BITS Pilani

Hyderabad Campus

Forced Convection: Internal Flow

1
Flow in the tube

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Internal Forced Convection

Hydro dynamically fully developed flow:

Velocity Profile uc = f (x)

Core Velocity Variation uc 2  uc1

For hydro dynamically fully developed flow:

uc  f (x)

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Hydrodynamic Fully developed flow

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Thermally Fully Developed Flow

−k
T
= h(Tm − Tw ) Tm =
  udAC T p

y y =0
  uC dA
p

T
k h T
T
hT Bulk mean temperature convert 2D temperature into 1D
1
k
When two Thermal BL merged (thermally fully
developed) h/k is constant
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Internal Forced Convection
Growth of thermal Boundary Layer

Concept of bulk mean temperature:

Energy averages wall temperature, it is representative of
the total energy of flow at the particular location. It also
referred to as mixing cup temperature: It is the
temperature the fluid would assume if placed in a mixing
chamber and allowed to come to equilibrium.

 uc TdA
P

Tb =
 uc P dA

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Internal Forced Convection
Growth of thermal Boundary Layer

Thermally fully developed Flow :

For thermally fully developed flow h/k is constant, so if k is

constant Nusselt Number is also constant.

T  uc TdA
= h(Tb − Tw )
P

−k Tb = = Tm
y w  uc P dA

T (x, y ) − Tw ( x)
=
Tm ( x) − Tw ( x)

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 Thermally fully developed Flow :

In general
T (x, y ) − Tw ( x)
= For TFDF
Tm ( x) − Tw ( x)
h
 f (x)
T
−k = h (Tw − Tm ) k
y y=H

−  f (x)
y
  T − Tw  h y=H
−   =
y  Tm − Tw  y = H k In general

  f (x)
 h This does not mean that T is
− = not function
T = f (x)
y y=H
k
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Constant wall Temperature

T (x, y ) − Tw ( x)
=
Tm ( x) − Tw ( x)

T − Tw =  (Tm − Tw )
T d
= (Tm − Tw ) +  dTm
x dx dx
d
=0 TFDF
dx
T dTm
=
x dx
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Constant wall heat flux
boundary conditions
T − Tw =  (Tm − Tw )

T dTw d  dTm dTw 

− = (Tm − Tw ) +   − 
x dx dx  dx dx 
q w = h(Tw − Tm )
dq dh  dTw dTm 
=0= (Tw − Tm ) + h  − 
dx dx  dx dx 
For TFDF
dTw dTm
=
dx dx T dTw dTm
= = = cons tan t
x dx dx
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 dTm
Calculation of dx

q'

m c p (Tm + dTm )
.
.
m c pTm

q'
−
q P dx + m c pTm = m c p (Tm + dTm )
. .
'

−
'
dTm q P
= .
dx mc
p

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Constant wall heat flux
boundary conditions

For constant wall heat flux

−
'
dTm q P
= . =C
dx mc
p
For constant wall heat flux and TFDF

T dTw dTm
= = =C
x dx dx
T dTs dTm
= = =C
x dx dx
It means for constant wall heat flux for both entry and TFDF dTm
=C
dx
Key assumption axial conduction is neglected

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Constant Wall Temperature
boundary conditions
.
For constant wall Temperature q = m c p (Tm , L − Tm , 0 )

q = − m c p ((Tw − Tm , L ) − (Tw − Tm , 0 ) )
.
− −
dTm q P h(Tw − Tm ) P
'
.
= . = . q = − m c p (TL − T0 )
dx mc mcp
p . q
− m cp = −
d (TW − Tm ) hP (TL − T0 )
= − . dx
(Tw − Tm ) mc ln
TL A −
= h(TL − T0 )
p
− T0 q
L −
ln (TW − Tm ) L
0
PL 1
=− .  hdx
q=A
h(TL − T0 )
−
mc L 0 p TL
ln
TL PL − T0 −
ln =− . h h(TL − T0 )
T0 − q = A
mcp
q = A h LMTD TL
ln
T0
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Constant Wall Temperature
boundary conditions

−
h(TL − T0 )
q=A
T
ln L
T0

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Flow Conditions
Velocity profile in the fully developed flow

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Flow Conditions

For Fully developed Laminar Flow

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Friction Factor

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Friction Factor

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Hydro dynamically and thermally fully
developed flow through circular pipe

T T   2T 1   T  
Vz + Vr =   2 + r  
z r  z r r  r  

 T
2
T For TFDF and

=0 Because =C constant wall

z
heat flux
z 2

T T 1   T 
Vz + Vr =  r 
z r r r  r 
T 1   T 
Vz = r 
z r r  r 
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Hydro dynamically and thermally fully
developed flow through circular pipe

Constant wall heat flux

−
T dTm q w P q ' w 2R
'
= = . =
z dz −
mcP cP  V R 2

T 1   T 
Vz =  r 
z r r  r 
dTm 1   T 
Vz = r 
dz r r  r 

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Hydro dynamically and thermally fully
developed flow through circular pipe

q ' w 2R 1   T 
Vz = r 
c p VR 2
r r  r 
T − Tw r' =
r
=
Tm − Tw R
hD
q w = h(Tw − Tm )
'
Nu D =
k
 
1 d  d  V z
 r '  + − Nu D = 0
dr '  dr '  V
r'   BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Hydro dynamically and thermally fully
developed flow through circular pipe

 
1 d  d  Vz
 r' −  + − Nu D = 0
dr  dr  V
r'  

= 2(1 − r '2 )
Vz
V Hagen Poiselli solution

d  r' r '2 
r' + 2 Nu D 
 − 
 = C1
dr '  2 4 
d
Boundary Condition at r’=0 =0
dr '
C1 = 0
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Hydro dynamically and thermally fully
developed flow through circular pipe

d  r '2 r '2 
r' = −2 Nu D 
 − 

dr '  2 4 

 r '2 r '3 
 = −2 Nu D  − 
 + C2
 4 16 
Boundary Condition at r’=1  =0

 = NuD g (r ' )

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Hydro dynamically and thermally fully
developed flow through circular pipe

 = NuD g (r ' )

 uc PTdA  V T 2rdr

z

Tb = = Tm = −
V R 2
 uc P dA

1
Vz
Tm =  T 2r ' dr'
0
V

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Hydro dynamically and thermally fully
developed flow through circular pipe
1
Tm =  ( (Tm − Tw ) + Tw )2r ' dr '
Vz
0
V
1
Vz
 = NuD g (r ' ) 0 V 2r ' dr' = 1
1 =  2(1 − r ' )Nu D g (r ' )2r ' dr '
1
2

0
48
Constant wall heat flux Nu D = = 4.36
11
Constant wall temperature NuD = 3.66
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Turbulent Flow through pipe

hD NuD
= = St
cPu Re D Pr

St Pr 2/3
= f /8
Where f is friction factor

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Turbulent Flow through pipe

Dittus Boelter Equation

Nux = 0.023(Re D ) Pr n
0.8

n= 0.4 for heating

n= 0.3 for cooling

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Problem

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Solution

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Solution

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Solution

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Problem-1

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Solution

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus