C H A P T E R

02
Solutions
A Quick Recapitulation of the Chapter
1. A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, i.e. 5. Higher the value of K H at a given pressure, the lower
a one phase system, is called a solution. The is the solubility of the gas in the liquid.
component of solution which is present in large excess is 6. The vapour pressure of a solvent is defined as the
called solvent, while the other (which is present in pressure exerted by the vapours of solvent, when
relatively smaller quantity) is called the solute.
they are in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid
2. The various expressions for the concentration at a particular temperature. It depends upon the
of solutions can be summarised as given below. nature of the liquid, temperature and purity of the
WB
(i) (a) Mass % of solute = × 100 liquid.
WA + WB
7. Raoult’s law for a volatile solute states that for any
WB
(b) Parts per million (ppm) = × 106 solution, the partial vapour pressure of each volatile
WA + WB
component in the solution is directly proportional to
Moles of solute
(ii) Molarity (M) = its mole fraction.
Volume of solution (in L) p ∝ x or p = p ° x
WB
= mol L−1 8. According to Dalton’s law of partial pressures,
MB × V
the total pressure (p) over the solution phase in
Moles of solute
(iii) Molality (m) = the container will be the sum of the partial
Mass of solvent (in kg)
pressures of the components of the solution and is
WB
= mol kg −1 given as
MB × WA
p = p A + pB = p A° x A + pB° x B
The terms involved in the formulae are:
p A = partial vapour pressure of component A
M A = molar mass of solvent M B = molar mass of solute
p A° = vapour pressure of pure component A
WA = mass of solvent WB = mass of solute
pB = partial vapour pressure of component B
V = volume of solution
pB° = vapour pressure of pure component B
3. The maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved
in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature is p = total vapour pressure of solvent
termed as solubility at that temperature. x A and x B = mole fractions of components A and B
4. Henry’s law states that at constant temperature, the respectively.
solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to 9. The mole fractions of A and B in the vapour phase
the pressure of the gas. y A and y B can be determined as
Mathematically, the partial pressure (p) of a gas in p x Ap °A
yA = A =
vapour phase is proportional to the mole fraction of the p x A p ° A + x B p °B
gas.
p = KHx pB x B p °B
Similarly, y B = =
K H = Henry’s law constant p x A p ° A + x B p °B
10. Ideal solution is one which obeys Raoult’s law for all (ii) Elevation in boiling point, ∆Tb = Kb × m
range of concentrations and temperatures. K × WB × 1000
For such solution, ∆Hmix = 0 and ∆Vmix = 0 ∆Tb = b
MB × WA
In ideal solutions, solvent-solvent and solute-solute
∆Tb = Tb − T °b
interactions are almost of same type as that of
solvent-solute interactions. (iii) Depression in freezing point, ∆Tf = Kf × m
11. Non-ideal solution is one which does not obey Raoult’s Kf × WB × 1000
∆Tf = ; ∆Tf = T °f −Tf
law for all concentrations and temperatures. MB × WA
For such solution, ∆Hmix ≠ 0 and ∆Vmix ≠ 0 n RT WB × R × T
(iv) Osmotic pressure ( π ) = CRT = B =
12. The non-ideal solutions show two types of deviations V MB × V
from the ideal behaviour. where, C = concentration (molarity)
(i) Non-ideal solutions showing positive deviations 14. Isotonic solutions exert same osmotic pressure as
(new interactions are weaker than those in the pure they have same molar concentrations.
component) ∆Vmix > 0 and ∆Hmix > 0,
e.g. acetone + carbon disulphide 15. van’t Hoff factor (i)
normal molecular mass
(ii) Non-ideal solutions showing negative deviations i =
(new interactions are stronger than those in the observed molecular mass
pure component) observed colligative property
or i =
∆Vmix < 0 and ∆Hmix < 0, e.g. acetone + chloroform calculated colligative property
13. Colligative properties depend only on the number of total number of moles of particles after dissociation
or i =
solute particles present in the solution irrespective of number of moles of particles before dissociation
their nature relative to the total number of particles
For dissociation, i > 1, while for association, i < 1
present in the solution.
(i) Relative lowering of vapour pressure
16. Colligative properties and van’t Hoff factor,
p ° A − pA p ° A − pA
= xB =
nB n W M
= B = B × A (i) = i xB (ii) ∆Tb = iKB m
p °A n A + nB n A MB WA p °A
[for very dilute solution nB << n A ] (iii) ∆Tf = iKf m (iv) πV = iCRT

Objective Questions Based on NCERT Text

Topic 1
Introduction, Types and Concentration of Solutions
1. Which of the following statements is not correct about homogeneous mixtures?
(a) These have uniform composition throughout the mixture (b) These show same physical properties throughout the mixture
(c) These have same chemical properties throughout the mixture (d) These always contain a solute and a solvent
2. Solvent is the component of a solution
(a) which is present in large excess (b) which is responsible for the chemical properties of solution
(c) which determines the physical state of solution (d) Both (a) and (c)
3. Consider the solution of ethanol. In it
(a) ethanol is dissolved in water (b) the components are in same phase
(c) ethanol is present in excess (d) Both (a) and (b)
4. Which of the following is not an example of a solution?
(a) Air (b) Brass (c) Amalgam (d) Benzene in water
 5. Identify the phase of solute and solvent among the 12. 29.2% ( w/ W ) HCl stock solution has density of
options are given below, for a solution as amalgam of 1.25 g mL−1 . The molecular weight of HCl is
mercury with sodium. 36.5 mol −1 . The volume (mL) of stock solution
Solute Solvent required to prepare a 200 mL solution 0.4 M HCl is
(a) Solid Liquid (IIT JEE 2012)
(b) Solid Solid (a) 5.0 mL (b) 6.0 mL
(c) Liquid Solid (c) 8.0 mL (d) 15.0 mL
(d) Solid Gas
13. A 5.2 molal aqueous solution of methyl alcohol,
6. Which of the following is the correct example of solid CH 3OH is supplied. What is the mole fraction of
solution in which the solute is in gas phase? methyl alcohol in the solution? (AIEEE 2011)
(a) Copper dissolved in gold (b) Camphor in nitrogen gas
(a) 1.100 (b) 0.090
(c) Hydrogen in palladium (d) All of these
(c) 0.086 (d) 0.050
7. Which of the following is true about the liquid
14. 184 g ethyl alcohol is mixed with 72 g of water. The
solution?
ratio of mole fraction of alcohol to water is
(a) Solution may contain one or more than one volatile
components (a) 3 : 4 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 1
(b) The solute may or may not be volatile 15. Mole fraction of a solute in benzene is 0.2. The
(c) Generally the liquid solvent is volatile molality of solute is
(d) All of the above (a) 3.2 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 3.57
8. Composition of solution 16. What is the mole fraction of the solute in a 1m
is expressed in A aqueous solution? (NEET 2016)
(a) 0.177 (b) 1.770 (c) 0.0354 (d) 0.0177
Water with very Water with a large
excess of sugar in C
17. What is the molarity of K + in aqueous solution that
small amount of sugar in B
contains 17.4 ppm of K 2SO 4 (molar mass =
Here A, B C can be respectively, 174 g mol −1 ) ?
(a) unsaturated, saturated, supersaturated (a) 2 × 10−2 M (b) 2 × 10−3 M
(b) concentration, solute, solvent (c) 4 × 10−4 M (d) 2 × 10−4 M
(c) concentration, concentrated, dilute
18. The molarity of H 2SO 4 solution, which has a density
(d) concentration, dilute, concentrated
1.84 g/cc at 35°C and contains 98% by weight is
9. 18 g of sucrose is dissolved in 162 g of water. (a) 1.84 M (b) 18.4 M (c) 20.6 M (d) 24.5 M
Calculate the mass percentage of solution.
(a) 18 % (b) 10% (c) 20% (d) 15% 19. The molarity of a solution obtained by mixing
750 mL of 0.5 M HCl with 250 mL of 2M HCl
10. 25.3 g of sodium carbonate, Na 2CO 3 is dissolved in
will be (JEE Main 2013)
enough water to make 250 mL of solution. If sodium
(a) 0.875 M (b) 1.00 M
carbonate dissociates completely, molar concentration
(c) 1.75 M (d) 0.0975 M
of sodium ion, Na + and carbonate ions, CO 2−
3
respectively are (Molar mass of Na 2CO 3 = 106 mol −1 ) . × 10 20 molecules of urea are present in 100 mL
20. 602
(CBSE AIPMT 2012) of its solution. The concentration of solution is
(a) 0.477 M and 0.477 M (NEET 2013)
(b) 0.955 M and 1.910 M (a) 0.02 M (b) 0.01 M (c) 0.001 M (d) 0.1 M
(c) 1.910 M and 0.955 M 21. The molality of a urea solution in which 0.0100 g of
(d) 1.90 M and 1.910 M
urea, [(NH 2 ) 2 CO] is added to 0.3000 dm 3 of water at
11. How many gram of concentrated nitric acid solution STP is (AIEEE 2011)
should be used to prepare 250 mL of 2.0 M HNO 3 ? (a) 0.555 m (b) 5.55 × 10−4 m
The concentrated acid is 70% HNO 3 . (NEET 2013)
(c) 33.3 m (d) 3.33 × 10−2 m
(a) 45.0 g conc. HNO3
(b) 90.0 g conc. HNO3 22. If mole fraction of a solute in 1kg benzene is 0.2 then
(c) 70.0 g conc. HNO3 molality of solute is (NEET 2016)
(d) 50.0 g conc. HNO3 (a) 3.2 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 3.6
23. If two bottles A and B contain 1 M and 1 m aqueous 24. Concentration terms which are independent of
solution of sulphuric acid respectively, temperature is/are
(a) A is more concentrated than B (a) mole fraction and molality
(b) B is more concentrated than A (b) mole fraction and molarity
(c) Concentration of A is equal to concentration of B (c) only normality
(d) it is not possible to compare the concentration (d) only molarity

Topic 2
Solubility and Henry’s Law
25. Which of the following is the incorrect statement 30. Which of the following statements is true about Henry’s
about solubility? law?
(a) It depends upon the nature of solute and solvent (a) The solubility of solid in a liquid is directly proportional
(b) It always increases with increase in pressure to the partial pressure of the solid present above the
(c) It shows the maximum amount of solute present in a surface of liquid or solution
definite amount of solvent. (b) The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional
(d) It depends upon temperature and pressure to the partial pressure of the gas present above the surface
26. In case of which type of solution concentration of of liquid or solution
solute shows its solubility? (c) The solubility of a liquid in gas is directly proportional to
(a) Saturated solution the partial pressure of liquid present above the surface of
(b) Unsaturated solution gas
(c) Supersaturated solution (d) The solubility of a gas in solid is directly proportional
(d) None of these to the partial pressure of gas present above the surface of
solid
27. Select the incorrect statement.
(a) Dissolution and crystallisation are opposite processes 31. In the graph given below, what does the slope of the
(b) When dissolution and crystallisation occur with same line represent?
Partial pressure

rate, a saturated solution is obtained

of HCl (torr)

(c) When rate of dissolution = rate of crystallisation, no

more solute can be added to it
(d) In saturated solution, the solution is in dynamic
equilibrium with dissolved solute
Mole fraction of HCl in
28. What happens to the solubility of substance with its solution in cyclohexane
rise in temperature, if the dissolution process is
(a) Partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase ( p )
endothermic?
(b) Mole fraction of gas in the solution (χ)
(a) Increases
(c) Henry’s law constant ( K H )
(b) Decreases
(d) All of the above
(c) Increases or decreases, depending upon the nature of
substance 32. The value of Henry’s law constant for argon (Ar),
(d) No effect of temperature on solubility carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ) and
29. 15 g of sucrose is dissolved in 50 mL of water and formaldehyde (HCHO) are respectively 40.3 K bar,
some pressure is applied on the surface of solution 1.67 K bar, 0.413 K bar and 1.83 × 10 −5 K bar at 298 K.
formed. It will result in The correct order of their solubility is
(a) increased solubility (a) Ar < CH4 < CO2 < HCHO
(b) decreased solubility (b) HCHO < CH4 < CO2 < Ar
(c) slight increase in solubility (c) Ar < CO2 < CH4 < HCHO
(d) No effect on solubility (d) Ar < CO2 < HCHO < CH4
33. Calculate the concentration of nitrogen present in 37. Which of the following statements is not true?
the water. Assuming that the temperature is 25°C, (a) Pressure is higher under water than at the surface of a sea
total pressure is 1 atm and mole fraction of nitrogen
(b) Low surface pressure is responsible for the formation of
is 0.78. [K H for nitrogen = 8.42 × 10 −7 M/mmHg]
bends in the body of
(a) 4.99 M (b) 4.99 × 10−2 M scuba divers
(c) 4.99 × 10−4 M (d) None of the above (c) Bends are actually the bubbles of nitrogen in the
34. Ratio of O 2 and N 2 in the air is 1 : 4. Find out the blood
ratio of their solubilities in terms of mole fractions (d) Due to high pressure, solubility of atmospheric gases in
of O 2 and N 2 dissolved in water at atmospheric the blood decreases
pressure and room temperature. 38. Which of the following statements is true about bends?
 K H (O 2 ) = 3.30 × 10 7 torr  (a) Capillaries are blocked and it create medical condition
  known as bends
 K H ( N 2 ) = 6.60 × 10 torr 
7
(b) These are painful and dangerous to life
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) These are bubbles of helium in the blood
(d) Both (a) and (b) are true
(c) 1 : 1 (d) None of these
39. Anoxia is a condition, generally seen in climbers
35. The solubility of N 2 in water at 300 K and 500 torr
−1 because of
partial pressure, is 0.01g L . The solubility in
(a) high concentration of oxygen at high altitudes
(g L−1 ) at 750 torr partial pressure is (JEE Main 2016)
(b) high concentration of air at high altitudes
(a) 0.02 (b) 0.015
(c) high partial pressure of oxygen at high altitudes
(c) 0.0075 (d) 0.005
(d) low partial pressure of oxygen at high altitudes
36. Soft drinks and soda water bottles are sealed under 40. What is the composition of gases in the tanks used by
high pressure the scuba divers?
(a) to increase their taste (a) 11.7% helium 32.1% nitrogen 56.2% oxygen
(b) to increase the solubility of CO2 (b) 11.7% helium 56.2% nitrogen 32.1% oxygen
(c) to decrease temperature of the gas dissolved (c) 56.2% helium 11.7% nitrogen 32.1% oxygen
(d) All of the above (d) 56.2% helium 32.1% nitrogen 11.7% oxygen

Topic 3
Vapour Pressure and Raoult’s Law
41. Which of the following is not the characteristic of 43. p A and pB are the vapour pressure of pure liquid
solutions of liquids and solids in liquid? components A and B respectively of an ideal binary
(a) These may contain one or more than one volatile solution. If x A represents the mole fraction of
components component A, the total pressure of the solution
(b) Generally, the liquid solvent is volatile will be (CBSE AIPMT 2012)
(c) The solute may or may not be volatile (a) p A + xA ( pB − p A )
(d) Both solute and solvent are non-volatile (b) p A + xA ( p A − pB )
42. When a binary solution of two volatile liquids is (c) pB + x A ( pB − p A )
taken in a closed vessel, then (d) pB + x A ( p A − pB )
(a) in the closed vessel, both the components would
44. The total pressure ( ptotal ) over the solution phase in
evaporate and an equilibrium would be established
between vapour phase and liquid phase the container will be the sum of the partial pressures
(b) in the closed vessel, both the components would of the components of the solution. This statement to
evaporate but equilibrium would not be established belongs
between vapour phase and liquid phase (a) Raoult’s law
(c) in the closed vessel, none of components would (b) Henry’s law
evaporate and no equilibrium would be established
(c) Dalton’s law of partial pressures
between vapour phase and liquid phase
(d) None of the above (d) All of the above
45. What does A point signifies in the figure given 50. If two substances A and B have p° A : p° B = 1 : 2 and
below? mole fraction in solution =1 : 2 then mole fraction of A in
vapours is
Vapour pressure A (a) 0.33 (b) 0.25
(c) 0.52 (d) 0.2
51. At 300 K two pure liquids A and B have 150 mm Hg and
100 mmHg vapour pressures, respectively. In an
equimolar liquid mixture of A and B, the mole fraction of
O B in the vapour mixture at this temperature is
Mole fraction of solvent (a) 0.6 (b) 0.5
(x solvent)
(c) 0.8 (d) 0.4
(a) Vapour pressure of solute
(b) Vapour pressure of pure solvent 52. Vapour pressure of chloroform (CHCl 3 ) and
(c) Vapour pressure of solution dichloromethane (CH 2Cl 2 ) at 25° C are 200 mm of Hg
(d) None of the above and 41.5 mm of Hg respectively. Vapour pressure of the
solution obtained by mixing 25.5 g of CHCl 3 and 40 g
46. One component of a solution follows Raoult’s law
over the entire range 0 ≤ x1 ≤ 1. The second of CH 2Cl 2 at the same temperature will be
component must follow Raoult’s law in the range (Molecular mass of CHCl 3 = 119.5 u and molecular mass
when x 2 is of CH 2Cl 2 = 85 u) (CBSE AIPMT 2012)
(a) close to zero (a) 173.9 mm Hg (b) 615.0 mm Hg
(b) close to 1 (c) 347.9 mm Hg (d) 90.63 mm Hg
(c) 0 ≤ x2 ≤ 0.5 53. Raoult’s law becomes a special case of Henry’s law
(d) 0 ≤ x2 ≤ 1 when
47. 18 g of glucose (C 6 H12O 6 ) is added to 178.2 g (a) K H = p1° (b) K H > p1°
water. The vapour pressure of water (in torr) for this (c) K H < p1° (d) K H ≥ p1°
aqueous solution is (JEE Main 2016)
54. Interpret the correct statement for the following figure.
(a) 76.0 (b) 752.4
(c) 759.0 (d) 7.6
48. Vapour pressure of pure A is 70 mm of Hg at 25°C.
It forms an ideal solution with ‘B’ in which mole
fraction of A is 0.8. If the vapour pressure of the 1 mole of solvent
solution is 84 mm of Hg at 25°C, the vapour Pure solvent 1 mole of solute
pressure of pure B at 25°C is
(a) 56 mm Solvent Solute
A B
(b) 70 mm
(a) Vapour pressure of the solution in beaker A is more than in
(c) 140 mm
the beaker B
(d) 28 mm
(b) Vapour pressure of the solution in beaker A is less than in
49. At 40°C, the vapour pressure of pure liquids, the beaker B
benzene and toluene, are 160 mmHg and 60 mmHg (c) Vapour pressure of the solution in both the beakers is same
respectively. At the same temperature, the vapour (d) None of the above
pressure of an equimolar solution of the two liquids, 55. Decrease in the vapour pressure of the solvent
assuming the ideal solution should be depends on
(a) 140 mmHg (a) nature of non-volatile solute
(b) 110 mmHg (b) quantity of non-volatile solute
(c) 220 mmHg
(c) nature of solution
(d) 100 mmHg (d) quantity of solution
Topic 4
Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
56. For a dilute solution containing 2.5 g of a non-volatile 62. Which of the following statements is/are true for
non-electrolyte solute in 100 g of water, the elevation in the diagram?
boiling point at 1 atm pressure is 2° C. Vapour pressure
Assuming concentration of solute is much lower than of solution

the concentration of solvent, the vapour pressure (mm of

Vapour pressure
Hg) of the solution is
(take K b = 0.76 K kg mol −1 ) (AIEEE 2012)
(a) 724 (b) 740 (c) 736 (d) 718 p2
p1
57. Which one of the following is not correct for an ideal
solution?
(a) It must obey Raoult’s law (b) ∆H = 0
x1 = 0 x1 = 1
(c) ∆V = 0 (d) ∆H = ∆V ≠ 0 Mole fraction
x2 = 1 x1 x2 = 0
58. Which of the following statements is/are true for an ideal x2
solution?
(a) The escaping tendency of molecule decreases for
(a) No heat is absorbed or evolved when the components are each component
mixed (b) Vapour pressure of the solution decreases
(b) Volume of solution = sum of volume of two component (c) Solution shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law
(c) Intermolecular attraction forces between A—A and B—B (d) All of the above
types are equal to A—B type
63. The solution formed by adding carbon disulphide to
(d) All of the above
acetone, shows positive deviation from
59. Solution of bromoethane and chloroethane Raoult’s law. It is because
(a) obeys Raoult’s law over the entire range of concentration (a) the dipolar interactions between solute-solvent
(b) is a non-ideal solution molecules are stronger than the respective
(c) has ∆ mixV ≠ 0 interactions among the solute-solute and
(d) All of the above solvent-solvent molecules
60. True statement about non-ideal solutions is (b) All the dipolar interactions among solute-solvent,
(a) do not obey Raoult’s law over entire range of concentration solute-solute and solvent-solvent are same
(b) A  A or B  B type interactions >A  B type interactions (c) the dipolar interactions between solute-solvent
(c) A  A or B B type interactions < A  B type interactions molecules are weaker than the respective
(d) All of the above interactions among the solute-solute and
61. What does the following figure represent? solvent-solvent molecules
(d) Only solute-solvent interactions are involved in the
Vapour pressure
of solution reaction
64. Which of the following statements about the
Vapour pressure

composition of the vapour over an ideal 1:1 molar

mixture of benzene and toluene is correct ?
Assume that the temperature is constant at 25° C.
p1
p2 (Given, vapour pressure data at 25° C, benzene
=12.8kPa and toluene = 3.85 kPa)
(CBSE AIPMT 2012)
x1 = 0 Mole fraction x1 = 1 (a) The vapour will contain a higher percentage of
x2 = 1 x1 x2 = 0
x2 toluene
(b) The vapour will contain equal amounts of benzene
(a) Non-ideal solution and toluene
(b) Positive deviation from Raoult’s law (c) Not enough information is given to make a prediction
(c) Negative deviation from Raoult’s law (d) The vapour will contain a higher percentage of
(d) Only (a) and (b) benzene
65. Select the incorrect statement. 68. Among the following, the azeotropic mixture is
(a) Solution of chloroform and acetone shows negative (a) CCl 4 + CHCl 3
deviation from Raoult’s law (b) C6 H14 + C7 H16
(b) Solution of ethanol and acetone shows positive (c) C2 H5 Br + C2 H5 Cl
deviation from Raoult’s law (d) chlorobenzene + bromobenzene
(c) In case of solution of phenol A and aniline B,
A  A and B  B interactions are stronger than A  B 69. Which of the following azeotropic solutions has the
(i.e. phenol and aniline) interactions boiling point less than the boiling point of its
(d) Azeotropes are constant boiling mixtures, which are constituents molecules?
separated by azeotropic distillation. (a) CHCl 3 and CH3 COCH3
(b) CS2 and CH3 COCH3
66. Arrange the following in the increasing order of their
(c) CH3 CH2 OH and CH3 COCH3
solubility in n-octane based on solute-solvent
(d) CH3 CHO and CS2
interactions.
(a) KCl < CH3 CN < CH3 OH < cyclohexane 70. The solution that forms maximum boiling azeotrope is
(b) KCl < cyclohexane < CH3 OH < CH3 CN (a) carbon disulphide − acetone
(c) KCl < CH3 OH < CH3 CN < cyclohexane (b) benzene − toluene
(d) KCl < cyclohexane < CH3 CN < CH3 CN (c) acetone − chloroform
(d) n-hexane − n-heptane
67. The solution which show large positive deviation
from Raoult’s law form 71. Solution of azeotropic nitric acid mixture contain
(a) maximum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition (a) 32% HNO3 , 68% H2 O by mass
(b) maximum freezing azeotrope at a specific composition (b) 68% HNO3 , 32% H2 O by mass
(c) minimum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition (c) 50% HNO3 , 50% H2 O by mass
(d) minimum freezing azeotrope at a specific composition (d) 30% H2 O, 70% HNO3 by mass

Topic 5
Colligative Properties
72. An aqueous solution is 1.00 molal in KI. Which 76. The vapour pressure lowering caused by the addition
−1
change will cause the vapour pressure of the solution of 100 g of sucrose (molecular mass = 342 g mol ) to
to increase? (CBSE AIPMT 2011) 1000 g of water, if the vapour pressure of water at
(a) Addition of water (b) Addition of NaCl 25°C is 23.8 mm of Hg is
(c) Addition of Na 2 SO4 (d) Addition of 1.00 molal KI (a) 0.12 mm Hg
(b) 0.125 mm Hg
73. If p° and ps are vapour pressures of the solvent and (c) 1.15 mm Hg
solution respectively, n1 and n2 are the mole fractions (d) 1.25 mm Hg
of solvent and solute respectively, then
77. If at certain temperature, the vapour pressure of pure
(a) ps = p ° n1 (b) ps = p ° n2
water is 25 mm of Hg and that of a very dilute
n  aqueous urea solution is 24.5 mm of Hg, the molality
(c) p ° = ps n2 (d) ps = p °  1 
 n2  of solution is
74. The vapour pressure of acetone at 20° C is 185 torr. (a) 0.02 (b) 1.2
When 1.2 g of a non-volatile substance was (c) 1.11 (d) 0.08
dissolved in 100 g of acetone at 20° C, its vapour 78. Vapour pressure of pure benzene is 119 torr and that
pressure was 183 torr. The molar mass (g mol −1 ) of of toluene is 37.0 torr at the same temperature. Mole
the substance is (JEE Main 2015) fraction of toluene in vapour phase which is
(a) 32 (b) 64 (c) 128 (d) 488 in equilibrium with 8 solution of benzene and
75. Lowering of vapour pressure of an aqueous solution of toluene having a mole fraction of toluene 0.50,
a non-volatile, non-electrolyte 1M aqueous solution will be (JEE Main 2013)
at 100°C is (a) 0.137 (b) 0.237
(a) 14.12 torr (b) 312 torr (c) 13.45 torr (d) 352 torr (c) 0.435 (d) 0.205
79. What does point A and B represent in the following 84. During the depression of freezing point experiment
diagram? an equilibrium is established between the molecules of
A B (a) liquid solvent and solid solvent
1 atm (b) liquid solute and solid solvent
(c) liquid solute and solid solute
(d) liquid solvent and solid solute
pressure

85. What happens to freezing point of benzene when

Vapour

∆Tb
naphthalene is added?
o
Tb Tb (a) Increases
(b) Decreases
Temperature/K
(c) Remains unchanged
Point A Point B
(d) First decreases and then increases
(a) Boiling point of solvent Boiling point of solution
(b) Boiling point of solution Boiling point of solvent 86. Ethylene glycol is used as an antifreeze in a cold
(c) Boiling point of solute Boiling point of solvent climate. Mass of ethylene glycol which should be
(d) Boiling point of solvent Boiling point of solute added to 4 kg of water to prevent it from freezing at
80. When concentration of a salt solution is increased, . K kg mol −1 and molar
−6° Cwill be (K f for water =186
(a) boiling point increases, while vapour pressure decreases mass of ethylene glycol = 62 g mol −1 ) (AIEEE 2011)
(b) boiling point decreases, while vapour pressure increases (a) 804.32 g (b) 204.30 g
(c) freezing point decreases, while vapour pressure increases (c) 400.00 g (d) 304.60 g
(d) freezing point increases, while vapour pressure decreases
87. How many grams of methyl alcohol should be added
81. If the elevation in boiling point of a solution of 10 g to 10 L tank of water to prevent its freezing at 268 K?
of solute (molecular weight = 100) in 100 g of water (JEE Main 2013)
is ∆Tb , the ebullioscopic constant of water is (a) 880.07 g (b) 899.04 g
(a) 10 (b) 100 Tb (c) 886.02 g (d) 868.06 g
∆Tb
(c) ∆Tb (d) 88. Dissolution of 1.5 g of a non-volatile solute
10
(molecular weight = 60) in 250 g of a solvent reduces
82. To observe an elevation of boiling point is 0.05°C, its freezing point by 0.01°C. Find at the molal
the amount of a solute (molecular weight = 100) to be depression constant of the solvent.
added to 100 g of water ( K b = 05
. ) is (a) 0.01 (b) 0.001
(a) 2 g (c) 0.0001 (d) 0.1
(b) 0.05 g
(c) 1 g 89. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has
(d) 0.75 g freezing point = 271 K and freezing point of pure
water is 273.15 K. The freezing point of a
83. Identify (i), (ii) and (iii) in the following diagram. 5% solution (by mass) of glucose in water is
(ii) (a) 271 K (b) 273.15 K
(iii) (c) 269.07 K (d) 277.23 K
90. K f for water is 1.86 K kg mol −1 . If your automobile
Vapour pressure

(i)
radiator holds 1.0 kg of water, how many grams of
ethylene glycol (C 2 H 6O 2 ) must you add to get the
freezing point of the solution lowered to −2.8° C ?
∆Tf (AIEEE 2012)
Ti Ti °
(a) 72 g (b) 93 g
(c) 39 g (d) 27 g
Temperature/K
91. The order of boiling points of four equimolar aqueous
(a) (i) Solution (ii) Frozen solvent (iii) Liquid solvent solutions is C < B < A < D. The correct order of their
(b) (i) Frozen solvent (ii) Solution (iii) Liquid solvent freezing points is
(c) (i) Frozen solvent (ii) Liquid solvent (iii) Solution (a) D < C < B < A (b) D > C < B < A
(d) (i) Solution (ii) Liquid solvent (iii) Frozen solvent (c) D < B > A < C (d) D > A > B > C
92. The difference between the boiling point and freezing 99. The temperature at which 10% aqueous solution
point of an aqueous solution containing sucrose ( w / V ) of glucose exhibits the osmotic pressure of
(molecuar weight = 342 g mol −1 ) in 100 g of water is 16.4 atm, is (R = 0082
. dm 3 atm K −1 mol −1 )
105.0°C. If K f and K b of water are 1.86 and (a) 200 K (b) 180 K
0.51 K kg mol −1 respectively, the weight of sucrose (c) 90 K (d) 360 K
in the solution is about 100. 1.26 g of the protein is present in the aqueous solution
(a) 34.2 g (b) 342 g (c) 7.2 g (d) 72 g of 200 cm 3 . Calculate the molar mass of the protein,
93. The correct statement about semipermeable if the osmotic pressure of such solution is 2.57 × 10 −3
membrane is bar at 300 K.
(a) it appears as a continuous sheet or film but actually it is (a) 61000 g mol −1
porous (b) 60304 g mol −1
(b) Only small solute molecules can pass through it (c) 60000 g mol −1
(c) it is always natural, i.e. of animal or vegetable origin (d) 61009 g mol −1
(d) All of the above 101. 6 g of a compound exerts the same osmotic pressure
94. Osmosis is the process of movement of solvent as that of 0.05 M glucose solution. Find out the
particles molecular formula of the compound if empirical
(a) from the solution of higher concentration to the solution formula of non-electrolyte is CH 2O.
of lower concentration (a) C2 H4 O2 (b) C3 H6 O3
(b) from the solution of lower concentration to the solution (c) C5 H10 O5 (d) C4 H8 O4
of higher concentration
102. Osmotic pressure method is used to determine
(c) from the pure solvent to the solution
molar mass of protein, macromolecules like polymers,
(d) Both (b) and (c)
biomolecules etc., because
95. Select the correct statement. (a) osmotic pressure is measured at room temperature
(a) Osmotic pressure is the excess pressure applied on (b) osmotic pressure depends upon molality
solution side to stop osmosis (c) these are very big molecules and have poor solubility
(b) Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the molarity (d) All of the above
of solution at a given temperature
103. Osmotic pressure present in the fluid inside the blood
(c) Osmotic pressure is related to molar mass of the solute
w RT cell is equivalent to
by the relation,π = 2 (a) 0.9% (m/V) NaCl solution
M 2 ⋅V
(b) less than 0.9 % (m/V) NaCl solution
(d) All the above are correct statements
(c) more than 0.9 % (m/V) NaCl solution
96. At a given temperature, osmotic pressure of the (d) 0.9% (m/V) Na 2 SO 4 solution
concentrated solution of a substance
(a) is higher than that of the dilute solution 104. A 6% solution of urea is isotonic with
(b) is lower than that of the dilute solution (a) 0.05 M solution of glucose
(c) is same as that of the dilute solution (b) 6% solution of glucose
(d) cannot be compared with osmotic pressure of dilute (c) 25% solution of glucose
solution (d) 1 M solution of glucose
97. 0.1 M NaCl and 0.005 M BaCl 2 solutions are 105. Solutions A, B , C and D are respectively 0.1 M
separated by a semipermeable membrane in a glucose, 0.05 M NaCl, 0.05 M BaCl 2 and 0.1 M
container. For this system, choose the correct answer. AlCl 3 . Which one of the following pairs is isotonic?
(a) There is no movement of any solution across the (a) A and B (b) B and C
membrane (c) A and D (d) A and C
(b) Water flows from BaCl 2 solution to NaCl solution
106. Reverse osmosis is a process,
(c) Water flows from NaCl solution to BaCl 2 solution
(a) in which applied pressure to the solution side, is larger
(d) Osmotic pressure of 0.1 M NaCl is lower than that of than the osmotic pressure
BaCl 2 (assume complete dissociation)
(b) in which solvent moves from solution of higher
98. The osmotic pressure of 0.2 molar solution of urea at concentration to solution of lower concentration
27°C (R = 0082
. L atm mol −1 K −1 ) is (c) which is used for desalination of sea water
(a) 4.92 atm (b) 1 atm (c) 0.2 atm (d) 27 atm (d) All of the above
Topic 6
van’t Hoff Factor and Modified Colligative Properties
107. The van’t Hoff factor (i) for a compound which 114. Which of the following has least freezing point?
undergoes dissociation in one solvent and association (a) 1% sucrose (b) 1% NaCl
in other solvent is respectively (CBSE AIPMT 2011) (c) 1% CaCl 2 (d) 1% glucose
(a) greater than one and greater than one
115. Which of the following would exert maximum
(b) less than one and greater than one
(c) less than one and less than one osmotic pressure?
(d) greater than one and less than one (a) Decinormal aluminium sulphate
(b) Decinormal barium chloride
108. Which of the following will have same value of van’t (c) Decinormal sodium chloride
Hoff factor as that of Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ? (d) A solution obtained by mixing equal volumes of
(a) BCl 3 (b) AlCl 3 (b) and (c)
(c) Al ( OH )3 (d) K 4 [ Fe( CN )6 ] 116. The van’t Hoff factor of BaCl 2 at 0.01 M
109. A molecule M associates in a given solvent according concentration is 1.98. The percentage of dissociation
to the equation M s ( M ) n . For a certain of BaCl 2 at this concentration is
concentration of M, the van’t Hoff factor was found to (a) 49 (b) 69 (c) 89 (d) 98
be 0.9 and the fraction of associated molecules was 117. Compound A undergoes tetramerisation in the given
0.2. The value of n is (AIEEE 2012) solvent. The van’t Hoff factor is
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 4 (a) 2.0 (b) 0.5
(c) 0.25 (d) 0.125
110. The degree of dissociation (α) if a weak electrolyte,
Ax B y is related to van’t Hoff factor (i) by the 118. The elevation in boiling point of a solution is 13.44 g
expression (AIEEE 2011) of CuCl 2 in 1 kg of water using the following
i−1 i−1 information will be (molecular weight of CuCl 2
(a) α = (b) α =
( x + y − 1) x+ y+1 =134.4 and K b = 0.52 Km −1 ).
x+ y−1 x+ y+1 (a) 0.16°C (b) 0.05°C (c) 0.1°C (d) 0.2° C
(c) α = (d) α =
i−1 i−1 119. KBr is 80% dissociated in aqueous solution of 0.5 m
111. Of the following 0.10 m aqueous solutions, which one concentration. (Given, K f for water =1. 86 K
will exhibit the largest freezing point depression? kg mol −1 ). The solution freezes at
(CBSE AIPMT 2011) (a) 271.326 K (b) 272 K
(a) KCl (b) C6 H12 O6 (c) Al 2 ( SO4 )3 (d) K 2 SO4 (c) 270.5 K (d) 268.5 K

112. Arrange the following aqueous solutions in the order 120. What is the freezing point of a solution containing
of their increasing boiling points. 8.1 g HBr in 100 g of water. Assuming the acid to be
−2
I. 10 M NaCl −3
II.10 M MgCl 2 90% ionised? (K f for water =1. 86 K kg mol −1 )
III. 10−4 M Urea IV.10−4 M NaCl (a) 3.534°C (b) − 3.53°C (c) 0°C (d) − 0.35°C
(a) I < II < IV < III (b) III < IV < II < I 121. The freezing point depression constant for water is
(c) II < I < III < IV (d) IV < III < I = II −1.86° C molal −1 . If 5.00 g Na 2SO 4 is dissolved in
113. 58.5 g of NaCl and 180 g of glucose were separately 45.0 g of H 2O, the freezing point is changed by
dissolved in 1000 mL of water. Identify the correct −3.82° C. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor for Na 2SO 4 .
statement regarding the elevation of boiling point (bp) (CBSE AIPMT 2011)
of the resulting solution. (a) 0.381 (b) 2.05 (c) 2.63 (d) 3.11
(a) NaCl solution will show higher elevation of boiling point 122. A solution of 1.25 g of P in 50 g of water lowers the
(b) glucose solution will show higher elevation of boiling freezing point of water by 0.3°C. Molar mass of P is
point 94. K f ( water ) =1. 86 K kg mol −1 . The degree of
(c) both the solutions will show equal elevation of boiling
point
association of P in water is
(a) 80% (b) 60%
(d) the boiling point elevation will be shown by none of the
solutions (c) 65% (d) 75%
123. 0.01 M solution of KCl and BaCl 2 are prepared in 126. The molar mass of the solute, sodium hydroxide
water. The freezing point of KCl is found to be obtained from the measurement of the osmotic pressure
−2°C. What is the freezing point of BaCl 2 to be of its aqueous solution at 27°C is 25 g mol −1 . Therefore,
completely ionised? its ionisation percentage in this solution is
(a) −3°C (b) +3°C (c) −2°C (d) −4 °C (a) 75 (b) 60
124. On adding 1 g arsenic to 80 g benzene, the freezing (c) 80 (d) 70
point of benzene is lowered by 0.19°C. The 127. 1.2% NaCl solution is isotonic with 7.2% glucose
. K kg mol −1 ).
formula of arsenic is ( K f = 508 solution. What will be the van’t Hoff factor ‘i’ for NaCl?
(a) As (b) As 2 (a) 0.5 (b) 1
(c) As 3 (d) As 4 (c) 2 (d) 6
125. Pure benzene freezes at 5.3°C. A solution of 0.223 g 128. 1 × 10 −3 m solution of Pt(NH 3 ) 2Cl 4 in H 2O shows
of phenylacetic acid (C 6 H 5CH 2COOH) in 4.4 g of depression in freezing point by 0.0054°C. The ionisable
benzene (K f =5.12 K kg mol −1 ) freezes at 4.47°C. Cl − ions will be (Given, K f ( H 2O) =1.860 K kg mol −1 )
From this observation, one can conclude that (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) phenylacetic acid exists as such in benzene (c) 3 (d) 4
(b) phenylacetic acid undergoes partial ionisation in
benzene 129. Find out the osmotic pressure of 0.1M monobasic acid,
(c) phenylacetic acid undergoes complete ionisation in if pH = 2.0 at 25°C.
benzene (a) 2.69 atm (b) 26.9 atm
(d) phenylacetic acid dimerises in benzene (c) 0.269 atm (d) None of these

Special Format Questions

I. More Than One Correct Option 133. The correct statement about the mixture of phenol and
130. Which of the following statements are correct? aniline are
(a) Sugar solution is a homogeneous mixture (a) A  A and B  B interactions are weaker than A  B
interactions
(b) Air is not a true solution
(b) it forms a maximum boiling azeotrope
(c) Amalgam is an example of liquid solution
(c) ∆H mix > 0
(d) 10% glucose solution contains 90 g water
(d) volume of mixture is lesser than zero
131. 10% (m/m) aqueous potassium iodide has a density
134. The examples of minimum boiling azeotropes
of 1.202 g mL −1 . The true statements about this
are
solution are
(a) ethanol + acetone
(a) this solution contains 100 g of water
(b) carbon disulphide + acetone
(b) molarity of this solution is 2.90
(c) ethanol + water
(c) molality of this solution is 0.67
(d) water + HNO3
(d) mole fraction of KI in this solution is 0.0118
135. The correct relations showing Raoult’s law are
132. Select the incorrect statements about solubility.
p °− p
(a) It depends upon the nature of solute but not of (a) = mole fraction of solute
solvent p°
(b) Ethanol being a polar ionic molecule is soluble in p °− p moles of solute
(b) =
water p moles of solvent
(c) Oxygen dissolves only to a smaller extent in p °− p moles of solvent
(c) =
water p° moles of solute
(d) Solubility of gases in water varies inversely with the p °− p moles of solvent
value of K H (d) For very dilute solution, =
p° moles of solute
136. Select the correct statements.
(a) A liquid always boils, when its vapour pressure 140.
Solvent
becomes equal to 1 atm
(b) Elevation in boiling point is shown by the difference
of boiling point of solution and boiling point of pure
solvent Solution
(c) Ebullioscopic constant has the units K kg mol −1 Semipermeable
(d) K b is same for the solvent of salt solution and sugar membrane
solution
137. The following is a graph plotted between the π = hdg
h Solvent
vapour pressure of two volatile liquids against
their respective mole fractions.

p°B Solution

Vapour Semipermeable
p°A Vapour membrane
pressure
pressure After 10 min

Mark the incorrect informations derived from the diagram.

xA =1 xA =0
xB =0 xB =1 (a) Solute molecule passes through the semipermeable
membrane from pure solvent to the solution
Which of the following options are correct? (b) The level of solution increases due to osmosis
(a) When x A = 1and xB = 0 then p= p°A (c) Solvent molecules flow through membrane from solution to
pure solvent
(b) When xB = 1and x A = 0 then p= pB°
(d) Solvent molecules flow from pure solvent to solution
(c) When x A = 1and xB = 0 then p= pB°
(d) When xB = 1and x A = 0 then p= pA° 141. Which of the following statements are false?
(a) In reverse osmosis, the direction of osmosis can be reversed
138. Mark the correct options for the freezing point of a if pressure larger than osmotic pressure is applied to the
substance. solvent side
(a) Solid phase is in dynamic equilibrium with liquid (b) In reverse osmosis, pure solvent flows out of solvent
phase through semipermeable membrane
(b) Lowering of vapour pressure of solution causes (c) In reverse osmosis, only a few polymer membranes are
lowering of freezing point as compared to pure available for reverse osmosis
solvent (d) In osmosis solvent molecules move from the solution of lower
(c) A solution will freeze, when its vapour pressure concentration to the solution of higher concentration
equals to the vapour pressure of pure solid solvent

(d) Depression constant =

RM 1Tb2 II. Statement Based Questions
1000 × ∆ vap H 142. Which of the following statements are true?
139. Consider the following aqueous solutions and I. In a binary mixture, mole fraction of A is,
assume 100% ionisation in electrolytes nA
χA =
I. 0.1 M urea n A + nB
II. 0.04 M Al 2 ( SO4 )3 II. For solution containing (i) number of components,
III. 0.05 M CaCl 2 n
χi = i
IV. 0.005 M NaCl Σn i
The incorrect statements regarding the above III. Sum of mole fractions of all the components of a solution is
solution are one.
(a) freezing point will be lowest for solution I
Select the correct option with true statements.
(b) freezing point will be highest for solution IV
(a) Both I and II (b) Both II and III
(c) boiling point will be highest for solution IV
(d) vapour pressure will be highest for solution II (c) Both III and I (d) I, II and III
143. Which of the following statements is/are true?
I. Different gases have different K H values at the same
temperature.
II. K H is a function of the nature of the gas.
Choose the correct option.
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both I and II (d) None of these
144. ptotal = x1 p1° + x 2 p2° = p1° + ( p2° − p1° ) x 2
Following conclusions can be derived from the above
equation.
I. Total vapour pressure of the solution is related to the
mole fraction of any one component.
II. Total vapour pressure of the solution varies
exponentially with the mole fraction of component 2.
III. Depending on the vapour pressure of pure components
1 and 2, total vapour pressure over the solution decreases
or increases with the increase of the mole fraction of
component 1.
Select the correct conclusions derived from the given
equation.
(a) Both I and II (b) Both II and III
(c) Both I and III (d) I, II and III
145. Which of the following statements is/are correct for K f ?
I. K f depends upon the nature of solvent.
II. K f is known as freezing point depression constant/molal
depression constant.
III. K f is known as cryoscopic constant.
Select the correct conclusion derived from the equation.
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Both I and II (d) All are correct
146. Information
I. Semipermeable membrane contains network of
submacroscopic holes or pores.
II. Semipermeable membrane appears to be continuous
sheets or films.
III. Solvent molecules cannot pass through the holes of
semipermeable membrane but solute molecules can pass.
On the basis of the information given above select the
correct option.
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Only III (d) I, II and III
147. Which of the following statements are true about
osmotic pressure?
I. Flow of solvent from solution across a semipermeable
membrane can be stopped, if some extra pressure is
applied on solution.
II. It is the pressure that stops the flow of solvent towards
solution.
III. It is the pressure that allow flows of solvent across the
semipermeable membrane.
(a) Both I and II (b) Both II and III
(c) Both I and III (d) I, II and III
148. Consider the following statements about osmotic
pressure method of molar mass determination.
I. Molarity of the solution is used instead of molality.
II. Magnitude of osmotic pressure is very large even for
dilute solutions.
III. Molar mass of biomolecules can be determined as they
are not stable at higher temperatures.
IV. Determine the molar mass of polymer as they have
poor solubility.
Which of the above statements are responsible for
advantage of osmotic pressure for determination of
molar mass over the other colligative properties?
(a) Both I and II (b) Both III and IV
(c) I, II, III and IV (d) None of these
III. Assertion-Reason Type Questions
■ Directions (Q. Nos.149-162 ) In the following
questions, an Assertion (A) is followed by a
corresponding Reason (R). Use the following keys to
choose the appropriate answer.
(a) Both A and R are correct, R is the correct
explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are correct, R is not the correct
explanation of A.
(c) A is correct, R is incorrect.
(d) A is incorrect, R is correct.
149. Assertion (A) 1M aqueous solution of glucose
contains 180 g of glucose in 1 kg water.
Reason (R) Solution containing one mole of solute
in 1000 g of solvent is called one molal solution.
150. Assertion (A) 1.575 g H 2C 2O 4 ⋅ 2H 2O in 250 mL
solution makes it 0.1 N.
Reason (R) H 2C 2O 4 ⋅ 2H 2O is a dihydrate organic
acid.
151. Assertion (A) Pressure does not have any
significant effect on solubility of solids in liquids.
Reason (R) Solids and liquids are highly
incompressible and remain unaffected by change in
pressure.
152. Assertion (A) Polar solute dissolves in polar
solvents and non-polar solute dissolves in non-polar
solvents.
Reason (R) Like dissolves like.
153. Assertion (A) When scuba divers come towards
surface, their capillaries get blocked which is painful
and dangerous to life.
Reason (R) There occurred release of dissolved
gases as the pressure decreases and leads to the
formation of bubbles of nitrogen in the blood.
154. Assertion (A) Ethanol and acetone show positive IV. Matching Type Questions
deviation from Raoult’s law.
163. Match the following columns and choose the correct
Reason (R) Pure ethanol molecule show hydrogen option from the codes given below.
bond and on adding acetone hydrogen bond between
ethanol molecules breaks. Column I Column II
(Solution example) (Type of solution)
155. Assertion (A) When non-volatile solute is added to
solvent, the vapour pressure of the solution A. Chloroform mixed with 1. Gaseous solution
nitrogen gas
decreases.
Reason (R) As number of solvent molecules B. Ethanol dissolved in water 2. Solid solution
escaping from the surface is reduced, the vapour C. Amalgam of mercury with sodium 3. Liquid solution
pressure of the solution is also reduced.
Codes
156. Assertion (A) Melting point of a substance is used
A B C
for testing the purity of the substance. (a) 1 2 3
Reason (R) There is no other method to determine (b) 1 3 2
the purity of substance. (c) 2 1 3
(d) 2 3 1
157. Assertion (A) Freezing point of solvent is more
than that of solution. 164. Match the following Column I which represent
Reason (R) When non-volatile solid is added to concentration term to the Column II representing their
the solvent, its vapour pressure increases and corresponding formulae.
become equal to solid solvent at the lower Column I Column II
temperature.
A. Mass 1. Volume of the component × 100
158. Assertion (A) The water pouch of instant cold pack percentage Total volume of solution
for treating athletic injuries breaks when squeezed B. Volume 2. Mass of the component
and NH 4 NO3 dissolves in water to lower the percentage in the solution
× 100
temperature. Total mass of the solution
Reason (R) Addition of non-volatile solute into C. Molality 3. Moles of solute
solvent results into depression of freezing point of Volume of solvent (in L)
the solvent. D. Molarity 4. Moles of solute
159. Assertion (A) People taking a lot of salty Mass of solvent (in kg)
food experience the puffiness or swelling, called
Codes
edema.
A B C D A B C D
Reason (R) There is water retention in tissue cells (a) 2 1 4 3 (b) 1 2 3 4
and intercellular spaces because of osmosis. (c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 2 4 1 3
160. Assertion (A) High blood pressure patients are 165. Match the following Henry’s law constant values for
advised to take the minimum quantity of salt. gases in water at 298 K.
+ −
Reason (R) From salt Na and Cl ion Column I Column II
concentration increases in the body fluid which may A. Argon 1. 1.83 × 10−5
rupture the blood cells.
B. CO2 2. 0.413
161. Assertion (A) Experimentally determined molar C. Formaldehyde 3. 40.3
mass is always lower than the true value.
D. Methane 4. 0.611
Reason (R) Lower molar mass is due to dissociation
E. Vinyl chloride 5. 1.67
of solute into ions.
162. Assertion (A) The molecular weight of acetic Codes
acid determined by depression in freezing point A B C D E
method in benzene and water was found to be (a) 3 4 2 1 4
different. (b) 3 1 5 2 4
(c) 3 5 1 2 4
Reason (R) Water is polar and benzene is non-polar. (d) 3 2 5 1 4
166. Match the terms given in Column I with expression 170. Match the items of Column I with Column II.
given in Column II. Select an appropriate answer
Column I Column II
from the codes given below. (Intermolecular interaction) (Example)
Column I Column II A. A  B > A  A or B  B p. Hexane and heptane
Interaction
A. Isotonic 1. Salt concentration is less than 0.9% (m/V),
solution water will flow into cell and it will swell. B. ∆Vmix = 0 q. Chloroform and acetone
B. Hypertonic 2. Salt concentration is more than 0.9% C. ∆Vmix < 0 r. Chlorobenzene and
bromobenzene
solution (m/V) NaCl, water will flow out of cell
and the cell will shrink. D. Follows Raoult’s law in all s. Water and nitric acid
conditions of T and p.
C. Hypotonic 3. No osmosis occurs, if solution is
solution separated by semipermeable membrane.
Codes
A B C D A B C D
Codes
(a) p, r p, r r, s p, q (b) q, s p, r q, s p, r
A B C A B C
(c) r, s p, r q, r p, q (d) p, q, r p, q r, s p, q
(a) 3 1 2 (b) 3 2 1
(c) 1 2 3 (d) 2 1 3 171. Match the items of Column I with Column II.
167. Match the following terms given in Column I with the Column I Column II
Column II.
A. Vapour pressure p. Colligative properties
Column II
Column I B. Osmotic pressure q. Decreases in the presence of solute.
(van’t Hoff factor appox.)
A. KCl 1. 0.5 C. Freezing point r. Varies inversely with molecular mass.
B. Ethanoic acid 2. 2 D. Elevation in s. Dependent on ebullioscopic constant.
boiling point
C. K 2SO4 3. 3
Codes Codes
A B C A B C A B C D
(a) 2 3 1 (b) 1 3 2 (a) p, r q, r r, s p, q
(c) 2 1 3 (d) 1 2 3 (b) p q, r r, s p, r
(c) p, q p, r q, s p, r
V. Matrix Matching Type Questions (d) q p, r q p, r,s

168. Match the items of Column I with Column II. VI. Passage Based Questions
Column I Column II ■ Direction (Q. Nos. 172-174) These questions are
(Example of solution) (Type of solution)
based on the following situation. Choose the correct
A. Sucrose solution p. Either solute or solvent is liquid
options from those given below.
B. Air q. Solid solution
The diagram given below represents the vapour
C. Brass r. Homogeneous mixture
pressure and mole fraction of an ideal solution of
D. Amalgam s. Gaseous solution
component 1 and 2. Answer the following questions.
Codes
A B C D A B C D III p2°
(a) p, r r, s q, r p, q, r (b) p, r q, r r, s p, q
Vapour pressure

(c) p, q, r q, r r, s p, q, s (d) q, r p, q p, q, r r, p II
169. Match the items of Column I with Column II. p1°
Column I Column II
(Concentrations term) (Factor on concentration term depends)
I
A. Molarity p. Dependent upon temperature
x1 = 1 Mole fraction x1 = 0
B. Molality q. Not depend upon volume
x2 = 0 x2 x2 = 1
C. Mass per cent r. Depend upon volume of solution
D. Volume per cent s. Depend upon moles of solute 172. x1 = 1 signifies that
(a) only component 1 is present
Codes
A B C D A B C D (b) only component 2 is present
(a) p, r r, s q, r p, q ,r (b) q, r q,s p, r r, s (c) component 1 and 2 both are present
(c) p, r, s q,s q p, r (d) p, r p,r r, s p, q, s (d) No component is present
173. What does lines I, II and III indicate? ■ Direction (178-180) These questions are based on

I II III the following situation. Choose the correct options from

(a) p1 p total p2 those given below.
(b) p2 p1 p total
(c) p1 p2 p total
(d) p1 p total p1
A B
174. Which of the following statements is true about the
diagram? Compartments A and Bhave the following combinations
(a) Component 1 is more volatile than component 2 of solution.
(b) Component 1 is less volatile than component 2 A B
(c) Component 1 is equally volatile as component 2 1. 0.1 M KCl 0.2 M KCl
(d) None of the above is true
2. 0.1% (m/V) NaCl 10% (m/V) NaCl
−1
■ Direction (Q. Nos. 175-177) These questions are 3. 18 gL glucose 34.2 gL −1 sucrose
based on the following situation. Choose the correct 4. 20% (m/V) glucose 10% (m/V) glucose
options from those given below.
“Vapour pressure of chloroform and Answer the following questions on this basis.
dichloromethane at 298 K are 200 mm of Hg and 178. Which of the above solutions is isotonic?
415 mm of Hg respectively”. (a) 1
175. What is the vapour pressure of solution prepared by (b) 2
(c) 3
mixing 25.5 g of CHCl 3 and 40 g of CH 2Cl 2 at 298 K?
(d) 4
(a) 347.9 mmHg (b) 300 mmHg
(c) 200 mmHg (d) 147.9 mmHg 179. The solutions in which compartment B is hypertonic
are
176. Calculate the mole fractions of each component in (a) 1 and 2
vapour phase. (b) 2 and 3
(a) yCH 2Cl 2 = 0.285 yCHCl 3 = 0.715 (c) 3 and 4
(b) yCH 2Cl 2 = 0.18 yCHCl = 0.82 (d) 1 and 4
3
(c) yCH Cl = 0.82 yCHCl 3 = 0.18 180. Indicate the solution(s) in which compartment B will
2 2
(d) yCH = 62.4 yCHCl 3 = 0.376 show an increase in volume
2Cl 2
(a) 1,2 and 4
177. Which one of them is more volatile component? (b) 1 and 2
(a) CH2 Cl 2 (b) CHCl 3 (c) 2 and 3
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Not able to determine (d) 3 and 4

NCERT & NCERT Exemplar Questions

NCERT 183. Concentrated nitric acid used in laboratory work is 68%
181. Calculate the mass of urea (NH 2CONH 2 ) required in nitric acid by mass in aqueous solution. What should be
making 2.5 kg of 0.25 molal aqueous solution. the molarity of such a sample of the nitric acid, if the
(a) 37 g (b) 35 g density of the solution is 1.504 g mL−1 ?
(c) 34 g (d) 32 g (a) 16.23 M (b) 17.00 M
(c) 15.00 M (d) 15.23 M
182. Calculate the mole fraction of ethylene glycol
(C 2 H 6O 2 ) in a solution containing 20% of C 2 H 6O 2 184. If the solubility product of CuS in 6 × 10 −16 , calculate
by mass. the maximum molarity of CuS in an aqueous solution.
(a) 0.068 (b) 0.932 (a) 2.45 × 10−8 mol L−1 (b) 2.45 × 10−7 mol L−1
(c) 0.078 (d) 0.010 (c) 2.45 × 10−6 mol L−1 (d) 2.45 × 10−5 mol L−1
185. On dissolving sugar in water at room temperature, 191. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K. When 1.80 g
solution feels cool to touch. Under which of the of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in 90 g of
following cases dissolution of sugar will be most benzene, the boiling point is raised to 354.11 K.
rapid? Calculate the molar mass of the solute.
(a) Sugar crystals in cold water (K b for benzene is 2.53 K kg mol −1 )
(b) Sugar crystals in hot water (a) 58 g mol −1 (b) 49 g mol −1
(c) Powdered sugar in cold water
(c) 85 g mol −1 (d) 94 g mol −1
(d) Powdered sugar in hot water
192. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute is dissolved in 50 g
186. A beaker contains a solution of substance A.
of benzene which lowers the freezing point of benzene
Precipitation of substance A takes place when small by 0.40 K. The freezing point of depression constant of
amount of A is added to the solution. The solution is
(a) saturated
benzene is 5.12 K kg mol −1 . Find the molar mass of the
(b) supersaturated solute.
(c) unsaturated (a) 206 g mol −1 (b) 226 g mol −1
(d) concentrated (c) 246 g mol −1 (d) 256 g mol −1
187. Maximum amount of a solid solute that can be 193. Determine the osmotic pressure of the solution
dissolved in a specified amount of a given liquid prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K 2SO 4 in 2 L of
solvent does not depend upon water at 25°C. (Assuming it is to be completely
(a) temperature dissociated)
(b) nature of solute (a) 5.27 × 10−4 atm (b) 5.27 × 10−3 atm
(c) pressure (c) 5.27 × 10−2 atm (d) 5.27 × 10−1 atm
(d) nature of solvent
188. Henry’s law constant for the solubility of methane in NCERT Exemplar
benzene at 298 K is 4.27 × 10 5 mm Hg. Calculate the
194. 4 L of 0.02 M aqueous solution of NaCl was diluted by
solubility of methane in benzene at 298K under
760 mmHg. adding 1 L of water. The molarity of the resultant
solution is
(a) 1.78 × 10−3 (b) 1.78 × 10−2
(a) 0.004 (b) 0.008 (c) 0.012 (d) 0.016
(c) 1.78 × 10−1 (d) 1.78
195. Considering the formation, breaking and strength of
189. The air is a mixture of a number of gases. The major hydrogen bond, predict which of the following
components of air are oxygen and nitrogen with mixtures will show a positive deviation from Raoult’s
approximate proportion of 20% to 79% by volume law?
at 298 K. The water is in equilibrium with air at a (a) Methanol and acetone (b) Chloroform and acetone
pressure of 10 atm. At 298 K, if the Henry’s law (c) Nitric acid and water (d) Phenol and aniline
constants for oxygen and nitrogen are
. × 10 7 mm and 6.51 × 10 7 mm respectively,
330 196. On the basis of information given below mark the
calculate the composition of these gases in water. correct option.
(a) N2 = 4.6 × 10−5 ; O2 = 9.22 × 10−5 I. In bromoethane and chloroethane mixture,
intermolecular interactions of A—A and B—B type are
(b) N2 = 2.3 × 10−5 ; O2 = 4.8 × 10−5
nearly same as A—B type interactions.
(c) N2 = 9.22 × 10−5 ; O2 = 4.6 × 10−5
II. In ethanol and acetone mixture A—A or B—B type
(d) N2 = 4.8 × 10−5 ; O2 = 2.3 × 10−5 intermolecular interactions are stronger than A—B type
190. Benzene and naphthalene form an ideal solution over interactions.
the entire range of composition. The vapour pressure III. In chloroform and acetone mixture A—A or B—B type
of pure benzene and naphthalene at 300 K are intermolecular interactions are weaker than A—B type
50.71 mm Hg and 32.06 mm Hg respectively. interactions.
Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in vapour (a) Solution II and III will follow Raoult’s law
phase if 80 g of benzene is mixed with 100 g of (b) Solution I will follow Raoult’s law
naphthalene. (c) Solution II will show negative deviation from Raoult’s
law
(a) 0.675 (b) 0.325
(d) Solution III will show positive deviation from Raoult’s
(c) 42.65 (d) 13.85
law
197. If two liquids A and B form minimum boiling 201. Which of the following aqueous solutions should
azeotrope at some specific composition then have the highest boiling point?
(a) A  B interactions are stronger than those between (a) 1.0 M NaOH
A  A or B  B (b) 1.0 M Na 2 SO4
(b) vapour pressure of solution increases because more (c) 1.0 M NH4 NO3
number of molecules of liquids A and B can escape (d) 1.0 M KNO3
from the solution
202. In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose, the
(c) vapour pressure of solution decreases because less
number of molecules of only one of the liquids escape depression in freezing point of a 0.01 M MgCl 2
from the solution solution is
(d) A  B interactions are weaker than those of between (a) the same (b) about twice
A  A or B  B (c) about three times (d) about six times

198. Colligative properties depend on 203. An unripe mango placed in a concentrated salt
(a) the nature of the solute particles dissolved in solution to prepare pickle shrivels because
solution (a) it gains water due to osmosis
(b) the number of solute particles in solution (b) it loses water due to reverse osmosis
(c) the physical properties of the solute particles (c) it gains water due to reverse osmosis
dissolved in solution (d) it loses water due to osmosis
(d) the nature of solvent particles 204. Consider the figure and mark the correct option.
199. Two beakers of capacity 500 mL were taken. One of Piston A Piston B
these beakers, labelled as A, was filled with 400 mL SPM
water, whereas the other beaker is labelled as “B’ was
filled with 400 mL of 2 M solution of NaCl.
At the same temperature both the beakers were placed Concentrated
Fresh water sodium chloride
in closed containers of same material and same A solution in
capacity as shown in figure. water B

(a) Water will move from side A to side B, if a pressure

A B lower than osmotic pressure is applied on piston B
(b) Water will move from side B to side A, if a pressure
greater than osmotic pressure is applied on piston B
NaCl solution
(c) Water will move from side B to side A, if a pressure
Water
equal to osmotic pressure is applied on piston B
(d) Water will move from side A to side B, if pressure equal
At a given temperature, which of the following
to osmotic pressure is applied on piston A
statement is correct about the vapour pressure of pure
water and that of NaCl solution? 205. Which of the following statements is false?
(a) Vapour pressure in container A is more than that in (a) Units of atmospheric pressure and osmotic pressure are
container B the same
(b) Vapour pressure in container A is less than that in (b) In reverse osmosis, solvent molecules move through a
container B semipermeable membrane from a region of higher
concentration of solute to lower concentration of solute
(c) Vapour pressure is equal in both the containers
(c) The value of molal depression constant depends on
(d) Vapour pressure in container B is twice the vapour nature of solvent
pressure in container A
(d) Relative lowering of vapour pressure is a dimensionless
200. Which of the following units is useful in relating quantity
concentration of solution with its vapour pressure? 206. The values of van’t Hoff factors for KCl, NaCl and
(a) Mole fraction K 2SO 4 respectively are
(b) Parts per million (a) 2, 2 and 2 (b) 2, 2 and 3
(c) Mass percentage (c) 1, 1 and 2 (d) 1, 1 and 1
(d) Molality
207. Which of the following statements is false? 212. Intermolecular forces between two benzene molecules
(a) Two different solutions of sucrose of same molality are nearly of same strength as those between two
prepared in different solvents will have the same toluene molecules. For a mixture of benzene and
depression in freezing points. toluene, which of the following are not true?
(b) The osmotic pressure of a solution is given by the (a) ∆ mix H = 0
equation π = CRT (where, C is the molarity of the
(b) ∆ mix V = 0
solution)
(c) Decreasing order of osmotic pressure for 0.01 M (c) These will form minimum boiling azeotrope
aqueous solutions of barium chloride, potassium (d) These will not form an ideal solution
chloride, acetic acid and sucrose is: 213. Colligative properties are observed when
BaCl 2 > KCl > CH3 COOH > sucrose (a) a non-volatile solid is dissolved in a volatile liquid
(d) According to Raoult’s law, the vapour pressure exerted (b) a non-volatile liquid is dissolved in another volatile liquid
by a volatile component of a solution is directly (c) a gas is dissolved in non-volatile liquid
proportional to its mole fraction in the solution
(d) a volatile liquid is dissolved in another volatile liquid
208. We have three aqueous solutions of NaCl labelled as A, 214. Relative lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative
B and C with concentrations 0.1 M, 0.01 M and 0.001 property because
M, respectively. The value of van’t Hoff factor for
these solutions will be in the order: (a) it depends on the concentration of a non-electrolyte
solute in solution and does not depend on the nature of
(a) i A < iB < iC the solute molecules
(b) i A > iB > iC
(b) it depends on number of particles of electrolytic solute
(c) i A = iB = iC in solution and does not depend on the nature of the
(d) i A < iB > iC solute particles
209. Which of the following factors affect the solubility (c) it depends on the concentration of a non-electrolyte
of a gaseous solute in the fixed volume of liquid solute in solution as well as on the nature of the solute
molecules
solvent?
(d) it depends on the concentration of an electrolyte or
(i) Nature of solute (ii) Temperature non-electrolyte solute in solution as well as on the
(iii) Pressure nature of solute molecules
(a) (i) and (iii) at constant T
■ Directions (Q.Nos. 215 - 218) In the following
(b) (i) and (ii) at constant p
questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a
(c) Both (ii) and (iii)
statement of Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct
(d) Only (iii)
answer out of the following choices.
210. Which of the following binary mixtures will have (a) Both A and R are correct, R is the correct explanation
same composition in liquid and vapour phase? of A.
(a) Benzene-toluene (b) Both A and R are correct, R is not the correct
(b) Water-nitric acid explanation of A.
(c) Water-ethanol (c) A is correct, R is incorrect.
(d) n-hexane-n-heptane (d) A is incorrect, R is correct.
211. For a binary ideal liquid solution, the variation in 215. Assertion (A) Molarity of a solution in liquid state
total vapour pressure versus composition of solution changes with temperature.
is given by which of the curves?
Reason (R) The volume of a solution changes with
change in temperature.
(a) p (b) p 216. Assertion (A) When methyl alcohol is added to water,
boiling point of water increases.
x1 x1 Reason (R) When a volatile solute is added to a
x2 x2
volatile solvent, elevation in boiling point is observed.
217. Assertion (A) When NaCl is added to water, a
(c) p (d) p depression in freezing point is observed.
Reason (R) The lowering of vapour pressure of
x1 x1
x2 x2 a solution causes depression in the freezing point.
218. Assertion (A) When a solution is separated from the 220. Match the items given in Column I with the type of
pure solvent by a semipermeable membrane, the solutions given in Column II.
solvent molecules pass through it from pure solvent Column I Column II
side to the solution side.
A. Soda water 1. A solution of gas in solid
Reason (R) Diffusion of solvent occurs from a region B. Sugar solution 2. A solution of gas in gas
of high concentration solution to a region of low C. German silver 3. A solution of solid in liquid
concentration solution.
D. Air 4. A solution of solid in solid
219. Match the items given in Column I and Column II. E. Hydrogen gas in palladium 5. A solution of gas in liquid
Column I Column II 6. A solution of liquid in solid
A. Saturated solution 1. Solution having same osmotic Codes
pressure at a given temperature as A B C D E A B C D E
that of given solution. (a) 1 2 4 5 3 (b) 2 3 1 4 5
B. Binary solution 2. A solution whose osmotic pressure (c) 5 4 3 1 2 (d) 5 3 4 2 1
is less than that of another.
221. Match the laws given in Column I with expressions
C. Isotonic solution 3. Solution with two components.
given in Column II.
D. Hypotonic solution 4. A solution which contains
maximum amount of solute that Column I Column II
can be dissolved in a given A. Raoult’s law 1. ∆Tf = K f m
amount of solvent at a given
temperature. B. Henry’s law 2. π = CRT
E. Solid solution 5. A solution whose osmotic C. Elevation in boiling point 3. p = x1 p°1 + x2 p°2
pressure is more than that of
another. D. Depression in freezing point 4. ∆Tb = K b m
F. Hypertonic solution 6. A solution in solid phase. E. Osmotic pressure 5. p = KH ⋅ x

Codes Codes
A B C D E F A B C D E
(a) 1 3 5 4 2 6 (a) 3 5 4 1 2
(b) 4 3 1 2 6 5 (b) 1 2 3 5 4
(c) 5 1 2 3 4 6 (c) 2 3 5 4 1
(d) 2 1 3 4 6 5 (d) 5 4 1 2 3

Answers
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d)
16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (b)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (b) 37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (d) 40. (b) 41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (b)
46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (b) 50. (d) 51. (d) 52. (d) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (b) 56. (a) 57. (d) 58. (d) 59. (a) 60. (d)
61. (d) 62. (d) 63. (c) 64. (d) 65. (c) 66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (a) 69. (c) 70. (c) 71. (b) 72. (a) 73. (a) 74. (b) 75. (c)
76. (b) 77. (c) 78. (b) 79. (a) 80. (a) 81. (c) 82. (c) 83. (c) 84. (a) 85. (b) 86. (a) 87. (c) 88. (d) 89. (c) 90. (b)
91. (c) 92. (d) 93. (a) 94. (d) 95. (d) 96. (a) 97. (b) 98. (a) 99. (d) 100. (b) 101. (d) 102. (a) 103. (a) 104. (d) 105. (a)
106. (d) 107. (d) 108. (d) 109. (c) 110. (a) 111. (c) 112. (b) 113. (a) 114. (c) 115. (a) 116. (a) 117. (c) 118. (a) 119. (a) 120. (b)
121. (c) 122. (a) 123. (a) 124. (d) 125. (d) 126. (b) 127. (c) 128. (b) 129. (a) 130. (ad) 131. (cd) 132. (ab) 133. (abd) 134. (abc) 135. (ab)
136. (bcd) 137. (ab) 138. (abcd) 139. (acd) 140. (ac) 141. (abc) 142. (d) 143. (c) 144. (c) 145. (d) 146. (b) 147. (a) 148. (c) 149. (a) 150. (b)
151. (a) 152. (a) 153. (a) 154. (a) 155. (a) 156. (c) 157. (c) 158. (a) 159. (a) 160. (a) 161. (d) 162. (a) 163. (b) 164. (a) 165. (c)
166. (b) 167. (c) 168. (a) 169. (c) 170. (b) 171. (d) 172. (a) 173. (c) 174. (b) 175. (a) 176. (c) 177. (a) 178. (c) 179. (a) 180. (b)
181. (a) 182. (a) 183. (a) 184. (a) 185. (d) 186. (b) 187. (c) 188. (a) 189. (c) 190. (a) 191. (a) 192. (d) 193. (b) 194. (d) 195. (a)
196. (b) 197. (bd) 198. (b) 199. (a) 200. (a) 201. (b) 202. (c) 203. (d) 204. (b) 205. (b) 206. (b) 207. (a) 208. (b) 209. (ab) 210. (bc)
211. (ad) 212. (cd) 213. (ab) 214. (ab) 215. (a) 216. (d) 217. (a) 218. (b) 219. (b) 220. (d) 221. (a)
 Hints & Explanations
1. (d) A homogeneous mixture may have two or more than two But the given acid contains 70% of HNO 3
components, so it may contain more than one solute. 70% HNO3 means 70 g HNO3 is present in 100g solution
2. (d) Generally the solute decides the chemical properties of a 100
∴ 31.5g HNO3 will be present in × 31.5 = 45 g of
solution. Physical state of a solution, however depends upon 70
the solvent. solution.
3. (d) In the solution of ethanol, water is in excess. Water and
12. (c) Mass of HCl in 1.0 mL stock solution
ethanol both exist in liquid phase.
29.2
4. (d) Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more = 125
. × = 0.365g
100
substances. Since, benzene is insoluble in water so mixture of
benzene with water is not the example of solution. Mass of HCl required for 200 mL solution of 0.4 M HCl
200
5. (c) In the amalgam of mercury with sodium, sodium metal is = × 0.4 × 36.5 = 0.08 × 36.5 g
the solvent and mercury (which is a liquid) is solute. 1000
6. (c) Solution of hydrogen in palladium is an example of solid Q 0.365 g of HCl is present in 1.0 mL stock solution.
solution in which solute is a gas. It is one of the rare examples 0.08 × 36.5
in which solute is present in larger volume as compared to the ∴ 0.08 × 36.5 g HCl will be present in = 8.0 mL
0.365
solvent.
Moles of solute
8. (b) In the given chart water is solvent and sugar is solute. In 13. (c) Molality =
dilute solution, solute is present in very less amount but in Mass of solvent (in kg)
concentrated solution, it is present in large amount. 5.2mol CH3 OH
= [1kg = 1000 g]
9. (b) We know that mass percentage 1kg H2 O
Mass of the component in the solution 1000
= × 100 n1 (CH3 OH) = 5.2, n2 (H2 O) = = 55.56
Total mass of the solution 18
and total mass of solution ∴ n1 + n2 = 5.20 + 55.56 = 60.76 mol
n1 5.2
= mass of sucrose (solute) + mass of solvent (water) ∴ xCH 3OH = = = 0.086
n1 + n2 60.76
= (18 + 162 )g = 180 g
184
18 14. (d) Number of moles of C2 H5 OH = = 4;
∴ Mass percentage = × 100 = 10% 46
180
(M C2H 5OH = 46 g/mol)
25.3 × 1000
10. (c) Molarity of Na 2 CO3 solution = = 0.955 M 72
106 × 250 Number of moles of H2 O = = 4;
18
Na 2 CO3 → 2Na + + CO32 − (M H 2O = 18 g/mol)
Initial conc. 0.955 0 0 4 4
Mole fraction, xC2H 5OH = =
After dissociation 2 × 0.955 0.955 4+4 8
∴ [Na + ] = 2 × 0.955 M = 1.910 M xH 2O =
4
=
4
4+4 8
3 ] = 0.955 M
[CO2−
xC2H 5OH 4 / 8 1
11. (a) Given molarity of solution = 2
⇒ = = = 1: 1
xH 2O 4/ 8 1
250 1
∴ Volume of the solution = 250 mL = = L
1000 4 15. (d) Let the solution be x molal then moles of benzene
Molar mass of HNO 3 = 1 + 14 + 3 × 16 = 63 g mol −1 present in 1000 g of benzene =
1000
= 12.82 mol
78
Molarity x
Weight of HNO3 ∴ Mole fraction of solute =
= x + 12.82
Molecular mass of HNO3 × volume of solution (in L) x
0.2 =
Weight of HNO 3 x + 12.82
0.2( x + 12.82 ) = x
= molarity × molecular mass × volume (in L)
1 0.2x + 2.564 = x
= 2 mol/L × 63g mol −1 × L 2.564 = x − 0.2x = 0.8x
4
= 315
. g x=
2.8564
= 3.57
It is weight of 100% HNO 3 0.8
 1000 × n x x
16. (d) Given m = 1 m= Mole fraction of solute = ⇒ 0.2 =
N ×M x + 12.82 x + 12.82
1000 × n n 18 x = 3.2
∴ 1= ⇒ = On solving,
N × 18 N 1000 Number of moles of solute 3.2
n 18 ∴ Molality ( m ) = = = 3.2
or = = 0.0177 Mass of solvent (in kg) 1
n + N 1018
23. (b) 1 M H2 SO4 means 1 mole H2 SO4 in 1000 cc of solution
17. (d) K 2 SO4 is 17.4 ppm, i.e. 106 g has 17.4 g K 2 SO4
where as, 1 m H2 SO4 means 1 mole H2 SO4 in 1000 g of
17.4 × 103 water
1 L (10 mL) has K 2 SO4 =
3
= 0.0174 g/L
106 Total volume of 1 m solution will be greater than 1000 cc
0.0174 due to extra mole of H2 SO4 . Hence, number of moles per
= mol/L
174 1000cc will be less than 1 mole. Thus, 1M is less concentrated
∴ [ K 2 SO4 ] = 1 × 10−4 M than 1 m.
K 2 SO4 q 2K + + SO24 − 24. (a) Mole fraction and molality depend only upon weight but
not on volume, which is not a function of temperature, so
∴ [ K + ] = 2 × 10−4 M they are independent of temperature.
18. (b) 98% by mass means 98 g H2 SO4 is present in 100 g of 27. (d) In saturated solution, the solution is in dynamic
acid. given mass × 1000 equilibrium with undissolved solute.
M =
molecular mass × V (cc) 29. (d) Pressure does not have any significant effect on solubility
of solids in liquids. It is so because solids and liquids are
Given, mass = 98 g , molecular mass = 98 g
highly incompressible and practically remain unaffected by
mass 100
V = = change in pressure.
density 1.84 31. (c) On comparing p = K H ⋅ x with equation of straight line viz
(Q given density of H2 SO4 is 1.84 g/cc) y = mx + c, m = K H (Here, m = slope of the line).
98 × 1000 × 184
. Thus, Henry’s law constaint is represented by the slope of
Putting the values, M = = 18.4 M
98 × 100 the line.
M 1V1 + M 2V2 32. (c) Higher the value of Henry’s law constant, lower is the
19. (a) M f = solubility of gas in water (or in liquid solvent).
V1 + V2
The order of K H value is:
750 × 0.5 + 250 × 2 875
= = = 0.875 M Ar CO2 CH4 HCHO
750 + 250 1000
40.3 >1.67 > 0.413 . × 10−5
> 183
20. (b) Given number of molecules of urea = 6.02 × 1020 Thus, the order of solubility is:
6.02 × 1020 Ar < CO2 < CH4 < HCHO
∴ Number of moles = = 1 × 10−3 mol
6.02 × 1023 33. (c) pN 2 = xN 2 × p [Q 1 atm = 760 mmHg]
100 total
Volume of the solution = 100 mL = L = 01
. L
1000 pN 2 = 0.78 × 1 atm = 0.78 × 760 mm = 592.8 mm
Concentration of urea solution (in mol L −1 ) Concentration in solution
1 × 10−3 = K H × pN 2
= = 1 × 10−2 mol L −1
01
. = 8.42 × 10−7 M ( mm )−1 × 592.8 mm
= 0.01 mol/L or M = 4.99 × 10−4 M
Moles of solute
21. (b) Molality = 1
Mass of water (in kg) 34. (a) pO 2 = × 1 = 0.2 bar
5
0.010 4
Moles of urea = mol pN 2 = × 1 = 0.8 bar
60 5
Mass of water at STP p = K H x (from Henry’s law)
( d = 1g / cm3 = 1kg / dm3 ) = 0.3 dm3 = 0.3 kg xO 2 pO 2 K (H ) ( N2 )
∴ = ×
0.010 xN 2 K H ( O2 ) pN 2
∴ Molality = = 5.55 × 10−4 molal
60 × 0.3 0.2 × 6.60 × 107 1
= =
22. (a) Let number of moles of solute in solution = x 0.8 × 3.30 × 107
2
Moles of benzene in solution =
1000 g
= 12.82 moles xO 2 : xN 2 = 1 : 2
78 g mol −1
 p1 s1
35. (b) According to Henry’s law, = 50. (d) Mole fraction of component A in vapour phase
p2 s2 Partial pressure of A pA
= =
[ p1 and p2 are partial pressures and s1 and s2 are solubilities] Total vapour pressure p A + pB
but p A = p ° A x A and pB = p ° B xB
500 0.01 750 × 0.01
= ⇒ s2 = = 0.015g L−1 p° A xA
750 s2 500 ∴ Mole fraction of A in vapour phase =
p ° A x A + p ° B xB
37. (d) [Q Solubility of gas ∝ p] Given, p °A = 1, x A = 1, p ° B = 2, xB = 2
40. (b) Air diluted with helium, i.e. a mixture of 11.7% helium, On substituting the values, we get
56.2% nitrogen and 32.1% oxygen, is present in the tanks Mole fraction of component A in vapour phase
used by scuba divers for respiration.
1× 1 1 1
43. (d) Total pressure, p T = p ′A + p ′B …(i) = = = = 0.2
1× 1+ 2 × 2 1+ 4 5
We know that p ′A = p A x A and p ′B = pB xB
51. (d) In equimolar liquid mixture
Substituting the values of p ′A and p ′B in Eq. (i) xA = 0.5, xB = 0.5
p T = p A x A + pB xB ..(ii)
So, p = 0.5 × 150 + 0.5 × 100 = 125
[x A + xB = 1⇒ x A = 1 − xB or xB = 1 − x A ]
Now, let YB be the mole fraction of vapour B then
From Eq. (ii)
xB p °B 0.5 × 100
p T = p A x A + pB (1 − x A ) = p A x A + pB − pB x A YB = = = 0.4
p 125
p T = pB + x A ( p A − pB )
46. (d) Ideal solution obeys Raoult’s law at every range of 52. (d) Number of moles of CHCl 3 ,
concentration. So, the second component must follow, w 25.5
nA = = = 0.213
Raoult’s law in the range, when x2 is 0 ≤ x2 ≤ 1 . M 119.5
47. (b) Vapour pressure of water ( p° ) = 760 torr Number of moles of CH 2 Cl 2 ,
Number of moles of glucose 40
nB = = 0.47
Mass of glucose (in g) 85
= Mole fraction of CHCl 3 ,
Molecular mass of glucose (g mol −1 )
nA 0.213
18 g xA = = = 0.31
= = 0.1 mol n A + nB 0.683
180 g mol −1 Mole fraction of CH 2 Cl 2
Number of moles of water =
178.2 g
= 9.9 mol xB = 1 − x A = 1 − 0.31 = 0.69
18 g mol −1 p total = p A x A + pB xB
Total number of moles = (0.1 + 9.9) moles = 10 mol = 200 × 0.31+ 41.5 × 0.693
Now, mole fraction of glucose in solution = Change in = 62 + 28.63 = 90.63 mmHg
pressure with respect to initial pressure
54. (a) Vapour pressure of pure solvent is higher than the
∆p 01 .
= vapour pressure of solution, because solute particles occupy
p° 10 some surface sites and hence, less surface is available for
or ∆p = 0.01 p ° = 0.01 × 760 = 7.6 torr evaporation.
Q Vapour pressure of solution = ( 760 − 7.6 ) = 752.4 torr. 56. (a) The elevation in boiling point is
48. (c) Given, p ° A = 70 mm Hg  n 
∆T = K b m; m = molality = 2 × 1000
x A = 0.8  w 1 
∴ xB = (1 − 0.8 ) = 0.2 and p = 84 mmHg
[n2 = number of moles of solute,
According to Raoult’s law, w1 = weight of solvent in gram]
p = p °A x A + p °B xB n2
⇒ 2 = 0.76 × × 1000
84 = 0.8 × 70 + 0.2 × p °B 100
28 5
p °B = = 140 mm Hg ⇒ n2 =
0.2 19
49. (b) For ideal solution, p total = p1 ° x1 + p2 ° x2 Also, from Raoult’s law of lowering of vapour pressure
− ∆p
= 160 ×
1 1
+ 60 × = 110 mmHg = x2
2 2 p°
 − ∆p n2
= 70. (c) Solution which show negative deviation from Raoult’s
p° n1 + n2 law are also called maximum boiling azeotrope. Hence,
− ∆p n2 acetone chloroform forms maximum boiling azeotrope.
≈ [Q n1 >> n2 ]
p° n1 71. (b) Nitric acid and water is an example of class of azeotrope.
This azeotrope has approximate composition, 68% nitric acid
5 18
⇒ −∆ p = 760 × × and 32% water by mass with a boiling point of 393.5 K.
19 100
72. (a) With the addition of water, concentration decreases
= 36 mm Hg thus vapour pressure increases.
⇒ p = 760 − 36 = 724 mm Hg
73. (a) From Raoult’s law,
57. (d) For ideal solution, ∆H mix = 0, ∆V mix = 0.
p °− ps p
= n2 ⇒ 1 − s = n2
58. (d) In case of ideal solution, the intermolecular forces of p° p°
attraction between AA and BB types are nearly equal to ps
= 1 − n2 = n1
that between AB type. Hence, p°
∆V mix = 0, i.e. volume of solution = sum of volumes of two ps = n1 × p °
components and ∆H mix = 0, i.e. no heat is absorbed or evolved.
74. (b) Given, p° = 185 torr at 20°C and ps = 183 torr at 20°C
59. (a) Bromoethane and chloroethane form ideal solution.
61. (d) The figure shows that p total > p1 x1 + p2 x2 , Mass of non-volatile substance, m = 1.2 g
Mass of acetone taken = 100 g and M = ?
i.e. positive deviation for non-ideal from Raoult’s law.
po − ps n
62. (d) Figure suggests that escaping tendency of molecules for As, we have =
ps N
each component decreases and consequently the vapour
pressure decreases resulting in the negative deviation from Putting the values, we get,
Raoult’s law. 12
185 − 183 M
64. (d) Since, component having higher vapour pressure will have =
higher percentage in vapour phase. Benzene has vapour 183 100
pressure of 12.8 kPa which is greater than that of toluene 58
(3.85 kPa). Therefore, the vapour will contain a higher 2 1.2 × 58
percentage of benzene. ⇒ =
183 100 × M
65. (c) In the mixture of phenol and aniline, the intermolecular 183 × 1.2 × 58
hydrogen bonding between phenolic proton and lone pair on ∴ M = = 63.684 g ≈ 64 g mol −1
nitrogen atom of aniline is stronger than the respective 2 × 100
intermolecular hydrogen bonding between similar molecules. 75. (c) 1 M aqueous solution contains 1 mole of solute in 1000
66. (c) KCl < CH3 OH < CH3 CN < cyclohexane g (55.5 moles) of water.
1 1
(i) Cyclohexane and n-octane both are non-polar, so they will xB = =
1 + 55.5 56.5
mix completely.
p° = 760 torr at 100°C
(ii) KCl is an ionic compound, while octane is non-polar
∆p 760 × 1
organic compound, so KCl will not dissolve in n-octane. = xB , ∆p = p ° xB = = 13.45 torr
(iii) CH3 OH and CH3 CN both are polar but CH3 CN will p° 56.5
dissolve more than CH3 OH in octane because CH3 CN is 100
76. (b) Number of moles of C12 H22 O11 = = 0.292 mol,
less polar than CH3 OH. 342
1000
68. (a) Only non-ideal solutions form azeotropic mixtures Number of moles of H2 O = = 55.5 mol,
(constant boiling mixtures). Among the given, only CCl 4 and 18
CHCl 3 form non-ideal solution, thus they form azeotropic Vapour pressure of pure water, p° = 23.8 mm Hg
mixture. ∆p n
According to Raoult’s law, =
69. (c) When the new interaction is weaker than those in the pure p° n + N
constituents, the boiling point of the resultant solution is less ∆p 0.292
than that of the constituents. Such condition is found in case of ⇒ =
23.8 0.292 + 55.5
non-ideal solution showing positive deviation from Raoult’s
23.8 × 0.292
law. Among the given solutions, mixture of CH3 CH2 OH and ∆p =
CH3 COCH3 is non-ideal and show positive deviation. Hence, 55.79
it has lesser boiling point or higher vapour pressure, than its = 0125
. mm Hg
constituents.
 p °− ps 1000 87. (c) Normal freezing point of water = 273.15K. In order to
77. (c) By using the relation, molality = ×
p° M prevent freezing at 268 K, let the amount of methanol added
25 − 24.5 1000 0.5 1000 be x g.
Molality (m) = × = × = 111
.
25 18 25 18 x x
∴ Molality, m = =
∴ Molality of solution = 1.11 m 32 × 10 320
78. (b) From Raoult’s law, for ideal solution [QMolar mass of CH3 OH = 32g mol −1 and volume of
p = p ° B xB + p ° T xT [B = benzene, T = toluene] H2 O = 10L]
= 119 × 0.5 + 37 × 0.5 Now, ∆T f = K f ⋅ m
= 59.5 + 18.5 [Q xB = 1 − xT ] x
( 273.15 − 268 ) = 1.86 ×
= 78 torr 320
x
. = 1.86 ×
515 [Q K f for water = 1.86 K kg mol −1 ]
∴ Mole fraction of toluene in vapour phase 320
p °T xT 18.5 5.15 × 320
( xT )V = = = 0.237 or x= = 886.02 g
p 78 1.86
79. (a) Since, boiling point of a solution is always higher than 88. (d) Depression in freezing point, ∆T f = K f × m
that of pure solvent and from figure B > A. So, B is the where, m = molality
boiling point of solution and A is of pure solvent. weight of solute × 1000
=
80. (a) Increase in the concentration of salt solution means more molecular weight of solute × weight of solvent
solute (salt) is present and hence, more surface sites are 1.5 × 1000
occupied by solute molecules, That’s why vapour pressure = = 0.1
decreases and a higher temperature is required to boil the 60 × 250
solution, i.e. boiling point increases. ∆T f = K f × 0.1 ⇒ 0.01 = K f × 0.1
1000 × K b × w 0.01
81. (c) ∆Tb = ∴ Kf = = 0.1
W ×M 0.1
w 1000 ∆T f 2 m1
1000 × K b × 10 89. (c) ∆T f = K f × × and =
= , ∆Tb = K b m W ∆T f 1 m2
100 × 100
Here, K b = ebullioscopic constant Here, m1 (cane sugar, C12 H22 O11 ) = 342 g mol −1
w × K b × 1000 m2 (glucose, C6 H12 O6 ) = 180 g mol −1
82. (c) Elevation of boiling point, ∆Tb =
M × W ( in gram ) ∆T f 1 = 27315
. − 271 = 215
. K
(Here, w and W = weights of solute and solvent respectively, ∆T f 2 342
M = molecular weight of solute and K b = constant) = ⇒ ∆T f 2 = 4.085 K
215
. 180
On substituting values, we get So, freezing point of glucose in water
w × 0.5 × 1000 = 27315. − 4.085 = 269.07 K
0.05 =
100 × 100 90. (b) Coolant glycol ( C2 H6 O2 ) is a non-electrolyte.
0.05 × 100 × 100
or w= = 1g ∆T f = 2.8°
0.5 × 1000
100K f w1
84. (a) Freezing point of a substance is the temperature at which ∆T f =
the solid and the liquid forms of the substance are in m1 w2
equilibrium. When freezing starts, liquid solvent is in 1000 × 186
. × w1
equilibrium with the solid solvent (and both have the same ⇒ 2.8 =
62 × 1000
vapour pressure).
∴ w1 = 93.33 g ≈ 93 g
85. (b) Freezing point of a pure solvent decreases on addition of 91. (c) Elevation in boiling point and depression in freezing
solute and hence, a solution of benzene and naphthalene point, both are the colligative properties, i.e. depend only
has lower freezing point than the freezing point of pure upon the number of particles present in solution. In other
benzene. words, as the number of particles increases, boiling point
1000K f w1 increases but freezing point decreases. Since, the order of
86. (a) ∆T f = = 0°− ( −6° C ) = 6° C
m1 w2 boiling point is
1000 × 1.86 × w1 C < B < A < D.
∴ 6=
62 × 4000 ∴ The order of freezing point will be
⇒ w1 = 800 g ≈ 804.32 g D < A < B < C or D < B > A < C
 92. (d) Given, Tb − Tf = 105.0° C 104. (d) When a solution of urea (6%) is isotonic with a solution
of glucose
⇒ (100 − ∆ Tb ) − ( 0 − ∆ T f ) = 105° C π glucose = π urea , C glucose = C urea
∆Tb + ∆T f = 5
 wg × 1000  wu × 1000
∆Tb + ∆Tf = ( K b + K f ) × m; ( m = molality) ∴   = 
w × 1000  mg × 100   mu × 100 
⇒ 5 = (1.86 + 0.51) ×
342 × 100 where, wg = mass of glucose = x g
∴ On solving, w = 72 g
mg = molecular mass of glucose = 180 g mol −1
96. (a) π ∝ C, so more the concentration, higher is the osmotic wu = mass of urea = 6 g
pressure.
mu = molecular mass of urea = 60 g mol −1
97. (b) The concentration of BaCl 2 solution is lower, thus
x × 1000 6 × 1000
solvent (water) moves from the BaCl 2 solution to NaCl ∴ = ⇒ x = 18 g
solution, when 0.1 M NaCl and 0.005 M BaCl 2 solutions are 180 × 100 60 × 100
separated by a semipermeable membrane. Thus, 18 g of glucose is present in 100 mL of solution.
98. (a) Osmotic pressure, π = CRT In other words, 1 M solution of glucose (18 g in 100 mL) is
Here, C = 0.2 M isotonic with 6% solution of urea.
R = 0.082 atm dm3 mol −1 K −1 105. (a) Isotonic solutions have same molar concentration of
solute particles in solution. Molar concentration of
T = ( 27 + 273 )K = 300 K solute particles in solution are 0.1 M in glucose, 2 × 0.05 M
π = 0.2 × 0.082 × 300 = 4.92 atm in NaCl, 3 × 0.05 in BaCl 2 and 4 × 01
. in AlCl 3 .
99. (d) We know that osmotic pressure, Therefore, 0.1 M glucose and 0.05 M NaCl solutions are
w× R ×T isotonic.
π = CRT =
m ×V 107. (d) In case of dissociation, van’t Hoff factor i > 1.
10 × 1000 In case of association, van’t Hoff factor i < 1.
16.4 = × 0.082 × T
180 × 100 109. (c) Let the degree of association be α
16.4 × 180
∴ T= = 360 K M 4(M ) n
0.082 × 100
Initially 1 0
100. (b) Given, π = 2.57 × 10−3 bar, V = 200cm3 = 0.200 L α
After time t 1−α
T = 300 K, R = 0.082 L bar mol −1 K −1 n
α 1 
M2 =
w2 RT Total moles after association = 1 − α + = 1 +  − 1 α
n n 
π ×V
1.26 g × 0.082 L bar K −1 mol −1 × 300 K i=
moles after association
M2 = −3
2.57 × 10 bar × 0.200 L initial moles
= 60304 g mol −1 1 
1 +  − 1 α
n 
101. (d) Osmotic pressure ∝ concentration =
∴ Concentration of the compound 1
= Concentration of the glucose 1 
or ( i − 1) =  − 1 α ...(i)
6
= 0.05 n 
M We have, i = 0.9 and α = 0.2
M = 120
On putting values of i and α in Eq. (i) we get n = 2
Empirical formula (CH2 O) mass = 12 + 2 + 16 = 30 g mol −1
molecular mass 110. (a) Ax B y q xA y + + yB x −
n= (1− α )
xα yα
empirical formula mass
After dissociation x
120
= =4 i = n ( Ax B y ) + n ( A y + ) + n ( B x − )
30
Molecular formula = ( CH2 O )n = (CH2 O)4 = C4 H8 O4 = 1 − α + xα + yα
103. (a) Osmotic pressure associated with the fluid inside the = 1 + α( x + y − 1)
blood cell is equivalent to that of 0.9% (m/V) sodium i−1
∴ α=
chloride solution, called normal saline solution which is safe ( x + y − 1)
to inject intravenously.
111. (c) Freezing point depression ( ∆T f ) is a colligative property 116. (a) BaCl 2 1 Ba 2 + + 2Cl −
and depends upon the van’t Hoff factor (i), i.e. number of
Initial 0.01 M 0 0
ions given by the electrolyte in aqueous solution. At equil. (0.01 − x) M xM 2x M
∆T f = i × K f × m ( 0.01 − x ) + x + 2x 0.01 + 2x
where, K f = molal freezing point depression constant i= = = 1.98
0.01 0.01
m = molality of the solution ⇒ x = 0.0049
Q K f amd m are constant x 0.0049 × 100
Percentage of α = × 100 = = 49%
∴ ∆T f ∝ i 0.01 0.01
(a) KCl( aq ) q K + ( aq ) + Cl − ( aq ) (total ions = 2thus, i = 2) 117. (c) 4 A q A4
1− α α/4
(b) C6 H12 O6 q no ions [ i = 0] α
1− α +
(c) Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (aq) q 2Al 3+
+3SO 2− i= 4 = 1− 3 α
4
1 4
(total ions = 5, thus, i = 5)
α = degree of association = 1, i.e. 100 % association
(d) K 2 SO 4 (aq) q 2K + + SO2− 4 (total ions = 3, thus, i = 3) 3
i = 1 − = 0.25
Hence, Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 will exhibit largest freezing point 4
depression due to the highest value of i. 118. (a) CuCl 2 is an electrolyte, which ionises in solution as follows
112. (b) More the value of i, more will be the elevation in boiling CuCl 2 q Cu 2 + + 2Cl −
point. Again, more dilute solution has low boiling point. At t = 0 1 mol 0 0
Hence, increasing order of boiling points is: After ionisation (1 − α ) mol α mol 2α mol
10−4 M Urea < 10−4 M NaCl < 10−3 M MgCl 2 < 10−2 M NaCl Thus, number of particles after ionisation
( i =1) ( i =2) ( i =3) ( i =2) = 1 − α + α + 2α = 1 + 2α
113. (a) Elevation in boiling point, ∆Tb = i × K b × m ∴ van’t Hoff factor
number of particles after ionisation
n
Molality of NaCl solution = × 1000 (i ) =
w number of particles before ionisation
58.5 1 + 2α
or (i ) = (on 100% ionisation α = 1)
58.5 1000 1
= × 1000 = 1+ 2 × 1
wH 2O wH 2O = =3
1
180
× 1000 The elevation in boiling point (when colligative property is
1000
Molality of C6 H12 O6 solution = 180 = abnormal)
wH 2O wH 2O
∆Tb = i × K b × m
Both solutions have same molality but values of i i.e. m = molality of solution
van’t Hoff factor for NaCl and glucose are 2 and 1
Molality of CuCl 2 solution
respectively.
Weight of CuCl 2 (in gram)
Hence, NaCl will show higher elevation in boiling point.
molecular weight of CuCl 2
114. (c) Depression in freezing point is a colligative property =
Weight of water (solvent) in kg
(i.e. depends only upon the number of particles of solutes).
Thus, the compound which produces maximum number of 13.44
ions will have the least freezing point. = 134 .4 = 01 . m
Q Concentration is same 1
Sucrose → No ions Thus, ∆Tb = 3 × 0.52 × 01 . = 0156
. = 016
. °C
+ − 119. (a) ∆T f = i × K f × molality
NaCl → Na142 +4 Cl
3
Two ions Here, degree of dissociation = 80%
2+ −
CaCl 2 → 1
Ca4 243+ 2 Cl KBr q K + + Br −
Three ions
1 − α + nα 1 − 0.8 + 2 × 0.8
Glucose → No ions Q i= ; i= = 18
.
Thus, 1% CaCl 2 will have the least freezing point. 1 1
∴ ∆T f = 1.8 × 1.86 × 0.5 ⇒ ∆T f = 1.674 K
115. (a) Al 2 ( SO4 )3 produces maximum number of ions so, it will
∆T f = T °f −T f ⇒ 1.674 = 273 − T f
have highest osmotic pressure.
T f = 273 − 1.674 ⇒ T f = 271.326 K
120. (b) ∆T f = i × K f × m; 1000K f w
124. (d) ∆T f =
HBr → H+ + Br − mW
1− α α α
. º C ; K f = 5.08 K kg mol −1 , w = 1 g; W = 80 g
∆T f = 019
Total ions = 1 − α + α + α = 1 + α
1000K f w 1000 × 5.08 × 1
∴ i = 1+ α m= = = 334.21
∆T f W . × 80
019
Given, K f = 1.86 K kg mol −1
Atomic weight of As = 74.92
Mass of HBr = 8.1g
334.21
Mass of H2 O = 100 g Hence, number of atoms = ≈4
74.92
(α ) = degree of ionisation = 90% Hence, the formula of arsenic is As 4 .

molality( m) =
mass of solute/ molecular weight of solute 125. (d) Depression in freezing point, ∆T f = K f m
mass of solvent (in kg) (where, m = molality)
0.223 × 1000
m(molality) =
81
. / 81 = 5.12 ×
100/ 1000 4.4 × 136
[Q mol. w.t. of phenylacetic acid = 136]
90
i = 1+ α = 1+ = 19
. = 5.12 × 0.372 = 191
. °C
100
∆T f = i × K f × m ∴ Theoretical ∆T f = 1.91
. / 81
81 Actual ∆T f = 5.3° C − 4.47° C = 0.83° C
= 1.9 × 1.86 × = 3.534 ° C
100/ 1000 0.83
∴ i= = 0.43
∆T f (depression in freezing point) 1.91
= freezing point of water − freezing point of solution Q i<1
∴ Association will take place.
3.534 = 0 − freezing point of solution
Thus, it can be said that phenylacetic acid dimerises in
∴ Freezing point of solution = −3.534 ° C benzene.
121. (c) Using, ∆T f = i × K f × m 126. (b) In case of ionisation of binary electrolyte
∆T f × w A 3.82 × 45 Abnormal molecular mass =
M normal
i= = = 2.63 1+ α
K f × nB × 1000  5 
1.86 ×   × 1000 Abnormal molecular mass = 25g mol −1
 142
40
122. (a) Step I Calculation of van’t Hoff factor for P So, 25 = ⇒ α = 0.6
1+ α
w2 × 1000 Ionisation percentage = 0.6 × 100 = 60%
∆T f = i × K f × m = i × K f ×
w1 × M 2
. × 1000
125 127. (c) For NaCl, π1V1 = i × n1 RT
0.3 = i × 186
. ×
50 × 94 100 .
12
π1 × = × 0.0821 × T × i …(i)
0.3 × 50 × 94 1000 58.5
⇒ i= = 0.6064
. × 125
186 . × 1000 For glucose, π 2V = n2 RT
Step II Calculation of degree of association of P 100 7.2
π2 × = × 0.0821 × T …(ii)
Degree of association, α 1000 180
i − 1 0.6064 − 1 −0.3936 (Q for glucose i = 1)
= = =
1
−1
1
−1 −0.5 Q NaCl and glucose solutions are isotonic.
n 2 ∴ π1 = π 2
= 0.7872 = 78.72% ≈ 80% ⇒ i=
7.2 58.5
× = 195
. ≈2
180 12 .
123. (a) i for KCl = 2, i for BaCl 2 = 3
128. (b) ∆T f = iK f m ⇒ 0.0054 = i × 186
. × 0.001
∆T f ( KCl ) 2
Q ∆T f ∝ i; = 5.4
∆T f ( BaCl 2 ) 3 i= ≈3
1.86
∴
3
∆T f ( BaCl 2 ) =
× 2 = 3° C [ Pt ( NH3 )2 Cl 2 ] Cl 2 q [Pt (NH3 )2 Cl 2 ] 2+ + 2Cl −
2
So, ionisable Cl − ions are 2.
∴ Freezing point of KCl = −3° C
129. (a) HA q H+ + A − 133. (a,b,d) In the mixture of phenol and aniline, the intermolecular
C 0 0 hydrogen bonding between phenolic proton and lone pair
C (1 − α ) Cα Cα on N-atom of aniline is stronger than the respective
[H+ ] = Cα intermolecular hydrogen bonding between two same
molecules. Thus, their mixture shows negative deviation from
[H+ ] = 10−2 [Q pH = 2] Raoult’s law.
−2
Cα = 10 For such mixtures, ∆H mix < 0 and ∆V mix < 0
10−2 It forms a maximum boiling azeotrope.
α= = 0.1
0.1 134. (a,b,c) Mixtures of ethanol and acetone, carbon disulphide
Total number of moles after dissociation and acetone, ethanol and water show positive deviation from
Raoult’s law and thus, form minimum boiling azeotrope.
= C − Cα + Cα + Cα = C (1 + α )
135. (a, b) According to Raoult’s law,
C (1 + α )
van’t Hoff factor = = 1 + α = 1 + 0.1 = 1.1 Relative lowering in vapour pressure = Mole fraction of solute
C
p °− p p °− p n2
π = iCRT = 1.1 × 0.1 × 0.0821 × 298 = x2 ⇒ =
p° p° n1 + n2
= 2.69 atm
p° n + n2
130. (a,d) Sugar solution and air both are homogeneous mixture or = 1
p °− p n2
and hence, are the examples of true solution. Amalgam is the
p° n
example of solid solution. 10% glucose solution means 10 g or = 1+ 1
of glucose is present in 90 g of water to form 100 g of p °− p n2
solution. p° n p n
−1= 1 ⇒ = 1
131. (c,d) 10% solution of KI contains, 10g of KI in 90 g p °− p n2 p °− p n2
(or 0.09 kg)of water. p °− p n2
or =
Molar mass of KI = ( 39 + 127 ) g mol −1 = 166 g mol −1 p n1
Number of moles of KI 136. (b, c, d) A liquid boils when its vapour pressure becomes
∴ Molality of solution = equal to atmospheric pressure.
Mass of water (in kg)
138. (a, b,c,d) All the given statements are true.
(10 g / 166 g mol −1 )
= 139. (a, c,d) According to colligative properties, freezing point
0.09 kg
will be highest for solution IV due to lower concentration of
= 0.67 mol kg −1 NaCl.
Moles of KI 140. (a, c) Solute molecules can never pass through the
Further, molarity ( M ) =
Volume of solution (in L) semipermeable membrane, only solvent molecules can do
that. They move from the solution of lower concentration or
(10g / 166 g mol −1 ) × 1000
= from pure solvent to solution of higher concentration.
100g / 1.202 g mL−1 141. (a,b,c) In reverse osmosis, the direction of osmosis can be
10 / 166 × 1000 reversed if a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is
=
8319
. applied to the solution side.
[Q Volume = Mass/density = 100/1.202 = 83.19 mL] 142. (d) All the given statements are true.
= 0.72 mol L−1 = 0.72M 143. (c) K H is a function of nature of gas and is different for
10 g different gases at a given temperature.
Number of moles of KI = −1
= 0.06 mol
166 g mol 144. (c) p total = x1 p1° + x2 p2° = (1 − x2 ) p1° + x2 p2°

Number of moles of water =

90 g
= 5 mol = p1° + ( p2° − p1° ) x2
−1
18 g mol Following conclusions can be drawn from the above
nKI equation.
Mole fraction of KI =
nKI + nH 2O (i) Total vapour pressure over the solution can be related to
the mole fraction of any one component.
0.06 0.06
= = = 0.01186 (ii) Total vapour pressure over the solution varies linearly
5 + 0.06 5.06 with the mole fraction of component 2.
132. (a,b) Solubility depends upon the nature of solute as well as (iii) Depending upon the vapour pressure of the pure
solvent. Ethanol is a covalent molecule but due to the components 1 and 2, total vapour pressure of the solution
formation of H-bonding with water, it is soluble in it. decreases or increases with the increase of mole fraction
Other given statements are true. of component 1.
145. (d) The proportionality constant K f depends on the nature of 153. (a) When the divers come towards the surface, pressure
solvent and is known as freezing point depression constant gradually decreases. This releases the dissolved gases
or molal depression constant or cryoscopic constant. Unit of and leads to the formation of bubbles of nitrogen in the
K f is K kg mol −1 . blood.
K f × w2 × 1000
M2 = 154. (a) Ethanol molecules shows hydrogen bonding. On
∆ T f × w1 adding acetone, its molecules get in between the host
where w2 gram of solute having molar mass as M 2 is present in molecule and break some of hydrogen bonds between
w1 gram of solvent. them. Due to weakening of interaction the mixture of
146. (b) Semipermeable membranes appear to be continuous sheet ethanol and acetone shows the positive deviation from
or films yet they contain network of submicroscopic holes or Raoult’s law.
pores, through which small solvent molecules, like water can 155. (a) In solution, the surface has both solute and solvent
pass through these holes the passage of bigger molecules like molecules, thereby the fraction of the surface covered by
solute is hindered. the solvent molecules get reduced. Consequently, the
147. (a) The flow of solvent from its side to solution across a number of solvent molecules escaping from the surface is
semipermeable membrane can be stopped, if some extra reduced, thus vapour pressure of the solution is also
pressure is applied on the solution. This pressure that just stops reduced.
the flow of solvent is called osmotic pressure of the solution.
156. (c) A pure component has sharp melting point. If any
148. (c) The osmotic pressure method has the advantage over other impurity is present, it lowers the melting point of the
methods as the pressure measurement is around the room substance. Other methods like chromatography etc., can
temperature and the molality of the solution is used instead of also be used to check the purity of substances.
molarity. As compared to other colligative properties, its
magnitude is large even for very dilute solutions. This 157. (c) At the freezing point, the solid phase of a substance is
technique of osmotic pressure for determination of molar mass in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid phase. A solution
of solutes is particularly useful for biomolecules as they are will freeze, when its vapour pressure becomes equals to
generally not stable at higher temperature and polymers having the vapour pressure of the pure solid solvent.
poor solubility. When non-volatile solid is added to the solvent, its vapour
Number of moles of solute pressure decreases and becomes equal to solid solvent at
149. (a) Molality ( m ) = lower temperature.
Weight of solvent(in kg)
Freezing point of the solvent is more than that of solution.
Number of moles of solute = 1
Weight of solvent = 1kg 158. (a) The water pouch of instant cold pack for treating
athletic injuries breaks when squeezed and NH4 NO3
Then, molality = 1, i.e. one molal glucose (C6 H12 O6 ),
dissolves in water to lower the temperature. This is
Molecular weight = 180 because addition of non-volatile solute into solvent results
180 into depression of freezing point of the solvent.
Number of moles = =1
180 159. (a) People taking a lot of salt or salty food experience
Weight of water = 1kg water retention in tissue cells and intercellular spaces
Hence, molality of the solution in one. because of osmosis. The resulting puffiness or swelling is
called edema.
ENV
150. (b) w = 160. (a) High blood pressure patients are advised not to have
1000
salt because Na + and Cl − ion enter into body fluid by
1.575 × 1000 126
⇒ N = [Q E of H2 C2 O4 ⋅ 2H2 O = = 63 ] raising the concentration of solute which may rupture the
63 × 250 2 blood cells.
= 0.1 N
161. (d) When there is dissociation of solute into ions, the
H2 C2 O4 ⋅ 2H2 O is an organic acid which contains 2 molecules experimentally determined molar mass is lower than the
of water of crystallisation. true value.
151. (a) Solids and liquids are highly incompressible and practically 162. (a) In benzene, acetic acid dimerises but in water it does
remain unaffected by change in pressure. That is why pressure not. This is because benzene is non-polar, whereas water is
does not have any significant effect on solubility of solids in polar. The number of particles become different in both the
liquids. solvents.
152. (a) Polar solutes dissolves in polar solvents and non-polar Depression in freezing point is a colligative property, i.e.
solutes in non-polar solvents. In general, a solute dissolves in a depends upon the number of particles in solution. Hence,
solvent, if the intermolecular interactions are similar in the two molecular mass determined by depression in freezing
or we may say like dissolves like. point method comes out to be different.
163. (b) A → 1, B →3, C → 2 173. (c) These lines (I and II) pass through the points for which x1
164. (a) A → 2, B → 1, C → 4, D → 3. and x2 are equal to unity. The plot (line III) of p total versus x2
is linear.
165. (c) A → 3, B → 5, C → 1, D → 2, E → 4
166. (b) A → 3, B → 2, C → 1 III
p2°
p2
167. (c) A → 2, B → 1, C → 3 = p1 +
p total

Vapour pressure
KCl and K 2 SO4 being ionic, completely to give 2 and 5 II
p2
ions respectively. Ethanoic acid only partially ionises, sold p1°
has. i ≈ 0.5.
168. (a) A → p,r; B → r,s; C → q,r; D → p, q,r p1
I
All the given substances are homogeneous mixtures.
Sucrose solution contains sucrose and water. Air is a x1 = 1 Mole fraction x1 = 0
mixture of different gases. Brass and amalgam are solid x2 = 0 x2 x2 = 1
solutions.
The plot of vapour pressure and mole fraction of an ideal
169. (c) A → p,r,s; B → q,s; C → q; D → p,r solution at constant temperature i.e. the dashed lines I and II
Mass of solute represent the partial pressure of the components. The total
Mass per cent = × 100
Mass of solution vapour pressure is given by line marked III.
Volume per cent =
Volume of solute
× 100 174. (b) The minimum value of p total is p1° and maximum value
Volume of solution is p °2 , assuming that component 1 is less volatile than
Moles of solute component 2, i.e. p1° < p2°.
Molarity =
Volume of solution (in L) 175. (a) Molar mass of CH2 Cl 2 = 12 × 1 + 1 × 2 + 35.5 × 2

Molality =
Moles of solute = 85 g mol −1
Weight of solvent (in kg) Molar mass of CHCl 3 = 12 × 1 + 1 × 1 + 35.5 × 3
Among these, only molarity and volume per cent depend = 119.5 g mol −1
upon temperature as these are the function of volume and 25.5
volume varies with temperature. Moles of CHCl 3 = = 0.213 mol
119.5
170. (b) A → q,s; B → p,r; C → q,s; D → p,r 40 g
Moles of CH2 Cl 2 = = 0.47 mol
Hexane and heptane; chlorobenzene and bromobenzene are 85 g mol –1
the mixtures that form ideal solutions, i.e. they follow
Raoult’s law in all conditions of T and p. Total number of moles = 0.47 + 0.213 = 0.683 mol
0.47 mol
For such solutions. xCH 2Cl 2 = = 0.688
∆H mix = 0 and ∆V mix = 0 0.683 mol
Mixture of chloroform with acetone and water with nitric xCHCl 3 = 1.00 − 0.688 = 0.312
acid show negative deviation from Raoult’s law. So for Using equation, p = p° + ( p° − p° )x
total 1 2 1 2
these pairs
= 200 + ( 415 − 200 ) × 0.688
AB > AA or BB interaction
= 200 + 147.9
∆V mix < 0 and ∆H mix < 0
= 347.9 mmHg
171. (d) A → q, B → p,r, C → q, D → p, r, s p1
Osmotic pressure and elevation in boiling point are the 176. (c) Using the relation y1 = , we can calculate the mole
p total
colligative properties.
fractions of the components in the gas phase ( y i ).
Vapour pressure and freezing point decrease in the presence
of solute. pCH 2Cl 2 = 0.688 × 415 mm Hg = 285.5 mmHg
π = CRT pCHCl 3 = 0.312 × 200 mm Hg = 62.4 mmHg
n yCH 2Cl 2 = 285.5 mm Hg / 347.9 mm Hg = 0.82
or π = RT
m yCHCl 3 = 62.4 mmHg / 347.9 mm Hg = 0.18
i.e. osmotic pressure varies inversely with molecular mass.
177. (a) CH2 Cl 2 is more volatile component than CHCl 3 ,
Elevation in boiling point, ∆Tb = K b ⋅ m ° Cl = 415 mm Hg and pCHCl
[ pCH ° = 200 mmHg] and the
where, K b = ebullioscopic constant 2 2 3
vapour phase is also richer in CH2 Cl 2 [ yCH 2Cl 2 = 0.82 and
172. (a) x1 = 1 signifies that only component 1 is present. yCHCl 3 = 0.18].
178. (c) Isotonic solutions have same molarity. 185. (d) Dissolution of sugar in water will be most rapid, when
18 1000 powdered sugar is dissolved in hot water because
Molarity of 18 g glucose = / = 01
. powdered form can easily insert in the vacancies of liquid
180 1000
particles.
34.2 1000
Molarity of 34.2 g sucrose = / = 01
. Further dissolution of sugar in water is an endothermic
342 1000
process (as cooling is produced).
Thus, 18 gL −1 glucose solution is isotonic with 34.2 gL −1
Hence, high temperature will favour the dissolution of sugar
solution of sucrose.
in water.
179. (a) For solutions 1 and 2 the concentration in compartment
186. (b) When solute is added to the solution, three cases may
B is higher than in A.
arise
180. (b) In hypertonic solution, osmotic pressure is higher,
(i) If it dissolves into solution then solution will be
therefore volume rise is higher in compartment B.
unsaturated.
181. (a) Mass of solvent = 1000 g (ii) If it does not dissolve in the solution then solution is
Molar mass of urea (NH2 CONH2 ) = 60 g mol –1 known as saturated.
0.25 mole of urea = 0.25 × 60 = 15 g (iii) When solute get precipitated, solution is known as
Total mass of solution = (1000 + 15 )g = 1.015 kg supersaturated solution.
Q 1.015 kg of solution contain urea = 15 g 187. (c) Maximum amount of solid that can be dissolved in a
15 specified amount of a given solvent does not depend upon
∴ 2.5 kg of solution will contain urea = × 2.5 = 37 g pressure. This is because solid and liquid are highly
1.015
incompressible and practically remain unaffected by change
182. (a) Assume that we have 100 g of solution (because in pressure.
percentage composition). Solution will contain 20 g of
ethylene glycol and 80 g of water. 188. (a) From Henry’s law,
p = KH × x
Molar mass of C2 H6 O2 = 12 × 2 + 6 × 1 + 16 × 2
(760 mm of Hg)
= 62 g mol −1 x=
4.27 × 105 mm of Hg
20
Moles of C2 H6 O2 = = 0.322 mol
62 = 178 × 10−5 = 1.78 × 10−3
80 g 20
Moles of water = = 4.444 mol 189. (c) p = x p total ; p O 2 = 10 × = 2 atm = 2 × 760 mm
18 g mol –1 100
moles of C2 H6 O2 79
χ glycol = pN 2 = 10 × = 7.9 atm = 7.9 × 760 mm
moles of C2 H6 O2 + moles of H2 O 100
pO 2 2 × 760 mm
=
0.322 mol
= 0.068 xO 2 = = = 4.6 × 10−5
0.322 mol + 4.444 mol KH 3.3 × 107 mm
pN 2 7.9 × 760 mm
183. (a) 68% HNO3 means xN 2 = = = 9.22 × 10−5
68 g of nitric acid in 100 g solution. KH 6.51 × 107 mm
Density of the solution = 1.504 g mL−1 80 g
190. (a) n benzene = = 1.026 mol
68 78 g mol –1
Moles of HNO3 = = 1.079 mol
63 100
n naphthalene = = 0.781 mol
[Q HNO3 = 1 + 14 + 16 × 3 = 63 g mol −1 ] 128
1.026
Volume of the solution =
100
= 66.5 mL = 0.0665 L x benzene = = 0.568
1.504 1.026 + 0.781
1.079 x naphthalene = 1 − 0.568 = 0.432
Molarity of the solution = = 16.23 M
0.0665 p benzene = p °benzene × x benzene
184. (a) Maximum molarity of CuS in aqueous solution = 50.71 × 0.568 = 28.80 mm
= Solubility of CuS in mol L −1 p naphthalene = 32.06 × 0.432 = 13.85 mm
CuS 3 Cu 2 + + S2 − p total = 28.80 + 13.85 = 42.65 mm
S S
x benzene × p °benzene
K sp = [Cu 2+ 2−
][S ] = S × S = S 2 y benzene in vapour phase =
p total
S 2 = 6 × 10−16 , 0.568 × 50.71
= = 0.675
−16 −8 −1
S = 6 × 10 = 2.45 × 10 mol L 42.65
191. (a) The elevation ( ∆Tb ) in boiling point On the other hand, chloroform and acetone mixture is an
example of non-ideal solution having negative deviation. So,
= 354.11 K − 353.23 K = 0.88 K A—A or B—B type interactions must be stronger than
K f × w2 × 103 K f × w2 × 103 A—B type interaction. While ethanol-acetone mixture shows
∆Tb = and M 2 = positive deviation due to weaker A—B interactions in
M 2 × w1 ∆ Tb × w1 comparison to A—A or B—B interactions.
2.53 K kg mol –1 × 1.8 g × 1000 g kg –1 197. (b,d) If two liquids A and B form minimum boiling azeotrope
∴ M2 =
0.88 K × 90 g at some specific composition then A—B interactions are
≈ 58 g mol −1 weaker than those of A  A and B  B interactions. It is due
to the fact that in case of positive deviation, we get minimum
Therefore, molar mass of the solute, M 2 = 58 g mol –1 boiling azeotropes, whereas in case of negative deviation we
K f × w2 × 1000 get maximum boiling azeotropes.
192. (d) M 2 = Moreover due to weak A  B interactions, the molecules of
∆ T f × w1
A(or B) will find it easier to escape and hence, vapour
where, w1 → mass of solvent, w2 → mass of solute and pressure of the solution increases.
M 2 → molar mass of solute.
198. (b) Colligative properties depend upon the number of
Substituting the values of various terms involved in equation solute particles present in solution irrespective of their
5.12 K kg mol –1 × 1.00 g × 1000 g kg –1 nature.
M2 = = 256 g mol −1
0.40K × 50 g 199. (a) When salt is added to water to make the solution, the
−1 vapour pressure of solution decreases. This is due to
Thus, molar mass of the solute = 256 g mol
decrease in surface covered by solvent molecules which lead
193. (b) K 2 SO4 dissolved = 25 mg = 0.025 g to decrease in number of solvent molecules escaping from
Volume = 2 L; Temperature, T = 298 K the surface corresponding to pure solvent.
Molar mass of K 2 SO4 = 174 g mol −1 Hence, vapour pressure also gets reduced.
K 2 SO4 dissociates into 2 K + and SO2−
4 ions, so i = 3 200. (a) According to Raoult’s law, p = p ° × x A
π = iCRT 201. (b) As we know greater the value of van’t Hoff factor,
w RT
π= i × × higher will be the elevation in boiling point and hence,
M V higher will be the boiling point of solution.
0.025 1
= 3× × × 0.0821 × 298 Solution van't Hoff factor (i)
174 2
= 5.27 × 10−3 atm 1.0 M NaOH 2
194. (d) Given, M 1 = 0.02 M, V1 = 4 L, M 2 = ?, 1.0 M Na 2SO4 3
V2 = 4 L + 1L = 5 L 1.0 M NH4NO3 2
As we know, M 1V1 = M 2V2 2
1.0 M KNO3
0.02 × 4 L = M 2 × 5 L
0.08
M2 = = 0.016 M Hence, 1.0 M Na 2 SO4 has highest value of boiling point.
5 202. (c) As we know that depression in freezing point is
195. (a) In pure methanol, molecules are hydrogen bonded. On directly related to van’t Hoff factor (i) and greater the value of
adding acetone, its molecules come in between the host i, greater will be the depression in freezing point.
molecules and break some of the hydrogen bonds between
them. Solution van’t Hoff factor (i)

Therefore, the intermolecular attractive forces between the 0.01 M glucose 1

solute-solvent molecules are weaker than those of between
the solute-solute and solvent-solvent molecules.
On the other hand, other three remaining options will show
negative deviation from Raoult’s law where the
intermolecular attractive forces between the solute-solvent
molecules are stronger than those in between the
solute-solute and solvent-solvent molecules.
196. (b) For an ideal solution, the A—A or B—B type
intermolecular interaction are equal to A—B type
interactions. Here, a mixture of bromoethane and
chloroethane is an example of ideal solution. So it follows
Raoult’s law.
0.01 M MgCl 2 3
Hence, depression in freezing point of MgCl 2 is about 3
times of glucose.
203. (d) When an unripe mango is placed in a concentrated salt
solution to prepare pickle then mango loses water due to
exo-osmosis and get shrivel.
204. (b) We know that, if a pressure higher than the osmotic
pressure is applied on the solution, the solvent will flow
from the solution, into the pure solvent through the
semipermeable membrane. This process is called reverse
osmosis.
 Thus, in this case, water will move from side B to side A
if a pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on
piston B.
From solvent to solution side, solvent move spontaneously
without applying pressure on any side.
205. (b) In reverse osmosis, solvent molecules move through a
semipermeable membrane from a region of higher
concentration of solute to lower concentration of solute.
206. (b) Number of total ions present in the solution in case
of 100% ionisable substances is known as van’t Hoff
factor (i).
Substances van’t Hoff factor (i )
KCl 2 (i) it does not depend upon nature of solute.
NaCl 2
K 2SO4 3
207. (a) According to the definition of depression in freezing
point,
∆T f = K f m
where, K f = freezing point depression constant, value of
K f depends upon nature of solvent. That is why two
different solutions of sucrose of same molality prepared in
different solvents will have different depression in freezing
point.
208. (b) van’t Hoff factor is the measurement of total
concentration ions present in the solution.
Therefore, greater the concentration of solution, greater will
be its van’t Hoff factor.
A 0.1 M On moving top to bottom
B 0.01 M concentration decreases and
van’t Hoff factor (i) also
C 0.001 M decreases.
209. (a,b) Solubility of gaseous solute in the fixed volume of
liquid solvent always depends upon the nature of solute but
also it depends upon pressure at constant temperature and
temperature at constant pressure.
210. (b,c) Mixtures having same composition in liquid and
vapour phase are known as azeotropes. Azeotropes boils at
same temperature.
Here, water-nitric acid and water-ethanol mixtures are
non-ideal solution. Hence, water-nitric acid and
water-ethanol are examples of azeotropes.
While mixtures of benzene-toluene and n-hexane-n -heptane
are the examples of ideal solutions.
211. (a,d) Depending on the vapour pressures of the pure
components 1 and 2, total vapour pressure over the solution
decreases or increases with the increase of the mole fraction of
component 1.
212. (c,d) Benzene and toluene form ideal solution and for an
ideal solution intermolecular forces between two benzene
molecules are nearly of same strength as those of between
two toluene molecules. For such solutions,
∆V mix = 0 and ∆ H mix = 0
Azeotropes are formed only by non-ideal solutions.
213. (a,b) When any one of the components of binary mixture
either solvent or solute is non-volatile, it causes deviation in
vapour pressure of solution which causes change in its
colligative properties.
214. (a,b) Relative lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative
property because
(ii) it depends upon number of solute particles.
(iii) it depends upon concentration of non-electrolyte solution.
Moles of solute
215. (a) Molarity ( M ) =
Volume of solution (in L)
Volume of solutions is a function of temperature, i.e. varies
with temperature. Hence, molarity of solution in liquid state
changes with temperature.
216. (d) When methyl alcohol is added to water, boiling point of
water decreases because when a volatile solute is added to a
volatile solvent depression in boiling point is observed.
217. (a) When NaCl is added to water, a depression in freezing
point is observed. This is due to lowering of vapour
pressure of the solution. Lowering of vapour pressure is
observed because some surface is occupied by solute
(non-volatile) molecules.
218. (b) When a solution is separated from the pure solvent by a
semipermeable membrane, the solvent molecules pass
through it from pure solvent side to the solution side. This
process is called osmosis. However, in case of diffusion,
solvent always move from a region of high concentration
solution to a region of low concentration solution.
219. (b) A. → (4) B. → (3) C. → (1) D. → (2) E. → (6) F. → (5)
220. (d) A. → (5) B. → (3) C. → (4) D. → (2) E. → (1)
A. Soda water A solution of gas in liquid, e.g. CO 2 in soft
drinks.
B. Sugar solution A solution of solid in liquid in which
sugar particles (solid) are dissolved in water (liquid).
C. German silver German silver is an alloy which is a solid
solution of solid in solid. It is an alloy of Cu, Zn and Ni.
D. Air A solution of gas in gas. Air is a mixture of various
gases.
E. Hydrogen gas in palladium is an example of solution of
gas in solid. This is used as an reducing agent.
221. (a) A. → (3) B. → (5) C. → (4) D. → (1) E. → (2)