicates the type of organization or the
country where the host server is located.
Advantages and disadvantages of email :

Advantages Disadvantages

1. E-mails provide a faster and 1. Although email is delivered

 easier means of communication.
One can send message to any
person at any place of world by
just clicking mouse
2. The cost of emailing is almost
free as it involves a negligible
amount of telephone and ISP
charges.
3. Multiple copies of the same
message can be sent to group of
people at the same time and can
be sent as easily to a single
person
4. Pictures, documents and other
files can also be attached to
messages
**************
instantly, the recipient may or
may not read his/her mail in
time. This defeats the quickness
of electronic mailing
2. The user must stay online to read
and write more than one mail. If
the size of the mail is larger then
it decreases the speed of use
3. Since email passes through a
network, it may be intercepted in
between
4. The slightest error in the address
or a failure in one of the links
between sender and receiver is
enough to prevent a delivery.