Rayleigh Fading

% SIMULATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL MODULATION TECHNIQUE

% IN FADING CHANNEL

clc;

clear all;

close all

%% Sampling Operation

f=150;%input signal frequency

t=0:0.0001:4/f;

sig1=sin(2*3.14*f*t);

subplot(4,2,1);plot(t,sig1);title('message signal');xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitude');

fs1=10*f; %sampling frequency;

t=1/fs1;

Ts=0:t:4/f;

s2=sin(2*3.14*f*Ts);

subplot(4,2,2);stem(Ts,s2);title('sampled signal');xlabel('samples');ylabel('amplitude');

vh=max(s2);vl=min(s2);

N=4;%Number of bits in PCM

M=2^N;;% Number of levels

s=(vh-vl)/M;%step size parameter

par=vl+s:s:vh-s;% level are between vmin and vmax with difference of del

cb=vl+s/2:s:vh-s/2;% Contaion Quantized valuses

[index,quant]=quantiz(s2,par,cb);% Quantization process

subplot(4,2,3);stairs(quant);title('quantized signal');xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitude');
%% Encoding Process

codesig=de2bi(index,'left-msb');

codesig=codesig(:);

tt=0:N*length(s2)-1;

subplot(4,2,4);stairs(tt,codesig);xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitude');title('PCM signal');

axis([0 30 -2 2]);

n = length(codesig);

t3 = 0:.01:n;

for i = 1:n

if (codesig(i) == 0)

b_p(i) = -1;

else

b_p(i) = 1;

end

for j = i:.1:i+1

bw((i*100:(i+1)*100)) = b_p(i);

end

end

bw = bw(100:end);

sint = sin(2*pi*1*t3);

psksig = bw.*sint;

subplot(4,2,5),plot(t3,sint),title('PSK carrier signal'),xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitude');

axis([1 30 -2 +2]);

subplot(4,2,6);plot(t3,psksig),title('PSK signal'),xlabel('time');ylabel('amplitude');

axis([1 30 -2 +2]);
%% Rayleigh Fadding

num_bit=length(psksig);

SNRdB=-5:2:20;

simBER_rayleigh=zeros(1,length(SNRdB));

for k=1:length(SNRdB)

noise=1/sqrt(2)*(randn(1,num_bit)+1i*randn(1,num_bit));

h=1/sqrt(2)*(randn(1,num_bit)+1i*randn(1,num_bit));

n = noise*10^(-SNRdB(k)/20);

y_rayleigh = h.*psksig+n; % % Channel and Noise addition

y_rayleigh_cap = y_rayleigh./h;

r_rayleigh = real(y_rayleigh_cap)>0;

simBER_rayleigh(k) = sum(xor(bw,r_rayleigh));

end

simBER_rayleigh=simBER_rayleigh/num_bit; % Simulation

SNR=10.^(SNRdB/10);

theoretical_rayleigh=0.5*(1-sqrt(SNR./(1+SNR))); % Theoritical

num_bit=length(psksig);

SNRdB=-5:2:20;

for k=1:length(SNRdB)

y=awgn(psksig,SNRdB(k));

error=0;

for c=1:1:num_bit

if (psksig(c)==0)&&y(c)>0.5||psksig(c)==1&&(y(c)<0.5)

error=error+1;

end
 end

error=error/num_bit;

m(k)=error;

end

SNR=10.^(SNRdB/10);

BER_th=0.5*erfc(sqrt(SNR));

figure

semilogy(SNRdB,m,'*','linewidth',2.5); % Error

grid on;

hold on;

semilogy(SNRdB,BER_th,'r','linewidth',2.5); % BER in AWGN Channel

grid on;

hold on;

semilogy(SNRdB,simBER_rayleigh,'g*-','LineWidth',2); % Simulation

hold on;

semilogy(SNRdB,theoretical_rayleigh,'ko','LineWidth',2);% Theoritical

hold on

axis([-5 20 10^-2 1.2]);

legend('Error', 'BER in AWGN Channel', 'BER in Rayleigh Fading Channel (Simulation)', 'BER in
Rayleigh Fading Channel (Theoritical)')

title('SNR Vs BER for BPSK over AWGN and Rayleigh');

xlabel('SNR');

ylabel('Bit Error Rate or Symbol Error Rate');

OUTPUT