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A Thesis Jam'al Latest
A Thesis Jam'al Latest
A THESIS
By:
JAM’AL FAWA’ID
NIM. E1D 014 024
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MATARAM UNIVERSITY
2019
APPROVAL
A Thesis Entitled :
By
Jam’al Fawa’id
E1D014024
Acknowledged by:
RATIFICATION
Jam’al Fawa’id
E1D014024
Has been accepted by the board of examiners as the requirement to achieve the
Sarjana Degree (S.Pd.) in English Education Program, Faculty of Teacher
Training and Education, Mataram University
Acknowledged by:
The Dean of FKIP UNRAM
iii
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this thesis entitled “A Pragmatic Study of the Flouted
education’s degree and it is the result of my own work, except for the parts where
references are given and it has not been submitted to any other university or
institution.
Jam’al Fawa’id
iv
MOTTO AND DEDICATION
MOTTO:
(Ar-Rahman: 60)
DEDICATION
1. My beloved parents who have never stop loving and supporting for my life
4. My friends and everybody that cannot be mentioned who help and support
me for my study.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to thank to Allah SWT who has given us a great
life so that I could finish this thesis. Secondly, may Sholawat and Salam to our
Greatest prophet Muhammad SAW who has brought us from the darkness to the
brightness. In this beautiful opportunity, the writer also would like to send his
Mataram.
3. Dra. Hj. Siti Rohana Hariana Intiana, M.Pd., The Head of Language and
of Mataram.
5. Dra. Hj. Henny Soepriyanti, M.A., Ph.d., The Academic Advisor of The
6. Prof. Drs. Mahyuni, M.A., Ph.D., the first advisor who has supported,
7. Muh. Isnaini, S.S., M.A., the second advisor who has educated, given me
vi
8. Dr. Lalu Muhaimi, M.Pd., the examiner for his advice and crucial
9. My beloved parent and my family who always support, love and pray to
my success.
10. All the lectures of English department of Faculty of teacher Training and
11. All my friends of B class English Department (Alam, Amry, Reza, Kikin,
Azhar, Wahyu, Atik, Wajhah, Nadnad, Natul, Nining, Esti, Sara, Ika,
Nadifa, Lilik, and Gita) who have struggled together until we meet again.
12. My KKN group (Deni, Dedy, Roby, Murdani, Akyun, Sukma, Jumi,
Debby, Mila and others) and PPL squad (Romy, Rizky, Hana, Juwita and
Eva) and all my friends that I cannot mention who helped and supported
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover……………,……………………………………………...……………… i
Approval ………………………………………………………...……………. ii
Ratification……………………………………………………….…………… iii
Candidate Declaration……………………………………………………….. iv
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………. vi
Abstract……………………………………………………………………….. x
Chapter I Introduction
2.2.1 Pragmatics
2.2.2 Implicature
viii
2.3 Theoretical Framework8
4.1 Findings33
4.2 Discussion35
4.2.1 The Type of Flouted Maxim and Type of Implicature of the Flouted
Maxim in Lucifer TV Series35
5.1 Conclusion51
5.2 Suggestion52
References
Appendices
ix
ABSTRACT
By:
Jam’al Fawa’id
E1D014024
x
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
the study, significances of the study, limitation of the study and definition of key terms
and also keep in touch with each other. Communication refers to the transmission
system: in linguistic contexts, source and receiver are interpreted in human term,
the system involved is a language (Crystal, 2008: 89). In the daily interactions,
communication among people does not always run well. Sometimes, we find
may not understand each other which cause misinterpretation between them. To
1
misinterpretation and misunderstanding in the conversation. The speaker can lead
listener to get the points in the conversation clearly and the listener can
conversation such as is needed when the conversation occurs and each of them
can accept the purpose of the conversation or the talk exchange. The Cooperative
Principle explains how people interact with others in a concersation. People who
obey the principle will make sure what they say in their conversation gives
suuficient information about their talk exchange. Grice proposes four types of
Maxim of Manner.
people do not satisfy the Grice‘s Maxims appropriately because speaker and
hearer sometimes break the rule of maxim quality, quantity, relevance or even
but actually they are cooperative. Flouting maxim is not only found in daily
colorful and to make people guess what the speakers’ purposes actually are. The
2
theory of flouting maxim is suitable for analyzing a movie that contains flouting
of conversational maxim.
uses moving pictures and sound to tell stories or inform. It can be a reflection of
resembles real world of human languages. As Graham (2005: 117) states that a
movie or film has the ability to record real people and events around the
imagine and visualize all narrations, conversations and circumstances that happen
This study focuses on the conversations among the main characters of the
Lucifer tv series, therefore the object of this study is not the film but the
focuses on Lucifer Morningstar, the Devil, who is bored and unhappy as the lord
of hell, and resigns his throne and abandons his kingdom for Los Angeles.
Lucifer runs a nightclub in Los Angeles called "Lux" with the assistance of his
demonic ally Mazikeen aka Maze. Lucifer becomes involved with the LAPD
fascinated with Chloe when she appears to be immuned to his powers. Lucifer's
mother later escapes hell, and Lucifer's punishment for her is to stay on Earth,
and the celestial families are forced to deal with that ramifications. And also there
3
are Amenadiel and Dr. Linda Martin as supporting character in very first episode
but they by the time become important characters. Several conversations in the tv
series indicate to flout the conversational maxims. By Grice’s theory, person who
flouts the maxims of conversation or does not give the information as informative
means that she or he keep a hidden meaning which wants to be expressed. For
answering speaker A’s question. The speaker B does not want to talk about the
problem and B’s response is irrelevant to the topic in hand. Therefore, speaker B
changes the topic blatantly in that context of situation. It means that the maxim of
The second dialogues below, one of the examples of the flouted maxim of
quality because the second speaker, B, is not giving the true answer when
B : Three years
object of study because of two reasons: first, the dialogues used by the characters
in the tv series contains the flouted maxim; second, the transcript of the tv series
4
can be used as a material of learning, especially pragmatics. In communicating,
people tend to convey what is in their mind without paying attention to the rules.
So, the flouted maxim is the interest of study, which is the result of conversation
based on the context and the Grice’s Cooperative Principle is also intended to
preceding statement, this study is conducted under the title “A Pragmatic Study
Season”.
1. What types of maxims are flouted in the dialogues of the tv series Lucifer?
2. What are the implicatures in the flouted maxims of the tv series Lucifer?
Principle.
2. To identify and analyze the implicature in the flouted maxims of the tv series
Implicature by Grice.
5
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.4.1 Theoretical Significance
even in the made up world. It will also be beneficial for the development of
b. This study can be used as a reference for the other researchers who have the
research also provides data that can be used for further investigation.
b. This study informs the strategy for teachers who want to improve their
c. This study can help readers to understand more the exact meaning of each
The scope of this study is restricted to analyze the conversations that found
flouted maxims in the tv series. The flouted maxims occurs when one of the
6
by giving less, much, irrelevant or unclear information. Furthermore, this series
consists of some seasons and episodes. So, the data of this study is restricted by
taking the early episode of Lucifer, the first episode of season 1, because his
utterances indicate that he flouts one of the maxims while having conversation
with a police officer and there is interested story development and also there are
underlie the efficient use of language, and which together identify a general co-
1.6.2 In this study, flouting maxims refers to breaking maxim on purpose, when a
speaker appears not to follow the maxim but expect the listener to appreciate the
meaning implied (Cutting, 2002: 37). Thus, when a maxim is not followed by
direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged’ (Grice, 1975: 26).
1.6.4 Implicature, in this study, is meant to be something implied and meant from
what is said (Grundy, 2000: 273)
7
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
to pragmatics. These related studies are kind of library research and presented on
the similar approach. Iskandar (2010) investigates Gricean Maxim in the scripts
of the Simpsons season 5. The purpose of his research is to find out the types of
the maxims which were written in the scripts and to categorize the violations or
collecting and studying the data which are taken from many sources and using the
The result shows that the Griceans Maxims were applied and violated.
Most of the time, in the dialogues from the scripts, the speakers have fulfilled the
those maxims in their conversation. This fulfillment and violation happen due to
the speaker willingness whether they decide to use the maxims or defy it. In
addition, the violations toward those maxims are done by deliberately and
8
unconsciously giving misleads information, inability to fulfill one maxim without
conversation. Three points are discussed, description of the four maxims, the
conditions where the four maxims occurred, and the domination of certain
maxims found in the novel. The method used in her study is kind of descriptive
of three steps: reading, note taking, and mapping. In analyzing data, the research
also uses some steps. Five steps are done chronologically, identification,
conversation. Indeed, they infringed two or more maxim in same time. The
violation occurs in certain conditions. It is due to the aim of the speakers when
the conversation happened. Sometimes, the speaker infringes the maxim in order
to convey some other intention indirectly and politely. Besides, of those four
maxims, there are two types of maxims dominantly used in the novel. They are
maxim of quantity and manner. It is affected by the topic of the novel and the
writer’s purposes.
Another study was done by Nugraha (2013), her study discusses about the
Steel Movie. The type of her study is descriptive qualitative, in the study, the data
9
were collected from the conversation in the movie which contains conversational
implicature in the character’s utterances. There are several steps are done in
analyzing the implicature. The steps were describing the data in the form of
speaker utterance. In order to know the kinds of maxims which are violated, the
steps were describing the data in the form of dialogue, describing the context and
analyzing how the characters used cooperative principle in their dialogue. The
result shows that the characters often violate the maxim of cooperative principle
the character’s utterance. The second kind of violation occurs by ignoring the
The third kind of violation occurs in maxim of manner with 7 occurence, the
characters ignoring the relevance of their utterance. The fourth is maxim violation
conversation, in the violation of maxim manner the writer found 7 data. The
conversation
However, this study is different from those related studies where those
object of both studies were in the form script and a novel. So, the differences of
this study are in term of objectives which examine breaking maxim by flouting.
Moreover, this study also discusses the types of conversational implicatures based
10
on Grice’s theory of conversational implicature, generalized conversational
Semantics and pragmatics are the two main areas of linguistic study that
concerns with the knowledge we use to interpret meaning when we hear or read,
states that semantics focuses on meaning that comes from purely linguistic
Additionally, Yule (2010: 127) states that pragmatics is the study of what
speakers mean by their utterances. This type of study necessarily involves the
accordance with what, when, where and with who they are talking to. For that
meaning.
syntax and semantics in the way of pragmatics concerns about the relationships
11
of linguistic forms and the users of those forms. From that distinction, only
pragmatics allows human into analysis. The advantage of studying language via
pragmatics is that one can talk about people’s intended meaning, their
assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kinds of actions that are performed
In line with Yule, Paltridge (2008: 53) states that pragmatics is the study
This includes social, situational and textual context. It also includes background
knowledge context; that is, what people know about each other and about the
world. Pragmatics assumes that when people communicate with each other they
normally follow some kinds of principle; that is, they have a shared
words and phrases to form sentences, and they also know how to combine
components in pragmatics that have been concluded, namely; how speakers use
and understand what is being talked; how the interpretation and use of language
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depends on the common knowledge between the speaker and the hearer; and
how the interpretation of language counts on the users, context and language.
2.2.2 Implicature
The term of ‘implicature’ is derived from the verb ‘to imply’, as is its
cohnate’ implication. Originally, ‘to imply’ means ‘to fold something into
something else’ (from the Latin verb plicare ‘to fold”); hence, which is implied
61). Grice cited in Brown and Yule (1988: 31) states that implicature does
account for what a speaker can imply, suggest, or mean, as distinct from what
though that proposition is not a part of nor an entailment of what was actually
utterance and what is implicated. Based on Grice (1975: 24), “implicature” can
the original utterance. Implicature is something implied and meant from what is
and may or may not be understood by the hearer (Thomas, 1995: 58).
13
(1983: 126) makes a distinction between kinds of implicature on another
does not have to occur in conversation, and it does not depend on special context
for their interpretation. Conventional implicature are not derived from the
words. Other English words such as ‘even’ ‘yet’ also have conventional
results in additional conveyed meaning when those words are used. An example
is but in ‘He is poor but happy.’ The interpretation of this utterance will be he is
and happiness are not compatible but in spite of this he is still happy. So he is
poor but happy will always necessarily imply “Surprisingly he is happy in spite
money.
refers to the implications which can be deduced from the form of an utterance,
on the basis of certain co-operative principles which govern the efficiency and
14
implicature is, therefore, something which is implied in conversation, that is,
something which is left implicit in actual language use (Mey, 2001: 61). The
quality, maxim of relevance and maxim of manner. These four maxims are
meaning is what speaker means or intends to convey when she or he uses a piece
of languge. Utterance meaning is also called pragmatics meaning that means the
by that utterance (Mey: 2001: 46). This different meaning is intended by the
maxims of conversation.
15
Conversational implicature occurs when one of the Grice’s maxim is
flouted. Flouting maxim takes place when speaker blatantly fails to fullfil the
maxims while still being cooperative (Grice, 1975: 49). In other words, flouting
maxim happens when the speaker conveys implicit meaning in addition to the
literal meaning of his utterance, and his implicit or additional menaing known as
conversational implicature. When flouting a maxim, the speaker does not intend
to mislead the hearer but wants him to lok for the conversational implicature,
that is, the meaning of the utterance not directly stated in the words uttered.
Besides, it is worth nothing that, in order to arrive at the implicature, the speaker
and the hearer have to recognize the context where the exchange occurs, and
know certain facts about the world is important too (adapted from Brown and
distinguished into five. The first important property is that implicatures are
possible to add some additional premises to the original ones. Second property
detached from an utterance simply by changing the words of the utterance for
that they are calculable. For every implicature it should be possible to construct
16
implicatures are non-conventional, that is, not part of conventional meaning of
linguistic expressions.
implicature which does not require special knowledge in the context to calculate
additional conveyed meaning. In line with Yule, Levinson (1983: 126) states that
B : I brought pencil.
By the example above, it means that the speaker B does not bring eraser and it
can be understood although the speaker B does not give information about that.
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2. Particularized Conversational Implicature
utterance and are not normally carried by the sentence used. Look the example:
B : It is only Gingerbread.
B’s answer implicates that B cannot install Pokemon GO in B’s android phone.
above. Knowledge about the minimum operating system of android platform for
system android of B’s phone is still the old type Gingerbread, so it is indirectly
hidden meaning behind the speaker’s utterance. In this case, the speaker‘s
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2.2.3 Grice’s Cooperative Principle
approaches to the interaction. One of the most basic assumptions we must make
conversational contribution is in the right size and agrees with the accepted
purpose of the conversation in which a speaker is connected to. Grice (1975: 45)
exchange in which you are engaged. The Cooperative Principle can be explained
a. Maxim of Quantity
speakers say just enough, that they supply no less information—and no more
of the exchange.
19
Example:
In this case, A needs information about what kind of activity that B doing at
information and does not give information more than is required as well. B’s
Another example :
required and not to contribute too much or too little information than is
required. As Black (2006: 29) states that this maxim requires that we offer the
b. Maxim of Quality
Speakers should tell the truth. They should not say what they think is false, or
make the statement for which they lack of evidence: Be truthful (Finnegan,
2008: 289).
Example:
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A : Can I see them?
B : Sure. You can see them in my room.
A : Wow! This one looks expensive.
In the example above, B gives the answer correctly. It can be seen from B’s
answer at the end of the conversation by letting her friend to see the outfits in
her room. As Black (2006: 30) states that this maxim has to do with the truth
what he believes to be true and not to say something with lack of evidence.
Another example :
A : Where is my coat?
B : It is in the wardrobe.
In this case, B put the coat in the wardrobe. So that, when A asks where his
c. Maxim of Relevance
In this maxim, the rule is being relevant (Leech, 1983: 93). The meaning of
“relevance” is the connection between what the speaker says and the
addressee hears are related each other. Moreover, this maxim directs speakers
to organize their utterances in such a way that they are relevant to the ongoing
Example:
In these utterances, what the hearer answers is related with what the speaker
asks about place of his box of chocolates. The answer and the question are
21
Another example :
The conversation above shows that B always gives relevant answer to A’s
questions. When someone’s responses are related to every question asked that
d. Maxim of Manner
but to how it is expressed. This maxim dictates that speakers and writers
The example above shows that the maxim of manner is obeyed. B gives clear
Another example:
A: Where is my phone?
B: It is on the table in my bedroom.
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The conversation is clear without the appearance of misunderstanding. It was
perfectly brief and well ordered. The maxim theory can be beneficial for the
speakers and addressees who are obeying the rules of cooperative principle.
So, if they obey these maxims, the communication runs well and smoothly.
maxim, not with any intention of deceiving or misleading, but because he or she
wants the hearer to look for the meaning of expression which is different from
apply the maxims to persuade their listeners to find the hidden meaning behind
the utterances; that is, the speakers employ “implicature” (Levinson: 1983: 104)
confidence to say in straight way. Grundy (2000: 78) states that flouting is a
recover an “implicature”. It is also said by Cutting (2002: 37) that flouting the
maxims is when the speakers appear not to follow the maxims but expect hearers
maxims as follows:
less information. Cutting (2002: 37) stated that “the speaker who flouts the
maxim of quantity seems to give too little or too much information. It means that
23
the speaker may give information not as it requires. Here, Cutting gives his
example:
B’s answer is not giving all the information that A needs in order to fully
appreciate what is being said. B does not give his opinion about the whole
asks about his whole appearance and only gets told about part of it.
cooperating and not totally unaware of quantity maxim. But he did not mention
the cheese. He tries to say that what is not mentioned is not brought. He
I brought the bread.’ By saying that utterance, Dexter has flouted maxim of
Two examples above are showing that the maxim of quantity is flouted
because the information that is expected is not sufficient, B’s answer and
Dexter’s response are not complete, but A and Charlene of each example can
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b. Flouted Maxim of Quality
when he or she implies the information which it is not suitable with the fact. The
maxim of quality is flouted when the speaker says something which blatantly
untrue or for which he or she lacks adequate evidence (Thomas, 1995: 67).
writes something that will be truthful. For instance, speaker B flouts the quality
Here, John and Bruce is talking about the weather. The utterance of
because he says something that is not suitable with the fact. Bruce is
terms of conveying unstated message, Bruce tries to express his agreement and
inform John that his house is very cold by saying that expression.
The example shows that the speaker of the conversation flouts maxim of
lacks adequate evidence. It makes his contribution one that is not true.
25
Actually, this answer is false because London is not in Armenia but in England.
In this case, B's answer serves to suggest that A's utterance is absurdly incorrect.
1995: 70). So, the speaker flouts the maxim of relation when he or she does not
give a response within the topic which is being discussed. However, being
irrelevant does not mean that the speakers do not want to be relevant.
Sometimes, speakers are being irrelevant because they want to hide something
B does not say that she was not very impressed with Mark, but by not
Precisely B changes the topic by saying flat-mate which it is not relevant with
In this conversation, Ernie is being irrelevant. Ernie’s response does not provide
considers Ernie’s ‘Pope’ question and clearly the answer is “Yes”. The maxim
26
irrelevant, Ernie flouts maxim of relevance and successful in conveying her
unstated meaning.
366). This example is a conversation between Harry and Joyce in which the
Harry does not like lending the family car to the children. Joyce knows this but
Joyce’s answer does not follow Grice’s conversational maxim of relevance, and
literally said). Again the addressee infers, on the basis of logic and knowledge of
stated.
those who flout the maxim of manner may appear to be obscure. Here, the
example:
27
Cutting (2002: 39) analyzes that B speaks in an ambiguous way, saying “that
and ‘Michelle’ so that his Michelle does not become excited and ask for the ice
cream before her meal. Sometimes writers play with words to heighten the
saying ‘vet’ directly, he spells the word ‘vet’ by its letters. Here, maxim of
Related to the meaning and the reason for Ann saying that, context is an
Disobeying by flouting happens when speakers appear not to follow the maxims
but expect hearers to appreciate the meaning implied. While, disobeying the rules
implicature and know that the hearer will not know the truth and will only
28
understand the surface meaning of the words (Cutting, 2002: 37-40). This study
Lucifer tv series.
Cooperative Principle is used to answer the first objective of this study than
related to flouted maxim. Grice states that there are four types of maxim:
quantity, quality, relevance, and manner. Those maxims are explained orderly
factual of information, be relevant with current context, and be clear and explicit
means that his utterance carries more information than what is said. That
two theories mentioned above are taken into account for the analysis. By
combining those theories, this study is hopefully able to present the appropriate
29
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODS
This chapter discusses the method of study which includes research design, data
and source of data, methods of collecting the data and methods of analyzing the data.
the types of flouted maxim in the tv series and to identify types of implicature
Lucifer.
Lucifer from season 1 episode 1 and the data were gained from the conversation
Tom Kapinos that premiered on Fox on January 25, 2016. This tv series is
30
adapted from comic book series entitled The Sandman written by Mike Carey.
The duration of this episode is about 44 minutes. The data of this study were the
2. Watching the selected episode for several times. In the process of watching,
maxim of conversation.
It helps to remember the scene where flouted maxim occurs and is useful in
quality, relevance and manner. Furthermore, the data also were analyzed by using
Descriptive method was used to describe the whole events that occur to seek out
31
the answer of the research questions. In analyzing data, some steps were applied.
1. Classifying
Concersational Maxims and its principle. As stated before, there are four
maxims of conversation. In this study, the data were classified in terms of the
types of maxim.
2. Describing
After classifying, the data were analyzed in order to describe the situation
where flouted maxim occurs and the context of the conversation is also
32
CHAPTER 4
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the data description and analysis. In this chapter, the data
were analyzed based on Grice’s theory of Cooperative Principle and its maxims. To
answer the problems, the data are classified and analyzed into flouted maxim and
conversational implicature.
4.1 Findings
After reading and highlighting the Lucifer’s script dialogue, the flouted
maxim and conversational implicature were found. The data were obtained by
watching the selected episode several times and by reading the Lucifer’s script
dialogue. Additionally, some notes were made to mark the utterances of the
characters in the movie that contain conversational implicature. In this case, the
Cooperative Principle is the focus of attention which has four maxims, Maxim of
This section provides the data that have been gathered to accomplish the
objectives of the study. Then, the results of analysis are presented which are
related to the objectives of the study by using table that covers number of data,
33
to exercise your limited
power and punish me for
ignoring the speed limit…
Holed up at the Chateau.
Extract 2 Quantity Generalized Copulating with a young
woman named Faith…
Your return to The
Relevance Particularized Underworld has been
requested.
Oh, right, okay, let me just
Extract 3 check my calendar. Yeah,
here it is. Uh.. The seventh
Manner Generalized
of Never through to the
fifteenth of Ain’t Gonna
Happen
No. But we did have an
Extract 4 Quantity Generalized interesting little chat just
before he kicked off…
Hay man this is a private
Extract 5 Relevance Particularized event. How did you get in
here? (yoire not invited)
34
4.2 Discussion
4.2.1 The Type of Flouted Maxim and Type of Implicature of the Flouted Maxim
in Lucifer TV Series
After classifying the data based on their flouted maxim, the explanation
Moreover, the utterances in the flouted maxims is classified into its type of
implicature.
Extract 1
Lucifer was speeding up his car and turning on music on high volume
00:00:59 - 00:01:21
Officer : Turn the music down, sir. Hey, cut the music.
Lucifer : I’m sorry.
Officer : You know why I pulled you over?
Lucifer : Obviously you felt the need to exercise your limited power
and punish me for ignoring the speed limit. It’s okay. I
understand. I like to punish people too. Or at least I used to.
Lucifer tells the cop more information than required. It is enough for Lucifer to
answer cop’s question by replying “yes or no” but he does not say so. He also
says more about what he loved to do. In this case, Lucifer does not observe the
required in the exchange then the quantity maxim is flouted. In order to fulfill
35
the maxim of quantity, he could answer the question by giving alternative
possible answers, such as, because I was driving at excessive speed, the music
Lucifer’s utterance, obviously you felt the need to exercise your limited
power and punish me for ignoring the speed limit. It’s okay. I understand. I like
itself.
Extract 2
Context : This conversation is between Maze and Lucifer and happens in the
LUX bar. When Lucifer came in to the bar and he was asked by
00:03:29 - 00:03:35
Maze : Where’ve you been?
Lucifer : Holed up at the Chateau. Copulating with a young woman
named Faith. It’s Ironic, isn’t it?
question with too informative response. In answering the question, Lucifer just
need to mention the place where he has been. However, he is more informative
mentioning the place where he has been while actually Maze does not need to
36
know what he was doing at that time. The first sentence of this conversation is
the required information. Meanwhile, the second sentence is not the required
not need to relate the utterance with the context because there is no relation
between the contexts for generating implicature from the utterance. The
Extract 4
Context : This conversation is between Lucifer and Chloe in the LUX club. It
happens after he and Delilah, victims, were riddled with bullets but
only him who got survived without any scratch. Chloe, homicide
37
Lucifer : She used to work here a few years back. I would occasionally
accompany her while she sang. Then she became a big star and
someone decided to end her life.
Chloe : Do you know the shooter?
Lucifer : No. But we did have an interesting little chat just before he
kicked off. I asked him why he did it.
gives more information to the detective by responding the question with a long
response. In answering the question, it is enough for Lucier replying “no”, but he
does not. Hence, his information is more informative than that is required in that
exchange. Lucifer’s reply “no” from the utterance is the required information.
Meanwhile, the utterance after that sentence is not the required information. By
uttering a long response, Lucifer fails to fulfill the maxim of quantity. The
quantity maxim, do not make our contribution more informative than is required.
For generating the implicature, we do not to relate the utterance with the
context because there is no relation between the context and the utterance to
Extract 7
hospital room, where Chloe had been unconscious for a few hours and
she is taken care after she was shot by Jimmy when trying to arrest a
38
Chloe : What happened to Jimmy?
Lucifer : Jimmy? Jimmy got what he deserved.
Chloe : Well, I'm pretty sure I'd be dead if you hadn’t helped me. So,
thank you.
Lucifer : Sorry. What was that? The last bit. I can’t quite get that.
Chloe : I’m sorry.
The situation from this exchange is that Chloe asks Lucifer about what
happen to the suspect, Jimmy, after she was unconscious. Here, Lucifer does not
exchange, Lucifer does not do that. He chooses to give too little amount of
information.
Lucifer does not make his contribution to be sufficient for the purpose of the
meaning. In this case, the implied meaning can be generated by sharing the
Extract 8
few hours and she is taken care after she got shot when trying to arrest
39
Chloe : You saved my life because I’m interesting?
Lucifer : Wildly irritating as well.
He gives more information than required to the detective by giving a little bit
giving more information than required. Lucifer can simply replies “yes” to
answer the Chloe’s question. Lucifer’s word“yes” from the utterance is the
required information. Meanwhile, the words that before it are not the required
information.
implicature can be generated from the utterance itself. When special knowledge
Extract 6
few hours and she is taken care after she got shot when trying to arrest
40
In the exchange above, maxim of quality is flouted when Lucifer says
had been unconscious for a long period of time. Taking a look at the fact that
Chloe has been unconscious for a few hours. When Chloe asked for how long
she had been out, Lucifer replies with an exaggerating utterance by telling her
that she had been out for three years. Of course Lucifer knew that it was not the
truth. He makes a contribution that is not true and intentionally breaks the
maxim of quality to imply how hard his feeling about her current condition.
know the implicature. And the utterance does occur not in a certain context, so
Extract 3
Context : This conversation is between Lucifer and Amenadiel in a bar. When
the bar and time is suddenly slow down because Amanediel, an angel,
00:03:29 - 00:03:35
Lucifer : Amenadiel! How’s it hanging, big guy? Huh?
Amenadiel : Your return to The Underworld has been requested.
Lucifer : Oh, right, okay, let me just check my calendar. Yeah, here
it is. The seventh of Never through to the fifteenth of Ain’t
Gonna Happen? How does that work for you guys?
41
In the dialogue above, Amenadiel does not observe the cooperative
Lucifer needs. Lucifer asks about his condition, but Amanediel replies with a
main purpose of coming to the club. Instead of stating his intention directly,
requested is not relevant with the question and it rises an implicature. The
implicature. Hence, for generating its implicature we have to know what the
underworld is. In its archaic sense, the term Underworld refers to hell, a deep pit
Extract 5
Context : Lucifer is visiting to a wedding of his old friend to look for any
42
Jimmy : Hay man this is a private event. How did you get in
here?
Lucifer : Yeah, and quite a lavish one for a record provider on the
outs
utterances. It means that he does not observe maxim well. The maxim of
implicature, we need to relate the utterance with the context because there is
relation between the context and the utterance. The conversation happens in a
conversational implicature.
Extract 9
Context : This conversation happens when Lucifer just arrived at his club and
Amenadiel pays a visit for the second time to talk with him. As ususal,
again. He asks Lucifer to consider his offer for going back to hell for
43
Amenadiel : And I’m not sure I like what I see. You’re showing
restrain, mercy.
giving his statement. Moreover, his answer does not answer Lucifer’s question
relevantly. Since his answer does not seem to fulfill the indicator of maxim of
We do not must relate it with the any context in order to understand the
generate the implicature from the utterance itself. When no special knowledge is,
implicature.
Extract 3
Context : This conversation is between Lucifer and Amenadiel in a bar. When
pays a visit to the bar and time is suddenly slow down because
00:03:29 - 00:03:35
44
Lucifer : Amenadiel! How’s it hanging, big guy? Huh?
Amenadiel : Your return to The Underworld has been requested.
Lucifer : Oh, right, okay, let me just check my calendar. Yeah,
here it is. The seventh of Never through to the fifteenth
of Ain’t Gonna Happen. How does that work for you
guys?
response. Since Lucifer breaks the maxim of manner which requires him to be
clear and avoid long utterance. He is being obscure so that Amenadiel cannot
through to the fifteenth of Ain’t Gonna Happen”, he may say it clearly that he
will never back to hell so the message can be understood quickly and clearly.
Here, his prolixity is the one that causes the misunderstanding. However, he
flouts maxim of manner by giving long expression but he does not say a lie.
Ain’t Gonna Happen, has implicature because the utterance does occur not in a
needed to know the implicature. So, the imolicature can be inferred from the
utterance itself and the utterance does occur not in a particular situation or
particular context, so the implicature can be generated from the utterance itself
45
meaning that can be implied from utterances in previous section. This section
Extarct 1
because he gave too much information than required. Lucifer could say I do or I
don’t. But he replies obviously you felt the need to exercise your limited power
and punish me for ignoring the speed limit. It’s okay. I understand. I like to
punish people too, which implies that Lucifer indirectly admits that he breaks
the speed limit. And also his utterances imply that the cop wants to give him a
fine for violating the traffic rule that can endanger other people. Besides, by his
utterance he wants to convey that he is much more powerful than the cop
because he is devil who ruled the hell and loved torturing souls for their sins
Extract 2
gives too much or too less information to other participant. In that occasion,
Lucifer gives too much information rather than gives the answer directly to let
maze find the implicature beyond what is literary said. Lucifer’s utterance,
Holed up at the Chateau. Copulating with a young woman named Faith. It’s
Ironic, isn’t it?, contains implicature. The implicature from the senctence is that
he cannot stand any longer for staying at his place alone. It can be interpreted
from the first and the second sentence which have opposite meaning by what are
said. The first sentence is interpreted as no one wants to be bothered when she or
46
he exiles themselves in a room or any place, meanwhile in second sentence
Extract 4
implicature. Lucifer answers Chloe’s question by saying no. But we did have an
interesting little chat just before he kicked off. I asked him why he did it. It
means that Lucifer was introgating the shooter before he is dead, the utterance
before he kicked off is seen not by its literal meaning but its hidden meaning.
Extract 7
In the exchange, Lucifer flouts the maxim of quantity where he does not
that Chloe, as a detective, already knew as usual what happens to criminal like
Jimmy. Lucifer replies Jimmy got what he deserved which implies that Jimmy is
not the threat anymore because the police have handled the case and arrested
him in prison. So, the case that has connection between Delilah and Jimmy
Extract 8
Lucifer flouts the maxim of quantity which means that he gives more
information than what is required, he could answer the question by just saying
yes. Lucifer says wildly irritating as well, but yes which causes an implicature.
47
Lucifer replies Chloe by indirectly saying that she is not only interesting but also
annoying person because she is different from all person he has met. She is not
easy to persuade like most of people that is why Lucifer compliments her by
Extract 6
give true information about how long she has been unconscious. He flouts the
maxim of quality by saying three years to hide something beyond his answer.
His utterance implicates that he does not want Chloe to know truth. From his
answer he wants to settle down her feeling by making a joke and to entertain her
by shocking her as well. In order to fulfill the question and the maxim of quality,
Lucifer should responds the question with truthful answer as it is supposed to be,
Extract 3
does not observe the maxim of relevance. Amenadiel flouts the maxim of
implicates that Lucifer should stop his business on earth and go back to the hell
for doing his job to punish the dead souls under his surveillance as he did long
48
Extract 5
In the talk exchange, Lucifer aks Jimmy whether Jimmy still recognizes
him or not. But Jimmy gives irrelevant answers. Thus, Jimmy’s utterances raise
implicatures because he does not answer Lucifer’s question directly and anlso
his answer also is not relevant with question being asked. What can be implied
from Jimmy’s utterances is that Lucifer should not be in there because the
wedding event is restricted only for close families and he also is not invited to
Extract 9
the meaning can be interpreted that Amenadiel is watching over Lucifer all the
the time. I’ve been watching you, Lucifer means that Amenadiel has given a duty
to keep Lucifer from involving with humanity. Because if Amenadiel does not
Extract 3
okay, let me just check my calendar. Yeah, here it is. The seventh of Never
through to the fifteenth of Ain’t Gonna Happen which means that he does not
want to accept the request. Besides, he is not going back to hell forever because
he was sick and tired of doing the same thing time by time that is torturing souls
49
and playing a part of the Father’s plans. In order to satisfy the question and the
maxim of manner, Lucifer should answers with clear expressions. Lucifer could
say No. It won’t gonna happen or No. I don’t want to back to the Hell.
50
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This chapter presents two sections, conclusion and suggestion, which are drawn
after analyzing and interpreting the data. The conclusion was made based on the
information to the next researchers who are interested in doing further research in the
5.1 Conclusion
speaker and the listener do not follow the Cooperative Principle, the non
findings and discussion, some conclusions related to the flouted maxim uttered by
Regarding to the data analysis dealing with the types of flouted maxim,
the main characters of Lucifer perform four types of flouted maxim; quantity,
quality, relevance, and manner. The occurrences of each type of flouted maxim are
different in the episode. The most occurring type of flouted maxim is quantity
maxim with 5 occurences. The fouted maxim of relevance is on the second rank
51
with 2 occurrences. The followed by flouted maxim of Quality and Manner with 1
occurrence of each.
conversational implicature. In the data analysis, nine implicatures were found from
the main character’s dialogue that are very imbalanced in which there are seven
characters want to convince what they exactly meant to another participant of the
conversation and also they expect hearer to find the implied meaning beyond what
is said.
5.2 Suggestion
In this section, some suggestions in regard to the study are provided for
1. For readers, this study is expected to enrich their knowledge about the flouted
maxims and conversational implicature. By reading this study, the readers are
52
2. For English learners, this study is expected to be a source of learning to study
implicature, learners do not only broaden their knowledge of language but also
3. For further researchers, who want to make a betterment study, they can
investigate another issues that related to another topics such as, conventional
novel or a talkshow.
4. Hopefully, this study is expected be beneficial for everyone who has interest in
53
REFERENCES
Brown, Gillian and Yule, George. 1988. Discourse Analysis. New York: Cambridge
University Press.
Crystal, David. 2008. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics 6th Edition. Oxford:
Blackwell Publishing.
Cutting, J. 2002. Pragmatics and Discourse: A Resource Book for Student. London:
Routledge.
Finnegan, Edward. 2008. Language: Its Structure and Use 5th Edition. Boston:
Thomson Wadsworth.
Graham, G. 2005. Philosophy of the Art 3rd Edition. New York: Routledge.
Grice, H.P. 1975. Logic and Conversation, in P. Cole and J.L Morgan (eds) Syntax and
Semantics. vol.3: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press.pp: 22-57.
54
Hurford, James. R. Heasly, Brendan and Smith, Michael, B. 2007. Semantics: A
Coursebook. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Iskandar, D. 2010. The Gricean Maxim Analysis in the Scripts of the Simpsons Season
5. Jakarta: State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah.
Leech, G. 1983. Principle of pragmatics. London and New York: Longman group
Limited.
Nugraha. Risma Ardiansyah. 2013. Maxim Violation in Real Steel Movie: A Pragmatics
Approach. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Yule, G. 2010. The Study of Language 4th Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
55
56
APPENDICES
The Movie’s Script
1 11
00:00:02,104 --> 00:00:04,538 00:00:33,835 --> 00:00:35,263 22
("Ain't No Rest for the ♪ He put a gun up to my head ♪ 00:00:56,829 --> 00:00:58,636
Wicked" ♪ I got bills to pay,
by Cage the Elephant playing) 12 I got mouths to feed ♪
00:00:35,305 --> 00:00:38,286
2 ♪ He made it clear he wasn't 23
00:00:13,831 --> 00:00:15,287 looking for a fight ♪ 00:00:58,711 --> 00:01:00,409
♪ I was walking Turn the music
down the street ♪ 13 down, sir.
00:00:38,391 --> 00:00:39,944
3 ♪ He said, 24
00:00:15,322 --> 00:00:16,921 "Give me all you got ♪ 00:01:00,444 --> 00:01:02,344
♪ When out the corner ♪ There ain't nothing
of my eye ♪ 14 in this world for free... ♪
00:00:39,979 --> 00:00:41,531
4 ♪ "I want your money, 25
00:00:16,956 --> 00:00:19,933 not your life ♪ 00:01:02,379 --> 00:01:04,813
♪ I saw a pretty little thing Hey, cut the music.
approaching me ♪ 15
00:00:41,566 --> 00:00:42,924 26
5 - ♪ But if you try to make a 00:01:04,848 --> 00:01:06,448
00:00:19,968 --> 00:00:21,772 move, (chuckling):
♪ She said, - (siren wailing) I'm sorry.
"I never seen a man ♪
16 27
6 00:00:42,959 --> 00:00:44,523 00:01:06,483 --> 00:01:07,883
00:00:21,807 --> 00:00:22,945 I won't think twice" ♪ (music volume decreases)
♪ "Who looked so all alone ♪
17 28
7 00:00:44,627 --> 00:00:46,129 00:01:07,918 --> 00:01:09,451
00:00:22,980 --> 00:00:26,103 ♪ I told him, You know why I pulled you
♪ Oh, could you use "You can have my cash ♪ over?
a little company?" ♪
18 29
8 00:00:46,164 --> 00:00:47,519 00:01:09,486 --> 00:01:11,920
00:00:26,138 --> 00:00:29,045 ♪ "But first you know Well, obviously, you felt
♪ Not even 15 minutes later, I got to ask ♪ the need to exercise
I'm
still walking down the street ♪ 19 30
00:00:47,593 --> 00:00:50,674 00:01:11,955 --> 00:01:13,622
9 ♪ What made you want to live your limited powers
00:00:29,134 --> 00:00:32,234 this kind of life?" ♪ and punish me
♪ When I saw the shadow of a
man 20 31
creep out of sight ♪ 00:00:50,709 --> 00:00:53,960 00:01:13,657 --> 00:01:15,123
♪ He said there ain't no rest for ignoring
10 for the wicked ♪ the speed limit.
00:00:32,416 --> 00:00:33,800
♪ And then he swept up 21 32
from behind ♪ 00:00:54,081 --> 00:00:56,794 00:01:15,159 --> 00:01:17,492
♪ Money don't grow on trees ♪ It's okay. I understand.
00:01:39,983 --> 00:01:42,904 57
33 (chuckles) You people are 00:02:07,077 --> 00:02:08,477
00:01:17,528 --> 00:01:19,828 funny People like to tell me things,
I-I like to punish people, too. about your laws, aren't you?
58
34 46 00:02:08,512 --> 00:02:12,581
00:01:19,863 --> 00:01:21,329 00:01:43,320 --> 00:01:46,988 those deep, dark, naughty little
Or at least I used to. You break the law sometimes, desires that are on their mind.
don't you?
35 59
00:01:21,365 --> 00:01:23,665 47 00:02:12,616 --> 00:02:14,282
License and 00:01:47,024 --> 00:01:49,424 It's a gift.
registration. ♪ I said, "You're such
a sweet young thing..." ♪ 60
36 00:02:14,318 --> 00:02:16,184
00:01:23,700 --> 00:01:25,467 48 Must be something
(sighs) 00:01:49,460 --> 00:01:51,026 about this face.
Coming right up. Sometimes...
61
37 49 00:02:17,354 --> 00:02:18,854
00:01:25,502 --> 00:01:27,035 00:01:51,061 --> 00:01:53,028 You're tempted
♪ Man creep out of sight ♪ I put my siren on to keep that, aren't you?
and drive really fast
38 62
00:01:27,070 --> 00:01:28,670 50 00:02:18,889 --> 00:02:21,156
♪ And then he swept up... ♪ 00:01:53,063 --> 00:01:54,696 Well, what are you
for no reason at all, waiting for, permission?
39
00:01:28,705 --> 00:01:31,106 51 63
Are you trying 00:01:54,731 --> 00:01:56,231 00:02:21,191 --> 00:02:23,225
to bribe me, sir? just 'cause I can. Go on, take it, buy yourself
something pretty.
40 52
00:01:31,141 --> 00:01:32,450 00:01:56,266 --> 00:01:57,232 64
Yes, of course. Right? 00:02:23,260 --> 00:02:24,359
You deserve it.
41 53
00:01:32,485 --> 00:01:35,343 00:01:57,267 --> 00:01:58,800 65
♪ He said, And why wouldn't you? It's 00:02:26,163 --> 00:02:28,864
"Give me all you got..." ♪ fun. But if you don't mind,
I really must be on my way.
42 54
00:01:35,379 --> 00:01:36,344 00:01:58,836 --> 00:02:01,203 66
Is that not enough? It feels good to get away 00:02:28,899 --> 00:02:30,532
with something, doesn't it? Oh, yeah, of course.
43
00:01:36,380 --> 00:01:38,447 55 67
Take more. It's only money. 00:02:01,238 --> 00:02:03,305 00:02:30,567 --> 00:02:32,934
Yeah. Hey, have a nice evening.
44
00:01:38,482 --> 00:01:39,948 56 68
It's against 00:02:04,908 --> 00:02:07,042 00:02:32,970 --> 00:02:35,770
the law, sir. Uh, it's okay, You, too, Officer.
Officer.
45 69
00:02:35,806 --> 00:02:37,339 00:03:16,179 --> 00:03:21,490
- You, too. ♪ Fame lets him loose, 93
- (music volume increases) hard to swallow ♪ 00:03:49,713 --> 00:03:52,714
Now, Lucifer,
70 81 I am a big fan of sex.
00:02:37,374 --> 00:02:40,001 00:03:21,525 --> 00:03:26,537
♪ "You can have my cash, but ♪ Fame puts you there 94
first you know I got to ask ♪ where things are hollow ♪ 00:03:52,749 --> 00:03:53,782
Obviously.
71 82
00:02:40,036 --> 00:02:42,932 00:03:26,572 --> 00:03:29,157 95
♪ What made you want to live ♪ Fame... ♪ 00:03:53,817 --> 00:03:56,685
this kind of life?" ♪ But I didn't leave Hell
83 to be a bartender.
72 00:03:29,192 --> 00:03:31,026
00:02:43,038 --> 00:02:46,448 Where have you been? 96
♪ He said there ain't no rest 00:03:56,720 --> 00:03:58,687
for the wicked ♪ 84 Shouldn't you be spending
00:03:31,061 --> 00:03:32,610 your valuable time
73 Oh, holed up
00:02:46,483 --> 00:02:49,037 in a château, 97
♪ Money don't grow on trees ♪ 00:03:58,722 --> 00:04:01,957
85 doing something
74 00:03:32,645 --> 00:03:34,930 more significant?
00:02:49,141 --> 00:02:52,274 copulating with a young
♪ I got bills to pay, woman named Faith. 98
I got mouths to feed ♪ 00:04:01,992 --> 00:04:03,172
86 (scoffs)
75 00:03:34,965 --> 00:03:36,298
00:02:52,309 --> 00:02:55,306 It's ironic, isn't it? 99
♪ There ain't nothing 00:04:03,207 --> 00:04:05,927
in this world for free ♪ 87 You're the lord of Hell,
00:03:36,333 --> 00:03:39,601 for crying out loud.
76 Thank you, Patrick.
00:02:55,341 --> 00:02:58,554 You can go. 100
♪ Oh, no, there ain't 00:04:05,963 --> 00:04:08,296
no rest for the wicked ♪ 88 I am retired, Maze.
00:03:42,406 --> 00:03:43,705 I've got nothing but time.
77 (chuckles)
00:02:58,589 --> 00:03:01,443 101
- ♪ Until we close our eyes for 89 00:04:08,332 --> 00:04:09,731
good. ♪ 00:03:43,740 --> 00:03:45,240 Thank you.
- Hey, boss. You little devil.
102
78 90 00:04:13,337 --> 00:04:15,470
00:03:01,478 --> 00:03:04,546 00:03:45,275 --> 00:03:46,274 (music plays in slow motion)
("Fame" by David Bowie What?
playing) 103
91 00:04:18,909 --> 00:04:22,377
79 00:03:46,310 --> 00:03:48,043 (echoing):
00:03:10,741 --> 00:03:16,144 I dropped something. ♪<i> Fame, fame...</i> ♪
♪ Fame makes a man
take things over ♪ 92 104
00:03:48,078 --> 00:03:49,678 00:04:22,412 --> 00:04:24,980
80 Well, I'm sure you did. I think you have a visitor.
117
105 00:04:54,609 --> 00:04:57,112 129
00:04:31,321 --> 00:04:32,111 because I was sick and tired 00:05:19,936 --> 00:05:21,036
(sighs) of playing a part in his play. What exactly do
you think happens
106 118
00:04:32,146 --> 00:04:35,097 00:04:57,147 --> 00:04:58,313 130
Amenadiel, I'm gonna warn you 00:05:21,071 --> 00:05:22,137
how's it hanging, big guy? when the Devil
119 leaves Hell?
107 00:04:58,348 --> 00:04:59,881
00:04:35,132 --> 00:04:36,169 against disrespecting 131
Huh? our father, Lucifer. 00:05:22,172 --> 00:05:23,963
(scoffs)
108 120
00:04:36,482 --> 00:04:39,894 00:04:59,916 --> 00:05:01,583 132
Your return to the Underworld Yeah, well, our father's 00:05:23,998 --> 00:05:26,007
has been requested. been disrespecting me All of those demons,