Building Materials

CE-306

Bricks

Introduction Denition : Structural units of rectangular shape and convenient size made from suitable types of clays

Introduction Denition : Structural units of rectangular shape and convenient size made from suitable types of clays Size of a modular brick : 19cm X 9cm X 9 cm

Introduction Denition : Structural units of rectangular shape and convenient size made from suitable types of clays Size of a modular brick : 19cm X 9cm X 9 cm Nominal size of a modular brick : 20cm X 10cm X 10 cm

Introduction Denition : Structural units of rectangular shape and convenient size made from suitable types of clays Size of a modular brick : 19cm X 9cm X 9 cm Nominal size of a modular brick : 20cm X 10cm X 10 cm Weight of a brick: 3-3.5kg Steps for manufacture of bricks:

Introduction Denition : Structural units of rectangular shape and convenient size made from suitable types of clays Size of a modular brick : 19cm X 9cm X 9 cm Nominal size of a modular brick : 20cm X 10cm X 10 cm Weight of a brick: 3-3.5kg Steps for manufacture of bricks: 1. Preparation of clay

Introduction Denition : Structural units of rectangular shape and convenient size made from suitable types of clays Size of a modular brick : 19cm X 9cm X 9 cm Nominal size of a modular brick : 20cm X 10cm X 10 cm Weight of a brick: 3-3.5kg Steps for manufacture of bricks: 1. Preparation of clay 2. Moulding

Introduction Denition : Structural units of rectangular shape and convenient size made from suitable types of clays Size of a modular brick : 19cm X 9cm X 9 cm Nominal size of a modular brick : 20cm X 10cm X 10 cm Weight of a brick: 3-3.5kg Steps for manufacture of bricks: 1. Preparation of clay 2. Moulding 3. Drying

Introduction Denition : Structural units of rectangular shape and convenient size made from suitable types of clays Size of a modular brick : 19cm X 9cm X 9 cm Nominal size of a modular brick : 20cm X 10cm X 10 cm Weight of a brick: 3-3.5kg Steps for manufacture of bricks: 1. Preparation of clay 2. Moulding 3. Drying 4. Burning

Introduction Denition : Structural units of rectangular shape and convenient size made from suitable types of clays Size of a modular brick : 19cm X 9cm X 9 cm Nominal size of a modular brick : 20cm X 10cm X 10 cm Weight of a brick: 3-3.5kg Steps for manufacture of bricks: 1. Preparation of clay 2. Moulding 3. Drying 4. Burning

Composition of suitable brick earth/clay

1. Alumina (20-30%)

Composition of suitable brick earth/clay

1. Alumina (20-30%)Imparts plastic character to clays in wet condition.

Composition of suitable brick earth/clay

1. Alumina (20-30%)Imparts plastic character to clays in wet condition.Excess alumina makes clay more plastic,shrinkage cracks produced on drying, become too hard when burnt.

Composition of suitable brick earth/clay

1. Alumina (20-30%)Imparts plastic character to clays in wet condition.Excess alumina makes clay more plastic,shrinkage cracks produced on drying, become too hard when burnt. Less alumina content makes it difcult to mould bricks to proper shape.

Composition of suitable brick earth/clay

1. Alumina (20-30%)Imparts plastic character to clays in wet condition.Excess alumina makes clay more plastic,shrinkage cracks produced on drying, become too hard when burnt. Less alumina content makes it difcult to mould bricks to proper shape. 2. Silica (50-60%)

Composition of suitable brick earth/clay

1. Alumina (20-30%)Imparts plastic character to clays in wet condition.Excess alumina makes clay more plastic,shrinkage cracks produced on drying, become too hard when burnt. Less alumina content makes it difcult to mould bricks to proper shape. 2. Silica (50-60%)Imparts hardness and strength. Provides resistance against shrinkage and durability against weather. High proportion of silica makes it difcult to mould and also burn. After burning they will become brittle and porous.

Composition of suitable brick earth/clay

1. Alumina (20-30%)Imparts plastic character to clays in wet condition.Excess alumina makes clay more plastic,shrinkage cracks produced on drying, become too hard when burnt. Less alumina content makes it difcult to mould bricks to proper shape. 2. Silica (50-60%)Imparts hardness and strength. Provides resistance against shrinkage and durability against weather. High proportion of silica makes it difcult to mould and also burn. After burning they will become brittle and porous. 3. Iron oxides (4-6%)

Composition of suitable brick earth/clay

1. Alumina (20-30%)Imparts plastic character to clays in wet condition.Excess alumina makes clay more plastic,shrinkage cracks produced on drying, become too hard when burnt. Less alumina content makes it difcult to mould bricks to proper shape. 2. Silica (50-60%)Imparts hardness and strength. Provides resistance against shrinkage and durability against weather. High proportion of silica makes it difcult to mould and also burn. After burning they will become brittle and porous. 3. Iron oxides (4-6%)Acts as ux. Lowers softening temperature of silica and other clay components during ring.Imparts characteristics red colour to the bricks.

Composition of suitable brick earth/clay

1. Alumina (20-30%)Imparts plastic character to clays in wet condition.Excess alumina makes clay more plastic,shrinkage cracks produced on drying, become too hard when burnt. Less alumina content makes it difcult to mould bricks to proper shape. 2. Silica (50-60%)Imparts hardness and strength. Provides resistance against shrinkage and durability against weather. High proportion of silica makes it difcult to mould and also burn. After burning they will become brittle and porous. 3. Iron oxides (4-6%)Acts as ux. Lowers softening temperature of silica and other clay components during ring.Imparts characteristics red colour to the bricks.Excess makes the brick blackish in colour.Less iron oxide content makes the bricks yellowish in colour.

Composition of suitable brick earth/clay

1. Alumina (20-30%)Imparts plastic character to clays in wet condition.Excess alumina makes clay more plastic,shrinkage cracks produced on drying, become too hard when burnt. Less alumina content makes it difcult to mould bricks to proper shape. 2. Silica (50-60%)Imparts hardness and strength. Provides resistance against shrinkage and durability against weather. High proportion of silica makes it difcult to mould and also burn. After burning they will become brittle and porous. 3. Iron oxides (4-6%)Acts as ux. Lowers softening temperature of silica and other clay components during ring.Imparts characteristics red colour to the bricks.Excess makes the brick blackish in colour.Less iron oxide content makes the bricks yellowish in colour. 4. Lime (4%)

Composition of suitable brick earth/clay

1. Alumina (20-30%)Imparts plastic character to clays in wet condition.Excess alumina makes clay more plastic,shrinkage cracks produced on drying, become too hard when burnt. Less alumina content makes it difcult to mould bricks to proper shape. 2. Silica (50-60%)Imparts hardness and strength. Provides resistance against shrinkage and durability against weather. High proportion of silica makes it difcult to mould and also burn. After burning they will become brittle and porous. 3. Iron oxides (4-6%)Acts as ux. Lowers softening temperature of silica and other clay components during ring.Imparts characteristics red colour to the bricks.Excess makes the brick blackish in colour.Less iron oxide content makes the bricks yellowish in colour. 4. Lime (4%)Makes burning and hardening of bricks quicker.

Composition of suitable brick earth/clay

1. Alumina (20-30%)Imparts plastic character to clays in wet condition.Excess alumina makes clay more plastic,shrinkage cracks produced on drying, become too hard when burnt. Less alumina content makes it difcult to mould bricks to proper shape. 2. Silica (50-60%)Imparts hardness and strength. Provides resistance against shrinkage and durability against weather. High proportion of silica makes it difcult to mould and also burn. After burning they will become brittle and porous. 3. Iron oxides (4-6%)Acts as ux. Lowers softening temperature of silica and other clay components during ring.Imparts characteristics red colour to the bricks.Excess makes the brick blackish in colour.Less iron oxide content makes the bricks yellowish in colour. 4. Lime (4%)Makes burning and hardening of bricks quicker.Should not be more than 5% as it results in excessive softening of clays.

Composition of suitable brick earth/clay

1. Alumina (20-30%)Imparts plastic character to clays in wet condition.Excess alumina makes clay more plastic,shrinkage cracks produced on drying, become too hard when burnt. Less alumina content makes it difcult to mould bricks to proper shape. 2. Silica (50-60%)Imparts hardness and strength. Provides resistance against shrinkage and durability against weather. High proportion of silica makes it difcult to mould and also burn. After burning they will become brittle and porous. 3. Iron oxides (4-6%)Acts as ux. Lowers softening temperature of silica and other clay components during ring.Imparts characteristics red colour to the bricks.Excess makes the brick blackish in colour.Less iron oxide content makes the bricks yellowish in colour. 4. Lime (4%)Makes burning and hardening of bricks quicker.Should not be more than 5% as it results in excessive softening of clays.Must be present in nely powdered and thoroughly dispersed form. Lime present as nodules it may give rise to slaking which eventually causes disintegration.

Composition of suitable brick earth/clay

1. Alumina (20-30%)Imparts plastic character to clays in wet condition.Excess alumina makes clay more plastic,shrinkage cracks produced on drying, become too hard when burnt. Less alumina content makes it difcult to mould bricks to proper shape. 2. Silica (50-60%)Imparts hardness and strength. Provides resistance against shrinkage and durability against weather. High proportion of silica makes it difcult to mould and also burn. After burning they will become brittle and porous. 3. Iron oxides (4-6%)Acts as ux. Lowers softening temperature of silica and other clay components during ring.Imparts characteristics red colour to the bricks.Excess makes the brick blackish in colour.Less iron oxide content makes the bricks yellowish in colour. 4. Lime (4%)Makes burning and hardening of bricks quicker.Should not be more than 5% as it results in excessive softening of clays.Must be present in nely powdered and thoroughly dispersed form. Lime present as nodules it may give rise to slaking which eventually causes disintegration. 5. Magnesia

Composition of suitable brick earth/clay

1. Alumina (20-30%)Imparts plastic character to clays in wet condition.Excess alumina makes clay more plastic,shrinkage cracks produced on drying, become too hard when burnt. Less alumina content makes it difcult to mould bricks to proper shape. 2. Silica (50-60%)Imparts hardness and strength. Provides resistance against shrinkage and durability against weather. High proportion of silica makes it difcult to mould and also burn. After burning they will become brittle and porous. 3. Iron oxides (4-6%)Acts as ux. Lowers softening temperature of silica and other clay components during ring.Imparts characteristics red colour to the bricks.Excess makes the brick blackish in colour.Less iron oxide content makes the bricks yellowish in colour. 4. Lime (4%)Makes burning and hardening of bricks quicker.Should not be more than 5% as it results in excessive softening of clays.Must be present in nely powdered and thoroughly dispersed form. Lime present as nodules it may give rise to slaking which eventually causes disintegration. 5. Magnesia In small quantity it helps reducing shrinkage.Excess leads to decay of bricks.

Composition of suitable brick earth/clay

1. Alumina (20-30%)Imparts plastic character to clays in wet condition.Excess alumina makes clay more plastic,shrinkage cracks produced on drying, become too hard when burnt. Less alumina content makes it difcult to mould bricks to proper shape. 2. Silica (50-60%)Imparts hardness and strength. Provides resistance against shrinkage and durability against weather. High proportion of silica makes it difcult to mould and also burn. After burning they will become brittle and porous. 3. Iron oxides (4-6%)Acts as ux. Lowers softening temperature of silica and other clay components during ring.Imparts characteristics red colour to the bricks.Excess makes the brick blackish in colour.Less iron oxide content makes the bricks yellowish in colour. 4. Lime (4%)Makes burning and hardening of bricks quicker.Should not be more than 5% as it results in excessive softening of clays.Must be present in nely powdered and thoroughly dispersed form. Lime present as nodules it may give rise to slaking which eventually causes disintegration. 5. Magnesia In small quantity it helps reducing shrinkage.Excess leads to decay of bricks.

Harmful Substances in Brick Earth

1. Lime :

Harmful Substances in Brick Earth

1. Lime :Excess of lime changes the colour of the brick from red to yellow.When present in lumps, it absorbs moisture, swells and causes disintegration of bricks.

Harmful Substances in Brick Earth

1. Lime :Excess of lime changes the colour of the brick from red to yellow.When present in lumps, it absorbs moisture, swells and causes disintegration of bricks. 2. Pebbles and gravels :

Harmful Substances in Brick Earth

1. Lime :Excess of lime changes the colour of the brick from red to yellow.When present in lumps, it absorbs moisture, swells and causes disintegration of bricks. 2. Pebbles and gravels :Do not allow the clay to be mixed thoroughly and spoil the appearance of the brick.May crack while working.

Harmful Substances in Brick Earth

1. Lime :Excess of lime changes the colour of the brick from red to yellow.When present in lumps, it absorbs moisture, swells and causes disintegration of bricks. 2. Pebbles and gravels :Do not allow the clay to be mixed thoroughly and spoil the appearance of the brick.May crack while working. 3. Iron Pyrites :

Harmful Substances in Brick Earth

1. Lime :Excess of lime changes the colour of the brick from red to yellow.When present in lumps, it absorbs moisture, swells and causes disintegration of bricks. 2. Pebbles and gravels :Do not allow the clay to be mixed thoroughly and spoil the appearance of the brick.May crack while working. 3. Iron Pyrites :Oxidise and decompose the brick during burning. The brick may split into pieces.Pyrites discolourise the bricks.

Harmful Substances in Brick Earth

1. Lime :Excess of lime changes the colour of the brick from red to yellow.When present in lumps, it absorbs moisture, swells and causes disintegration of bricks. 2. Pebbles and gravels :Do not allow the clay to be mixed thoroughly and spoil the appearance of the brick.May crack while working. 3. Iron Pyrites :Oxidise and decompose the brick during burning. The brick may split into pieces.Pyrites discolourise the bricks. 4. Alkali :

Harmful Substances in Brick Earth

1. Lime :Excess of lime changes the colour of the brick from red to yellow.When present in lumps, it absorbs moisture, swells and causes disintegration of bricks. 2. Pebbles and gravels :Do not allow the clay to be mixed thoroughly and spoil the appearance of the brick.May crack while working. 3. Iron Pyrites :Oxidise and decompose the brick during burning. The brick may split into pieces.Pyrites discolourise the bricks. 4. Alkali :Excess of alkali melt clay on burning and make bricks unsymmetrical. When bricks come in contact with moisture, water is absorbed and the alkalis crystallise. On drying, the moisture evaporates, leaving behind grey or white powder deposits which spoil the appearance. This phenomenon is called eforescence.

Harmful Substances in Brick Earth

1. Lime :Excess of lime changes the colour of the brick from red to yellow.When present in lumps, it absorbs moisture, swells and causes disintegration of bricks. 2. Pebbles and gravels :Do not allow the clay to be mixed thoroughly and spoil the appearance of the brick.May crack while working. 3. Iron Pyrites :Oxidise and decompose the brick during burning. The brick may split into pieces.Pyrites discolourise the bricks. 4. Alkali :Excess of alkali melt clay on burning and make bricks unsymmetrical. When bricks come in contact with moisture, water is absorbed and the alkalis crystallise. On drying, the moisture evaporates, leaving behind grey or white powder deposits which spoil the appearance. This phenomenon is called eforescence. 5. Organic matter :

Harmful Substances in Brick Earth

1. Lime :Excess of lime changes the colour of the brick from red to yellow.When present in lumps, it absorbs moisture, swells and causes disintegration of bricks. 2. Pebbles and gravels :Do not allow the clay to be mixed thoroughly and spoil the appearance of the brick.May crack while working. 3. Iron Pyrites :Oxidise and decompose the brick during burning. The brick may split into pieces.Pyrites discolourise the bricks. 4. Alkali :Excess of alkali melt clay on burning and make bricks unsymmetrical. When bricks come in contact with moisture, water is absorbed and the alkalis crystallise. On drying, the moisture evaporates, leaving behind grey or white powder deposits which spoil the appearance. This phenomenon is called eforescence. 5. Organic matter :On burning green bricks, the organic matter gets charred and leave pores making the bricks porous; the water absorption is increased and the strength is reduced.

Harmful Substances in Brick Earth

1. Lime :Excess of lime changes the colour of the brick from red to yellow.When present in lumps, it absorbs moisture, swells and causes disintegration of bricks. 2. Pebbles and gravels :Do not allow the clay to be mixed thoroughly and spoil the appearance of the brick.May crack while working. 3. Iron Pyrites :Oxidise and decompose the brick during burning. The brick may split into pieces.Pyrites discolourise the bricks. 4. Alkali :Excess of alkali melt clay on burning and make bricks unsymmetrical. When bricks come in contact with moisture, water is absorbed and the alkalis crystallise. On drying, the moisture evaporates, leaving behind grey or white powder deposits which spoil the appearance. This phenomenon is called eforescence. 5. Organic matter :On burning green bricks, the organic matter gets charred and leave pores making the bricks porous; the water absorption is increased and the strength is reduced. 6. Sulphur :

Harmful Substances in Brick Earth

1. Lime :Excess of lime changes the colour of the brick from red to yellow.When present in lumps, it absorbs moisture, swells and causes disintegration of bricks. 2. Pebbles and gravels :Do not allow the clay to be mixed thoroughly and spoil the appearance of the brick.May crack while working. 3. Iron Pyrites :Oxidise and decompose the brick during burning. The brick may split into pieces.Pyrites discolourise the bricks. 4. Alkali :Excess of alkali melt clay on burning and make bricks unsymmetrical. When bricks come in contact with moisture, water is absorbed and the alkalis crystallise. On drying, the moisture evaporates, leaving behind grey or white powder deposits which spoil the appearance. This phenomenon is called eforescence. 5. Organic matter :On burning green bricks, the organic matter gets charred and leave pores making the bricks porous; the water absorption is increased and the strength is reduced. 6. Sulphur :If insufcient time is given during burning for proper oxidation of carbon and sulphur, the latter will cause the formation of a spongy, swollen structure in the

Harmful Substances in Brick Earth

1. Lime :Excess of lime changes the colour of the brick from red to yellow.When present in lumps, it absorbs moisture, swells and causes disintegration of bricks. 2. Pebbles and gravels :Do not allow the clay to be mixed thoroughly and spoil the appearance of the brick.May crack while working. 3. Iron Pyrites :Oxidise and decompose the brick during burning. The brick may split into pieces.Pyrites discolourise the bricks. 4. Alkali :Excess of alkali melt clay on burning and make bricks unsymmetrical. When bricks come in contact with moisture, water is absorbed and the alkalis crystallise. On drying, the moisture evaporates, leaving behind grey or white powder deposits which spoil the appearance. This phenomenon is called eforescence. 5. Organic matter :On burning green bricks, the organic matter gets charred and leave pores making the bricks porous; the water absorption is increased and the strength is reduced. 6. Sulphur :If insufcient time is given during burning for proper oxidation of carbon and sulphur, the latter will cause the formation of a spongy, swollen structure in the

Classication of Bricks based on eld Practice First Class Bricks: 1. These are thoroughly burnt and are of deep red, cherry or copper colour. 2. The surface should be smooth and rectangular, with parallel, sharp and straight edges and square corners. 3. These should be free from aws, cracks and stones and have uniform texture. 4. No impression should be left on the brick when a scratch is made by a nger nail. 5. The fractured surface of the brick should not show lumps of lime. 6. A metallic or ringing sound should come when two bricks are struck. 7. Water absorption should be 1215% (not more than 20%)of its dry weight when immersed in cold water for 24 hours. 8. The crushing strength of the brick should not be less than 14 N/mm2 . Uses: First class bricks are recommended for pointing, exposed face work in masonry structures, ooring and reinforced brick work.

contd. Second Class bricks: They are supposed to have the same requirements as the rst class ones except that 1. Well burnt ,slight overburning is allowed. 2. Small cracks,irregularities in shape and distortions are permitted. 3. A metallic or ringing sound should come when two bricks are struck. 4. A little higher water absorption of about 1620%(not more than 22%) of its dry weight is allowed. 5. The crushing strength should not be less than 7.0 N/mm2. Uses: Second class bricks are recommended for all exterior work when plastering is done and for interior walls.Not suitable for ooring.

contd. Third Class bricks: 1. These are underburnt bricks . 2. They are soft and light-coloured producing a dull sound when struck against each other. 3. Appearance, shape and size are non uniform and irregular. 4. Water absorption is about 25 per cent of dry weight. Uses : It is used for building temporary structures and in dry weather conditions.

contd Fourth Class or Jhamma bricks: 1. These are overburnt and badly distorted in shape and size . 2. Quite strong in compressive strength generally above 15N/mm2 . 3. Low in porosity and water absorption. Uses: Unt for use in building construction.The ballast of such bricks is used for road construction,foundation and oors as coarse aggregate.

Characteristics of good brick The essential requirements for building bricks are sufcient strength in crushing, regularity in size, a proper suction rate, and a pleasing appearance when exposed to view. 1. Size and shape: The bricks should have uniform size and plane, rectangular surfaces with parallel sides and sharp straight edges. 2. Colour:The brick should have a uniform deep red or cherry colour as indicative of uniformity in chemical composition and thoroughness in the burning of the brick. 3. Texture and compactedness:The surfaces should not be too smooth to cause slipping of mortar. The brick should have precompact and uniform texture. A fractured surface should not show ssures, holes grits or lumps of lime. 4. The brick should be so hard that when scratched by a nger nail no impression is made. 5. When two bricks are struck together, a metallic sound should be produced. 6. Water Absorption: Water absorption should not exceed 20 per cent of its dry weight when kept immersed in water for 24 hours. 7. Crushing Strength: Crushing Strength should not be less than 10 N/mm2.

Standard tests for bricks (IS-1077-1970) Compressive Strength Test:(IS-3495-I) 1. Five whole bricks are chosen randomly from a lot of brick samples and immersed in water for 24hrs at room temperature. 2. After 24 hrs they are taken out,water is allowed to drain and surplus water cleaned. 3. Frogs are lled with 1:1 mortar, bricks are stored under damp sacks for 24hrs. 4. Bricks are placed in water for seven days. 5. Bricks are taken out of water to drain and remove surplus water.When surface dry each brick is tested individually. 6. Bricks placed at with frog end facing upward, between two plywood sheets, placed on the testing machine and load applied axially at a uniform rate of 140 kg/cm2 7. Comp. Strength =Load/Area 8. Arithmetic mean of the compressive strenth of 5 bricks is taken as the compressive strength of the lot.

Water Absorption Test(IS-3495-II)

1. Five whole bricks are chosen randomly from a lot of brick samples 2. Samples are dried in a oven at 110o C. Time taken is about 48hrs. 3. Specimens are weighed individually after cooling. 4. Dried samples are immersed in water for 24hrs at room temperature. 5. After 24 hrs, the samples are taken out,wiped dry and weighed individually within three minutes after taken out. 6. Absorption value is calculated by , w= after immersion. 7. Arithmetic mean of the water absorption of 5 bricks is taken as the water absorption of the lot.
w2 w1 w1

X100 ,w1 = dryweight ,w2 = weight

Eforescence Test(IS-3495-III)

1. Five whole bricks are chosen randomly from a lot of brick samples.Place each brick in a separate at bottom dish containing distilled water.Depth of immersion of the bricks should not be less than 2.5cm in each case. 2. The above dishes are kept in a warm room with adequate ventilation.Fresh distilled water is added as the bricks appear dried. 3. At the end of second drying each brick is observed for eforescence that is appearance of any white patch of salt on the surface of the brick. 4. Eforescence is reported by the following words as follows: Serious : Salt deposition is all around and quite heavy Heavy: Salt deposits cover more than 50% surface area Moderate: Salt deposits cover more than 10 to 50% surface area Slight: Salt covers surface area less than 10% Nil: No deposits after repeated wetting .

Dimension test

20 pieces out of selected pieces are taken from the sample and are laid at as shown

table Dimension(mm) Length Width Height 3800 180 180

The tolerance for class A & B should be as given in the

Tolerance(mm)A/B 12/ 30 6/ 15 6/ 15

Warpage Test(IS-3495-IV)

Warpage of the brick is measured with the help of a at steel or glass surface and measuring ruler graduated in 0.5 mm divisions The sample consists of 10 bricks from a lot. For measuring concave warpage,the at surface of the brick is placed along the surface to be measured selecting the location that gives the greatest deviation from straightness. The greatest distance of brick surface from the edge of straightness is measured by a steel ruler The brick is place on the plane surface with the convex surface in contact with the at surface and the distances of four corners of brick are measured from the at surface. The largest distance is reported as warpage. The higher of the distance measured in concave and convex warpage tests is reported as warpage.

Different forms of bricks

Round ended and bull nosed bricks (a, f)) are used to construct open drains.

Different forms of bricks

Round ended and bull nosed bricks (a, f)) are used to construct open drains. Cant brick, also called splay brick are most suitable for door and window jambs, (b, c). Double cant brick (c) is used for octagonal pillars.

Different forms of bricks

Round ended and bull nosed bricks (a, f)) are used to construct open drains. Cant brick, also called splay brick are most suitable for door and window jambs, (b, c). Double cant brick (c) is used for octagonal pillars. Cornice brick (d) is used from architectural point of view.

Different forms of bricks

Round ended and bull nosed bricks (a, f)) are used to construct open drains. Cant brick, also called splay brick are most suitable for door and window jambs, (b, c). Double cant brick (c) is used for octagonal pillars. Cornice brick (d) is used from architectural point of view. Compass brick tapering in both directions along length used to construct furnaces(e).

Different forms of bricks

Round ended and bull nosed bricks (a, f)) are used to construct open drains. Cant brick, also called splay brick are most suitable for door and window jambs, (b, c). Double cant brick (c) is used for octagonal pillars. Cornice brick (d) is used from architectural point of view. Compass brick tapering in both directions along length used to construct furnaces(e). Perforated brick (g) is well burned brick, but is not sound proof. Hollow bricks (h)are about l/3rd the weight of normal bricks and are sound and heat proof, but are not suitable where concentrated loads are expected.

Different forms of bricks

Round ended and bull nosed bricks (a, f)) are used to construct open drains. Cant brick, also called splay brick are most suitable for door and window jambs, (b, c). Double cant brick (c) is used for octagonal pillars. Cornice brick (d) is used from architectural point of view. Compass brick tapering in both directions along length used to construct furnaces(e). Perforated brick (g) is well burned brick, but is not sound proof. Hollow bricks (h)are about l/3rd the weight of normal bricks and are sound and heat proof, but are not suitable where concentrated loads are expected. Coping bricks are used as the top most bricks course of parapets (i). These drain off the water from the parapets.

Different forms of bricks

Round ended and bull nosed bricks (a, f)) are used to construct open drains. Cant brick, also called splay brick are most suitable for door and window jambs, (b, c). Double cant brick (c) is used for octagonal pillars. Cornice brick (d) is used from architectural point of view. Compass brick tapering in both directions along length used to construct furnaces(e). Perforated brick (g) is well burned brick, but is not sound proof. Hollow bricks (h)are about l/3rd the weight of normal bricks and are sound and heat proof, but are not suitable where concentrated loads are expected. Coping bricks are used as the top most bricks course of parapets (i). These drain off the water from the parapets. Brick shown in (j) is used at plinth level and for door and window jambs.

Different forms of bricks

Round ended and bull nosed bricks (a, f)) are used to construct open drains. Cant brick, also called splay brick are most suitable for door and window jambs, (b, c). Double cant brick (c) is used for octagonal pillars. Cornice brick (d) is used from architectural point of view. Compass brick tapering in both directions along length used to construct furnaces(e). Perforated brick (g) is well burned brick, but is not sound proof. Hollow bricks (h)are about l/3rd the weight of normal bricks and are sound and heat proof, but are not suitable where concentrated loads are expected. Coping bricks are used as the top most bricks course of parapets (i). These drain off the water from the parapets. Brick shown in (j) is used at plinth level and for door and window jambs. Split bricks are shown in (k, 1). When cut along the length, it is called queen closer and when cut at one end by half header and half stretcher, it is known as king closer.

Different forms of bricks

Round ended and bull nosed bricks (a, f)) are used to construct open drains. Cant brick, also called splay brick are most suitable for door and window jambs, (b, c). Double cant brick (c) is used for octagonal pillars. Cornice brick (d) is used from architectural point of view. Compass brick tapering in both directions along length used to construct furnaces(e). Perforated brick (g) is well burned brick, but is not sound proof. Hollow bricks (h)are about l/3rd the weight of normal bricks and are sound and heat proof, but are not suitable where concentrated loads are expected. Coping bricks are used as the top most bricks course of parapets (i). These drain off the water from the parapets. Brick shown in (j) is used at plinth level and for door and window jambs. Split bricks are shown in (k, 1). When cut along the length, it is called queen closer and when cut at one end by half header and half stretcher, it is known as king closer.

Pictures of different forms of bricks

Pictures of different forms of bricks

Pictures of different forms of bricks

Pictures of different forms of bricks

Pictures of different forms of bricks

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Pictures of different forms of bricks

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Pictures of different forms of bricks

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Pictures of different forms of bricks

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Pictures of different forms of bricks

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Pictures of different forms of bricks

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(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

Defects of bricks

Overburning

Defects of bricks

Overburning :Bricks should be burned at temperatures at which incipient, complete and viscous vitrication occur. If overburnt, a soft molten mass is produced and the bricks loose their shape.

Defects of bricks

Overburning :Bricks should be burned at temperatures at which incipient, complete and viscous vitrication occur. If overburnt, a soft molten mass is produced and the bricks loose their shape. Underburning

Defects of bricks

Overburning :Bricks should be burned at temperatures at which incipient, complete and viscous vitrication occur. If overburnt, a soft molten mass is produced and the bricks loose their shape. Underburning:When bricks are not burnt to cause complete vitrication, the clay is not softened because of insufcient heat and the pores are not closed. This results in higher degree of water absorption and less compressive strength.

Defects of bricks

Overburning :Bricks should be burned at temperatures at which incipient, complete and viscous vitrication occur. If overburnt, a soft molten mass is produced and the bricks loose their shape. Underburning:When bricks are not burnt to cause complete vitrication, the clay is not softened because of insufcient heat and the pores are not closed. This results in higher degree of water absorption and less compressive strength. Bloating

Defects of bricks

Overburning :Bricks should be burned at temperatures at which incipient, complete and viscous vitrication occur. If overburnt, a soft molten mass is produced and the bricks loose their shape. Underburning:When bricks are not burnt to cause complete vitrication, the clay is not softened because of insufcient heat and the pores are not closed. This results in higher degree of water absorption and less compressive strength. Bloating:Observed as spongy swollen mass over the surface of burned bricks is caused due to presence of excess carbonaceous matter, sulphur in brick-clay.

Defects of bricks

Overburning :Bricks should be burned at temperatures at which incipient, complete and viscous vitrication occur. If overburnt, a soft molten mass is produced and the bricks loose their shape. Underburning:When bricks are not burnt to cause complete vitrication, the clay is not softened because of insufcient heat and the pores are not closed. This results in higher degree of water absorption and less compressive strength. Bloating:Observed as spongy swollen mass over the surface of burned bricks is caused due to presence of excess carbonaceous matter, sulphur in brick-clay. Eforescence

Defects of bricks

Overburning :Bricks should be burned at temperatures at which incipient, complete and viscous vitrication occur. If overburnt, a soft molten mass is produced and the bricks loose their shape. Underburning:When bricks are not burnt to cause complete vitrication, the clay is not softened because of insufcient heat and the pores are not closed. This results in higher degree of water absorption and less compressive strength. Bloating:Observed as spongy swollen mass over the surface of burned bricks is caused due to presence of excess carbonaceous matter, sulphur in brick-clay. Eforescence:This defect is caused because of alkalies present in bricks. When bricks come in contact with moisture, water is absorbed and the alkalis crystalise. On drying grey or white powder patches appear on the brick surface.

Defects of bricks

Overburning :Bricks should be burned at temperatures at which incipient, complete and viscous vitrication occur. If overburnt, a soft molten mass is produced and the bricks loose their shape. Underburning:When bricks are not burnt to cause complete vitrication, the clay is not softened because of insufcient heat and the pores are not closed. This results in higher degree of water absorption and less compressive strength. Bloating:Observed as spongy swollen mass over the surface of burned bricks is caused due to presence of excess carbonaceous matter, sulphur in brick-clay. Eforescence:This defect is caused because of alkalies present in bricks. When bricks come in contact with moisture, water is absorbed and the alkalis crystalise. On drying grey or white powder patches appear on the brick surface. Chuffs

Defects of bricks

Overburning :Bricks should be burned at temperatures at which incipient, complete and viscous vitrication occur. If overburnt, a soft molten mass is produced and the bricks loose their shape. Underburning:When bricks are not burnt to cause complete vitrication, the clay is not softened because of insufcient heat and the pores are not closed. This results in higher degree of water absorption and less compressive strength. Bloating:Observed as spongy swollen mass over the surface of burned bricks is caused due to presence of excess carbonaceous matter, sulphur in brick-clay. Eforescence:This defect is caused because of alkalies present in bricks. When bricks come in contact with moisture, water is absorbed and the alkalis crystalise. On drying grey or white powder patches appear on the brick surface. Chuffs:The deformation of the shape of bricks caused by the rain water falling on hot bricks is known as chuffs.

Defects of bricks

Overburning :Bricks should be burned at temperatures at which incipient, complete and viscous vitrication occur. If overburnt, a soft molten mass is produced and the bricks loose their shape. Underburning:When bricks are not burnt to cause complete vitrication, the clay is not softened because of insufcient heat and the pores are not closed. This results in higher degree of water absorption and less compressive strength. Bloating:Observed as spongy swollen mass over the surface of burned bricks is caused due to presence of excess carbonaceous matter, sulphur in brick-clay. Eforescence:This defect is caused because of alkalies present in bricks. When bricks come in contact with moisture, water is absorbed and the alkalis crystalise. On drying grey or white powder patches appear on the brick surface. Chuffs:The deformation of the shape of bricks caused by the rain water falling on hot bricks is known as chuffs. Laminations

Defects of bricks

Overburning :Bricks should be burned at temperatures at which incipient, complete and viscous vitrication occur. If overburnt, a soft molten mass is produced and the bricks loose their shape. Underburning:When bricks are not burnt to cause complete vitrication, the clay is not softened because of insufcient heat and the pores are not closed. This results in higher degree of water absorption and less compressive strength. Bloating:Observed as spongy swollen mass over the surface of burned bricks is caused due to presence of excess carbonaceous matter, sulphur in brick-clay. Eforescence:This defect is caused because of alkalies present in bricks. When bricks come in contact with moisture, water is absorbed and the alkalis crystalise. On drying grey or white powder patches appear on the brick surface. Chuffs:The deformation of the shape of bricks caused by the rain water falling on hot bricks is known as chuffs. Laminations: Caused by the entrapped air in the voids of clay. Laminations produce thin lamina on brick faces which weather out on exposure.

Defects of bricks

Overburning :Bricks should be burned at temperatures at which incipient, complete and viscous vitrication occur. If overburnt, a soft molten mass is produced and the bricks loose their shape. Underburning:When bricks are not burnt to cause complete vitrication, the clay is not softened because of insufcient heat and the pores are not closed. This results in higher degree of water absorption and less compressive strength. Bloating:Observed as spongy swollen mass over the surface of burned bricks is caused due to presence of excess carbonaceous matter, sulphur in brick-clay. Eforescence:This defect is caused because of alkalies present in bricks. When bricks come in contact with moisture, water is absorbed and the alkalis crystalise. On drying grey or white powder patches appear on the brick surface. Chuffs:The deformation of the shape of bricks caused by the rain water falling on hot bricks is known as chuffs. Laminations: Caused by the entrapped air in the voids of clay. Laminations produce thin lamina on brick faces which weather out on exposure.

Special Bricks

Burnt Clay Perforated Bricks(IS-2222)

Special Bricks

Burnt Clay Perforated Bricks(IS-2222) Perforated Bricks contain cylindrical holes throughout thier thickness,have high compressive strength and less water absorption.

Special Bricks

Burnt Clay Perforated Bricks(IS-2222) Perforated Bricks contain cylindrical holes throughout thier thickness,have high compressive strength and less water absorption. These bricks are light in weight, require less quantity of clay and drying and burning of these bricks is easy and economical.

Special Bricks

Burnt Clay Perforated Bricks(IS-2222) Perforated Bricks contain cylindrical holes throughout thier thickness,have high compressive strength and less water absorption. These bricks are light in weight, require less quantity of clay and drying and burning of these bricks is easy and economical. The direction of perforations can be vertical or horizontal.

Special Bricks

Burnt Clay Perforated Bricks(IS-2222) Perforated Bricks contain cylindrical holes throughout thier thickness,have high compressive strength and less water absorption. These bricks are light in weight, require less quantity of clay and drying and burning of these bricks is easy and economical. The direction of perforations can be vertical or horizontal. These are used in building walls and partitions. The area of perforations should not exceed 30 to 45% of the area of face.

Special Bricks

Burnt Clay Perforated Bricks(IS-2222) Perforated Bricks contain cylindrical holes throughout thier thickness,have high compressive strength and less water absorption. These bricks are light in weight, require less quantity of clay and drying and burning of these bricks is easy and economical. The direction of perforations can be vertical or horizontal. These are used in building walls and partitions. The area of perforations should not exceed 30 to 45% of the area of face. In case of rectangular perforations, larger dimensions should be parallel to longer side of the brick.Dimension of perforation parallel to short side should not be more than 20 mm in case of rectangular projection and 25 mm in case of circular projection.Area of each perforation should not exceed 500mm2

Special Bricks

Burnt Clay Perforated Bricks(IS-2222) Perforated Bricks contain cylindrical holes throughout thier thickness,have high compressive strength and less water absorption. These bricks are light in weight, require less quantity of clay and drying and burning of these bricks is easy and economical. The direction of perforations can be vertical or horizontal. These are used in building walls and partitions. The area of perforations should not exceed 30 to 45% of the area of face. In case of rectangular perforations, larger dimensions should be parallel to longer side of the brick.Dimension of perforation parallel to short side should not be more than 20 mm in case of rectangular projection and 25 mm in case of circular projection.Area of each perforation should not exceed 500mm2

Burnt Clay Hollow Bricks(IS-3952)

Hollow blocks, known as cellular or cavity blocks, are manufactured from a thoroughly ground, lump free, well mixed clay mass of medium plasticity to allow moulding.

Burnt Clay Hollow Bricks(IS-3952)

Hollow blocks, known as cellular or cavity blocks, are manufactured from a thoroughly ground, lump free, well mixed clay mass of medium plasticity to allow moulding.

These are used to reduce the dead weight of the masonry and for exterior as well as partition walls.

Burnt Clay Hollow Bricks(IS-3952)

Hollow blocks, known as cellular or cavity blocks, are manufactured from a thoroughly ground, lump free, well mixed clay mass of medium plasticity to allow moulding.

These are used to reduce the dead weight of the masonry and for exterior as well as partition walls. They also reduce the transmission of heat, sound and dampness.

Burnt Clay Hollow Bricks(IS-3952)

Hollow blocks, known as cellular or cavity blocks, are manufactured from a thoroughly ground, lump free, well mixed clay mass of medium plasticity to allow moulding.

These are used to reduce the dead weight of the masonry and for exterior as well as partition walls. They also reduce the transmission of heat, sound and dampness. Minimum average value should be 3.5 N/mm2. Strength of individual block should not fall below the average value by more than 20 per cent.

Burnt Clay Hollow Bricks(IS-3952)

Hollow blocks, known as cellular or cavity blocks, are manufactured from a thoroughly ground, lump free, well mixed clay mass of medium plasticity to allow moulding.

These are used to reduce the dead weight of the masonry and for exterior as well as partition walls. They also reduce the transmission of heat, sound and dampness. Minimum average value should be 3.5 N/mm2. Strength of individual block should not fall below the average value by more than 20 per cent. Water Absorption should not be more than 20 per cent.

Burnt Clay Hollow Bricks(IS-3952)

Hollow blocks, known as cellular or cavity blocks, are manufactured from a thoroughly ground, lump free, well mixed clay mass of medium plasticity to allow moulding.

These are used to reduce the dead weight of the masonry and for exterior as well as partition walls. They also reduce the transmission of heat, sound and dampness. Minimum average value should be 3.5 N/mm2. Strength of individual block should not fall below the average value by more than 20 per cent. Water Absorption should not be more than 20 per cent.

Fire Clay /Refractory Bricks

Fire-clay bricks are made from re-clay.

Fire Clay /Refractory Bricks

Fire-clay bricks are made from re-clay. Fire-clay is a term applied, to include those sedimentary or residual clays which vitrify at a very high temperature and which, when so burnt, possess great resistance to heat.are pure hydrated silicates of alumina and contain a large proportion of silica 5575%, alumina 2035%, iron oxide 25% with about 1 per cent of lime, magnesia and alkalis. The greater the percentage of alumina, the more refractory the clay will be. Fire clays are capable of resisting very high temperatures up to 1700 without C melting or softening.

Fire Clay /Refractory Bricks

Fire-clay bricks are made from re-clay. Fire-clay is a term applied, to include those sedimentary or residual clays which vitrify at a very high temperature and which, when so burnt, possess great resistance to heat.are pure hydrated silicates of alumina and contain a large proportion of silica 5575%, alumina 2035%, iron oxide 25% with about 1 per cent of lime, magnesia and alkalis. The greater the percentage of alumina, the more refractory the clay will be. Fire clays are capable of resisting very high temperatures up to 1700 without C melting or softening. The colour of the brick is whitish yellow or light brown. The water absorption of reclay bricks varies from 410%.The minimum average compressive strength of the bricks should be 3.5N/mm2 .

Fire Clay /Refractory Bricks

Fire-clay bricks are made from re-clay. Fire-clay is a term applied, to include those sedimentary or residual clays which vitrify at a very high temperature and which, when so burnt, possess great resistance to heat.are pure hydrated silicates of alumina and contain a large proportion of silica 5575%, alumina 2035%, iron oxide 25% with about 1 per cent of lime, magnesia and alkalis. The greater the percentage of alumina, the more refractory the clay will be. Fire clays are capable of resisting very high temperatures up to 1700 without C melting or softening. The colour of the brick is whitish yellow or light brown. The water absorption of reclay bricks varies from 410%.The minimum average compressive strength of the bricks should be 3.5N/mm2 . These are used for lining blast furnances, ovens, kilns, boilers and chimneys.

Fire Clay /Refractory Bricks

Fire-clay bricks are made from re-clay. Fire-clay is a term applied, to include those sedimentary or residual clays which vitrify at a very high temperature and which, when so burnt, possess great resistance to heat.are pure hydrated silicates of alumina and contain a large proportion of silica 5575%, alumina 2035%, iron oxide 25% with about 1 per cent of lime, magnesia and alkalis. The greater the percentage of alumina, the more refractory the clay will be. Fire clays are capable of resisting very high temperatures up to 1700 without C melting or softening. The colour of the brick is whitish yellow or light brown. The water absorption of reclay bricks varies from 410%.The minimum average compressive strength of the bricks should be 3.5N/mm2 . These are used for lining blast furnances, ovens, kilns, boilers and chimneys.

Types of Fire Clay Bricks

Acid Refractory Bricks

Types of Fire Clay Bricks

Acid Refractory Bricksconsist of silica bricks (9597% silica and 12% lime) used in lining furnaces having siliceous and acidic slag, steel industry and coke oven. The softening temperature ranges from 1700to 1800 Sili ca bricks are hard and C. also possess good refractoriness under load. But they have tendency to spall during rapid temperature change therefore, these can not be used for lining of furnaces which have to be cooled and reheated frequently.

Types of Fire Clay Bricks

Acid Refractory Bricksconsist of silica bricks (9597% silica and 12% lime) used in lining furnaces having siliceous and acidic slag, steel industry and coke oven. The softening temperature ranges from 1700to 1800 Sili ca bricks are hard and C. also possess good refractoriness under load. But they have tendency to spall during rapid temperature change therefore, these can not be used for lining of furnaces which have to be cooled and reheated frequently. Basic Refractory Bricks

Types of Fire Clay Bricks

Acid Refractory Bricksconsist of silica bricks (9597% silica and 12% lime) used in lining furnaces having siliceous and acidic slag, steel industry and coke oven. The softening temperature ranges from 1700to 1800 Sili ca bricks are hard and C. also possess good refractoriness under load. But they have tendency to spall during rapid temperature change therefore, these can not be used for lining of furnaces which have to be cooled and reheated frequently. Basic Refractory Bricksconsist of magnesia bricks (magnesia min. 85%, calcium oxide max. 25% and silica max. 5.5%) and bauxite bricks (min 85% aluminium oxide and max 20% clay). These are highly resistant to corrosion and are used for lining furnances having basic slag. Due to high thermal expansion and consequent poor resistance to spalling the use of these bricks is restricted to copper metallurgy and basic open hearth.

Types of Fire Clay Bricks

Acid Refractory Bricksconsist of silica bricks (9597% silica and 12% lime) used in lining furnaces having siliceous and acidic slag, steel industry and coke oven. The softening temperature ranges from 1700to 1800 Sili ca bricks are hard and C. also possess good refractoriness under load. But they have tendency to spall during rapid temperature change therefore, these can not be used for lining of furnaces which have to be cooled and reheated frequently. Basic Refractory Bricksconsist of magnesia bricks (magnesia min. 85%, calcium oxide max. 25% and silica max. 5.5%) and bauxite bricks (min 85% aluminium oxide and max 20% clay). These are highly resistant to corrosion and are used for lining furnances having basic slag. Due to high thermal expansion and consequent poor resistance to spalling the use of these bricks is restricted to copper metallurgy and basic open hearth. Neutral Refractory Bricks

Types of Fire Clay Bricks

Acid Refractory Bricksconsist of silica bricks (9597% silica and 12% lime) used in lining furnaces having siliceous and acidic slag, steel industry and coke oven. The softening temperature ranges from 1700to 1800 Sili ca bricks are hard and C. also possess good refractoriness under load. But they have tendency to spall during rapid temperature change therefore, these can not be used for lining of furnaces which have to be cooled and reheated frequently. Basic Refractory Bricksconsist of magnesia bricks (magnesia min. 85%, calcium oxide max. 25% and silica max. 5.5%) and bauxite bricks (min 85% aluminium oxide and max 20% clay). These are highly resistant to corrosion and are used for lining furnances having basic slag. Due to high thermal expansion and consequent poor resistance to spalling the use of these bricks is restricted to copper metallurgy and basic open hearth. Neutral Refractory Bricksconsist of chromite bricks (50% chrome and iron ore containing 30% iron oxide and bauxite containing 15% aluminium and 5% silica), chrome magnesite bricks (Cr2O3 18%, MgO 30%), spinel and forsterite bricks. The neutral refractory bricks are suitable at places where acidic and basic linings are to be separated, e.g. for lining copper reverberatory furnance.

Types of Fire Clay Bricks

Acid Refractory Bricksconsist of silica bricks (9597% silica and 12% lime) used in lining furnaces having siliceous and acidic slag, steel industry and coke oven. The softening temperature ranges from 1700to 1800 Sili ca bricks are hard and C. also possess good refractoriness under load. But they have tendency to spall during rapid temperature change therefore, these can not be used for lining of furnaces which have to be cooled and reheated frequently. Basic Refractory Bricksconsist of magnesia bricks (magnesia min. 85%, calcium oxide max. 25% and silica max. 5.5%) and bauxite bricks (min 85% aluminium oxide and max 20% clay). These are highly resistant to corrosion and are used for lining furnances having basic slag. Due to high thermal expansion and consequent poor resistance to spalling the use of these bricks is restricted to copper metallurgy and basic open hearth. Neutral Refractory Bricksconsist of chromite bricks (50% chrome and iron ore containing 30% iron oxide and bauxite containing 15% aluminium and 5% silica), chrome magnesite bricks (Cr2O3 18%, MgO 30%), spinel and forsterite bricks. The neutral refractory bricks are suitable at places where acidic and basic linings are to be separated, e.g. for lining copper reverberatory furnance.

Assignment

1. What are the constituents of good brick earth? 2. State the harmful ingredients in brick earth. 3. What are the characteristics of a good brick ? 4. Explain briey the tests performed on bricks as per BIS. 5. Discuss the Classication of bricks. 6. What are the uses of various types of bricks? 7. Distinguish between First Class and Second Class Brick. 8. What are the defects of bricks. 9. Write shortnotes on (i) Bull nose brick (ii) Perforated bricks (iii) Hollow bricks (iv) Refractory/Fire Bricks. To be submitted on the next class.