Biology Calculations

Micrographs

measured ¿ scale ¿ ¿ image

magnification= actual object
what ¿ saysis magnification

Chi Squared Step Practical

1. Draw table of frequencies

2. E(X) for 2 species Row total ×ColumnTotal

individually Grand Total
2
3. Apply chi squared formula (O−E)
x 2=∑
E
4. Find the degrees of (no of columns−1) ×(no of rows−1)
freedom
2
5. Use table w/ correct level x < value provided = null factor
of significance hypothesis
2
x > value provided = null hypothesis
rejected
BMI mass∈kg < 18.5: underweight
BMI = 2 18.5 – 24.9: normal
(height ∈m)
Units: kg m-2 25.0 – 29.9: overweight
Or nonogram > 30.0: obese
No of possible
polypeptides 20no of amino acids
No of possible
combinations 2no of chromosomes
for a gamete
(meiosis: metaphase
I random
orientation)
Blood pressure

Percentage
change

Mitotic index

Cells in mitosis: visible chromosomes

Pyramids of Quantitative representation of energy flow  amount of energy converted to
Energy new biomass by each trophic level in an ecological community
 Horizontal bar for each trophic level: stepped not triangular
 Per unit area per year (kJm-2yr-1)
 Producers in the lower bar
 Label bars: producer, first consumer, second consumer etc.