Tavi 14 - sabanko kreditis saxeobebi

14.5. samomxmareblo krediti da sakredito

baraTebi

dakreditebis samomxmareblo biznesi Tanamedrove sabanko saqmis

prioritetul mimarTulebad Camoyalibda. igi aris sacalo bankingis,
anu e. w. „riTeil bankingis“ (retail banking) umniSvnelovanesi Semadgene-
li nawili. bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi sacalo bankingma saqarTvelo-
Si mniSv­nelovani cvlilebebi ganicada rogorc raodenobrivad, ise
xarisxobrivad. qarTuli bankebi seriozul yuradRebas aqceven riTe­
ilis ganviTarebas, acnobireben mis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas, ker-
Zod: izrdeba gayidvebis wertilebis, miwodebuli produqtebisa da
momsa­xurebis saxe­obebis raodenoba, mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda mom-
saxurebis xarisxi. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi
komerciuli bankebis mier fizikur pirebze gacemuli kreditebis mocu-
loba TiTqmis 16-jer gaizarda, 229 mln laridan 3.6 mlrd laramde, xolo
fizikur pirebze gacemuli kreditebis saerTo moculobis Sefardeba
mSp-Tan imave periodSi 3.1%-dan 14.3%-mdea gazrdili, Tumca, unda aRi­
niSnos, rom ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi es maCvenebeli
30%-50%-is farglebSia, zogan ki aWarbebs kidec mas.
sacalo bankingis umTavres elements fizikuri pirebis dakredite-
ba, anu samomxmareblo krediti warmoadgens. samomxmareblo krediti
aris fizikur pirebze, mosaxleobaze gacemuli krediti sxvadasxva samo-
mxmareblo moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. sabanko saqmis istorias
Tu gadavxedavT, samomxmareblo kreditis ganviTareba, faqtobrivad,
XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan iwyeba da pionerebad am saqmeSi amerikuli
bankebi mogvevlinnen. Tumca, samomxmareblo kreditis, rogorc sabanko
saqmis mniSvnelovani mimarTulebis, Camoyalibeba 50-iani wlebis bolo-
dan iwyeba. Tanamedrove epoqaSi bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi samom­
xmareblo dakreditebis moculoba gautolda da gadaaWarba kidec biz-
nessesxebis moculobas.
samomxmareblo kreditis Taviseburebas warmoadgens is, rom igi ko-
merciuli bankisaTvis aris ufro sarisko da amave dros ufro Semosav-
liani biznesi. bankebisaTvis samomxmareblo dakrediteba aris ara marto
droebiT Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebis sarfianad ganTavsebis saSuale-
ba, aramed atarebs mniSvnelovan socialur datvirTvasac, radgan xels
uwyobs mosaxleobas sabinao, yofiTi da piradi problemebis mogvarebaSi.
samomxmareblo dakreditebis ganviTareba mniSvnelovania saxelmwifo-
saTvisac, vinaidan uzrunvelyofs qveyanaSi kapitalis gadanawilebas,
afa­rToebs saqonlis gasaRebis bazrebs, aCqarebs produqciisa da momsaxu­
rebis realizacias, axdens Sromis efeqtianobis stimulirebas da a.S.
mniSvnelovania pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra aris samomxmareblo kreditis
xibli momxmareblisaTvis? sasurveli sayofacxovrebo sagnis, da gan-
sakuTrebiT _ binis, manqanisa Tu sxva ZviradRirebuli nivTis SesaZenad
momxmarebelma unda agrovos fuli Tveebisa da wlebis ganmavlobaSi.
Tumca am xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi bazarze bevri arasasurve-
li cvlileba SeiZleba moxdes, magaliTad, gaufasurdes misi danazogi

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 ირაკლი კოვზანაძე, გოგი კონტრიძე - თანამედროვე საბანკო საქმე: თეორია და პრაქტიკა

inflaciis gamo, gaizardos fasebi uZrav da moZrav qonebaze da a.S. samo-

mxmareblo krediti fizikur pirebs saSualebas aZlevs myisierad daik-
mayofilon TavianTi moTxovnilebebi.
samomxmareblo kreditis cnebaSi moiazreba mravalricxovani kre­
ditis saxeobebis nakrebi, romelTac aerTianebs erTi mizani _ fizikuri
piris samomxmareblo moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. am did jgufSi Se-
dis sxvadasxva miznobrivi samomxmareblo krediti: „ipoTekuri krediti“,
„avtokrediti“, „studenturi sesxi“, „turistuli (samogzauro) sesxi“,
„saremonto sesxi“, „ganvadebebi“ da a.S. rogorc vxvdebiT, CamoTvlili
kreditis saxeobebi aris miznobrivi da gaTvaliswinebulia konkretuli
nivTis SesaZenad an momsaxurebis misaRebad. Tavisi gansakuTrebulobidan
gamomdinare, ipoTekuri krediti calke paragrafadaa ganxiluli.
garda zemoaRniSnuli miznobrivi samomxmareblo kreditebisa,
popularobiT sargeblobs kreditebi, romlebic gaicema konkretu-
li miznis miTiTebis gareSe da gaTvaliswinebulia sxvadasxva (ramde­
nime) miznisaTvis. am jgufSi Sedis „samomxmareblo sesxi“ (igive „sesxi
gadaudebeli saWiroebisaTvis“), „saxelfaso sesxi“, „overdrafti“ da
sakredito baraTebi.
sakredito baraTebi Tanamedrove sacalo dakreditebis erT-erTi
yvelaze warmatebuli da momgebiani produqti gaxda. sakredito baraTi
komerciuli bankis sagadamxdelo baraTia, romlis meSveobiTac xor-
cieldeba saangariSsworebo operaciebi im fuladi saxsrebiT, romlebic
gadacemulia bankis mier baraTis mflobelisaTvis dadgenili limitis
farglebSi. ra Tqma unda, sakredito limiti bankis mier wesdeba indi-
vidualurad konkretuli msesxeblisaTvis misi kreditunarianobidan
gamomdinare. Tavisi arsiT, sakredito baraTi, erTi mxriv, aris „krediti
gadaudebeli saWiroebisaTvis“ da, meore mxriv, cvlis nebismieri mizno-
briobis samomxmareblo kredits.
sakredito baraTis mTavari upiratesobaa is, rom igi „muSaobs“
ganaxlebadi (revolveruli) sakredito xazisa da overdraftis prin-
cipiT, anu aTvisebuli limitis nawilis dafarvis Semdeg misi xelaxla
daxarjva SesaZlebelia bankis Tanxmobis gareSe, araa saWiro bankisaTvis
angariSis Cabareba aTvisebuli nawilis miznobriobis Sesaxeb da procen-
tis gadaxda xdeba mxolod aTvisebul naSTze.
Tavis mxriv, komerciuli bankebisaTvis sakredito baraTebis upi-
ratesoba gamoixateba SemdegiT:
• gamoTavisuflebulia bankis filialebi da saWiroa naklebi
TanamSromeli, vinaidan sakredito baraTis gamoyeneba xdeba
msesxeblis mier damoukideblad da bankis gareT;
• saWiroa naklebi TanamSromeli da naklebi dro, vinaidan sakredi-
to baraTebiT ganxorcielebuli operaciebis damuSaveba xdeba
avtomaturad Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT;
• sakredito baraTebi aris ufro Semosavliani, vidre kreditis
sxva saxeobebi. komerciuli bankebi sakredito baraTebidan Se-
mosavals iReben ara marto procentis saxiT, aramed sxva mra-
valgvari sakomisioebiT (wliuri momsaxureba, bankomatidan ga-
naRdeba, sajarimo sanqciebi da a.S). xSirad sakredito baraTiT

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 Tavi 14 - sabanko kreditis saxeobebi

sargeblobisas klients ufro meti sakomisios gadaxda uwevs, vi-

dre procentis.
ramdenad ucnauric ar unda iyos, sakredito baraTebis idea da maTi
pirveli realizacia bankebs ar ekuTvniT. jer kidev XX saukunis dasa­
wyisSi amerikuli maRaziebi da benzingasamarTi sadgurebi uSvebdnen ba-
raTebs, romlebic maT gadamxdelunarian klientebs saSualebas aZlev-
da, gamoeyenebinaT isini Tanamedrove sakredito baraTebis msgavsad.
gansxvavebas warmoadgenda is, rom pirveli sakredito baraTebi muyaosi
iyo da maTi avtomatizebuli damuSaveba ar xdeboda. 1928 wels gamoCnda
liTonis baraTebi, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada maTi gamoyenebis nawilo-
brivi avtomatizacia. axali sicocxle sakredito baraTebma SeiZines
1950 wlidan, roca am mizniT Seqmnilma Diners Club-ma daiwyo sakredito
baraTebis Seqmna da mogvevlina Suamavlad restornebis qselsa da am re-
stornebis mudmiv klientebs Soris. am SemTxvevaSi mTavari migneba iyo
is, rom sakredito baraTis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli yofiliyo ara erT
konkretul, aramed yvela savaWro obieqtSi, romlebic CarTuli iyvnen
am proeqtSi, Tundac sxva qalaqSi.
axali etapi sakredito baraTebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi gaxda
bankebis daintereseba am biznesiT, kerZod, 1958 wels bazarze gamoCnda
ori bankis _ American Express-isa da Bank Americard-is sakredito baraTebi.
niSandoblivia, rom es ukanaskneli Semdeg gaxda Visa-s nawili. TandaTan
naTeli xdeboda, rom sakredito baraTi iyo produqti, romelzedac
nel-nela gaCnda masobrivi moTxovna da moipova popularoba. pirveli
araamerikuli sakredito baraTi Barclaycard gamoSvebul iqna 1966 wels
did britaneTSi.
sakredito baraTebis globaluri masStabebiT gamoyenebam uzrun-
velyo dRevandel msoflioSi uzarmazari da rTuli industriis Camo-
yalibeba, romlis ZiriTad moTamaSeebsac warmoadgenen Visa, MasterCard
da American Express. sakredito baraTebis bazris Zalze swrafi tempebiT
zrdas xels uwyobs is garemoeba, rom miuxedavad siZvirisa, sakredito
baraTebi metad popularulia momxmareblebSi Tavisi xelmisawvdomo-
biT da revolveruli (ganaxlebadi) xasiaTis gamo. sakredito baraTebis
raodenoba dRes msoflioSi daaxloebiT ori miliardia. 2013 wlis bo-
losaTvis saqarTveloSi 1,4 milionamde saredito baraTi iyo mimoqcev-
aSi, maSin, roca jer kidev 7 wlis win, 2006 wlis bolos, maTi raodenoba 8
aTass ar aRemateboda.
aqve unda iTqvas im negatiur Sedegze, romelic sakredito ba-
raTebis masobriv gamoyenebas SeiZleba mohyves. amis Sedegi, erTi mxriv,
aris sakredito baraTebis gacemis liberaluri politika komerciuli
bankebisa da centraluri bankis mxridan da, meore mxriv, upasuxismgeblo
damokidebuleba momxmareblebis mier. am TvalsazrisiT, samagaliToa
saqarTvelos bankebis mier 2007-2008 wlebSi momxmareblebze sakredi-
to baraTebisa da ganvadebebis masobrivi SeTavazebebi, roca bankebis
sakredito oficrebi maRaziebsa da quCebSic ki sTavazodnen adamianebs
iol, magram Zvir fuls. adamianebma aRmoaCines, rom SesaZlebeli gaxda
erTi saxelfaso cnobiT ramdenime bankis sakredito baraTis aReba. mxo­
lod 2007 wlis Tebervlidan 2008 wlis ivlisis CaTvliT, anu 18 Tvis gan-

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 ირაკლი კოვზანაძე, გოგი კონტრიძე - თანამედროვე საბანკო საქმე: თეორია და პრაქტიკა

mavlobaSi, qarTuli bankebis mier gacemuli sakredito baraTebis ra-

odenoba 8,7-dan 360,2 aTasamde gaizarda, maT Soris, mxolod 2008 wlis
ivlisSi TiTqmis 91 aTasi baraTi iqna gacemuli, maSin, roca 2006 wlis
ganmavlobaSi TveSi saSualod 400 sakredito baraTi gaicemoda. cduneba
didi iyo, adamianebs miecaT SesaZlebloba, SeeZinaT ganvadebiT saxli,
avtomobili, sayofacxovrebo teqnika, tansacmeli da samedicino mom-
saxurebac ki. adamianebSi moxda provocireba im survilebis axdenisa,
romelTa safasuris gadaxdis SesaZlebloba im momentisaTvis ar hqon-
daT, ganwyoba iyo zedmetad optimisturi da ar xdeboda mosalodneli
safrTxis analizi.
2008 wlis agvistos omisa da msoflio finansuri krizisis Semdeg
bevri msesxebeli darCa Semosavlis wyaros gareSe da isini aRmoCndnen
e. w. „sakredito ormoSi“. esaa mdgomareoba, roca msesxeblebis Semosav-
lebi araa sakmarisi Zveli valebis momsaxurebisaTvis (ZiriTadi Tanxisa
da procentis dasafaravad) da amisaTvis isini iReben axal vals, rac
iwvevs maTi saerTo valis zrdas. aseTi msesxeblebi floben ramdenime
bankis sakredito baraTs da maTi meSveobiT axorcieleben yovelTviur
minimalur Senatanebs, Semdeg xdeba am Senatanebis ukan gamotana da misi
meSveobiT sxva sakredito baraTis minimaluri Senatanis dafarva da a.S.

14.6. ipoTekuri krediti

sabazro ekonomikam Cvens realobaSi Semoitana bevri manamde uc-

nobi da axali termini, romlebic Zalian male Cveni yofierebis nawili
gaxda. erT-erTi maTgania ipoTekuri krediti. misi arsis ukeTesad
gagebisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, unda ganvasxvaoT ipoTeka da ipoTekuri da-
krediteba. ipoTeka _ giraos erT-erTi formaa, romlis drosac dagi-
ravebuli qoneba rCeba msesxeblis sakuTrebaSi, xolo kreditori iRebs
Tavisi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis uflebas am qonebis realizaciidan
msesxeblis mxridan valdebulebebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi. ipo-
Tekuri krediti _ ipoTekuri sistemis erT-erTi Semadgenelia, romlis
drosac uZravi qonebis SesaZenad gacemuli kreditis uzrunvelyofad
(girao) iqceva TviTon es SesaZeni qoneba. ipoTekur dakreditebad iT-
vleba aseve ukve arsebuli uZravi qonebis uzrunvelyofiT kreditis
miReba, romlis mizansac SeiZleba warmoadgendes am uZravi qonebis re-
monti an mSenebloba.
ipoTekuri dakreditebiT sargebloben rogorc iuridiuli, ise
fizikuri pirebi, magram ipoTekuri kreditis yvelaze gavrcelebul
formas mTel msoflioSi da, ra Tqma unda, saqarTveloSic, warmoadgens
fizikuri pirebis mier kreditis aReba uZravi qonebis (miwis nakveTi,
bina, saxli, agaraki) SesaZenad, gasaremonteblad an mSeneblobisaTvis am
uZravi qonebiTve uzrunvelyofiT. ipoTekuri dakreditebis aucilebe-
li elementia giraos oficialuri registracia sajaro reestrSi. unda

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