REVIEW OF LITERATURE

● Perez-Gomez J et.al. (2022) conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to carry out a
systematic review of published studies on injury prevention programmes for adult male footballers,
identify points of common understanding and establish recommendations that should be
considered in the design of injury prevention strategies. This includes the studies analysed, football
players can lower the incidence of match and training injuries by participating in dynamic warm-up
programmes that include preventive exercises before games or during training sessions, and by
adding strength, balance and mobility training to the training sessions.

● Vargas et. al. (2021) conducted a study on analysis of common shoulder injuries in collegiate
baseball players. . Only the most common shoulder injuries were examined, including
acromioclavicular (AC) sprain, anterior dislocation, biceps tear, biceps tendinitis, SLAP (superior
labrum from anterior to posterior) tear, non-SLAP labral tear, rotator cuff tear, rotator cuff
tendinitis, and shoulder impingement. Statistical analysis was performed using proportion ratios
(PR). Statistical significance was initially defined as p < 0.05; a post-hoc Bonferroni adjustment was
applied using a p < 0.005 threshold balancing the likelihood of false positive and false negative
findings.7

● Alricsson M et.al.(2021) conducted a literature review to examine whether preventive training

programs reduce acute and/or overuse injuries in overhead athletes. This includes prevention of
shoulder injuries was “limited” and the evidence for rotator cuff strength was “inadequate”. A
narrower focus on one sport might result in more robust evidence.

● Moradi M et.al.(2020) conduced a randomized study  to evaluate the effects of an 8-week throwing
exercise with a theraband for retraining the rotator cuff on Electromyography activity of selected
muscles, rotator cuff muscle strength, the glenohumeral joint internal rotation range of motion and
glenohumeral joint position sense in asymptomatic male volleyball players with GIRD. This includes
throwing exercise with a theraband improved shoulder muscle activation, ir rom, rotator cuff muscle
strength ratio and gh joint position sense in participants with gird. these findings may improve the
treatment of GIRD in a clinical setting. Although the results are significant, further studies should
follow up the long-term effects of the throwing exercise with a theraband on GIRD.

● Fredriksen H et.al.(2019) conducted a randomized study to assess the effect of the Oslo Sports
Trauma Research Center shoulder injury prevention program on external rotation strength and
internal rotation range of motion , considered to represent key risk factors for injury. This includes
Oslo sports trauma research center shoulder injury prevention program did not affect the risk
factors external rotation strength and internal rotation range of motion.

● Leonard A et. al. (2019) conducted a study overuse shoulder injuries are common in youth handball,
but research is limited. c. This includes in elite youth handball, deficits in ER strength is a risk factor
for overuse shoulder injury for both sexes; ER gain and GIRD are only risk factors for girls. Focused
pre-season assessments may aid the identification of risk factors for shoulder overuse injuries and
the application of specific programmes to reduce risk.
● Laudner et. al. (2018) conducted an RCT on analyzing the incidence of shoulder injury among
collegiate overhead athletes. Shoulder injury in overhead athletes, who perform repetitive overhead
motions, has been well documented; however, there is a paucity of data regarding the incidence of
specific shoulder injuries in these individuals. Data were collected from the preseason medical
examinations and medical records maintained throughout the collegiate careers of 371 overhead
athletes. Shoulder injuries were documented in 30% of the athletes during their athletic careers.
Subacromial impingement syndrome and rotator cuff (RTC) tendonitis were the most common
shoulder injuries for each individual sport and accounted for 27% and 24% of the total shoulder
injuries respectively.

● Forthomme B et. al. (2018) conducted a cross-section study to check the preseason strength of the
rotator muscles and shoulder injury in handball players. This includes intrinsic risk factors for
shoulder injury and may be used to determine potential interventions for reducing this risk in
handball players.

● Wilroy J et. al. (2018) conducted a study to check the effectiveness of a 6-week intervention
program at improving characteristics that increases the risk of developing pain or shoulder injury.
This includes improvements in ROM have previously been linked to decreases in shoulder pain and
injury in other upper-extremity dominant sports by improving scapular kinematics. These results
provide evidence that a 6-week strengthening and stretching intervention program may decrease
risk factors for shoulder injury in wheelchair basketball athletes.

● Judy C et.al.(2017) conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine whether a posterior

shoulder stretch was effective in increasing internal rotation and horizontal adduction range of
motion in overhead athletes identified as having reduced mobility. This includes overhead,
university-level athletes with an internal rotation deficit $15˚ significantly increased their internal
rotation and HAd ROM after performing a posterior shoulder stretch for 8 weeks.

● Haugsboe Anderson S et.al.(2017) conducted a cohort study to assess whether previously identified
risk factors are associated with overuse shoulder injuries in a large cohort of elite male and female
handball players. This includes none of the previously identified risk factors were associated with
overuse shoulder.

● Asker M et. al. (2017) conducted a systematic review to assess the evidence for risk factors and
prevention measures for shoulder injuries in overhead sports. This includes risk factors for shoulder
injury in overhead sports had limited evidence, and most were non-modifiable . There is also limited
evidence for the effect of shoulder injury prevention measures in overhead sports.

● Weiss et. al. (2015) conducted a study on management of rotator cuff injuries in the elite athlete
highlighting the recent managements of rotator cuff injuries. This includes a comprehensive
rehabilitation program, anti-inflammatories, and corticosteroid injections. Newer treatment
techniques such as intramuscular dry needling and the use of biologics such as platelet-rich plasma
and stem cells demonstrate early promising results; however, these modalities require further
investigation to determine their effectiveness.9
● Tyler et. al. (2014) conducted an RCT to prospectively determine if preseason strength and range of
motion (ROM) are predictive of injury in high school baseball pitchers. It was hypothesized that ROM
asymmetries and weakness would be predictive of injury.10

● Genevois C et.al. (2014) conducted a study to check the effects of 6-week sling-based training of
the external-rotator muscles on the shoulder profile in elite female high school handball players.
This includes 6-wk strengthening program was effective in improving shoulder external-rotator
muscle strength but resulted in a decrease in the ROM in shoulder internal rotation, while throwing
velocity remained stable. Adding a stretching program to this type of sling-based training program
might help avoid potential detrimental effects on shoulder ROM.

● Forthomme B et.al. (2013) conducted a cohort study to identify the most significant intrinsic risk
factors for shoulder pain by measuring strength developed by shoulder rotators and by carrying out
various morphostatic assessments. This includes shoulder rotator muscle strength through isokinetic
assessment, especially eccentric mode, appeared to be the most contributing parameter to identify
risk factors for shoulder pain. This evaluation should allow to better identify players at risk.

● Mohammad A. et.al (2012) conducted a cross sectional study to assess the shoulder pain in iranian
elite athletes. This includes the prevalence of shoulder pain in athletes with highly repetitive
overhead motions seems to be high.

● Elizabeth E et.al. (2012) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of a 6-wk strengthening and
stretching intervention program on improving glenohumeral and scapular muscle strength and
scapular kinematics in collegiate swimmers. This includes strengthening and stretching program was
not effective in altering strength and scapular kinematic variables but may serve as a framework for
future programs. Adding more stretching exercises, eliminating exercises that overlap with weight-
room training and swim training, and timing of implementation may yield a more beneficial program
for collegiate swimmers.

● Niederbracht Y et. al. (2008) conducted a experimental study to check the effects of a shoulder
injury prevention strength training program on eccentric external rotator muscle strength and
glenohumeral joint imbalance in female overhead activity athletes.