MCOO^EH\X NEFKFNONE\,
]CIHLKRH\X KEL
MH\HWNE]@HT
Ahrst [ukrtnr ” Ocluin ;7
MCOO^EH\X LXEKOHM] kel 
MCOO^EH\X KM\HCE 
 

Mcoouehty Nefkfnonet, ]cihlkrhty kel Mhthznes`hp

[ukrtnr ; ” Ocluin ;7 Mcoouehty Lyekohms kel Mcoouehty Kmthce

Rnpubihm Kmt 028=, snmthce ;61 stktns t`kt7 Ec mcpyrhf`t s`kii subshst he key
wcrj ca t`n Fcvnreonet ca t`n T`hihpphens. @cwnvnr, prhcr kpprcvki ca t`n
fcvnreonet kfnemy cr caahmn w`nrnhe t`n wcrj hs mrnktnl s`kii bn enmnsskry acr 

nxpichtkthce ca sum` wcrj acr prcaht. ]um` kfnemy cr caahmn oky, kocef ct`nr t`hefs,
hopcsn ks k mcelhthce t`n pkyonet ca rcykithns.

Bcrrcwnl oktnrhkis (h.n., scefs, stcrhns, pcnos, phmturns, p`ctcs, brkel

ekons, trklnokrjs, ntm.) hemiulnl he t`hs bccj krn cwenl by t`nhr rnspnmthvn
mcpyrhf`t `cilnrs. Nvnry naacrt `ks bnne nxnrtnl tc icmktn kel snnj pnrohsshce tc
usn t`n
t`nsn
sn okt
oktnrh
nrhkis
kis arc
arco
o t`n
t`nhr
hr rns
rnspnm
pnmthv
thvn
n mc
mcpyr
pyrhf`
hf`tt cwe
cwenrs
nrs.. \`n pub
pubihs
ihs`nr
`nr kel
kut`crs lc ect rnprnsnet ecr mikho cwenrs`hp cvnr t`no.

Rnfhceki Lhrnmtcr7 Fhibnrt \. ]klskl

 Ksshstket Rnfhceki Lhrnmtcr7 Gnsshn I. Kohe

Lnvnicponet \nko ca t`n Ocluin

Vrhtnr7 Ok. Okrs`k L. Ekvkrrc - Gnrnskec

Nvkiuktcr7 Guke N. Nspnrhlk

Nlhtcr7 Lhvhek O. Lhkz, T`.L.

Aktok L. Lcok

Hiiustrktcr7

Ikycut Krst7 Gc`e Tkui L. Ahfunrks

hh
 

\H\IN/ HE\RCL^M\HCE

\`hej kbcu `hs…

\kjn thon kel iccj kt t`n p`ctc kbcvn. Hs t`n mcooce akækln akohihkr tc ycu3

@kvn ycu nvnr wkelnrnl krcuel ycur cwe mcoouehty3 @kvn ycu nvnr t`cuf`t 

lnnpiy kel rnkihznl w`kt hs rnkiiy `kppnehef3

\`n stuly ca mcoouehty netkhis us tc uelnrstkel cur vnry cwe mcoouehty ihan.

Ht fhvns us t`n hlnk ce `cw tc pnrmnhvn rnkihty by bnmcohef hevcivn he t`n lky tc lky

prcmnss w`hm` hs scmhkihzkthce. He t`n hetnrkmthce prcmnss, pncpin frksp t`n

m`kiinefns ca t`n mcetnopcrkry mcoouehty ihan.

^shef t`n hokfhekthvn ynt rkthceki hlnkis ca scmhki smhnemns, wn scuf`t tc

hevnsthfktn `cw scmhkihzkthce oky hopkmt t`n lyekohms wht`he t`n mcoouehty ”

w`nt`nr ht `ks hoprcvnl cr wcrsnenl t`n prnsnet mcelhthce. He t`hs ocluin, wn krn

fnkrnl tcwkrls nxpikhehef t`n hopcrtkemn ca stulyhef mcoouehty lyekohms kel

;
 

mcoouehty kmthce ushef t`n scmhki smhnemns pnrspnmthvns by buhilhef arkonwcrj he

lhssnvnrhef bkshm heacrokthce he t`n aciicwhef mcemnpts7 he Inssce;, wn whii try tc

kpprnmhktn t`n hopcrtkemn ca cen‘s cwe mcoouehty kel mcoouehty lyekohms: kel he

Inssce 2, ht nxpikhes t`n mcemnpt ca mcoouehty kmthce kohl t`n m`kefns.

Int us ecw fnt tc jecw w`kt mcoouehty hs!!

CBGNM\HQN]

Nxpikhe t`n hopcrtkemn ca stulyhef mcoouehty

lyekohms kel mcoouehty kmthce he rnikthce tc

kppihnl scmhki

smhnemns kel t`n inkrenr‘s auturn mkrnnr cpthces

cpthces..

@h! he `hs inssce, wn krn fuhlnl by `n aciicwhef spnmhm cbgnmtvns7

Mhn `n hopcrkemn ca mcoouehy lyekohm.

]`krn shfehmke mcoouehy-bksnl kmtvhtns lnsmrhbhef `n mcoouehy ihan.

Hlnetay `n hopcrkemn ca sulyhef `n mcoouehy kmtce.

Nxprnss hlnks kbcu `n hopcrkemn ca sulyhef mcoouehy kmtce.

 

\`n aciicwhef krn scon wcrls t`kt s`kii bn usnl he t`hs lhsmusshce. Rnkl kel uelnrstkel
t`n wcrls mkrnauiiy.

\`n wcrl mcoouehty wks lnrhvnl arco t`n Ikthe

wcrl mcoouehs, w`hm` onkes ’mcooce‟ cr
Mcoouehty
’s`krnl‟.

hs key kmthvhty t`kt khos tc hemrnksn t`n

Mcoouehty Kmthce
uelnrstkelhef, nefkfnonet kel nopcwnronet ca
mcoouehthns
mcoouehthns acr t`n hetnethce ca fhvhef snrvhmns tc
pncpin.

\`n m`kefns he t`n mcoouehty brcuf`t kbcut by

scmhki, muiturki kel nevhrceonetki
nevhrceonetki nxpnrhnemns
Mcoouehty Lyekohms w`nt`nr ht hs pcshthvn cr enfkthvn lnvnicp
lnvnicponet
onet t`kt
hopkmts wht`he t`n mcoouehty.

nekbin t`n pncpin tc helnpnelnetiy lnmhln, pike-

Nopcwnronet cut kel tkjn kmthce tc mcetrci t`n shtukthce t`ny

`kvn he t`n mcoouehty.

Ht hs k mcoouehty acronl bksnl ce ennls, hlnks,

Ece-fncfrkp`hmki
Mcoouehty hetnrnsts, hlnethty, prkmthmns, kel rcins he scmhki
hesthtuthces.

Ht hs k mcoouehty w`nrn onobnrs

onobnrs s`krn t`n skon
Fncfrkp`hmki Mcoouehty
fncfrkp`hmki
fncfrkp`hmki vhmhehty sum` ks k vhiikfn, prcvhemn cr 
enhf`bcr`ccl.

 K mcoouehty w`nrnhe
w`nrnhe k frcup hs
hs acronl bksnl ce
ce
Ohmrc-invni mcoouehty
pnrsceki thns.

]cmhki mkphtki hs k pcshthvn prclumt ca `uoke

]cmhki Mkphtki
hetnrkmthce. \`n entwcrj ca rnikthces`
rnikthces`hps
hps wht`he
pkrthmuikr scmhnty, tc auemthce naanmthvniy.
 

V@K\‘] ENV
Mke ycu rnonobnr lhaanrnet kmthvhthns he ycur icmkin3 He nkm` bcx, ekon kt inkst 2 kmthvhthns
rniktnl tc nkm` strumturn.

Nmcecohm7
;.
2.

Tcihthms7
]cmhki7
;.
  ;.
2. Mcoouehty
2.

Rnihfhcus7 Nlumkthce7
;. ;.
2. 2.
Int‘s
 pcelnr 
ce kel 
wrhtn7
;. Vks t`n
t`nrn
rn scon lha
lhaahmui
ahmuity
ty he wrhthef l
lcwe
cwe kmth
kmthvhthn
vhthns
s he lhaanrn
lhaanrnet
et strumt
strumturns
urns3
3
V`y lc ycu t`hej sc3

  S SS 

  S S.

2. Vnrn tt`n
`n kmt
kmthvhthn
hvhthns
s lhv
lhvnrsn
nrsn he n
nkm`
km` st
strumtu
rumturn3
rn3 V`y
V`y3
3 V`y e
ect3
ct3

  S 

  S.

=. Mke y
ycu
cu ln
lnsmrhb
smrhbn
n ycur mcoo
mcoouehty
uehty bksn
bksnl
l ce t`
t`n
n kes
keswnrs
wnrs y
ycu
cu `k
`kvn
vn prcvh
prcvhlnl
lnl
kbcvn3
  S 
 

INKREHEF KM\HQH\HN]
Inss
In ssce
ce ;7 \`n Mc
Mcoo
ooue
ueht
hty
y Vn Ihvn
Ihvn He
He!!

V`kt hs Mcoouehty kel V`y hs t`nrn k Ennl he ]tulyhef t`hs3 

Helhvhlukis `kvhef shfehahmket hetnrkmthce wht`he k spnmhahnl krnk bnmcons cen

ca t`n mcetrhbutcry akmtcrs he acrohef mcoouehty. \`n wcrl mcoouehty wks lnrhvnl

;
arco t`n Ikthe wcrl mcoouehs w`hm` onkes ’mcooce‟ cr ’s`krnl‟.

Ht oky s`krn k mnrtkhe snesn ca pikmn w`nt`nr ht hs fncfrkp`hmki krnk cr 

t`rcuf` k vhrtuki spkmn. Fncfrkp`hmki mcoouehty hs k mcoouehty w`nrn onobnrs

s`krn t`n skon fncfrkp`hmki vhmhehty sum` ks k vhiikfn, prcvhemn cr enhf`bcr`ccl.

Ece- fncfrkp`hm
fncfrkp`hmki
ki mcoou
mcoouehty
ehty hs k mcoouehty acronl bksnl ce ennls, hlnks,

hetnrnsts, hlnethty, prkmthmns, kel rcins he scmhki hesthtuthces sum` ks kt `con, kii

wcrj, he fcvnreonet, scmhnty, cr t`n mcoouehty kt ikrfn. 2

Mcoouehmkthce kel rnikthces`hps krn hopnrkthvn he buhilhef mcoouehty. Ks

pncpin mcoouehmktn kel hetnrkmt, rnikthces`hps acstnr. Ht lnvnicps pkttnre by w`hm`

klcptnl he t`n nevhrceonet.

Mcoouehthns oky kisc bn he twc invnis7 Ohmrc-invni mcoouehty, k frcup hs

acronl bksnl ce pnrsceki thns. \`hs oky hemiuln frcups acronl acr pursuhef

mcooce hetnrnsts cr fckis ihjn acrohef k sokii crfkehzkthce tc `cil k auel-rkhshef

kmthvhty sum` ks mcemnrts. Kt okmrc-invni, ikrfn frcup kaahihkthce hs acronl sum` ks

ekth
ekthce
ceki
ki mc
mcoo
ooue
ueht
hthn
hns,
s, hetn
hetnre
rekt
kthc
hcek
ekii mc
mcoo
ooue
uehth
hthns
ns,, ke
kel
l vhrt
vhrtuk
ukii mc
mcoo
ooue
ueht
hthn
hns.
s.

Mcopkehn
Mcopkehns
s kel mcrp
mcrpcrkthc
crkthces
es oky lnvn
lnvnicp
icp vkrhc
vkrhcus
us prcfr
prcfrkos
kos t`kt wcui
wcuil
l hemiu
hemiuln
ln

lhaanrnet onobnrs kmrcss t`n mcuetry. \`ny whii wcrj ce onnthef mnrtkhe cbgnmthvns

kel nxpkel ce t`n kspnmt ca mcoouehty hevcivnonet.=

 

Ocrns, vkiuns, kel hlnethty hs k mcoocekihty t`kt acro muiturn. @nemn, t`n

hetnrnst ca scmhki smhnemns acmusnl he t`n stuly ca mcoouehthns. \`n aciicwhef krn

t`n hopcrtkemn ca stulyhef mcoouehty7

;. Ht octhv
octhvktn
ktns
s pn
pncpi
cpin
n tc wcrj tcfn
tcfnt`n
t`nrr ” pnc
pncpin
pin anni k sne
snesn
sn ca mco
mcooue
ouehty
hty kel 

rnmcfehzn t`n bnenahts ca t`nhr hevcivnonet. <(nm.nurcpk.nu)

2. Ht nemc
nemcurkfn
urkfns
s scmhk
scmhki,
i, rnihf
rnihfhcus,
hcus, cr tr
trklhthc
klhthceki
eki cbih
cbihfkthce
fkthces
s acr outu
outuki `nip..> 
ki `nip

(nm.nurcpk.nu)

=. Tncpin snn k fn
fneuhen ihvns kel acr t`n mcoouehty. 1 
euhen cppcrtuehty tc bnttnr t`nhr cwe ihvns

(nm.nurcpk.nu)

<. Ht uelnrs
uelnrstkel
tkels
s pcihmhn
pcihmhns
s prcocthe
prcocthef
f mcooue
mcoouehty
hty pkrthm
pkrthmhpkthc
hpkthce
e t`kt vkiuns scm
scmhki 
hki 

mkphtki.6 (lspkmn.ewu.km.zk)

>. Mc
Mcoo
ooue
ueht
hty
y pk
pkrth
rthmh
mhpk
pkth
thce
ce mc
mcui
uil
l bn ue
ueln
lnrs
rstc
tccl
cl ks t`
t`n
n lh
lhrn
rnmt
mt he
hevc
vciv
ivno
none
nett ca 

mhthznery he t`n kaakhrs ca pikeehef, fcvnrekemn, kel cvnrkii lnvnicponet prcfrkos kt 

icmki cr frkssrcct invnis. 0 (lspkmn.ewu.km.zk)

^elnrstkelhef mcoouehty ihan okjns us vkiun t`n t`hefs wn `kvn ce k

lkhiy bkshs, scmhki nemcuetnr mcestrumts rnkihty kel kaanmts scon m`kefns wht`he ”

t`hs hs

Mcoouehty Lyekohms.
Lyekohms.
@kvn ycu ectmnl scon rnmne m`kefns he ycur mcoouehy3

\`n m`kefns he t`n mcoouehty krn brcuf`t kbcut by scmhki, muiturki kel

nevhrceonetki nxpnrhnemns w`nt`nr ht hs pcshthvn cr enfkthvn lnvnicponet t`kt

hopkmts wht`he t`n mcoouehty. Tncpin klcpt t`n m`kefns kel ht `ks s`kpnl t`nhr 
 

wky ca ihan.

TRKM\HMN \K]J ;
Mke ycu rnonobnr lhaanrnet kmthvhthns he ycur mcoouehty3 Lc t`nsn kmthvhthns `kvn m`kefnl
cvnrthon3 Tcst k phmturn he lhaanrnet strumturns t`kt s`cwnl m`kefns.

Nmceco
y

Tcihthms
 
Mcooueht   ]cmhki
y

Rnihfhcu Nlumkthc
s e

;. Ks scmhki smhnemn s
stulnet,
tulnet, lc ycu t`hej ht hs enm
enmnsskry
nsskry tc stuly mcoo
mcoouehty3
uehty3 V`y

lc ycu t`hej sc3

 S S.

2. Mke t`n lyekohm

lyekohms
s he t`n mcoouehty kaanm
kaanmtt t`n ihvns ca t`n pn
pncpin3
cpin3 Ha yns, w`y3

@cw3 Ha ect, w`y ect3

  S 
 

  S 
 

Inss
In ssce
ce 27 Hopc
Ho pcrt
rtke
kemn
mn ca Mc
Mcoou
ooueh
ehty
ty Kmth
Kmthce
ce!!

 Kohl t`n mcrcek vhrus smkrn he t`n w`cin mcuetry, t`nrn `kvn bnne

vkrhcus crfkehzkthces w`c `kvn mcetheucusiy fhvne t`nhr naacrts tc kt inkst inssne t`n

hopkmt he nlumkthce. Cen ca w`hm` hs NRLK Acuelkthce Hem., k ece-fcvnreonetki

kel ece-prcaht crfkehzkthce w`hm` `ks bnne he snrvhmn acr ect inss t`ke <> ynkrs

lnlhmktnl

tc `niphef t`n pccr but lnsnrvhef Ahihphec m`hilrne `kvn kmmnss tc nlumkthce. Rnkl kel

stuly t`n s`crt tnxt bnicw.

#NrlkArcetihenrs
#NrlkArcetihenrs #NRLK@nrcns

 @nrn krn t`n NRLK Tkrnet Inklnrs w`c krn kmthvniy akmhihtkthef t`n Mcvhl Tuisn T` prcgnmt ca

 Wnrc Nxtrnon Tcvnrty (WNT) 24=4 kel ^ehtnl Ekthces Lnvnicponet Trcfrkoon (^ELT)

t`rcuf` Mcln-EFC.

 Bnacrn t`hs prcgnmt, t`ny kel t`nhr Mcuemhi ca Inklnrs `kvn kirnkly bnne hopcrtket pkrtenrs ca

t`n NRLK ]cmhki Vcrjnrs he t`n Nlumkthce, Akohiy kel Mcoouehty ]uppcrt Trcfrkos ca t`n

 Acuelkthce. Lurhef t`hs vnry m`kiinefhef ficbki `nkit` shtukthce, wn ennl tc sustkhe t`nhr
wcrt`w`hin kmthvhthns kel ihvnih`ccl.

 T`ctc tkjne kel enws mihp arco7 `ttps7// 

 

Int‘s pcelnr ce kel wrhtn7

;. Mke t`n mcoo
mcoouehty
uehty akmhihtktn kmthce acr t`nhr cwe mcoo
mcoouehty3
uehty3 V`kt hs y
ycur
cur hlnk

kbcut t`hs3 S 

  S 

2. Hs ht pcsshbin t`kt wn mceshlnr helhvhluk

helhvhlukis
is he t`n mcoouehty ks sc
scmhki
mhki mkphtki3

V`y3 V`y ect3 SSS 

  S 

V`kt hs Mcoouehty Kmthce3 

Mcoouehty Kmthce hs key kmthvhty t`kt khos tc hemrnksn t`n uelnrstkelhef,

nefkfnonet kel nopcwnronet ca mcoouehthns acr t`n hetnethce ca fhvhef snrvhmns tc

pncpin. \`nrn krn =-jny pchets he frksphef t`n lnahehthce ocrn onkehefaui7

  ^elnrstkelhef ” rkhsn ke kwkrnenss kbcut mnrtkhe mcooueki hssuns t`kt

ennls tc bn kllrnssnl. Tncpin lnvnicp t`n annihef ca hevcivnonet cemn t`ny

truiy
truiy mc
mcop
oprn
rn`n
`nel
el t`
t`n
n sh
shtu
tukt
kthc
hce
e wht
wht`h
`he.
e. \`
\`ny
ny mc
mcon
on tc
tcfn
fnt`
t`nr
nr tc su
supp
ppcr
crtt

klvcmkmhns t`kt whii cvnrmcon mcoouehty ennls kel lhaahmuithns.

`tps7//www.jhelpef.mco/hofv/hhho`\RSscp-buiiyhef-mihpkrs-pncpin-`cilhef-`kels-mihpkr-

  Nefkfnonet  ” Cemn hssuns krn kssnssnl prcpnriy kel pncpin he t`n

mcoouehty uelnrstkel t`n ennls, t`ny wcrj mciikbcrkthvniy tc kmt ce ht. \`n

okhe fcki ca nefkfhef he t`n mcoouehty hs tc hoprcvn t`n pkrtenrs`hp kel

 

mckihthces kocef t`n mcoouehty. Ht hs hopcrtket t`kt nefkfnonet cmmurs sc

t`kt onobnrs whii bn kbin tc hevcivn onkehefauiiy he t`n kmthvhthns t`kt t`ny

`kvn mrnktnl.

`tps 7//yk-wnblnshfe.mco/nxpicrn/snrvhmn-mihpkr-mcoouehy-hevcivnone/ 

  Nopcwn
Nopcwnron
ronet
et ” nekbin t`n pncpin tc helnpnelnetiy lnmhln, pike-cut kel

tkjn kmthce tc mcetrci t`n shtukthce t`ny `kvn he t`n mcoouehty. \`hs onkes,

hehthkthvn kel lnmhshces mcon arco hetnreki frcup crfkehznl acr t`n bnenaht ca 

nvnrycen. Ht hs kisc enmnsskry t`kt t`n mcoouehty mke prcvhln shfehahmket

entwcrjs kel ihejkfns t`kt whii fneuheniy snrvn t`n klvcmkmhns t`kt t`ny `kvn

buhit.

@nemn, t`n stuly ca mcoouehty kmthce hs hopnrkthvn he t`n ahnil ca scmhki

smhnemns kel ct`nr rniktnl lhsmhpihens ks ht ikys ce t`n acuelkthce t`kt helhvhlukis

kel akohihns ” ks bkshm ueht, krn nobnllnl he lhaanrnet scmhki strumturns t`kt s`kpn

t`n bn`
bn`kvh
kvhcrs
crs he t`n sys
systno
tno.. @k
@kvhe
vhef
f je
jecwi
cwinlf
nlfn
n he mc
mcoou
ooueht
ehty
y kmt
kmthce
hce okj
okjns
ns ke

helhvhluki ueln
uelnrstke
rstkel
l bnttnr by bnhef kwkrn he t`n nevhrceonet, `kvn onkehefaui
nefkfnonet kel kmmnpt nopcwnronet tc mrnktn shfehahmket hopkmt.
 

TRKM\HMN \K]J 2

Thmtc-Kekiyshs7
Thmtc-Keki yshs7 Nxkohen t`n p`ctc bnicw kel rnkl t`n mcrrnspcelhef tnxts. Kekiyzn t`n
murrnet shtukthce kel nxprnss ycur hlnks ce `cw tc uelnrstkel, nefkfn kel nopcwnr ycur 

cwe mcoouehty kohlst t`n m`kiinefns.

MCQHL-;8 lnkt` tcii he [unzce prcvhemn ecw 2>2
By7 Lniahe \. Okiikrh Gr.
Gr. -
 - Mcrrnspcelnet / DltokiikrhgrHE[
Hequhrnr ]cut`nre Iuzce /
Iuzce  / 4>7>0 TO Anbrukry 2<, 242;

I^MNEK MH\X“\`n prcvhemn ca [unzce `ks bnne rnmcrlhef MCQHL-;8 aktkihthns acr t`rnn
summnsshvn lkys wht` twc ocrn pkthnets lyhef ce Vnlenslky (Anb. 2<), rkhshef t`n lnkt` tcii
tc 2>2.He k > p.o. buiinth
buiinthe,
e, t`n Hetnfrk
Hetnfrktnl
tnl Trcvhemhk
Trcvhemhkii @nkit` Caahmn (HT@C) skhl twc MCQHL-;8
pkthnets arco t`hs mhty kel t`n tcwe ca Heaketk lhnl ce \`urslky.
Ce Anb. 2=, t`n Iumnek pubihm heacrokthce caahmn rnpcrtnl t`n lnkt` ca twc pkthnets he
twc vhii
vhiikfn
kfns“s“Hbkf
Hbkfkef
kef Lup
Lupkyky kel Lco
Lcocht cht.. Ce Anb
Anb.. 22, twc MCQHL-
MCQHL-;8 ;8 pkth
pkthnet
netss lhn
lhnl
l he
Hbkbkef Lupky kel t`n vhiikfn ca Hbkbkef Hyko.
\`n tctki lnkt` tcii he t`n prcvhemn guopnl tc 2>2. Kt inkst 12 wnrn arco Iumnek.
 Ks ca Anb. 2<, [unz[unzce,
ce, w`hm` hs sthii ce oclhah
oclhahnl
nl fnenrk
fnenrkii mcoou
mcoouehty
ehty qukrk
qukrkethen
ethen stktus, `ks
rnmcrl
rnmcrlnl
nl 6,26,2;1
;1 MCQ
MCQHL-;
HL-;88 mks
mksns
ns kel 1,6 1,60;
0; rnm
rnmcvn
cvnrhns
rhns.\`
.\`nn prc
prcvhem
vhemnn sthii
sthii `ks ;0= kmtkmthvn
hvn
mksns.
He ke nkrihnr hetnrvhnw, [unzce Fcv. Lkehic ]ukrnz skhl `n `ks kiicmktnl T; bhiihce acr 
t`n prcvhemn-whln vkmmhekthce prcfrko w`hm` snnjs tc hoouehzn kt inkst ;.0 ohiihce rnshlnets.
Ec vkmmhen brkel `kl bnne onethcenl, t`cuf`.\`n euobnr ca lkhiy mksns he Iumnek `ks
lrcppnl tc ;8, hts icwnst, katnr pnkjhef kt 268 pnr lky ce Cmt. 24, 2424.
Iumnek kut`crhthns kttrhbutnl t`n lnmihen he mksns tc strhmt hopinonetkthce ca `nkit`
prctcmcis by ocrn t`ke 144 onobnrs ca mcoouehty tksj acrmns kfkhest MCQHL-;8.
Iumnek Okycr Rclnrhmj Kimkik skhl t`n mhty fcvnreonet `ks kiicttnl T=>4 ohiihce acr vkmmhens
kel khos tc klohehstnr t`nsn tc kt inkst 14 tc 64 pnrmnet ca t`n mhty pcpuikthce tc km`hnvn `nrl
hoou
ho oueh
ehty
ty.. @n
@nrl
rl ho
hoou
oueh
ehty
ty hs k mcmcel
elhth
hthce
ce w`w`nr
nrnh
nhe
e k vhvhrus
rus trk
trkes
esoht
ohttnl
tnl by `u `uok
okes
es stcp
stcpss
sprnklhef bnmkusn necuf` pncpin `kl lnvnicpnl hoouehty tc ht.

^elnrstkel

 Nefkfn

.
 Nopcwnr
 

TRKM\HMN \K]J =

’Helhvhlukis kel akohihns ” ks bkshm ueht, krn nobnllnl he lhaanrnet scmhki 

strumturns t`kt s`kpn t`n bn`kvhcrs he t`n systno.‟ 

;. Ok
Okjn
jn k s`
s`cr
crtt ns
nssk
sky
y ke
kel
l pc
pcel
elnr
nr ce t`n stkt
stktno
none
nett kb
kbcv
cvn.
n. Lc yc
ycu
u kf
kfrn
rnn
n t`
t`kt
kt
helhvhlukis kel akohihns s`kpn t`n bn`kvhcr he t`n scmhki systno3 V`y3 V`y ect3

 SS

2. Hs ht enmns
enmnsskry
skry tc stu
stuly
ly mcoo
mcoouehty
uehty km
kmthce
thce kice
kicef
f t`n ahnil he scm
scmhki
hki smhnemn3
smhnemn3 V`y3

  S 
 

;
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2
 ]nocrike, ]nocrike: Mcoouehty Lyekohms kel Mcoouehty Kmthce, ’Mcoouehty,
Nefkfnonet ]cihlkrhty kel Mhthznes`hp‟
=
 ]nocrike, ]nocrike: Mcoouehty Lyekohms kel Mcoouehty Kmthce, ’Mcoouehty,
Nefkfnonet ]cihlkrhty kel Mhthznes`hp‟
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Guen 22, 2424,
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Guen 2<, 2424,
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Guen 21, 2424,
`ttps7//nm.nurcpk.nu/nm`c/ahins/nvkiukthce/wktske244>/keenxSahins/VNLM/ns/N];2ML.pla3a
bmihl?HwKR2>ykgPrA-[4W-iC
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 Kmmnssnl Guen
Guen 26, 2424,
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Guen 20, 2424,
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Mcvnr p`ctc mrnlht7 Onicly L. Infksph (Rhzki Hetnfrktnl Ekthceki ]m`cci, ]crscfce Mhty)