College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology

Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood

th
4 - year

Chapter Four: Runoff Hydrograph

Reference: - The McGraw-Hill companies

Introduction
Runoff means the draining or flowing off of precipitation from a catchment area through a
surface channel. It thus represents the output from the catchment in a given unit of time. For a
given precipitation, the evapotranspiration, initial loss, infiltration and detention storage
requirements will have to be first satisfied before the commencement of runoff. The excess
precipitation moves over the land surfaces to reach smaller channels. This portion of the runoff is
called overland flow and involves building up a storage over the surface and draining off of the
same. Usually the lengths and depths of overland flow are small and the flow is in the laminar
regime. Flows from several small channels join bigger channels and flows from these in turn
combine to form a larger stream, and so on, till the flow reaches the catchment outlet. The flow
in this mode, where it travels all the time over the surface as overland flow and through the
channels as open channel flow and reaches the catchment outlet is called surface runoff.
A part of the precipitation that infilters moves laterally through upper crusts of the soil and
returns to the surface at some location away from the point of entry into the soil. This
component of runoff is known variously as interflow, through flow, storm seepage, subsurface
storm flow or quick return flow (Fig. 4.1).
The interflow is sometimes classified into prompt interflow, i.e. the interflow with the least time
lag and delayed interflow. The time lag, i.e. the difference in time between the entry into the soil
and outflows from it is very large, being of the order of months and years.
Another route for the infiltered water is to undergo deep percolation and reach the
groundwater storage in the soil. The groundwater follows a complicated and long path of travel and
ultimately reaches the surface. Groundwater flow provides the dry weather flow in perennial
streams.
The runoff is classified into two categories; as
1. Direct runoff, and
2. Base flow.

Fig. 4.1 Different routes of runoff

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College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year

Direct runoff
It is that part of the runoff which enters the stream immediately after the rainfall. It includes
surface runoff, prompt interflow and rainfall on the surface of the stream. In the case of snow
melt, the resulting flow entering the stream is also a direct runoff.
Base flow
The delayed flow that reaches a stream essentially as groundwater flow is called base flow. Many
times delayed interflow is also included under this category.
Water year
In annual runoff studies it is advantageous to consider a water year beginning from the time when
the precipitation exceeds the average evapotranspiration losses. In USA the water year starts
1st October to 30 th September. In India is from 1st June to 31th May. In Iraq the water year
starts 1st March to 30th September. In Egypt the water year starts 1st Augest to 31th July.

Hydrograph
It is a plot of the discharge in a stream against time chronologically.
1. Annual hydrograph shows the variation of daily or weekly or 10 days means flow over
year.
2. Monthly hydrograph shows variation of daily mean flow over month.
3. Seasonal hydrograph shows variation of discharge in a season.
4. Flood hydrograph (storm hydrograph) due to a storm and representing stream flow of
the storm over the catchment.
Flood Hydrograph
Consider a concentrated storm producing a fairly uniform rainfall of duration, D over a
catchment. After the initial losses and infiltration losses are met, the rainfall excess reaches the
stream through overland and channel flows. In the process of translation a certain amount of
storage is built up in the overland and channel flow phases. This storage gradually depletes after
the cessation of the rainfall. Thus there is a time lag between the occurrence of rainfall in the basin
and the time when that water passes the gauging station at the basin outlet. The runoff measured
at the stream gauging station will give a typical hydrograph as shown in Fig. 4.2.

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College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year

The duration of the rainfall is also marked in this figure to indicate the time lag in the rainfall
and runoff. The hydrograph of this kind which results due to an isolated storm is typically
single peaked skew distribution of discharge and is known variously as storm hydrograph,
flood hydrograph or simply hydrograph. It has three characteristic regions: (i) the rising
limb AB, joining point A, the starting point of the rising curve and point B, the point of inflection,
(ii) the crest segment BC between the two points of inflection with a peak P in between, (iii) the
falling limb or depletion curve CD starting from the second point of inflection C. As indicated
earlier, the essential components of a hydrograph are:
1. rising limb,
2. crest segment, and
3. recession limb

Factors Affecting Hydrograph

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College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year

Methods of Hydrograph separation

Method 1- straight line method

In this method the separation of the base flow is achieved by joining with a straight line the
beginning of the surface runoff to a point on the recession limb representing the end of the direct
runoff. In Fig. 4.3 point A represents the beginning of the direct runoff and it is usually easy to
identify in view of the sharp change in the runoff rate at that point. Point B, marking the end of
the direct runoff is rather difficult to locate exactly. An empirical equation for the time interval
N (days) from the peak to the point B is
0.2
N=LA
L=0.8 if A in (Km2)
L=1 if A in (mile2)
where
L=unit factor, A = catchment area and N is in days. Points A and B are joined by a straight
line to demarcate to the base flow and surface runoff.

Method 2
In this method the base flow curve existing prior to the commencement of the surface runoff is
extended till it intersects the ordinate drawn at the peak (point C in Fig. 4.3). This point is joined
to point B by a straight line. Segment AC and CB demarcate the base flow and surface runoff.

Method 3
In this method the base flow recession curve after the depletion of the flood water is extended
backwards till it intersects the ordinate at the point of inflection (line EF in Fig. 4.3). Points A and
F are joined by an arbitrary smooth curve.

Method 4
In this method, a line AE is drawn tangentially to both the rising and recession limbs at their
lower portions at points A and E. The flow below the line AE is the base flow.

The surface runoff hydrograph obtained after the base flow separation is also known as
direct runoff hydrograph (DRH).

4
College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year

Effective rainfall (ER)

Effective rainfall (also known as Excess rainfall) (ER) is that part of the rainfall that
becomes direct runoff at the outlet of the watershed. It is thus the total rainfall in a given
duration from which abstractions such as infiltration and initial losses are subtracted. For
purposes of correlating DRH with the rainfall which produced the flow, the hyetograph of the
rainfall is also pruned by deducting the losses. Fig. 4.4 shows the hyetograph of a storm. The
resulting hyetograph is known as effective rainfall hyetograph (ERH). It is also known as
excess rainfall hyetograph. Both DRH and ERH represent the same total quantity but in
different units.

5
College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year

Example 4.1: Rainfall of magnitude 3.8 cm and 2.8 cm occurring on two consecutive 4 hr
2
durations on a catchment of area 27 km produced the following hydrograph of flow at the outlet
of the catchment. Estimate the rainfall excess and ɸ-index.

Time from start of

-6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66
rainfall (hr)
3
Observed flow(m /s) 6 5 13 26 21 16 12 9 7 5 5 4.5 4.5

Solution: The hydrograph is plotted to scale. The method 4 is using to separate the base
flow.

However, by inspection, DRH starts at t = 0, has the peak at t = 12 hr and ends at t = 48 hr

3
Time from start of 3
Base flow(m /s) 3
Observed flow(m /s) DRH(m /s)
rainfall (hr) BF
-6 6
0 5 5 0
6 13 5 8
12 26 5 21
18 21 5 16
24 16 5 11
30 12 5 7
36 9 5 4
42 7 5 2
48 5 5 0
54 5
60 4.5
66 4.5
∑ 𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 =69

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College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 69 ∗ 6 ∗ 60 ∗ 60 = 1.49 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚3

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 1.49 ∗ 106

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = = = 0.0552𝑚𝑚 = 5.52 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 (rainfall excess)
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 27 ∗ 106

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 3.8 + 2.8 = 6.6 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 8 ℎ𝑟𝑟

6.6 − 5.52
𝜑𝜑 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = = 0.135 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐/ℎ𝑟𝑟
8
𝑑𝑑 1 = 3.8 − (𝜑𝜑 ∗ 4) = 3.8 − (0.135 ∗ 4) = 3.26 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑑𝑑 2 = 2.8 − (𝜑𝜑 ∗ 4) = 2.8 − (0.135 ∗ 4) = 2.26 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷(rainfall excess) = 3.26 + 2.26 = 5.52 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

Example 4.2: Separate given hydrograph in to its components; find the direct run off
2
,
depth, the catchment area is 450 km use method 1.

Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(day)

Q (cumecs) 1.8 3 45 90 65 35 20 13 9 6.5 5 4 3 2.6 2.3

Solution: The hydrograph is plotted to scale. The method 1 is using to separate the base
flow.

𝑁𝑁 = 0.8𝐴𝐴0.2 = 0.8(450)0.2 = 2.71 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year

Time (day) Q (cumecs) BF(cumecs) DRH(cumecs)

1 1.8

2 3 3 0

3 45 6 39

4 90 10 80

5 65 16 49

6 35 20 15

7 20 20 0

8 13 13 0

9 9 9 0

10 6.5 6.5 0

11 5 5 0

12 4 4 0

13 3 3 0

14 2.6 2.6 0

15 2.3 2.3 0

� 𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫𝑫 = 183

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 183 ∗ 1 ∗ 24 ∗ 60 ∗ 60 = 15.811 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚3

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 15.811 ∗ 106

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = = = 0.0351𝑚𝑚 = 3.51 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 450 ∗ 106

8
College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year

Example 4.3: Separate the given hydrograph in to its components using methods 2, 3
2
Area is 5033km .
Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(day)

Q (cumecs) 15 30 150 1500 2000 1200 250 110 60 40 25 18 14 12

Solution: The hydrograph is plotted to scale. The method 2 is using to separate the base
flow.

𝑁𝑁 = 0.8𝐴𝐴0.2 = 0.8(5033)0.2 = 4.4 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Time (day) Q (cumecs) BF(cumecs) DRH(cumecs)

1 15

2 30

3 150

4 1500

5 2000

6 1200

7 250

8 110

9 60

10 40

11 25

12 18

13 14

14 12

� 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 =

9
College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year

Unit hydrograph
The problem of predicting the flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a
catchment has received considerable attention. A large number of methods are proposed to
solve this problem and of them probably the most popular and widely used method is the unit
hydrograph method. This method was first suggested by Sherman in 1932 and has undergone
many refinements since then.
A unit hydrograph is defined as the hydrograph of direct runoff resulting from one unit depth
(1 cm) of rainfall excess occurring uniformly over the basin and at a uniform rate for a specified
duration (D hours). The definition of a unit hydrograph implies the following:
1. The unit hydrograph represents the lumped response of the catchment to a unit rainfall
excess of D-h duration to produce a direct-runoff hydrograph.
2. The rainfall is considered to have an average intensity of excess rainfall (ER) of 1/D cm/hr for
the duration D-hr of the storm.
3. The distribution of the storm is considered to be uniform all over the catchment.
Two basic assumptions constitute the foundations for the unit-hydrograph theory.
(i) the time invariance and
(ii) (ii) the linear response.
Fig. 4.5 shows a typical 6 hr unit hydrograph. Here the duration of the rainfall excess is 6 hr.
6 3
Area under the unit hydrograph = 12.92 x 10 m
2
Catchment area of the basin = 1292 km

10
College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year
Example 4.4:The following table lists the ordinates of run off hydrograph in
response to a rainfall 21.9mm during the first two hours, 43.9mmin the next two hours,
and 30.9mm during the last two hours of the rainfall which lasted for six hours, catchment
area is 133.1km2 , find :-
1. unit hydrograph
2. 𝜙𝜙- Index.
Time 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
(day)

DRH (cumecs) 0 170 390 517 291 126 43 0

Solution:

DRH UH
Time (hr)
(cumecs) (Cumecs)

Col.1 Col.2 Col.3=col.2/8.31cm

0 0 0

2 170 20.46

4 390 46.93

6 517 62.21

8 291 35.02

10 126 15.16

12 43 5.17

14 0 0

Total 1537 184.96

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 1537 ∗ 2 ∗ 60 ∗ 60 = 11.066 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚3

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 11.066 ∗ 106

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = = = 0.0831𝑚𝑚 = 8.31 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 133.1 ∗ 106

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 = 184.96 ∗ 2 ∗ 60 ∗ 60 = 1.332 ∗ 106 𝑚𝑚3

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 1.332 ∗ 106

𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷ℎ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑈𝑈𝑈𝑈 = = = 0.01𝑚𝑚 = 1 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝐴𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 133.1 ∗ 106

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 = 21.9 + 43.9 + 30.9 = 96.7 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 9.67 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 6 ℎ𝑟𝑟

9.67 − 8.31 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐

𝜑𝜑 − 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = = 0.23
6 ℎ𝑟𝑟

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College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year

Example 4.5: Given below are the ordinates of a 6 hr unit hydrograph for a
catchment. Calculate the ordinates of the DRH due to a rainfall excess of 3.5 cm occurring
in 6 hr.
Time (hr) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 69
3
UH (m /s) 0 25 50 85 125 160 185 172.5 160 110 60 36 25 16 8 2.7 0

Solution:

Ordinate of 6hr unit Ordinate of 3.5 cm

Time (hr) 3 3
hydrograph (m /s) DRH (m /s)

Col.1 Col.2 Col.3=col.2*3.5cm

0 0 0
3 25 87.5
6 50 175
9 85 297.5
12 125 437.5
15 160 560
18 185 647.5
21 172.5 603.75
24 160 560
30 110 385
36 60 210
42 36 126
48 25 87.5
54 16 56
60 8 28
66 2.7 9.45
69 0 0

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College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year

Example 4.6: Two storms each of 6 hr duration and having rainfall excess values of 3.0 and
2.0 cm respectively occur successively. The 2 cm effective rain (ER) follows the 3 cm rain. The
6 hr unit hydrograph for the catchment is the same as given in Example 4.5. Calculate the
resulting DRH.

Solution:

Ordinate of 6 hr UH Ordinate of 5 cm DRH

Time (hr) 3
Ordinate of 3cm DRH Ordinate of 2cm DRH 3
(m /s) (m /s)

Col.1 Col.2 Col. 3=col.2*3cm Col.4=col. 2 lagged by 6 hr*2 Col.5=col.3+col.4

0 0 0 0 0

3 25 75 0 75

6 50 150 0 150

9 85 255 50 305

12 125 375 100 475

15 160 480 170 650

18 185 555 250 805

21 172.5 517.5 320 837.5

24 160 480 370 850

30 110 330 345 675

36 60 180 320 500

42 36 108 220 328

48 25 75 120 195

54 16 48 72 120

60 8 24 50 74

66 2.7 8.1 32 40.1

69 0 0 16 16

5.4 5.4

0 0

0 0

13
College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year

14
College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year
Unit hydrographs of different durations
Two methods are available for this purpose.
• Method of superposition
• The S-curve

S-CURVE
If it is desired to develop a unit hydrograph of duration mD, where m is a fraction, the method of
superposition cannot be used. A different technique known as the S-curve method is adopted in
such cases, and this method is applicable for rational values of m.
The S-curve, also known as S-hydrograph is a hydrograph produced by a continuous effective
rainfall at a constant rate for an infinite period. It is a curve obtained by summation of an infinite
series of D-h unit hydrographs spaced D-h apart. Fig.4.6 shows such a series of D-h hydrograph
arranged with their starting points D-hr apart. At any given time the ordinates of the various curves
occurring at that time coordinate are summed up to obtain ordinates of the S-curve. A smooth
curve through these ordinates result in an S-shaped curve called S-curve.

15
College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year

Example 4.7: Derive the S-curve for the 4hr unit hydrograph given below.

Time (hr) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

Ordinate of 4hr UH (m3/s) 0 10 30 25 18 10 5 0

Solution:
Time Ordinate of S-curve S-curve ordinate
(m3/s)
3
(hr) 4hr UH addition (m /s)
Col.1 Col.2 Col.3 Col.4=(col.2 + col.3)
0 0 0
4 10 0 10
8 30 10 40
12 25 40 65
16 18 65 83
20 10 83 93
24 5 93 98
28 0 98 98

16
College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year

Example 4.8: Given the ordinates of a 4hr unit hydrograph as below derive the ordinates of
a 12hr unit hydrograph for the same catchment.

Time (hr) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44

Ordinate of 4hr UH 0 20 80 130 150 130 90 52 27 15 5 0

Solution:

Time Ordinate S-curve S-curve S-curve (Col. 4- 12hr UH

(hr) of 4hr addition ordinate lagged by Col. 5) ordinates
3
UH
3
(m /s) 3
(m /s)
3
12 hr (m /s) (m /s)
3
(m /s)

Col.4=(Col. 2 Col.6=(Col. 4- Col.7= Col. 6 /

Col.1 Col.2 Col.3 Col.5 (12/4)
+Col. 3) Col. 5)
0 0 0 0 0
4 20 0 20 20 6.7
8 80 20 100 100 33.3
12 130 100 230 0 230 76.7
16 150 230 380 20 360 120.0
20 130 380 510 100 410 136.7
24 90 510 600 230 370 123.3
28 52 600 652 380 272 90.7
32 27 652 679 510 169 56.3
36 15 679 694 600 94 31.3
40 5 694 699 652 47 15.7
44 0 699 699 679 20 6.7
699 699 694 5 1.7
699 699 0 0

17
College of Engineering Engineering Hydrology
Civil Engineering Department Lecture Raghad S. Mahmood
th
4 - year
Example 4.9: Ordinates of a 4hr unit hydrograph are given. Using this derive the ordinates
of a 2hr unit hydrograph for the same catchment.

Time (hr)
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
3
4hr UH (m /s) 0 20 80 130 150 130 90 52 27 15 5 0

Solution:
In this example, the time interval of a given hydrograph should be at least of T (2 hr).
Some interpolated values of 4 hr UH are required, this plot or linear interpolation are
accepted.

18